Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 18-22
Abstract
The deposits existing in the ice is formed by materials part of which is deposited by water (in terms of particle size) and irregularly structured in melting ice. Sedimentation can occur on, opposite to, or under the destination area of the ice river, and is possible to be irregular and individual. ...
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The deposits existing in the ice is formed by materials part of which is deposited by water (in terms of particle size) and irregularly structured in melting ice. Sedimentation can occur on, opposite to, or under the destination area of the ice river, and is possible to be irregular and individual. Ice is likely to melt from the contact with sediment collected beneath it, or from the position beside it, which leads to falling, subsidence or slipping. Principles of formation of land by this process are the rows of sand and small hills of rock and soil belonging to the Ice Age.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 26-30
Abstract
Today, most of the water found on the surface of the earth is in lakes and oceans in the form of liquid. Almost two percent of water is in the form of solid as ice at high altitudes and geographic latitudes. About ten percent of the earth’s surface is covered by glaciers. Over a million years or ...
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Today, most of the water found on the surface of the earth is in lakes and oceans in the form of liquid. Almost two percent of water is in the form of solid as ice at high altitudes and geographic latitudes. About ten percent of the earth’s surface is covered by glaciers. Over a million years or more, the glaciers have consistently been on over 30% of the earth's surface. The main era took place during periods when the earth’s climate was colder than its current state. The formation of glaciers occurred both in the form of formation of a "glacier in the valley” in which ice occupied the mountainous valleys, and in the form of continental glaciers in which large parts of several continents were covered with ice with a thickness of three kilometers. This arouses humans into thought and helps them describe the advancing ability of a glacier to cut land features along its course. We rationally discuss the formation of sedimentary lands due to formation of continental glaciers. Four distinct stages have been identified in the United States. The last ice age has been during the formation of the Wisconsin Glaciation, which occurred within a time interval between 70,000 and almost 10,000 years ago.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
River land types have been created by erosion, displacement and sedimentation of unset materials through the flow of water. The type of river basin that are required to be described are butterfly alluvium, flood plains and deltas. The ability and capability of water to erode and transport soil and particles ...
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River land types have been created by erosion, displacement and sedimentation of unset materials through the flow of water. The type of river basin that are required to be described are butterfly alluvium, flood plains and deltas. The ability and capability of water to erode and transport soil and particles of rock depends on the speed of water and size of particles. Particle erosion, as compared with the continuous displacement of materials, requires great water velocities. When the velocities are less than certain limits, sedimentation occurs. Larger particles are thrown out and lined up along the river bed (bed load). Smaller particles are taken up and forwarded to the front (Suspended Load). Particular particles, especially sand particles of the same size, may be suspended or moved at different times depending on the speed of the river. Small particle erosion requires considerable speed, but as soon as they are displaced, they can be moved at different speeds of the river. The largest erosion and sediment transport occurs during the flood period. Increase in velocity and volume of water leads to an increase in the size and volume of materials that can be carried. The term "river capability" refers to the maximum particle size that a river can carry at a given speed.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 10-18
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art and science of acquiring information about an object, region, or phenomenon by analyzing the data obtained by a tool that is not in physical contact with the object, region, or phenomenon under investigation. As you read these words, you are using remote sensing. Your eyes act ...
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Remote sensing is the art and science of acquiring information about an object, region, or phenomenon by analyzing the data obtained by a tool that is not in physical contact with the object, region, or phenomenon under investigation. As you read these words, you are using remote sensing. Your eyes act as sensors that respond to the light reflected from this page.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
Different land characteristics are important for soil scientists, geologists, geographers, civil engineers, urban and regional planners, architects, urban land developers and others who are interested in assessing land suitability for different applications.Since land conditions and features significantly ...
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Different land characteristics are important for soil scientists, geologists, geographers, civil engineers, urban and regional planners, architects, urban land developers and others who are interested in assessing land suitability for different applications.Since land conditions and features significantly affect land suitability to help grow different types of plant species, understanding aerial photo interpretation is of importance for land evaluation as well as for botanists, forestologists, specialists and others who are involved in the preparation of vegetation maps and assessments.The main characteristics of land features that can be estimated by aerial photo interpretation are a variety of rocky substrates, landforms, soil texture, site’s drainage conditions, flood harnessing capability and depth of fluid (non-firm) materials on rocky substrates.
In addition, the slope of the land’s surface can be estimated by interpreting aerial photos and measurement using photogrammetric methods.In the following chapter, we will examine land characteristics and identification of the most common types of bedrocks and remaining sedimentary as well as displaced soils and organic soils through aerial photos. The aerial photo interpretation process described here highlights the terrain features that are visible on stereo aerial photographs.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 41-44
Abstract
Archeology deals with historical and prehistoric study of people by analyzing their remnants, especially the remains discovered through excavation. Archeological exploration studies the evident historical monuments of early societies. The existence of these places is often known through historical documents. ...
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Archeology deals with historical and prehistoric study of people by analyzing their remnants, especially the remains discovered through excavation. Archeological exploration studies the evident historical monuments of early societies. The existence of these places is often known through historical documents. Particularly important is the interpretation of aerial photograph in determining places not mentioned in history. Surface and subterranean features significant for archeology are identified by using aerial photo interpretation. Surface features including ruins, gates, stone columns and other surface signs can be directly seen. Examples of visible ruins are:
Rocky buildings such as Stonehenge (England), castles (across Europe), and Indian residences in the southwest of America; gates including bird-shaped and snake-shapes; circular wheels such as the Big Horn Drug Wheel in Wyoming, and other superficial signs including Indians’ pictures in Peru. The image (2-31) shows the Nazca lines. It is estimated that they were formed at least 1500 years ago and have a region of approximately 500 square kilometers. Many geometric shapes, along with narrow straight lines that are 8 km long have been found. Apparently they have been built up through removal of millions of stones to show the lighter earth tones of the ground below. Stones removed, the lines were piled up around the outer boundaries.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 42-45
Abstract
Wind deposits are caused by erosion, displacement and discharge of non-solid materials by wind. Sedimentary deposits are caused by major wind, sandy hills and clay deposits.Sandstones include hills or sandy ridges that are caused by wind blowing. They are usually found where a sand source is available ...
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Wind deposits are caused by erosion, displacement and discharge of non-solid materials by wind. Sedimentary deposits are caused by major wind, sandy hills and clay deposits.Sandstones include hills or sandy ridges that are caused by wind blowing. They are usually found where a sand source is available and the wind is strong enough to erode and carry sand particles of the same size, and where sand deposits on the surface of the earth. These conditions are usually found on inlands, through sandy beaches with coastal winds, close to creeks with exposed sandy floors during dry seasons, and in desert areas where sandstone and rocks’ breakdown create sand. In addition, the moraine-like washed sediments and areas of moraine sandy lake beds often provide a sandy source. Since wind speeds are rarely strong enough to lift sand grains more than 1 to 2 m above ground level, sand grains are displaced by the "gradual advance" process (3), so that the grains move in approximate range of 0.5 to 1 meter above the ground through collisions and jumps.
Sandy hills are slowly formed with an asymmetric cross-section with a slope of 5 to 10 degrees in the direction of wind and 30 to 40 degrees in the opposite direction of the wind. As long as sand hills are not stabilized by growth of plants, sand hills move along the wind direction because the sand grains of the hills fall from the direction that the wind blows towards the opposite direction (the side on which the sandy hill can not be threatened). The movement of sandy hills is usually less than 30 meters per year.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Tanslator)
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 19-23
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
Read More
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be conducted at different levels of complexity, from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, according to complexity of the interactions between surface and sub-surface features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
The application of remote sensing can be highly variable when it examines the supply and demand of agricultural products on the world market. The global problems of population, environment’s quality, energy, climate and especially the physical, biological and technological problems that modern ...
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The application of remote sensing can be highly variable when it examines the supply and demand of agricultural products on the world market. The global problems of population, environment’s quality, energy, climate and especially the physical, biological and technological problems that modern agriculture faces are very widespread and are in turn affected by human values and traditions as well as economic, political and social systems.Here we do not attempt to study a large picture produced by remote sensing for agricultural applications; instead, we consider the direct application of aerial photo interpretation in three selected areas: classification of product type, assessment of product condition and estimate of product quantities.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 40-44
Abstract
The earth has a very complex and variable surface. Its terrain shapes and compositional materials reflect rocky substrates and non-solid materials that are located in the lower part of the earth and always cause changes on the surface of the earth following changes in internal factors. Any type of rocks, ...
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The earth has a very complex and variable surface. Its terrain shapes and compositional materials reflect rocky substrates and non-solid materials that are located in the lower part of the earth and always cause changes on the surface of the earth following changes in internal factors. Any type of rocks, cracks or fractures is caused by internal movements of the earth, and any erosive or sedimentary feature is a process that has led to their creation.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 47-52
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
Read More
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 24-31
Abstract
Forestry management considers forests for wood, forage, water, wildlife and recreation.Since the main and raw product of forest is wood, forestry especially considers management of lands that contain logging trees, restoration and improvement of forest condition and fire control. Approximately a third ...
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Forestry management considers forests for wood, forage, water, wildlife and recreation.Since the main and raw product of forest is wood, forestry especially considers management of lands that contain logging trees, restoration and improvement of forest condition and fire control. Approximately a third of the earth is covered by various forest types. They have been irregularly distributed and their capital values change regularly. Interpretation of aerial photographs provides an easy way to check their condition.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 7-10
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
Read More
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 20-23
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
Read More
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 19-28
Abstract
Students must emphasize on successful application of remote sensing which has been described based on collection of relevant data sources and the process and methods of analysis. No unique combination of sensor and method of interpretation is suitable for all environmental research applications and explorations. ...
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Students must emphasize on successful application of remote sensing which has been described based on collection of relevant data sources and the process and methods of analysis. No unique combination of sensor and method of interpretation is suitable for all environmental research applications and explorations. In fact, full realization of many remote sensing research projects is not possible.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
Read More
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 5-13
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
Read More
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
Read More
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 8-10
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
Read More
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 50-57
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
