Geographic Data
Atikeh Afzali; Masoud Moghnee Tabari
Abstract
Extended Abstract IntroductionIncreasing population and urban development, increasing use of cars, increasing the number of private cars, Also the narrow width of the streets and the lack of supply of marginal park space, especially in the central parts, have caused many problems for large and densely ...
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Extended Abstract IntroductionIncreasing population and urban development, increasing use of cars, increasing the number of private cars, Also the narrow width of the streets and the lack of supply of marginal park space, especially in the central parts, have caused many problems for large and densely populated cities. Parking lots as one of the most important urban infrastructures play a major role in reducing these problems. Today, in large cities, with the correct location of public parking lots, optimally manage of urban traffic is possible by increasing the provision of services to a large number of vehicles. Materials and MethodsIn this research, first, effective criteria were extracted according to the opinion of Babol Municipality experts. The information layers of each criterion were prepared in the GIS environment and to equalize the layers, each criterion was classified, Then, the identified criteria were weighted using ANP technique and with the help of Super Decision software, and then pairwise comparisons were done. Weighted layers were combined by ANP method, were placed on top of each other in the GIS environment based on the influence of each layer (relative weight) and the map of the optimal areas for the construction of public parking lots was obtained. Results and DiscussionIn this research, the inconsistency coefficient obtained was 0.07. Criteria prioritization showed that, "Distance from the road", "Distance from offices use" and "Distance from business use" criteria with a significance coefficient of 0.25, 0.24 and 0.15 respectively had the highest weights. Arc GIS software was used to prepare the final maps. Finally, suitable places for creating public parking lots were determined by applying the final weight of the criteria and overlapping the layers. According to the final location map, areas with very high potential, areas with high capability and areas with medium capability each have 3.11, 55.75 and 36.56 percent of urban lands, respectively. Areas with very high and high potential are mostly located in the northwestern, northeastern, southwestern and central parts of the city. ConclusionThe results indicate that the spatial distribution of existing parking lots in the city is not related to the effective criteria in these parking lots. According to the residential use map and population density and due to the epidemic of private car use, there is no match between the number of parking spaces in the city and their spatial distribution and population density. The result of urban parking location zoning using the ANP model and comparing it with existing parking lots in the city shows that The class of areas with high capacity for parking lots is located in parts of the city where there are no parking areas and there is an urgent need to create these types of users. This factor indicates that the location of existing parking lots in Babol city has been done without considering effective factors and criteria. All parking lots are located in one part of the city and at a close distance from each other. There is a need to create many public parking lots in other parts of the city, according to the urban population, until the per capita is closer to the reality. Considering the population of Babol city, which is 250,217 people, and the number of public parking lots, which is 6, this amount per capita is very low.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Nastaran Nazariani; Asghar Fallah; Hava Hasanvand; Hassan Akbari
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The traditional method of chemical analysis has high accuracy and precision. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, and it is not possible to obtain continuous information about the pollutant status over a large area. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a reliable ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The traditional method of chemical analysis has high accuracy and precision. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, and it is not possible to obtain continuous information about the pollutant status over a large area. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a reliable and environmentally friendly method to quickly identify and investigate the distribution of heavy metals in soil and thus identify suspected contaminated areas (Scheuber & Köhl, 2003:33). Remote sensing is one of the ways that can provide a cost-effective and quick solution to investigate the distribution of heavy metals on a large scale using spectroscopic techniques (Bi et al., 2009:16). Habibi et al. (2023:4) also measured and evaluated the concentration of heavy metals in the aerial parts and soil of the tree species of Bandar Abbas city and also identified the species that has the highest potential for absorbing heavy metals. The results showed that the pattern of heavy metals in soil and leaves of tree species was Mn>Zn>Pb>Cd. (Nikolaevich, 2023:30) they addressed the modeling of heavy metal pollution in Central Russia based on satellite images and machine learning. Al, Fe, and Sb contamination were predicted for 3000 and 12100 grid nodes in an area of 500 km2 for the Central Russian region for 2019 and 2020. Estimating the amount of this pollution requires time and high cost. Considering the traffic on the Aleshtar -Khorramabad highway near Kakareza forests and the effect of heavy metal concentration in the soil and leaves of the oak species which can be caused by natural and human pollution, the accumulation of heavy metals in the species Iranian oak is a serious threat to this forest. Therefore, it is necessary to study and discuss pollutants and their effects on the environmental cycle. In this regard, considering the cost and time-consuming nature of traditional methods and since remote sensing methods are a suitable complement to traditional methods; the aim of the present research is to use remote sensing techniques and spectral analyses to evaluate and model the accumulation of heavy metals in Iranian oak species.
Materials and Methods
The present study is located on the road of Aleshtar -Khorramabad, 20 kilometers northwest of Khorramabad. For this purpose, five transects were created at distances adjacent to the road, 500 and 1000 meters on both sides of the road, and 10 x 10 m sample pieces were planted. Inside the sample plots, 30 soil samples were randomly collected and 30 leaf samples were collected from trees in all directions of the crown. To extract heavy metals from soil samples and plant samples, the acid digestion method was used and the physical characteristics of the soil were measured using standard methods. After preparing the samples, the concentration of Pb, Cu, and zinc heavy metals in soil and leaves was measured and the index of biological concentration of heavy metals from soil to leaves was calculated. Then the relationship between the concentration of heavy elements measured and the reflectance in different bands or band ratios at the corresponding sampling points was obtained. Non-parametric methods and generalized multiple linear regression models were used in order to model quantitative variables and spectral values corresponding to sample parts in satellite data. ArcGIS software was used to implement sample parts on the image, ENVI software was used for image processing, and STATISTICA software was used for modeling.
Results and Discussion
Cu and Pb in Iranian oak leaves had significant differences at different distances at the 0.05 level, but Cu did not have significant differences at different distances at the 0.05 level. Cu and Pb did not have significant differences in different soil intervals at the 0.05 level, but Cu had significant differences in different soil intervals at the 0.05 level. The bioconcentration factor was obtained as (0.2, 0.5, 0.2) mg/kg. The study of modeling of non-parametric methods using Sentinel-2 satellite data showed that the highest explanatory coefficient values (0.85, 0.88, and 0.97) were obtained for the three metals Cu, Pb, and Cu, respectively. The artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm obtained the highest accuracy. Also, according to the results of the random forest algorithm, for the three mentioned metals, PSRI, HMSSI, and PSRI indices are the most important in modeling.
Based on the findings, the concentration values of Cu and zinc were significantly different at different distances, but the Cu values were not significantly different at different distances. In this regard, Mansour concluded in 2014 that there is a significant difference between the concentration of Cu and zinc in the leaves of the species, which can be attributed to traffic density and human activities, and the high amount of zinc metal in this study is the wear of car tires؛ and stated that the concentration of Cu is caused by the production of greenhouse gases and the use of vehicles using Cu gasoline. Based on the findings, the values of Cu and zinc concentrations at different distances did not have significant differences, but the Cu values had significant differences at different distances. Sources of input of Cu element to the soil are urban, industrial, and agricultural waste, fertilizers, and chemicals that add it to the soil through liquid, solid, or mineral fertilizers. These findings are with the results of some researchers including Wu and colleagues (2010:38), Botsou et al. (2016:17) are consistent. Based on the findings obtained from the calculation of the bioconcentration index and their comparison with the classification proposed by Ma et al. (2001:25) for Iranian oak species plants in relation to Cu, zinc, and Cu metals from soil to leaves, it acts as an accumulating plant. In accordance with the results of this research, in the study of Khodakarmi et al. (2009:15), Iranian oak was included in the category of superabsorbent plants in relation to the accumulation of Cu pollutants, which has a high capacity in terms of root absorption. Also, Madejón et al. (2006:25) stated that oak leaves are more resistant than olive leaves. The concentrations of elements in leaves and fruits decrease with time and the risk of toxicity in the food web is reduced. The review and comparison of five algorithms showed that (ANN) the highest explanatory coefficient values (0.85, 0.88, and 0.97) were obtained for three metals, Cu, Zn, and Cu, respectively. Considering the importance of the PSRI synthetic band in increasing the accuracy of modeling with satellite images and the influence of the visible and near-infrared bands, the amount of reflection measured by the spectroscopic method showed that with the increase in the concentration of heavy elements, the amount of reflection in the visible and infrared range decreases (Liu et al., 2011:24).
Conclusion
The results showed that Sentinel-2 images along with artificial intelligence techniques have a relatively good ability to model the level of biological pollution index in the region. In line with the obtained results, it is suggested that the Iranian oak species is used to reduce pollution on highways because it accumulates heavy metals.
Ali Dastranj; Maryam Jafari Aghdam
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction After United States of America, China and Turkey,Iran has the highest karst percentage, and karst formations cover more than 11%of our country. The volume of water stored in these areas can supply the water demand of many cities and villages. Characteristics of karst aquifers’feeding ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction After United States of America, China and Turkey,Iran has the highest karst percentage, and karst formations cover more than 11%of our country. The volume of water stored in these areas can supply the water demand of many cities and villages. Characteristics of karst aquifers’feeding area determine the type of feed, flow andvulnerability of the aquifer tocontamination.Therefore, identification of feeding areas in karst aquifers plays a key role in understanding their hydrodynamic and hydrochemical characteristics, along with management and optimal scientific exploitation of them. Given the critical impact of karst water resources on human life and limited number of researcheson karst, any fundamental, applied, and developmental research performed with the aim of modelingkarst landforms and investigating the potential of karst water resources in these areas seems necessary. In order to assess andevaluatethe potential of karst water resources from a qualitativeand quantitative perspective, understand pollution, and vulnerability and also assessrisks facing aquifers,the present study models feeding areas of Dalahoowasaquifer using KARSTLOP model. Methodology The present applied-developmental study is based on library research, field observation, and evaluation methods and seeks to prepare the map of karst water resourcesfeeding Dalahookarst aquifer. Fuzzy logic and gamma operator model were used to produce a zoning map for surface karst development. And finally, a map was produced for the feeding areas of Dalahoowaskarst aquifer using KARSTLOP model. Result Using Natural Breaks method, the zoning map of Dalahoo’ssurface karst development divides the study area are into four classes: areas without karst formations (0-0.224), karst formations with low development (0.224-0.558), karst formations with moderate development (0.588-0.777) and developed karstformations(0.777-0.982).The final map of Dalahoo’sfeeding areas indicates that Bistoon karst aquifer has anannual charge rate of 37 to 81 percent. Discussion and conclusion Systematic study of karst aquifer’s water tables is very important, especially for drinking and agricultural purposes. The final mapof feeding areas, as well as the layers obtained from KARSTLOP method can be used as inputs for modeling groundwater. They may also be used to address practical issues of karst in relation to water management, including water supply, spatial distribution of watersheds, transboundary management of water, and initial assessment of groundwater vulnerability. Results obtained from zoning of feeding areas are consistent with the results obtained from zoning of surface karst development. High feeding values as well as spatial distribution of the aquifer’s feeding zones indicate that the aquifer has a high potential to store groundwater resources.This potentialityshould be properly managed to makeharvestingand protecting groundwaterpossible.
Leila Servati; Mohammad Reza Valavi; Maryam Hourali
Abstract
In today's world, the importance of data, information and knowledge should not be ignored. Information superiority leads to decision making superiority and more effective actions. Within the military domain, various information systems are utilized to support commanders and troops to be aware and ...
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In today's world, the importance of data, information and knowledge should not be ignored. Information superiority leads to decision making superiority and more effective actions. Within the military domain, various information systems are utilized to support commanders and troops to be aware and take control of the situation. Location information is one of the important aspects of the military information systems to provide situation awareness. Regarding the extensive applications oflocation-based military information systems, it is important to improve intelligence, knowledge base and integration of such systems. One of the current challenges in military information systems is that the applied systems are used as separate islands with no common protocol and language. In addition, computerized systems do not take the meaning of transferred terms and concepts into considerations. In other words, computerized military systems are not capable of establishing a meaningful relation at a conceptual level with each otherand also with humans. Moreover, data bases with different formats and data structures are not using similar method for modelling and storage of information and therefore, work as independent information silos. Furthermore, people knowledge is not coded and rarely modelled for future re-utilization. In this regard, one of the modelling methods is ontology that seems to be more effective than other methods. Ontologies provide an explicit and official description of common conceptualization. It implies that ontologies represent whatever exists in one information domain as concepts, relations, properties, rules and actual examples. In order to represent those concepts, ontologies employ a standardized and computerized official language. Common conceptualization inontology means that the produced concepts should be accepted by knowledge community of the interest domain so that the ontology becomes capable of providing a common language amongst people within the same domain such as military geography. Due to the importance ofthe location element, there is a need to develop specific geographical ontology to be able to use for such applications. A review of existing ontologies reveals that there are problems and challenges to employ available ontologies for military applications. For instance, some of the existing ontologies are only a hierarchy of concepts that cannot be called ontology to fulfill military requirements. Moreover, some ontologies are limited for specific geographical domains and others do not have complete coverage of geographical concepts which is required in military systems. In general, there is a need for geographical knowledge engineering and a localized geographical ontology development. Such ontology should contain geographical concepts, properties and relations with a military approach to be used in location-based military systems. In fact, development of geographical ontology provides official common language and standardization in the domain of military geography. In addition, it helps to model geographical knowledge and establish a conceptual infrastructure for location-based systems. Consequently, various geographical ontology-based systems can be developed with vertical and horizontal integration. Such ontology-based systems eliminate the problem of isolated data and information storage in separate islands, prevent missing data sources and support re-utilization of knowledge sources. Moreover, such geographical ontology-based systems can interact with each other and with humans in a higher meaningful conceptual level. In order to develop such ontology-based system, a semi-automatic method is utilized for knowledge engineering and ontology development. Applied method is a result of analyzing different methods to remove deficiencies in early stages of theontology development. Thus, a set of best applicable methods for geographical knowledge engineering is utilized for ontology development. Main clusters of geographical existence, geographical process and geographical properties are defined in the developedgeographical ontology. Other clusters of concepts include causing factor, military concepts, time concepts, situation concepts and general status related concepts. The developed ontology includes 4161 geographical concepts, 319 concept properties, 426 relations amongst concepts and 5527 actual examples of modelled geographical concepts using the proposed ontology.
In this research, the developed geographical ontology is using web protégéopen source software. The web-based version of the software enable easy access to developed environment from different locations while enables team work implementation in such a way that different people or groups of experts can access to ontology development and share thoughts and tasks. Moreover, it is possible to track changes, monitor and supervise the development process. It is also possible to program the ontology using the OWL standard language to be used in other systems. In general, the developed geographical ontology is capable of being applied in military location-based systems while it can also be deployed as support for other military and security ontologies. Finally, in order to assess quality, credibility and coverage of the developed ontology is examined and verified using a comprehensive mix of statistical, automatic and military geography expert opinions.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 2-6
Abstract
Simulation is the most appropriate urban design and planning environment and presents a unique field of study in urban models in urban development projects. The use of mathematics and quantitative and qualitative models has always been a concern for urban planners. Modeling phenomena and urban dynamic ...
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Simulation is the most appropriate urban design and planning environment and presents a unique field of study in urban models in urban development projects. The use of mathematics and quantitative and qualitative models has always been a concern for urban planners. Modeling phenomena and urban dynamic elements is usually confronted with technological constraints and difficulties. Each of the graphical models (structural and vector-based models) has some shortcomings in the simulation of dynamic urban phenomena. This paper intends to examine the limitations of cell-axis models in a simulation system and provide a new model for integrating vector-based spatial model with the cellular system.
