Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Seyed Hossein Mirmousavi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) as the lowest part of the troposphere is the most dynamic part of the atmosphere that is directly affected by the interactions of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth (Stell, 2012 and Gert, 1992). These atmospheric surface interactions ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) as the lowest part of the troposphere is the most dynamic part of the atmosphere that is directly affected by the interactions of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth (Stell, 2012 and Gert, 1992). These atmospheric surface interactions occur in short periods of time and play an important role in the development of the boundary layer. The height of this layer is also influenced by atmospheric conditions, topography characteristics, and type of land cover, and is an important parameter for many meteorological phenomena that have various applications such as monitoring air quality, cloud formation and evolution, surface fluids, and atmospheric hydrological cycles (Garrett 1994). Since the height of the boundary layer indicates the depth of turbulent vertical mixing, it is very effective in increasing or decreasing the concentration of pollutants near the surface and is considered as an essential parameter in air quality monitoring (Su and Khan, 2018). In addition, the height of this layer is a key factor in numerical weather forecasts. Since the height of the base of clouds is usually close to the height of the boundary layer, this layer determines the extent of cloud development and causes the transition from shallow convection to deep in the clouds. MaterialsThe data used in this study included re-analysis data on the monthly time scale of the planetary boundary layer height for the entire Iranian region with a resolution of 0.25×0.25 which was obtained from the ERA5 version of ECMWF site during the period 1959-2021. In order to analyze the relationship between different climatic variables (mean temperature, mean relative humidity and air pressure), the meteorological data of 187 synoptic weather stations during the statistical period 2000-2022 has been used.MethodsIn this study, in order to prepare the data using programming capabilities in MATLAB software, maps with an average of 62 years old have been prepared and then using ARC GIS software to map the monthly average height of the boundary layer in Iran. In the next step, spatial statistics index of Getis-Ord Gi* was used to analyze the spatial changes in the height of the boundary layer in different months. In order to analyze the effective variables in elevation changes in the boundary layer temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, etc. Multivariate standard regression method was used.Conclusion and DiscussionThe annual average elevation map of the boundary layer also shows that the maximum height of this layer in Iran is 1600 m which is located in the south of Iran in Kerman province and south of Sistan and Baluchestan province and in general, the southern half of Iran with the exception of a narrow strip of southern coasts is higher than the northern half. The lowest elevation between 520 and 1000 meters is mainly located in the northern half, the eastern part and a narrow strip of southern coast. The average height of the entire boundary layer of Iran during the year is 1131 meters. The height of the boundary layer in different months of the year has significant changes in Iran and in terms of spatial changes it follows severe cluster patterns. Analysis of hot and cold spots showed that the spatial distribution of the height of the boundary layer has completely homogeneous spatial patterns so that the northern half of the country, especially the northwest and northeastern regions of the country, have a high significance as cold spots in most months of the year.ResultsThe results of this study showed that the elevation of the boundary layer in Iran during the year has a lot of spatial and temporal changes due to geographical diversity and climatic characteristics in different regions of the country. The existence of diverse topography, expansion in latitude, large differences in relative moisture content and soil moisture content are among the factors that have caused significant changes in the height of the boundary layer at different times and places. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that the height of this layer is mainly affected by six parameters in particular, temperature and relative humidity.
Asyeh Namazi; Sayed Ahmad Hosseini; Sohrab Amirian
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionAs a land use specially designed for physical activity, recreation and leisure, sports facilities are considered to be a public space vital for the society, improving health and well-being of the community. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the pattern of distribution, ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionAs a land use specially designed for physical activity, recreation and leisure, sports facilities are considered to be a public space vital for the society, improving health and well-being of the community. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the pattern of distribution, easy access to these land uses, and spatial organization of these facilities in accordance with the pattern of road networks. Accordingly, the pattern in which sport facilities are distributed across urban areas can have a direct impact on the desired operational efficiency of the city. Therefore, optimal site selection and easy access to sports facilities are of great importance for a healthy city and a healthy community. A huge difference between per capita sports areas and the standard per capita or imbalanced distribution of sports facilities in the region may result in reduced interest in physical activities and threaten the health of individual and society. Accordingly, the present study has evaluated per capita sports spaces in Kashan, and the spatial distribution of these facilities. The average time required for accessing these spaces has also been measured in accordance with the local road network and the total area each facility serves. Finally, an optimal model has been proposed for sports related land use in Kashan. Materials & MethodsThe present descriptive-analytical study is applied in nature and uses ArcGIS and SuperDecisions software to analyze its descriptive and spatial data. To provide an optimal model, 11 indicators including area each land use serves, its quality, urban land use, population density, health centers, educational centers, distance from faults, distance from urban waterways, fuel centers, distance from industries, parks and green spaces were identified based on expert opinions. The importance of each indicator was also determined based on expert opinions using the ANP model, and weighted linear combination was used to combine the previously mentioned indicators in GIS. A brief summary of the models used are presented in the following section. Results and discussionThe nearest neighbor algorithm is used to evaluate the spatial distribution regardless of the total area of each sports facility. Results indicate the presence of a completely clustered distribution (P = 0.000 and Z = -3.368) at the level of 99%. Finally, the relative weight of each criteria is combined with the relative weight of each option obtained from ANP model using the weighted combination in GIS to reach an optimal model for site selection. The resulting value actually indicates the necessity of new sports facilities. In other words, higher values show higher priority and as it is shown, about 40% of the total area of Kashan is potentially appropriate for new sports facilities while about 60% of the city area is not suitable for such facilities. ConclusionOptimal site selection maximizes the efficiency of sports facilities and improves the quality of services for those using the areas. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the area each sports center is serving and provide an optimal model for site selection in Kashan. In 2016, Kashan had a population of about 304 thousand people and about 202 thousand meters of sports related land use. Thus, there was a 0.67 square meters per capita sports related land use in Kashan. Finally, 11 indicators were combined using the weighted combination to reach an optimal model. Results showed that about 40% of the total area of Kashan is potentially appropriate (relatively appropriate and completely appropriate) for new sports centers while about 60% of this urban area is not suitable for construction of such facilities. Moreover, results proves the efficiency of spatial statistics used to evaluate spatial distribution of land uses. As it is shown in the present study, GIS can provide an optimal model for site selection using practical indicators and appropriate data analysis methods. In general, results indicate that sports facilities in Kashan are not generally in a good condition in terms of per capita and distribution pattern which confirms the fact that these issues were not considered important in the process of site selection.
Mehdi Bazargan; Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi
Abstract
Introduction Nowadays, theft -especially residential burglary-is considered as one of the most common and frequent crimes in many countries of the world, including Iran. As such, it has become a pervasive and serious problem with various social, economic, and security-related aspects. Investigating ...
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Introduction Nowadays, theft -especially residential burglary-is considered as one of the most common and frequent crimes in many countries of the world, including Iran. As such, it has become a pervasive and serious problem with various social, economic, and security-related aspects. Investigating geographical dimensions of this crime facilitates the process of exploring this phenomenon. Space and its special features play an important and undeniable role in crime commitment, because space has always been considered as one of the most important factors in commitment of financial crimes such as residential burglary. Spatial analysis and geographical investigation of crimes seek to provide a spatial presentation of criminal actions, crime dispersion, and crime hotspots. This type of crime analysis basically aims to provide a model for decreasing crime commitment in urban spaces. Accordingly, the present research seeks tomodel spatial diffusion of residential burglary crimes in MashhadusingHogstrand’s spatial diffusion theory. Materials and methods The present study is performed based on descriptive-analytic and qualitative methods. The research sample includes cases of residential burglary committed in Mashhad in the 2011-2017period. Data analysis was performed using ArcGIS software. Case study area includes Mashhad, with an area of about 35187 hectares, a population of more than 3057679, and a population density of 87 people per hectare. Results and discussion Police reports in Mashhad suggest that the highest crime rates belong to the 2nd and 3thdistricts, and the lowest rates belong toSamen (around Razavi Shrine), the 12th, and 8thdistricts. 70% of crimes in Mashhad are committed in informal settlements including the 2nd, 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 10thdistricts. However, only 10.6% of the city area and 29.3% of its population belong to these districts. Furthermore, the highest crime rates have been reported in 2017. In 2011, only two major crime hotspots were observed in Mashahd (in the 2nd and 3thdistricts). Results suggest that crimes have spread from one place to anotherin Mashhad, which indicates a close relationship between crime and distance factor. In other words, proximity to a crime hotspothas resulted in rapid spread of crimes, and due to the short distance, nearby places have been affected more quickly. Informal settlements of Mashhad are located in eastern, northern, and northeastern districts,which contain 99% of crime hotspots. This indicates that spatial autocorrelation of crimes in informal settlements of Mashhad is relatively high, which has led to formation of crime hotspots in these districts. However, moving from marginalized areas towards southern districts of Mashhad (more prosperous regions), spatial correlation of crimes decreases, and lead to formation of 99% of cold spots. Conclusion The present research has investigated the spatial diffusion pattern of crimes in Mashhad in 2011-2017period.To reach this end, crime hotspots were investigated by quantitative methods such as Kernel density, Moran coefficient, and crime hotspot analysis. Results suggest that the highest crime rates are reported in the 2nd and 3thdistricts, while the lowest rates are reported in Samen (around Razavi Shrine), the 12th, and 8th regions. In fact, 70% of crimes in Mashhad are committed in informal settlements including the 2nd, 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 10thdistricts. Moreover, statistics indicate that for every100000 people,anaverage of 75/2 cases of crimes have been reported in the 2011-2017period.Results of Moran coefficient for spatial diffusion of crimes indicated the presence of a cluster distribution of crimes in Mashhad. Meanwhile, spatial diffusion pattern of crimes in Mashhad suggests that the first crime hotspots were formed in northern, eastern, and northeastern districtsof Mashhad, and crimes have spread from these to other districts (more central and prosperous regions such as the 8th and 9thdistricts). In fact, investigations suggest that crimes are spreading from informal settlements to other regionsof Mashhad, and acompatible spatial diffusion pattern of crimes exists in this city.
Sara Karami; Mohammad Taleai
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Road signs not only provide drivers with the necessary information and guidance, but also inform them of related rules and probable risks along roads. Safety of roads, and thus minimum delay and discomfort for drivers depends on traffic order. This order is only achieved ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Road signs not only provide drivers with the necessary information and guidance, but also inform them of related rules and probable risks along roads. Safety of roads, and thus minimum delay and discomfort for drivers depends on traffic order. This order is only achieved if road signs can accurately guide drivers. Design of road signs have been evaluated in different fields of traffic engineering and urban design. Based on these evaluations, parameters like proper distance (distance in which a sign is legible for those driving in different speeds), and proper height (the height in which light reflection from the surface of the sign is minimized) have been introduced. Lack of a generalized method for designing and positioning of road signs, along with inadequate attention to their proper installation can cause a serious risk for drivers. Systematic positioning of road signs on highways and urban pathways with an especial attention to different criteria of sights has a significant impact on drivers’ ability to find the best route on time, and thus minimizes probable confusion and heavy traffic. Visibility in three-dimensional space refers to three-dimensional characteristic of different barriers along the roads. In most analytical studies, extruded objects and a perspective of the three-dimensional model are simulated. In this approach, three-dimensional analysis is usually performed based on an analysis in two-dimensional space. As an instance, the concept of spatial openness index (SOI) was introduced in 3D space. This concept refers to the volume of space observable for an observer. SOI is measured by defining a cone in the observers’ position based on which simulation is performed. In this way, the volume of observable space will be reduced in the presence of obstacles. 3D visibility analysis is closely related to human perception. When human eyes observe a scene, distant objects appear smaller than closer ones. Thus, if this difference in distance is considered, the final simulation will be closer to reality. Distance index shows the space width scale by calculating the distance between the observer and the target. In this method, a decrease in distance results in a more comprehensive perception, while increased distance decreases observers’ ability to perceive the environment. Based on the distance to target and observer’s view angle, three-dimensional projection simulates observers’ view and illustrates 3D obstacles on a 2D plane. The present study seeks to provide an approach based on spatial analysis in 3D space to evaluate the visibility of road signs. Materials & Methods Indices like height and direction of road signs, perceivable distance and horizontal angle between signs and the observer (driver), and finally perceivable area of the signs effect the visibility of signs. In the proposed method, total area of each sign perceivable for drivers driving in different situations is calculated using projective geometry. In order to evaluate visibility of road signs for vehicles (driver) in different positions, spatial indices such as overlap area (area resulted from the reflection of barriers on the sign face), distance between the center of road signs and the center of overlap area, and a combination of overlap area and distance are presented. Then, different simulation scenarios are designed for the vehicle’s motion on a simulated roadway and the performance of each indicator are evaluated. Index of combination (combination of overlap area and distance) was selected as final visibility measure. With an increase in distance from the center of the sign, the overlap area decreases and visibility increases. In order to determine visibility, visual status of the vehicle (driver) is evaluated based on four categories: poor, good, medium and excellent. Results & Discussion In order to simulate drivers’ vision, model spatial objects along the route and find optimal position for road signs, an appropriate analytical model is required. Results indicate that the proposed method can be used as an appropriate tool for optimal positioning of road signs along a route.
Saadi Mohammadi; Mehdi Saidi; soran manoochehri
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing with these natural crises. Moreover, there should be a continuous emphasis on political and economic challenges. As an effective, efficient and precautionary strategy, passive defense explains related requirements and mechanisms, and thus can lead to a reduction of damages resulting from different crises. Materials and methods The present applied research takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method. With the aim of reducing vulnerability of rural border hazardous areas in Marivan County, it investigates passive defense indices from a spatial and comprehensive perspective. In this way, vulnerable areas are identified and appropriate strategies are selected in accordance with the situation of passive defense in villages of this county. Required information was collected using documentary resources, especially basic geological maps and land use of the region. Then, indices were weighed using binary comparison method and fuzzy logic, and a final compiled map was prepared for the situation of passive defense. In this regard, 14 security, social and natural indices were selected as passive defense indices in accordance with the regional conditions. Afterwards, indices were weighed using AHP method and a Fuzzy weight was assigned to each layer. Accordingly, specified indices were mapped and compiled using Arc GIS. Results and Conclusions The present study takes advantage of a comprehensive and spatial approach to investigate human and natural standards of passive defense in villages of Marivan region in Iranian border. Findings indicated that human standards, including population of villages, distance from main roads and village centers are the most effective and important parameters influencing the status of passive defense in the studied villages. Also, final zoning indicated that the region is mostly in an appropriate status regarding passive defense. But regarding the spatial zoning, most villages (89 villages) are classified as average (quite appropriate). Regarding passive defense, more than 65% of the villages in this county are classified in a quite appropriate (average) class, which indicates that short-term and applied programs must be rapidly adopted to improve the fragile condition of these villages and prevent from deterioration of their status in passive defense. Moreover, more than 75 percent of low populated villages (i.e. fewer than 150 people) are classified as average. Since services and facilities are also allocated based on the village population, it should be expected that low declining population of villages rapidly increases vulnerability and reduces the desirability of their passive defense status. On the other hand, among six rural district centers in the study area, five rural district centers are in an average condition and only one is in a good condition. In rural planning system of the country, rural district centers are considered to be the focal point of rural areas, and provide the most developed services. Thus, it is necessary to use these rural districts as communicational centers for crisis management. 84% of rural district centers in the study area are in an average or fragile state, which may increase vulnerability and result in serious concerns regarding the status of passive defense in these villages. Also, random and normal distribution of these villages is considered to be a relative advantage for passive defense situation. But based on this principle, similar actions must be carried out in all villages to improve passive defense status throughout the rural district. According to findings and field observations, following solutions are offered to improve the status of passive defense in villages of this county: - Considering principles of passive defense in planning of rural development in the county. - Moving toward human centered passive defense through people participation and their education. - Moving away from a purely military and structural viewpoint toward passive defense by officials responsible for city development and security. - Paying attention to standards of passive defense with the aim of determining the most appropriate rural centers or rural districts. - Detailed and accurate short term investigation of the status of passive defense in rural districts and elimination of deficiencies and weaknesses, especially regarding human standards, with the aim of improving the status of these centers. - Compliance with the principle of spatial justice in accessing and distributing services and economic and social facilities in villages of the county with an emphasis on low-populated and remote villages.
Payam Jafari; Somayeh Sadat Shahzeidi
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Today, cities in different parts of the worldare exposed to damages from natural hazards for various reasons. These hazards which are associated with lots of financial damages, fatalities and injuries, are in need for urgent preventive measures. Based on the United Nation ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Today, cities in different parts of the worldare exposed to damages from natural hazards for various reasons. These hazards which are associated with lots of financial damages, fatalities and injuries, are in need for urgent preventive measures. Based on the United Nation International Strategic Plan for disaster reduction (UNISDR), all hazards have two natural and human activities origins.The province of Gilanis one of the northern coastal provinces, whose center is the city of Rasht. The objective of the present research is, analyzing and zoning geomorphic hazards in the province of Gilan. The method of this research is descriptive – analytical, and empirical. In the descriptive section, by using documentary studies and also in the analytical section, by identifying the effective parameters in the zonation of geomorphic hazards and integratingthem with the spatial analyses in GIS, vulnerable zones were identified in the study area.
In this research, the factors effective in the zonation of hazards were identified first. Then, in order to measure the significance of each of these factors, a questionnaire was prepared to carry out this important task by the method of ANP and by collecting the opinions of the relevant experts on each of the identified factors. After obtaining the opinions and using the fuzzy logic method, evaluation of each of the criteria and determination of their importance coefficients were done and based on its results, spatial evaluation was carried out using ARC GIS and high risks zones were identified.Results have shown that the use of fuzzy logic along with spatial analysis of GIS has been able to be used as an efficient tool in zoning geomorphic hazards and to prove the capability of the analytical model of research well.
Materials & Methods
The performing method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which is compiled using documentary studies of required information and dat. In this study, it was attempted to investigate the geomorphic hazards in the province of Gilan. At first, the study area was identified. In the next stage, information layers such as slope, topography, vegetation, the elevation map of land use and… were prepared using 1: 50000 topographic maps, 1:100000 and 1: 250000 geological maps, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and finally, the provided effective information layers by the experts’ opinion and the obtained field and documentary studies were investigated in the form of network analysis model. Network Analysis Process (ANP) is one of the techniques for decision-making. When several indicators are considered for evaluation, the evaluation task becomes complicated, and when the criteria are of different genders, the work will become more complicated, and the evaluation and comparison go out of the analytical state which the mind is capable of performing), and a strong tool for practical analysis is needed. Therefore, the network analysis process is capable of doing this (Shadfar et al., 2007: 66). The network analysis process is one of the multi-criteria decision-making techniques. This model has been designed based on the hierarchical analysis process and replaces ‘network’ with ‘hierarchy’. The main assumption in AHP is based on the independent function of the hierarchical upper groups from all of its lower parts and from the criteria of each level and class (Chang et al., 2005: 22 and De Seun, 2004: 636).Saatyhas proposed the use of the hierarchical analysis model (AHP) to solve problems with independent and dependent criteria and solutions, and has established and presented the network analysis model (Lee and Kim, 2001: 374). Thus, the ANP method was presented as an extension of AHP.
As the AHP provides a framework for hierarchical structures with one-way relationships, the ANP also provides the possibility of complex internal relationships between different levels of decision and criteria. The ANP feedback approach has replaced the network structure with hierarchical structure, suggesting that the relations between different levels of decision-making can’t simply be imagined as up-down, dominant-recessive or direct-indirect.In general, the ANP model consists of a hierarchy of control, clusters, elements, interrelationships between clusters and elements (Sarkis, 2002; 23; Oraet et al., 2006: 247). The geomorphic hazards of Gilan province were evaluated and zoned in 6 stages (Saaty, 1392).
1- First step:At first, given the field and library studies as well as the experts of the issue, the research-related elements were defined from 4 clusters with 11 elements. The relations between the variables and clusters were determined using correlation analysis.
2- Second step: the pairwise comparison matrix and the relative weight estimation: the determination of relative weightin ANP is similar to AHP, In other words, the relative weight of the criteria and the sub-criteria can be determined throughpairwisecomparison.Pairwise comparisons of the elements in each level are done similar to the AHP method because of its relative significance to the criterion of control.
3- Third step:the formation of primary super matrix. The ANP elements interact with each other. These elements can be the decision-making unit, criteria, sub-criteria, the obtained results, options, and anything else. The relative weight of each matrix is calculated based on the pairwise comparison similar to the AHP method. The resulting weights are entered in the super matrix, which indicate the mutual relationbetween the elements of the system.
4- Fourth step: the formation of a weight super matrix: super matrix columns consist of several special vectors that the sum of each vectoris equal to 1. Therefore, it is possible that the sum of each column of primary super matrixto be more than 1. In order to factorize the column elements proportional to the relative weight, and that the sum of the column be equal to 1, each column of the matrix is standardized. As a result, a new matrix is obtained, the sum of each column of which will be equal to 1. The new matrix is called the weight matrix. (FarajiShabbarbar et al., 2011: 56).
5- Fifth step:the calculation of the general weight vector: in the next step, the weight super matrix reaches to a power limit so that the matrix elements are converged and its row values are equal. The general weight vector is determined based on the matrix obtained.
6- Sixth step:the calculation of the final weight of the criteria: finally, the weight of each of the effective criteria is obtained. After determining the structure of the model and determining the weight super-matrices and the limit, the weight of each of the effective indices is obtained. After weighting the natural criteria effective in the zonation of the effective indices, using fuzzy logic technique in this stage, the maps of geomorphic hazards mapping of Gilan province are plotted
Results & Discussion
After determining the relationship between the effective criteria in geomorphic hazards, the experts’ opinions, the matrix of pairwise comparison, and the relative weight estimation, the formation of primary super matrix, the formation of weight super matrix, the calculation of the general weight vector, the calculation of the final weight of the criteria was carried out, using the mathematical operations in the ArcGissoftware. Then, using fuzzy logic technique, maps of geomorphic hazards zonation in Gilan province were drawn. Given the combination of all layers and the application of the coefficients obtained from the network analysis model, the final map of geomorphic hazard zonation was plottedand three vulnerable zones were obtained. 1- First zone - Northeast of the province: This is a zonewith high risks due to its location on the way of floods and geological features.
2-Second zone: south of the province: located in the vicinity of Roodbar and Rudsar, and to some extent Amlash, is considered as a part of high risky zones of the province. Closeness to the faultand relatively high slope are among the characteristics of this zone.
3-Third zone: center of the province: in the vicinity of the city of Bandar-e Anzali, Somesara is considered as high risk zones of the province. Flooding, high erosion, and slope movements to some extent are among the features of this zone.
Conclusion
Investigating the situation and the value of vulnerable human environments against various types of geomorphological hazards seems to be very important and essential. Natural hazards, especially geomorphic hazards, have already had and have lots of financial and losses and fatalities. On this basis, natural hazards were considered as one of the basic studies in order to be able to control and reduce natural hazards. Thus, the most risky zones of Gilan province were integrated into critical centers such as mines in the province. In order to model and predict the relative risk of geomorphic hazards in the present research, an ANP network analysis model was used. For each of the different values and ranges, a weight and score were obtained, for which the fuzzy sum of these scores and the integration of each layer in the obtained weight, determined the relative risk of the occurrence of geomorphic hazards. The results showed that three vulnerable zones in the northeast, south of the province I the vicinity of the cities of Roodbar and Rudsar, and to some extent,Amlash, and the center of the province in the vicinity of the cities of Bandar-Anzali, and Somesara, are risky and hazardous areas which are affected by the risks of flood and Geological features, proximity to faults and relatively high slopes, flooding, high erosion and, to some extent, movements of the slopes. The application of fuzzy logic along with spatial analysis of GIS has been able to be used as an effective tool forgeomorphic hazards zoning. In the end, it is necessary to note that the location of some of the zones at low levels of vulnerability and risk does not represent their idealsituation and determines only the place of the aforementioned zone in relation to other zones.
Zahra Bahari Sojahrood; Reza Aghataher; Mohsen Jafari
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Earth roughness represents a fluctuation of the earth’s surface, and it can be called the complexity of the earth (Wilson, 2012). Roughness calculation is of great importance and is the basis for lots of decision-making. There are various solutions for the roughness ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Earth roughness represents a fluctuation of the earth’s surface, and it can be called the complexity of the earth (Wilson, 2012). Roughness calculation is of great importance and is the basis for lots of decision-making. There are various solutions for the roughness calculation. The first description of roughness was presented by Kupers, in which the roughness surface is assumed to be a set of points (Kupers, 1957). According to this definition, the deviation from the height criterion of the points is considered as the roughness index. The calculation of roughness in vast areas is possible only through satellite interpretation. The images used for this purpose should be of considerable power (Ghafouri, 1394). The main purpose of this paper is to automatically determine the parts of the area using the digital elevation model (DEM), which are desirable for the user in terms of roughness. To achieve this goal, a local decision-making support system is needed. In most of the mentioned methods, roughness is calculated as a variable in a region. But, the purpose of the paper is to calculate the roughness in different parts and to select the optimal area of the user. In previous methods, in order to achieve the goal, the roughness variable had to be calculated in each range and these ranges had to be compared one by one. This process is time-consuming and sometimes the desirable accuracy is not obtained. Therefore, there is a need for a method that reduces the time and increases the accuracy. For other purposes of this paper, we can refer to the calculation of roughness on a surface. In this research, a new method was developed for determining the areas with the user’s desirable quality of roughness using a DEM and based on the fractal method and spatial decision-making support system and a system with robust tools was designed and implemented for estimating the roughness and it was tested by the digital elevation model of Iran. The results indicate that this method is very accurate. Materials & Methods Ground roughness is an important variable used in the sciences of the earth and astronomy. There is no unique definition for it. It can be defined as a variable to express the variability of the Earth’s surface on a certain scale. In this research, to determine the favorable areas of the user in terms of roughness, a number of methods including sigma T, sigma Z, fractal geometry and a developed method of fractal geometry were used to calculate the roughness. Various spatial analyses were also used in the system. Finally, the spatial decision-making support system was developed for ranking and selecting the patches. Results & Discussion The system was implemented in the ‘Visual Studio’ environment using the ‘C #’ language and the ‘arcengine’ library. This system consists of several parts. First part, is the determination of the area whose roughness is to be determined. The second part, is the extraction of the patches of that area, the third part, which is done after the extraction of spatial complications and descriptive information of each patch, is similar to a filter which is based on roughness calculation methods. The four parts is, the ranking of these patches, and the fifth part, is their classification. The system is designed in such a way that the digital elevation model of any areas with any accuracy can be used. In this research, a 90 meter digital elevation model of Iran and the raster layer of its slope (produced in ArcGIS environment) were used. To display, Google maps were used. This method has a high precision due to its pixel-to-pixel scanning capability of the area and it seems to be more accurate than the existing ones. In most roughness determination methods, there is a method that calculates the roughness in the determined area. But, in this paper, using a spatial decision-making system and using the division of the region into smaller regions, the desired qualitative areas of the user are determined in terms of roughness, therefore, this method is able to decide automatically with regard to the user’s needs. Quality is different for various applications in terms of roughness. Sometimes high roughness and sometimes low roughness is favorable. However, other methods only calculate an amount of roughness of a region and we have to extract the values for each part of the earth and apply the analysis to it, and then compare them to determine their desirability. Several methods of calculating the roughness can also be used in the system simultaneously. Conclusion Earth roughness is a term used to describe the irregularities of an area. In most cases, determining the roughness of the earth is very complicated. There are many methods for calculating the roughness. The proposed method in this project is an innovative idea which is based on spatial analysis, spatial decision-making support system and roughness calculation methods and is calculated using the Digital Elevation Model. The results show that this method is a powerful tool for calculating roughness. In order to improve and continue this work, the correlation of variables is suggested in the calculation and evaluation of the obtained results. In this paper, the values are also calculated at the surface of each patch and in rows regardless of the direction. Various models can be used to consider the order of cells in each patch and compare the results.
Alireza Soleimani; Ahmad Aftab; Ali Majnoony Tootakhaneh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, as well as the flourishing of talents, and social development. Creativity and valuable activity are not possible without security. The negative effects of border areas’ insecurity in the villages are more than cities. Because, rural areas are more vulnerable due to the developmental gap between villages and cities. Due to the vulnerability of the border villages, it is necessary to ensure the security of the villages through passive defense measures. West Azerbaijan Province with 980 km of common land border with Iraq, Turkey and the Republic of Azerbaijan and possessing ethnic cultural diversities has not been an exception to this rule. The conditions of the eight years of the imposed war, the crises of the neighboring countries of Iraq, Azerbaijan and ethnic conflicts in Turkey have caused insecurity in the geographical boundaries of the West Azerbaijani province. In this regard, the present research investigates the spatial structure and assessment of the vulnerability of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with an emphasis on passive defense approach. Materials & Methods The study area includes parts of West Azerbaijan province which is bordered by Turkey and includes the cities of Maku, Chaldoran, Khoy, Salmas and Urmia, and 1259 villages with a population of 568843. The main method of this research is descriptive-analytical. In order to carry out the spatial analysis of the rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with regard to the passive defense approach, the eight major criteria (water resources, natural hazards, landforms, security considerations, climate, demographic considerations, access to facilities, land quality) were selected with 17 sub-criteria based on internal and external sources investigation. Then, using the network analysis process, the amount of importance coefficients of the criteria have been determined. In the next stage, the information layers were produced by the GIS in proportion to the indicators, and were integrated with regard to the capabilities of the GIS, and the extent of the vulnerability of settlements was extracted through the overlapping of the information layers. Results & Discussion Based on the results, security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest effect and significance. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border has the highest role with the rate of 0.1021. Demographic considerations with a score of 0.232, and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand next with respect to the importance. In the cluster of demographic considerations, population density with a score of 0.0231, and in the cluster of environmental hazards, the distance from the flood-prone areas with a score of 0.0078 have had the highest effect. Among the main criteria examined, the quality of land and water resources are the least important with the importance rate of 0.019 and 0.026, respectively. Based on the results obtained, 17.9% of the study area was found to be a highly vulnerable zone. 123 villages with 8.3% of the population of the study area are located in this zone. The zone with the high vulnerability covers 17.5% of the area. 243 villages with 18% of the population are located in this zone. Conclusion The overall results of this research showed that by adopting a passive defense approach, the natural and human threats of border rural areas could be reduced. In this regard, in this research, in order to analyze the spatial structure of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with a passive defense approach, eight major criteria were identified. Security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest significance and impact on analyzing the rural settlements of the border areas of Iran and Turkey in terms of passive defense. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border with the rate of 0.1021 has the highest role with respect to the passive defense approach. In the next stage, demographic considerations with a score of 0.232 and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand in terms of importance. Given these findings, the following solutions are proposed: • Identifying and eliminating the damages caused by the proximity of villages to the border point and the observation of the transboundary threats. • Creating job diversification among the border villages to reduce rural dependency on land. • Promoting the role and functions of border cities, including mid-range cities, in comprehensive rural development. • Encouraging people to stay in villages through investing in rural infrastructure. • Enhancement of the presence of military and law enforcement forces at the border level.
Seyyed Yaser Hakimdoost; Shahbakhty Rostami; Mahmood Moradi; Abdolhamid Nazari
Abstract
Abstract
The present study is seeking to identify the spatial pattern of habitability of rural settlements in Hirmand’s border regions in order to identify the hazardous areas. The research method in this study is of applied type, and the governing approach to the research is descriptive and analytical. ...
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Abstract
The present study is seeking to identify the spatial pattern of habitability of rural settlements in Hirmand’s border regions in order to identify the hazardous areas. The research method in this study is of applied type, and the governing approach to the research is descriptive and analytical. In order to analyze the distribution pattern of the habitable villages at three optimal, moderate and undesirable levels spatially, spatial statistics tests will be used in the GEO DATM and GIS software environment to identify the spatial pattern of the habitability of the villages and ultimately the hazardous and vulnerable zones to be identified. The results of the research show that 16 villages are in the optimal, 16 in the moderate and 12 in the undesirable range. Also, the results of using the Moran Anselin’s Algorithm in the region indicate that 7 cold clusters (low habitability) and 11 hot clusters (high habitability) were identified in the region. The largest hot spot is located in the south of the city and the villages located on this spot are highly habitable and adjacent to each other, and the largest cold spot is located in the south-east and center of the city. The results of the study indicate that the villages near the borderline have a weaker habitability and cold clusters are concentrated in these areas, and the rural regions of the northern part of the city are less habitable due to their dependence on the agricultural economy and the shortages of resources of the Hamoon’s Abūroud in the north of the city. Hazardous spots from the unstable situation of rural settlements perspective can endanger the region from the security aspect, and consequently, habitats with more appropriate habitability located in the vicinity of the spots with low habitability will also be endangered in terms of security and will eventually overwhelm their habitability.
Ali Shamaei; Fatemeh Fadaei Dehkordi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 75-86
Abstract
Field studies and statistical investigation indicate that Shahr-e Kord (capital city of Chahar-Mahal va Bakhtiari province) has experienced a significant physical-special development. So that during the last 50 years, its annual population has increased 3.6 percent and the city area has enlarged about ...
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Field studies and statistical investigation indicate that Shahr-e Kord (capital city of Chahar-Mahal va Bakhtiari province) has experienced a significant physical-special development. So that during the last 50 years, its annual population has increased 3.6 percent and the city area has enlarged about 5 percent. This increase in area and population which is mostly due to immigration, has resulted in the emergence of self-growing urban neighborhoods, agricultural land use changing into residential ones, destruction of environment and increasing environmental pollutions, lack of infrastructure and inconsistence urban development, etc. The present article aims to perform spatial analyze on the quality and quantity of inconsistence physical development in Shahr-e Kord during1956-2006. Descriptive-analytic survey and Shannon and Holdern Anthropic models are applied. Results and findings indicate that the city had linear physical development during this time period. Before the revolution (1956-1976), this linear development had a slow trend. Yet, physical development of city have had a dramatic linear trend from 1981 onward due to irregular immigration of villagers to cities, settlement of nomads, refugees in Iran-Iraq war. Results of Shanon entropy model performed during 1996-2006 confirm the linear trend of city development and according to Holdren model around 82 percent of the city physical-spatial growth during 1956-2006 was due to the population increase and 18 percent is related to horizontal and spiral growth of the city. This happened due to lack of control and surveillance by urban managers and a codified program for the consistence development of the city.
Mojtaba Ghadiri Ma'sum; Hassan Karimzadeh; Bahman Sahneh
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 35-46
Abstract
The present study describes and compares the spatial method and spatial statistics by a combination of different methods of science in different fields such as multiple criteria analysis of GIS. The ultimate goal of this method is to assess the appropriateness of the area in question in order to determine ...
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The present study describes and compares the spatial method and spatial statistics by a combination of different methods of science in different fields such as multiple criteria analysis of GIS. The ultimate goal of this method is to assess the appropriateness of the area in question in order to determine the optimal location for landfill. In this context, the first step is the formation of a hierarchical structure of multiple criteria. Next, it is using the spatial analysis process to establish evaluation criteria, these based on the laws of Greece and the European Union, and also on the basis of practical and feasible international guidelines. The relative importance of the assessment criteria is determined based on the hierarchical structure and, using simple weighing model, suitable sites for landfill in the study area are determined. as a result, suitable locations are ranked from 0 to 10, which is from the lowest to the best, respectively. The last stage is the process of spatial clusters, which are designed to represent the most appropriate area. The initial ranking permits the selection of suitable places for burial from among existing places. The application and implementation of the proposed method on the Lemnos island in the north of the Aegean Sea showed that 9.3% of the studied area was suitable for burials above the 9th level.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 2-8
Abstract
In order to conduct spatial analysis of clustering, the principles and characteristics of genetic algorithms are utilized. The present paper presents a new method of spatial analysis of clustering based on genetic algorithm. The results of the scientific and practical experiments show that this method ...
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In order to conduct spatial analysis of clustering, the principles and characteristics of genetic algorithms are utilized. The present paper presents a new method of spatial analysis of clustering based on genetic algorithm. The results of the scientific and practical experiments show that this method can maintain the overall characteristic of distribution and obtain an appropriate result.
