Geographic Data
Seyed Asadallah Hejazi; Fariba Karami; Saye Habibzadeh
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades, cities have provided the prelude to widespread urban growth and development as the most important human settlements, due to the increasing degree of urbanization and the increase in urban population, which is one of the most important aspects of global ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades, cities have provided the prelude to widespread urban growth and development as the most important human settlements, due to the increasing degree of urbanization and the increase in urban population, which is one of the most important aspects of global transformation. In recent decades, following the growing expansion of urbanization and urbanization, as well as the continuous increase in population, many cities in the country have faced significant physical development, which has left planners and city managers with the problem of determining the right axes. And the boundaries of future physical growth of cities have faced. Maku is one of the cities that experienced an annual growth of 3.7 percent between 1996 and 2016, with a population of 46,581. Given the forecast of the increase in the population of the city in the coming years, the identification of suitable land for its physical development is an inevitable necessity. Several factors, including geomorphological features, climatic conditions, geological features, are effective in choosing the location of cities. The study evaluated the role of geomorphology as one of the factors influencing the location and physical development of the city of Maku.Materials and MethodsThe research method is of a descriptive-analytical type with a functional purpose. In this study, raw data was collected through documented and field studies. This study examines the geomorphological factors influencing the physical-physical development of the city of Maku. To evaluate the optimal development of urban land, the components of lithology, soil, slope, distance from the river, direction of slope, height, land use, distance from fault and Road in the area of the surrounding city of Maku were used. To analyze data and select the optimal location, a combination of two phase - electro and Shannon entropy models has been used. To prepare the ground fit layer, the layers in question are standardized and phased in the ArcGis environment using the Phase model and by the calculator instrument and in the form of a raster in the form of a value of zero to one. Finally, the coating of layers using phase logic (gamma) to optimize the development of the city of Maku was determined, and then the development path of the city of Maku was classified into five groups: completely appropriate, relatively appropriate, appropriate, inappropriate and very inappropriate.DiscussionAfter determining the effective criteria in locating and detecting the weight of the criteria, the information layers should be combined with the appropriate method. The composition of the map is obtained by overlapping weighted maps. Merging and combining different spatial layers from different sources together is the main goal of GIS projects and its unique feature, so that the interactions are described and analyzed with the help of predictive models to support decision-makers. The final map of the development potential of the city of Maku was prepared by combining different layers of information and classified according to the Likert scale. In this classification, land was considered suitable for urban development in 5 groups of lands with very low, low, medium, high and very high development potential. According to the above map, most of the city's immediate land is located in the eastern and western parts of the city for Urban Development. The southern and northern lands of the kalbdi District of Maku are also small or very small for the future development of the city. The proximity to the epicenter of earthquakes, the short distance from the river and the location of the flood path are the main reasons for the inadequacy of the above land for the physical development of the city of Maku. The lands located east and West at the entrance of the city from the shout and merchant side are the only immediate areas of the city that are very suitable for the future development of the city.ConclusionAmong the seven geomorphological factors studied, the two factors "altitude" and "lithology" are the highest coefficients of importance, and the factors "slope direction" and "distance from the river" are also the least important. The results of comparative analysis of the eight geographical directions in terms of geomorphological factors also show that in terms of the litholysis factor, the east, west and northwest directions are more desirable compared to other options. In terms of the elevation factor, the Northeast and East Directions are more suitable, and in terms of the distance factor, the West and northwest directions are more preferred. Comparing options in terms of soil factor also indicates a greater favorability of the Northeast and northwest directions. Distance from the river was another component that, based on the analyses, the East and Southeast directions, identified more favorable areas for urban development in terms of this component; and finally, in terms of the slope direction criterion, the lands located in the southeast of the City face greater desirability. After determining the coefficient of importance of the criteria and the relative score of the options in terms of each of the factors studied the coefficients of importance of the criteria and the relative weight of the options were calculated within the framework of the method of the process of hierarchical analysis of the integration and score of each of the eight geographical directions as follows the East was calculated with a gradient of 5 West 5 southwest 1 northeast 2 North 0 south 0 Southeast 4 Northwest 0 thus in terms of geomorphological factors the study word in the ین research orientations east west and the southeast is proposed as a priority for the future development of the city of Maku.
Geographic Data
Elham Forootan
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, the population growth, the increase in irrigated land and economic development have caused the increase in the demand for groundwater resources all over the world. In arid and semi-arid regions where surface water does not have a significant amount ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, the population growth, the increase in irrigated land and economic development have caused the increase in the demand for groundwater resources all over the world. In arid and semi-arid regions where surface water does not have a significant amount due to low rainfall and high evapotranspiration, people lives mainly depend on groundwater. As a result, it is necessary to identify the groundwater potential areas and determine its recharge areas using accurate technologies. So, the aim of this research is to compare the method of multi- influencing factors with the fuzzy method for determining the potential of groundwater in a part of Kebar-Fordo watershed, Qom city, Iran.
Materials & Methods. For this purpose, a part of Kebar-Fordo watershed located in Qom province was selected. Six factors layer, viz. slope, annual rainfall, distance from river, geology, soil, and landuse were considered and classified based on groundwater potential susceptibility in different scales. Multi-influencing factor method can determine the groundwater potential of the region by assigning appropriate weight to different effective factors. In this approach, the layers were combined in Arc-GIS after determining the weight of the layers. In the fuzzy method, the layers of six factors were converted to fuzzy based on the linear function, and then the layers were incorporated using the gamma function. Finally, the statistics of observation points and accuracy index were used in order to evaluate the models,
Results & Discussion. The slope map represents that most part of the studied area (78.56%) has a "0-1" class while "1-3", "3-9" and "9-25" slope classes could be observed in 19.97, 1.29 and 0.18% of the total area, respectively. The soil texture has a significant effect on the infiltration and percolation of the surface water movement towards the groundwater. Therefore, in this research, the soil factor has been investigated as one of the input factors to the models. Soils with high permeability are more suitable for groundwater recharge and vice versa. The soil texture of the area consists of sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam textures, which cover 3.73, 90.72, 0.23, and 5.32% of the total area, respectively, with a rank of four to one for groundwater potential. In this study, geology map showed that Qft2 formation has the largest area (88.98%) and Plc formation is in the second rank (4.9%). Qft1, Qs.d and Mur units have an area of 2.22, 2.12 and 1.10% and the smallest area belongs to OMq formation (0.68%). Also, different types of land use in the study area were agriculture, garden, rangeland, bareland, and resendential area. The land use map showed that the largest area of this area was ariculture landuse (77.18%), while garden and rangeland covered 0.07 and 6.5% of the total area, respectively. Bareland and residential area comprise 2.94%, 13.31% of the total area, respectively. Among the different landuses, agriculture and residential area have the highest and lowest ranks in groundwater recharge. The rainfall map was categorized with four classes. The classes of 140-156, 156-168, 168-182, and 182-203 mm layers include 14.15, 48.92, 21.84 and 15.09% of the total area with the rank of one to four for groundwater recharge, respectively. The map of distance from the stream was divided into four categories: "0-659", "659-1480", "1480-2675" and "2675-4939" meters, which comprise 46.33%, 34.15%, 15.72% and 3.8% of the total area, respectively. In the method of multi influencing factor, the distance from the stream (8.33%) and the geological factor (25%) were the lowest and highest weights. In this regard, the factors of rainfall, slope, soil, landuse have 20.83%, 16.67%, 16.67% and 12.5% weights, respectively. Then, the groundwater potential map was prepared through overlaying in ArcGIS and the studied area was classified into suitable and unsuitable classes. The suitable class covers 75.15% of the studied area and the unsuitable class covers 24.85% of the total area. In the fuzzy method, the unsuitable class comprises 43.63% and suitable class covers 56.37% of the area. In order to evaluate the models, the statistics of the observation points were applied which the accuracy of the multi- influencing factor and fuzzy models was calculated as 71.42 and 78.57%, respectively.
Conclusion. Preparation of groundwater potential map is necessary to adopt management measures of rainfall storage and groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid regions and it can be used for sustainable management of groundwater resources. The findings of this research revealed both model's accuracy in the studied area.
Geographic Data
Nargas Shokohi; Reza Zakerinejad
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income for developed countries and some developing countries and the countries of the world, especially the developing ones, are seeking to advance and develop their tourism industry with well-codified plans. One of the ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income for developed countries and some developing countries and the countries of the world, especially the developing ones, are seeking to advance and develop their tourism industry with well-codified plans. One of the types of tourism that has received more attention in recent decades is ecotourism or nature tourism. Iran has a very high potential in attracting tourists in terms of various ecological conditions and characteristics. The northern regions leading to the Caspian Sea are among the regions of Iran that at the same time, it has three important ecological zones (foothills, plains and coasts). Namka Abroud tourist town is one of the areas that has improved in recent years in attracting tourists and ecotourism. Studies on ecotourism and its development have been conducted. These studies can be divided into three main categories. Studies have identified ecological factors that determine ecotourism areas, most of which have focused on factors such as land slope, slope direction, altitude, water resources, access to roads, rainfall, and annual temperature. Other studies emphasize the methodological identification of ecotourism areas. The main methods emphasized are hierarchical analysis methods and geographical systems. The third group of studies focused on how regions were developed. Among the points emphasized by these studies measured to attract ecotourism to preserve its resources and its sustainability, and finally to develop the economic situation of the region.Materials and Methods Data and research method: The study data were collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran, the National Mapping Organization and the Road Engineering Company. Point temperature and precipitation data were obtained using the Kriging spatial interpolation method for the town surface. In this study, the ecological capabilities of Namak Abroud tourist town have been tried by AHP hierarchical analysis method and GIS geographical analysis system of eight layers of ecological slope and slope direction, altitude, annual rainfall, distance from road network, annual temperature, Land use and catchments should be investigated. The hierarchical analysis process is a flexible, simple, and robust method used to make decisions in situations where conflicting decision criteria make it difficult to select options. This method was developed in 1980 by El Thomas Saati. It has been proposed and has had several applications in various sciences. A basic method for testing the AHP method is the pairwise comparison method. This method significantly reduces the conceptual complexity of decision making. Because only two components are examined at a time.Results and discussion he results showed that the importance of land slope compared to the slope direction layer is quadruple, furthermore the importance of land slope compared to altitude is sextuple, the average annual rainfall triple, the distance from the road network five times, Moderate annual temperature Eight times, land use is sextuple, and the catchments of the region are double. In other words, the slope is the most influential factor in choosing the Eco-tourism locations of Namkabroud town. After that, three-factor of slope direction, altitude, and annual rainfall is influential in selecting and finding Ecotourism places in Namkabroud town, respectively. Then, using overlapping layers, the important Eco-tourism places of the town were identified, in which four places of Ecotourism importance could be trusted and studied. Two of these four places are parts of the coastal forests of violet and boxwood. Areas that remain almost intact. Therefore, codified management plans can be designed and implemented based on the preservation of Ecotourism attractions on them. But the important point is in a part of the important southern place of Banafsheh Park. Contradictory constructions have been carried out in this area while preserving Ecotourism areas. Most of these constructions are places of entertainment and tourism, including a flight site, restaurant, coffee shop, karting, and shooting club, each of which can cause damage to its Ecotourism features. Government places such as the municipality and the fire brigade are also located in this area, which has no justification for maintaining strategic Ecotourism sites. Important Ecotourism sites located in the east and southeast of the town have become inefficient with unprofessional and irresponsible constructions and have been turned into residential neighborhoods. The last important Ecotourism place in the town is Madoban base mountain, which is known as the cable car area. This place, which is located in the 5th residential neighborhood of town, has created several tourist entertainments sites, such as lines one and two, cable cars, sleds, a cinema, and a smashing machine. In addition, the construction of commercial and residential sites has caused irreparable damage to its Ecotourism importance.Conclusion The following results were obtained in the study of important places in Namakabroud town. Only the places located in the two coastal forests of Banafsheh and Shamshad are almost safe from the bite of unprofessional constructions, while other places have either been inhabited or government and recreational places have been created in them. It is not in line with the goals of preserving sustainable Ecotourism places. Therefore, the proper management of ecotourism areas was evaluated. To be able to properly manage the preservation and sustainability of Namak Abroud Ecotourism vulnerable places are to be proposed. The results of the studies in this section showed that the coastal and foothill areas of the town have the potential for extensive recreation and other important places can develop central recreation, which planners and investors in the tourism sector should implement and Consider constructing tourist sites.
Geographic Data
Atikeh Afzali; Masoud Moghnee Tabari
Abstract
Extended Abstract IntroductionIncreasing population and urban development, increasing use of cars, increasing the number of private cars, Also the narrow width of the streets and the lack of supply of marginal park space, especially in the central parts, have caused many problems for large and densely ...
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Extended Abstract IntroductionIncreasing population and urban development, increasing use of cars, increasing the number of private cars, Also the narrow width of the streets and the lack of supply of marginal park space, especially in the central parts, have caused many problems for large and densely populated cities. Parking lots as one of the most important urban infrastructures play a major role in reducing these problems. Today, in large cities, with the correct location of public parking lots, optimally manage of urban traffic is possible by increasing the provision of services to a large number of vehicles. Materials and MethodsIn this research, first, effective criteria were extracted according to the opinion of Babol Municipality experts. The information layers of each criterion were prepared in the GIS environment and to equalize the layers, each criterion was classified, Then, the identified criteria were weighted using ANP technique and with the help of Super Decision software, and then pairwise comparisons were done. Weighted layers were combined by ANP method, were placed on top of each other in the GIS environment based on the influence of each layer (relative weight) and the map of the optimal areas for the construction of public parking lots was obtained. Results and DiscussionIn this research, the inconsistency coefficient obtained was 0.07. Criteria prioritization showed that, "Distance from the road", "Distance from offices use" and "Distance from business use" criteria with a significance coefficient of 0.25, 0.24 and 0.15 respectively had the highest weights. Arc GIS software was used to prepare the final maps. Finally, suitable places for creating public parking lots were determined by applying the final weight of the criteria and overlapping the layers. According to the final location map, areas with very high potential, areas with high capability and areas with medium capability each have 3.11, 55.75 and 36.56 percent of urban lands, respectively. Areas with very high and high potential are mostly located in the northwestern, northeastern, southwestern and central parts of the city. ConclusionThe results indicate that the spatial distribution of existing parking lots in the city is not related to the effective criteria in these parking lots. According to the residential use map and population density and due to the epidemic of private car use, there is no match between the number of parking spaces in the city and their spatial distribution and population density. The result of urban parking location zoning using the ANP model and comparing it with existing parking lots in the city shows that The class of areas with high capacity for parking lots is located in parts of the city where there are no parking areas and there is an urgent need to create these types of users. This factor indicates that the location of existing parking lots in Babol city has been done without considering effective factors and criteria. All parking lots are located in one part of the city and at a close distance from each other. There is a need to create many public parking lots in other parts of the city, according to the urban population, until the per capita is closer to the reality. Considering the population of Babol city, which is 250,217 people, and the number of public parking lots, which is 6, this amount per capita is very low.
Geographic Data
Taraneh Karimi; Ali Mohammad Safania; Rahim Sarvar; Salaheddin Naghshbandi
Abstract
Extended Abstract IntroductionThe tourism industry is the world's largest industry in terms of income and cultural exchanges. Progress in the field of sports is one of the strategic priorities of planners in countries. Sports tourism is one of the most important developed sectors of the tourism ...
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Extended Abstract IntroductionThe tourism industry is the world's largest industry in terms of income and cultural exchanges. Progress in the field of sports is one of the strategic priorities of planners in countries. Sports tourism is one of the most important developed sectors of the tourism industry. In this regard, the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the National Olympic and Paralympic Committee, the National Olympic and Paralympic Academy, sports federations, physical education, the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology Sports and Education Federation, Ministry of Education and Culture, Sports and Youth Fraction of the Islamic Council, Provincial Sports and Youth Departments, Sports Associations, each of which is a decision-making body in the field are sports The existence of multiple, as well as the simultaneous existence of policy-making and implementation in the Ministry of Sports and Youth, have created inadequacies in these sectors, which, of course, have denied the possibility of competition from the private sector. It seems that the general spirit governing the constitution of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, like the provisions related to tourism in the country's five-year development laws, is a reductionist attitude towards the tourism industry. Due to the uncertainty of the coordination authority in the field of sports tourism decision-making and policy-making, the lack of legal commitment and the need for coordination between sports executive bodies, the multiplicity and diversity of sports tourism tasks. Institutions in charge, the emphasis and clarity of Article 100 of the Law of the Sixth Five-Year Development Plan, based on integrated management, the lack of attention of upstream laws and documents to the priority of sports tourism, the lack of cooperation and the establishment of coherent relations between the government, government and private institutions in the sports tourism industry, preparation An integrated model is important in the sports tourism industry in the country. Considering the number of related organizations in sports tourism and the lack of clarity about the interaction of these organizations with each other, the present research aims to investigate the integrated management of related institutions in the sports tourism industry. This research can play an important role in optimizing management planning in the tourism industry by identifying the effective factors of integrated management of Iran's sports tourism industry. Therefore, the current research aims to provide an integrated management model in Iran's sports tourism industry and seeks to answer this question: What are the effective factors of integrated management in Iran's sports tourism industry?Research methodology and FndingsThe current research has a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach based on data search. In the qualitative part, the foundational data approach (Glaser method) has been used to present and develop the theory in the study area of the research. The statistical (qualitative) community includes all the experts in the field of tourism, sports management as well as sports tourism. In this research, the purposeful sampling method was used. Sampling continued until reaching a point where adding a new sample no longer has an effect on the development of research theory, theoretical saturation was achieved after the 20th interview. The main method of data collection was semi-structured in-depth interviews. In the process of qualitative data analysis and performing three stages of coding (open, central and selective), a number of 1167 open codes were obtained, which were reduced to 377 unique open codes after merging and removing commonalities, then the open codes were categorized into 29 central codes and finally In selective coding, they were divided into 8 groups: program policy, task, management, legal, institutional, structural, beneficiaries, tools and resources. In this way, a questionnaire based on the main factors and sub-criteria was compiled on a five-point Likert scale with 119 questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was checked with exploratory confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha (96%). The statistical population of the quantitative part included 600 experts and managers of the ministries of cultural heritage, sports and youth, as well as the Environmental Protection Organization, the Civil Aviation Organization, the National Olympic and Paralympic Committee. , travel service offices and private sector activists as well as sports management doctoral students and professors. Frequency, mean and standard deviation methods were used to analyze the information in the descriptive part. The normality of the data was checked with the Kolomogorov-Spirov test (<0.05). In the inferential statistics section of the structural equation modeling test, Friedman's test (P=0.001) and Pearson's correlation coefficient, which showed a significant correlation at the 99% level between the main research criteria; It was used with the help of AMOS and SPSS software.DiscussionUndoubtedly, the existence of various institutional, legal, structural and managerial differences and the involvement of various organizations and institutions in the tourism cause create complicated problems. The current research by observing the situation of sports tourism in Iran, as a strategy for development; He also carefully specified documents and strategic plans at the macro levels; What is observed in the sports tourism industry is the presence of various actors with unequal powers, which has become a fundamental issue in this field of tourism. Despite the emphasis in the general policies of the sixth development plan and the importance of various aspects of development, the laws of some ministries and organizations related to sports tourism do not have the necessary overlap. In this way, it is necessary for the officials and legislators to act transparently, to remove the dispersal of the same laws and the uniform and unsavory implementation of the laws. It should also be noted that; Among the different components of the sports tourism system, management activities and tasks are distributed disproportionately and have led to functional, institutional and managerial differences. The use of tasteful management instead of scientific management and the incompatibility of the actions taken by the previous managers with the attitude of the new managers are among the many problems in the division of the field of sports tourism. It is included in the development of the country.Therefore, integrated management in this field, taking into account the indicators of the current research, is a balance between barriers and facilitating factors of costs and benefits. Considering the participation of various elements to play a role in sports tourism; This integration leads to the creation of a network of actors with different powers, the imbalance in the power of the beneficiaries in the field of sports tourism will lead to forward movement if there is inter-sectoral coordination and systematic dialogue between the relevant institutions. According to the obtained results, in order to achieve the integrated management of sports tourism in Iran, the following solutions can be presented to lay the groundwork and facilitate the implementation of integrated management.Revision of the rules and regulations proposed for tourism-sports in terms of having a guarantee of implementation.Formation of the tourism-sports executive committee with the aim of strengthening the monitoring and control approach.Creating the capacity to plan and manage sports tourism resources, in order to participate and improve local incomes.Establishing an efficient and transparent tax system for the benefit of sports tourism.
Geographic Data
Ali Sadeghi; Amir Reza Khavarian-Garmsir; Maryam Zareei
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Cities have many challenges, but it can be said that the problem that threatens them is weak. The existence of poverty in cities leads to the occurrence of social and economic issues and causes the stability and development of these cities to be created with problems. ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction: Cities have many challenges, but it can be said that the problem that threatens them is weak. The existence of poverty in cities leads to the occurrence of social and economic issues and causes the stability and development of these cities to be created with problems. For example, poverty can lead to unemployment, homelessness, crime, and increased disease rates. Therefore, eliminating poverty in cities plays a very important role in creating healthy and sustainable societies. Due to population growth and the influx of Afghan immigrants in recent years, some neighborhoods in District 11 of Isfahan municipality have experienced poverty due to inequality and unfair distribution of services and facilities. In order to organize the current situation and overcome the existing conditions, the spatial distribution of poverty spots must first be identified and then, with regular planning, this problem can be solved to prevent the consequences of poverty at the regional level. The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of urban poverty indicators in the 11th district of the municipality and the social gap among the residents of this neighborhood.
Materials & Methods: The research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Based on the data of the statistical block of the 11th district of Isfahan municipality, hotspot analysis and Moran's spatial autocorrelation were performed in the GIS environment. Excel software was used for urban poverty indicators. SPS software is used for the factor analysis of the defined indicators.
Results & Discussion: The results showed that weak in the 11th region of Isfahan municipality has a cluster distribution pattern and spatial autocorrelation. According to the zoning, the parts of the center, east, northeast, and parts of the southeast and south. The west is surrounded by poor and very poor blocks, and in the north, northwest and west parts of region 11, there are very prosperous and prosperous blocks. However, in district 11 of Isfahan municipality, we see a class divide. On the other hand, I can say that having poor space in the 11th district of Isfahan city follows the characteristic pattern, in such a way that as we approach from the south to the north and from the east to the west, the poverty be decreases.
Conclusion: Some social and cultural values can perpetuate poverty and social inequality, and people in poverty may have different beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that exacerbate their economic problems. In addition to individual and social factors, institutional factors such as housing policies, zoning laws, and land use regulations can also play a role in the spatial distribution of poverty and social inequality in urban areas. For example, discriminatory housing policies can lead to the concentration of low-income individuals in specific areas, while deprivation zoning policies can limit their access to affordable housing and employment opportunities. Today, poverty exists in various dimensions of human life and has brought with it problems and challenges. Therefore, in order to reduce poverty and implement human and sustainable development, it is essential to identify scientific and specialized methods, the geography of poverty-stricken areas, and important indicators in this field. The successful implementation of strategies and policies to reduce poverty requires the identification of all factors and needs of residents in the geographical area affected by this problem, so that programs can be developed to reduce poverty and improve conditions. This research contributes to the development of knowledge in the field of poverty and urban social planning. Its results can provide the necessary information to make decisions in addressing the urban poor problem.
Finally, the following recommendations are proposed to improve the current conditions in District 11 of Isfahan city:
Implementing neighborhood-based projects to achieve sustainable urban redevelopment with people's participation.
Establishing neighborhood development offices to identify the specific problems of each neighborhood and provide solutions.
Conducting research on poverty with the support and participation of organizations such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and municipal authorities to align their results and find the best solution to address urban poverty.
Considering that the main reason for the migration of native residents of District 11 is the presence of Afghan immigrants in this area, and as a result, many social problems have arisen, it is essential to address this issue with appropriate policies; otherwise, we will face more serious problems between native residents and Afghan immigrants in the future.
Providing facilities and loans for renovation and reconstruction in the area, especially in the central, eastern, and northeast parts.
Creating social justice for the use of facilities.
Improving environmental conditions in District 11 of Isfahan, especially in the Sajjad Square neighborhood, which has an unfavorable situation. Municipal officials can address the environmental problems of this area by creating parks and green spaces, paving the streets, removing environmental pollution, collecting garbage, and organizing the vacant lands.
Creating a space for the education of working children, supporting them, and providing suitable employment opportunities for them.
Improving the physical condition of the area through redevelopment programs, and more.
Geographic Data
Hamed Asghari; Mohammad Reza Fallah Ghanbari
Abstract
Extwnded Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: How to invest and choose the right place to build a factory is one of the issues that is of vital importance for factories / companies or organizations due to its effects on factors such as performance, profitability, competitiveness, survival and various criteria ...
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Extwnded Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: How to invest and choose the right place to build a factory is one of the issues that is of vital importance for factories / companies or organizations due to its effects on factors such as performance, profitability, competitiveness, survival and various criteria such as social, economic, environmental, quality and Quantities and other goals are always noticeable to investors and managers.
Materials & Methods: Since decision-making in this field is strategic and as a result, the incomplete information of experts in conditions of uncertainty may reduce the success of future exploitation; Therefore, researchers have introduced different methods to choose the right place; D number theory as an extension of Dempster-Shafer theory in locating, while solving the deficiencies in Dempster-Shafer theory, takes into account the lack of expert information in forecasting. In this research, due to the significant amount of demand and sensitivity in the correct direction of capital resources, considering the high amount of capital required and the great importance in choosing the right place in the geography of Iran to achieve success, and that investing in this industry has always been attractive, while choosing criteria with The importance of investigating the selection of a suitable location for the construction of an edible oil refinery in thirty-one provinces of the country with the combined method of Analytical Hierarchy Process and D-Number Theory (D-AHP), due to its ability to analyze data under conditions of uncertainty that can provide a more realistic estimate , has been investigated.
Results & Discussion: the factors affecting the research problem of this research in the form of a combined method (D-AHP) and based on the consensus of the opinions of ten experts and experts have been helped with the help of brainstorming, which include: access to Raw materials, provincial demand, fixed capital costs such as land, etc. and the production capacities (factories) in the region and the frequency of consumption in the neighborhood of the province and the potential threat to the industry in case of a favorable focus are based on the behavior of consumers and political and social factors. Based on the hierarchical structure, the paired relations of D numbers for the criteria, sub-criteria (1 to 17) and options at different levels of investigation and weights have been calculated with this method, and the criteria of access to raw materials (crude oil) and provincial demand are the most important criteria. Finally, the important weights and ranks of places (provinces) in relation to the overall goal have been calculated and prioritized. Important criteria include: access to primary oil raw materials (distance from ports), fixed capital costs such as land, etc., the amount of demand in the provinces, the amount of previously created production capacities, the frequency of consumption in the neighborhood of the provinces, the lifespan of the industry in The future and political and social factors have been investigated and evaluated for 31 provinces of the country with the combined method (D-AHP) and with the consensus opinion of ten experts in the field of Iranian oil industry.
Conclusion: Therefore, the suitable place for investment in the future according to the importance coefficient of the criteria and sub-criteria and in the order of priority are as follows: provinces; Tehran (first priority), Semnan (second priority), Alborz (third priority), Central (fourth priority), Mazandaran (fifth priority), Isfahan (sixth priority), Qom (seventh priority), Fars (eighth priority), Lorestan (priority 9th), South Khorasan (10th priority), Khuzestan (11th priority), Kahkiloyeh and Boyar Ahmad (12th priority), Zanjan (13th priority), Hormozgan (14th priority), Kerman (15th priority), Yazd (16th priority), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (17th priority), Bushehr (18th priority), Qazvin (19th priority), East Azerbaijan (20th priority), Razavi Khorasan (21st priority), Hamadan (22nd priority), West Azerbaijan (23rd priority) ), Gilan (24th priority), Kurdistan (25th priority), North Khorasan (26th priority), Ardabil (27th priority), Sistan and Baluchistan (28th priority), Ilam (27th priority) 9th), Kermanshah (30th priority), Golestan (31st priority). Finally, the important weights and ranks of the places (provinces) have been calculated and prioritized in relation to the overall goal, which will facilitate optimal decision-making and appropriate selection for new investment and prevent waste in the consumption of capital resources and strategic planning in the long term and prevent It helps and prevents the crisis of reduction of national gross product and reduction of capacity or closure of factories, which will lead to unemployment of many employees and activists in this field and social consequences. And it shows the rational policy making to reach the desired situation.
Geographic Data
Zahra Heydari monfared; Seyed Hossein Mirmousavi; Hossein Asakereh; Koohzad Raisipour
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Snow-cover changes and related phenomena (especially depth, snow water equivalent and snow density) have a fundamental role in mountainous environments and strongly affect water availability in downstream areas. In this way, the importance of correct and appropriate analysis ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction: Snow-cover changes and related phenomena (especially depth, snow water equivalent and snow density) have a fundamental role in mountainous environments and strongly affect water availability in downstream areas. In this way, the importance of correct and appropriate analysis is more visible. Due to the fact that most of the rainfall falls in the form of snow in mountainous areas, the management of snow resources in these areas is very important, and knowing the different aspects of variability and geographical patterns governing the phenomenon of snow is a scientific and practical need. It is considered special in water resources and in the agricultural sector. Thus, in the current research, the spatio-temporal patterns governing the annual average of snow density in different decades and the difference of each of the decades compared to the entire time period have been estimated and analyzed using spatial statistics methods.
Materials & Methods: The studied area with an area of about 151,771.91 square kilometers is located between 34°44' to 39°25' north latitude from the equator and 44°3' to 49°52' east longitude from the Greenwich meridian. In order to investigate the spatial autocorrelation changes of the average snow density in northwest Iran during the years 1982-2022 from the data obtained from the database of the European Center for Medium-Range Atmospheric Forecasting ECMWF4/ ERA5 based on daily data, and to identify and understand the spatial patterns of density Barf, based on statistical and graphic models have been used in the geographic information system environment. In the study of temporal-spatial changes of the average snow density of the region in different time periods including 4 decades ((1982-1992), (1992-2002), (2002-2012), (2012-2022)) and the whole period of 41 years (2022) -1982)), general Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used. Also, in the current research, in order to investigate the effect of changes in Extreme snow precipitation on the amount of snow density in the northwest region, it has been done to determine the snow threshold. In order to estimate snow drift, a threshold was defined. Since the station snowfall amount data has a high dispersion, values above the mean cannot be accurate for defining the threshold of freezing snow. In this way, the 99th percentile index has been used to determine the snow threshold.
Results & Discussion: The aim of the current research is to investigate the spatial autocorrelation changes of the annual mean snow density in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the annual snow density data during the statistical period of 1982-2022 was obtained from the ECMWF/EAR5 database with a resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees, and then divided into four ten-year periods. In order to analyze spatial autocorrelation changes, global Moran indices and hot spot analysis (Gettys-RDJ) were used at the significance level of 90, 95 and 99%. Also, in order to investigate the effect of extreme precipitation on changes in the level of snow density, the 99th percentile statistical index was used, and based on this index, the freezing threshold of each synoptic station in the region was determined during the last decade (2012-2022) and the interval the entire statistical period (1982-2002) was carried out. The results of the present research showed that in the studied area, snow density has spatial autocorrelation and a strong cluster pattern. With a density threshold less than 0.10 kg/m3, from the first decade to the end of the fourth decade, the area (number of pixels) and the amount of snow density in the northwest have decreased. The results of the analysis of the changes in precipitation in the 99th percentile showed that the amount of this type of precipitation has increased significantly during the last decade of the study, and this has caused the snow density to increase relatively in the last decade compared to the first to third decades. However, in general, the amount of snow density in the entire northwest area has significantly decreased during the last four decades.
Conclusion: The evaluation of the temporal changes of snow density also strengthened the hypothesis of the occurrence of freezing snow precipitation leading to an increase in snow density in the months of cold seasons during the last decade. This point was confirmed by examining the statistical index of the 99th percentile of snowy days of each synoptic station in the region during the last decade (2009-2018) compared to the entire period of station statistics (2000-2018). The results of the analysis of the changes in precipitation in the 99th percentile showed that the amount of this type of precipitation has increased significantly in the last decade of the study and this has caused the snow density in the last decade to increase relatively compared to the first to third decades. However, in general, the amount of snow density in the entire northwest area has decreased significantly during the last four decades. Moran's statistic was used to explain the pattern governing snow density in northwest Iran. The results of Moran's index about the annual average of snow density showed that the values related to different time periods have a positive coefficient and are close to one, which indicates that the snow density data has spatial autocorrelation and has a cluster pattern. Also, the results of standard Z score and P-value confirmed the cluster significance of the spatial distribution of snow density in the northwest. Finally, the analysis of hot spots has been a clear confirmation of the continuation of concentration and clustering of snow density in northwest Iran in space with the increase of the time period, which mountainous areas have the first rank in the formation of hot clusters with a probability of 99%. have given.
Geographic Data
Mirnajaf Mousavi; Nima Bayramzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Spatial inequalities in developing countries such as Iran are more visible due to various factors, so many Scientists (Dadashpour & Shojaei, 2022-Mosayebzadeh et al, 2021- Fotres & Fatemi Zardan, 2020- Dadashpour & Alvandipour, 2018- GhaderHajat & Hafeznia, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Spatial inequalities in developing countries such as Iran are more visible due to various factors, so many Scientists (Dadashpour & Shojaei, 2022-Mosayebzadeh et al, 2021- Fotres & Fatemi Zardan, 2020- Dadashpour & Alvandipour, 2018- GhaderHajat & Hafeznia, 2018) consider the most important feature of Iran's space organization to be spatial injustice, which is the manifestation of the country's center-periphery structure at micro-local and macro-national scales. In Iran, inequality and lack of balance in the optimal distribution of facilities as a result of unprincipled past policies in industrial-service locations, growth poles, and the trend of centralization in dominant regional cities, the spatial imbalance between national, regional, district, and local levels is one of the important issues, which has emerged under the influence of mechanisms governing economic, social and political structures, this anomaly and imbalance have increased with the increase of the government's role in the economy due to the nature of its concentration and departmentalism, and more planning has been provided to the government (Faraji et al, 2019). Finally, today, the issue of inequality in many countries is mentioned as a fundamental challenge in the path of development, So it is considered one of the main obstacles in the process of national development and disruption of regional balance, Therefore, the first step in development planning is to identify the position of each region in terms of development and inequalities (Amanpour and Mohammadi, 2021); Therefore, the main goal of this research is the spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Iran during the years 2011, 2016, and 2021.
Materials & Methods
The current type of research is applied and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The collection of data in this research is in the form of a library. The statistical population of this research is 31 provinces of the country based on the last administrative and political divisions of 2021. To evaluate the state of development, 47 indicators have been used in 3 main economic-infrastructural, educational-cultural, and health-treatment dimensions. The analysis of research data has been carried out quantitatively using GIS, EXCEL, and SPSS software. In this research, to rank the provinces from the VIKOR multi-indicator decision-making model, To weight the indices using the Shannon entropy method, For data clustering using the K-Means-Cluster method, To evaluate the changes of inter-provincial inequalities using the CV statistical method, To interpolate the development of the country using the Kriging method, To evaluate the spatial correlation and the type of clustering of the development of the provinces using the Spatial Autocorrelation method (Moran's I) and Geographically weighted regression method has been used to find the relationship between development as a dependent variable and population and area as an independent variable.
Results & Discussion
The results of this research show that in 2011 due to the strong concentration of administrative, political, economic, and industrial activities in Tehran, there was a sharp divergence between Tehran province and other provinces. The growth pole theory has entered the second stage and the degree of divergence has decreased and the degree of convergence between provinces has increased. According to the results of Moran's correlation, the clustering of the country is still multipolar and there is still regional inequality in the country, so the country's border and port provinces are in a worse situation than other provinces, despite their development potentials and capacities as border corridors. The geographic weighted regression model also shows that the influence of independent variables (area and population) is greater in the northwest of the country than in the southeast of the country, This issue is estimated at 76% in 2011, 35% in 2016 and 43% in 2021.
Conclusion
In general, the most important cause of Iran's regional inequality should be sought in the structure of the planning system and the pattern of regional spatial development of Iran. The formation of the planning system in Iran is based on neoclassical economic theories, the growth pole and the intense concentration of activities in the center of Iran, and this issue is very influential in creating regional inequalities, and on the one hand, due to top-down planning and lack of attention to environmental potential in the country's provinces, Actually, spatial injustice is spreading in the country and this issue can act as a dangerous factor in the direction of sustainable development of the country.
Geographic Data
Bahram Imani; Jafar Jafarzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a serious threat to rural development. Unfortunately, many people lack enough knowledge about the importance of groundwater and the harmful effects of environmental pollution on these valuable resources. The present study has investigated the quality of potable groundwater in the rural parts of central Ardabil County using multi-criteria decision-making models and geostatistical analysis in GIS environment. Parameters such as EC, PH, SO4-, Cl-, Na and TH (in terms of CaCo3) have been used to create an overall picture of the quality of potable groundwater resources in Ardabil County based on which related zoning map was developed in geographic information system. The kriging interpolation method was also used to obtain the spatial distribution of the parameters and the simple additive weighting method was used to weigh and rank the layers. According to the final map of water quality, approximately 36% of the central Ardabil County (around 88 square kilometers, mainly in the southern part of the study area) has access to optimal quality of drinking water. On the other hand, low quality of drinking water is observed in the northern and northeastern parts which cover 46% of the study area (112 square kilometers). Moreover, a direct relationship is observed between the population density and the density of deep and semi-deep wells and the decrease in the quality of water. Materials and MethodsThe present study has applied library research and field study methods. Rstudio and Arc GIS 10 software were also used to perform related analyses.Study AreaCase study area includes 243 square kilometers of the central Ardabil County consisting of three cities and nineteen villages as illustrated in Figure 1.The following methods were used in this research:1- Direct rating2- Kriging interpolation3- Standardization method4- Simple weighing method5- Fuzzification of the final dataThe following parameters have also been used to assess the quality of drinking water:1- Electrical conductivity (EC)2- Chlorine level (Cl-)3-The amount of sulfate (SO4+)4- The amount of nitrate (Na)5- Total water hardness (TH)6- Water acidity level (PH)Results & DiscussionGroundwater chemical quality is primarily assessed using parameters such as changes in the amount of dissolved salts, and limitations on various uses of water especially water used for drinking. Table 1 shows different types of conventional kriging methods selected through the method test for the parameters. These can be obtained using the mutual evaluation method and RMS error. Factors affecting the quality of drinking water are then ranked and weighted according to the expert opinions. The final quality map is thus prepared. Layers are then standardized in accordance with data description and the results are presented in Table 1. It also exhibits maximum permissible and desirable level of non-toxic chemicals in drinking water in accordance with the Iranian Standards and Industrial Research Institute (ISIRI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, along with the maximum permissible level of mineral substances in drinking water. Semivariograms used for kriging interpolation are also presented. Table 2 shows the RMS and RMSE errors as well as the average standard error of the water quality parameters in the study area. The interpolated primary layers are presented in Figure 3. The final map prepared for the quality of potable water in the study area indicates that the quality of groundwater in the northern part and a little section of the central part (46% or 112 square kilometers of the study area) is unfavorable. This includes 8 villages of the County. 6 villages have access to drinking water with semi-optimal quality and 5 villages are located in the optimal area of water quality. Accordingly, the quality of potable groundwater decreases drastically as we move towards the northern and northeastern parts of the study area, and the lowest quality of groundwater is observed in the most northerly part of the study area (covering 46% of the study area). Figure 4 shows the density of deep and semi-deep wells, the amount of annual harvest from rivers in the central part of Ardabil (in thousand cubic meters per year), the population density and industrial areas in this region. A direct relationship is therefore observed between population density, the density of existing wells, the level of water extraction from rivers and the sharp drop in the quality of groundwater. According to the reports prepared by Ardabil Regional Water Company, around 32 million cubic meters of water is annually needed to meet the drinking requirements of urban and rural uses, which can seriously damage the quality of underground water in the area.ConclusionAccording to the final map of groundwater quality, only 36% of the study area (88 square kilometers) has access to drinking water with favorable quality which can be a great concern for planners and managers. Finally, it is suggested to use geostatistical methods and geographic information system as a useful tool to assess the quality of underground water. These methods can gradually replace the old methods and thus prepare more accurate statistics, increase the efficiency of water-related projects, and reduce their cost.
Geographic Data
Majid Goodarzi; Farkhondeh Hashemi Ghandali
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionUrbanization is a developing phenomenon, and the analysis of the appropriate location and the geographical distribution of urban green space plays a significant role in the development and future of the city. Although in the past, green spaces were primarily manifested in ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionUrbanization is a developing phenomenon, and the analysis of the appropriate location and the geographical distribution of urban green space plays a significant role in the development and future of the city. Although in the past, green spaces were primarily manifested in the beautification and appearance of urban areas, nowadays, for several reasons, it is considered as a breathing space of the cities. The growth of industry and the increase in population in cities have led to speculative constructions that do not pay enough attention to health issues, provision of sufficient light and healthy air, and leisure spaces in buildings. Moreover, the necessity of creating new urban land use to meet the ever-increasing needs of urban dwellers has gradually reduced the share of urban green space, which is the consequence of limiting the access of urban dwellers to nature. But for some reason, at the beginning of the 20th century, the urban man showed a renewed attention to nature and green spaces, which manifests itself in creating functional gardens instead of recreational gardens that respond to the new needs of citizens. The present study aims to Rank the influencing factors to locate urban green spaces in Masjed Soleyman city. Materials & Methods The present applied study employed an analytical-descriptive method. Reliable internal and external sources related to the subject were reviewed, and in some cases, field studies and referrals to related organizations were conducted for data collection. In this research, the DEMATEL-ANP-integrated approach was employed, and the criteria weights were calculated. Then, the layer of each weight was entered into the Arc GIS software.Results & DiscussionAs the research findings show, 14 criteria are involved in the optimal location of urban green spaces in Masjid Suleiman, distance to commercial centers, distance to waste and empty lands, distance to administrative centers, distance to medical centers, distance to educational centers, distance to existing green spaces, distance to industrial centers, distance to urban facilities and equipment, distance to military centers, distance to religious centers, distance to communication paths, and density.ConclusionThe results of this study showed the priority of the mentioned 14 indicators in order from low to high: proximity to residential centers (0.09263, rank 1), proximity to educational centers (0.07428, rank 2), proximity to cultural centers (0.07268, rank 3), population density (0.07154 and rank 4), proximity to communication ways (0.07092, rank 5), proximity to religious centers (0.06979, rank 6), proximity to existing green spaces (0.06967, rank 7), proximity to medical centers (0.06934, rank 8), proximity to commercial centers (0.06923, rank 9), proximity to urban facilities and equipment (0.06902, rank 10), proximity to military centers (0.06874, rank 11), proximity to administrative centers (0.06761, rank 12), proximity to industrial centers (0.06729, rank 13) and proximity to empty and barren land (0.06726, rank 14).
Geographic Data
Zahra Moradi; Mohammad Sadi Mesgari
Abstract
Extended Abstract-Introduction: The growing importance of housing is not hidden from anyone in terms of the profound and significant effects it has on the various social, political, and economic dimensions of countries; Therefore, accurate and reliable price estimation definitely facilitates policy-making ...
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Extended Abstract-Introduction: The growing importance of housing is not hidden from anyone in terms of the profound and significant effects it has on the various social, political, and economic dimensions of countries; Therefore, accurate and reliable price estimation definitely facilitates policy-making in this field. Hundreds of factors may affect property prices in different situations as a subset of structural, spatial, and socio-economic factors. Therefore, considering these factors, property pricing should be done efficiently. Due to the complex nature of the real estate market, research has used common deep learning algorithms such as DNN, RNN, CNN, etc., but these algorithms are not very suitable for tabular data. On the other hand, the deep learning models in property pricing are also completely definite and do not take into account data uncertainty.Materials & Method: In this article, we have tried to pay attention to the tabular structure of real estate data in applying deep learning methods. The TabNet deep new architecture is used for this purpose. In addition, at the same time as the learning process, it makes feature selection fully interpretable. In this study, also using existing combination techniques, fuzzy logic is combined with deep learning algorithms to learn complex problems faster and more accurately, to overcome the shortcomings of the certainty of deep learning models and not consider the inherent uncertainty of the data in this models. In this study, using the existing combination techniques, also using spatial information system (GIS) to provide a clearer evaluation to ensure full visualization of the spatial pattern of property properties as well as the relationship between these properties and pricing and spatial variables are included in the valuation model. In order to evaluate the proposed methods, real estate data of District 5 of Tehran were used.Results & Discussion: The order and prioritization of the impact of features on the pricing of Tehran residential properties by the TabNet algorithm indicate the significant impact of spatial factors. So that in this ranking, after the area, the two spatial characteristics of latitude and longitude have the second and third ranks, respectively. Basically, latitude and longitude indicate the criteria of neighborhoods and the type and prestige of different places in the city, and the social class of different streets and neighborhoods in the city, which is clearly a factor in influencing the price. Finally, TabNet, DNN, CNN, RNN, LSTM, Autoencoder algorithms as well as XGBoost machine learning algorithms were used for the Tehran data set, and RMSE, MA and evaluation criteria were compared, which according to the criterion, a 5% improvement in accuracy was achieved by using TabNet. Finally, the RMSE of the FuzzyTabNet hybrid algorithm for Tehran data decreased by 4/65% compared to the basic TabNet algorithm. The fuzzy Autoencoder network also improved by 5/52% compared to the common Autoencoder network.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Reza Karimi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe city, as human life, plays a fundamental role in creating a feeling of satisfaction, and in fact, it shapes the lifestyle of a person and determines the quality of his life. It should be noted that the quality of housing is directly related to the quality of life and ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionThe city, as human life, plays a fundamental role in creating a feeling of satisfaction, and in fact, it shapes the lifestyle of a person and determines the quality of his life. It should be noted that the quality of housing is directly related to the quality of life and the social and economic development of different communities; in such a way that the accommodation of families in inappropriate housing has become the basis of social problems and anomalies, which in turn, unfavorable social conditions will cause negative economic effects for societies. Quality of life studies can identify problematic areas, causes of people's dissatisfaction, residents' priorities. In life, the influence of socio-demographic factors on the quality of life and to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of policies and strategies in the field of quality of life. According to the above, the purpose of this research was to measure the quality of life in Urmia city and five regions based on housing indicators. The originality and innovation of the current research can be expressed in the application of the new BWM (2015) and MARCOS (2019) models as well as the combined physical, economic, social and demographic indicators.Materials & MethodsAccording to its purpose, this research is an applied research and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. The information was collected through library studies, field studies and census data of Iran Statistics Center in 2015. Thus, after studying the sources related to the research topic, 12 indicators have been selected to reach the research output, which include household density in a residential unit, population density in a residential unit, building age, building quality, building strength, land value, access to services. Education and treatment, housing ownership, plot area, infrastructure level, access to green space and residential density. Considering that each of the housing indicators used to model the quality of life has a different importance coefficient, therefore, in this article, the opinions of elites have been used to determine the weight of the indicators. In order to weight the indicators based on the BWM method, 10 questionnaires whose content is based on the pairwise comparison of indicators based on the preference of the best indicator over other indicators and the preference of other indicators over the worst indicator have been compiled. In the next step, the data of the questionnaires were entered into the GAMS software and were calculated and analyzed. The highest weight obtained is related to the building quality index with 0.201 and the lowest is related to the age of the building with an importance coefficient of 0.017. After calculating the weight of the indicators, in order to perform spatial analysis, first the information layers of the indicators were digitized and edited in the software of the geographic information system, and by converting the information layers into a raster and standardizing them based on the purpose of the research, the importance coefficient calculated from BWM in each of The indicators have been multiplied and the combination of the indicators has been discussed by applying weighting. In the last step, the MARCOS model was used to evaluate the quality of life in the five regions of Urmia.Results & DisscussionAfter the 12 indicators of housing to measure the quality of life in the geographic information system software were classified and analyzed using the reclassification command and based on the research objectives, in order to model the quality of life in the city of Urmia by using the summation command and applying the obtained weights Based on the best-worst method, the indicators have been combined. The results of the combination of 12 housing indicators to model the quality of life in Urmia show that 23% of the city is in the very low quality of life zone, 34% in the low quality of life zone, 13% in the medium quality of life zone, 20% in the The quality of life is high and 11% is in the area of very high quality of life. Based on the output obtained from the Marcus model, in Urmia city, region one, region five, region two, region three and region four are ranked 1 to 5 in terms of quality of life based on housing indicators.ConclusionThe obtained results indicate that in general the quality of life in the eastern, northern, and northwestern parts of Urmia city is at an inappropriate level due to the presence of informal settlements, and the Shahrchai River border, which includes the 1st and 5th May areas. Due to the newly built area, it is in high quality. The results of the separate analysis of the indicators show that the quality of life in Urmia city based on the indicators of households in a residential unit, people in a residential unit, the strength of buildings, the area of plots, access to educational and medical services and green space in a medium to high condition and based on the indicators The age of the building, the quality of the building, the value of the land, the level of infrastructure, housing ownership and residential density are in a medium to low condition.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Maryam Robati; Sargol Karimi Saremi; Masoud Monavari
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important issues that has always threatened human societies throughout history has been the occurrence of natural hazards. Hence, urban thinkers and planners seek to develop approaches to reduce urban vulnerability and increase resilience. District 1 of Tehran ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important issues that has always threatened human societies throughout history has been the occurrence of natural hazards. Hence, urban thinkers and planners seek to develop approaches to reduce urban vulnerability and increase resilience. District 1 of Tehran Municipality is considered as one of the most dangerous and vulnerable areas of Tehran metropolis with its North Tehran fault, Niavaran fault, Mahmoudieh fault. Zone one is also constantly exposed to floods due to the high slope in the northern parts and the presence of runoff. High density of impermeable surfaces and high volume of runoff in zone one, as well as being at the foot of the mountain, are the main reasons for flood-potential in the study sample (Salmani Foumani et al., 1398: 51). The question is what is the vulnerability of district one of Tehran municipality against natural hazards (floods and earthquakes)? To identify the current situation, prioritize the necessary management and planning actions and planning in the face of a possible crisis of future risks.Materials and methodsThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. First, using library and documentary studies, such as the study of texts related to the subject and previous research, and the use of expert opinions in this field, effective indicators on vulnerability in cities were identified. The raw data of the research are extracted from the statistical blocks of Tehran Region 1 and the GIS map of the study sample and for data analysis, reverse hierarchical analysis or IHWP is used.Results and discussionIn this part of the research, documentary studies were used to extract the indicators for assessing the vulnerability of urban areas to hazards. These indicators include: population density; Maximum ground acceleration; Distance from the channel; Fault; Access to medical centers; Width; Access to fire stations; Access to open and green spaces; Distance from gas station and CNG; Distance from worn tissue; Sewage cover; Distance from bridges. In the last step, the final map is obtained by classifying the data into 5 distinct categories in terms of vulnerability and by overlaying the layers. According to the results, of the total area of District 1 of Tehran Municipality, 14.95% of the area with very low vulnerability, 23.28% of the area with low vulnerability, 27.03% of the area with moderate vulnerability, 23.59 with high vulnerability And 11.14% have a very high vulnerability. As can be seen in Map 4, the center and west of the region are more damaged and the damage is reduced from west to east. ConclusionDue to the climatic and physical conditions of the region, the plan to widen the passages for narrow passages of the city, especially in the center of the region, should be considered. The rivers Jamshidia, Darabad, Darband, Darkeh, Lark, Maghsoud Beyk, Velenjak and Golabdareh may be flooded, so the river area in this section should be controlled; At the same time, in this field, with proper planning and management, steps can be taken to eliminate the shortcomings and problems.
Geographic Data
Iraj Teimouri; Akbar Asghari Zamani; Erfan Moharrampour
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction: UHI is a phenomenon whereby urban regions experience warmer temperatures than their rural surroundings. UHI influences well- being and welfare Average energy consumption and consequently, pollution and social equity of cities. Many factors contribute to urban heat island ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction: UHI is a phenomenon whereby urban regions experience warmer temperatures than their rural surroundings. UHI influences well- being and welfare Average energy consumption and consequently, pollution and social equity of cities. Many factors contribute to urban heat island formation, as time (day and season), synoptic weather (wind, cloud), city form (materials, geometry, greenspace), city function (energy use, water use, pollution), city size (linked to form and function), geographic location (climate, topography, rural surrounds). Due to UHI adverse impacts on urban metabolism, ecological environment, the favourable living condition of cities and overall livability of cities, it has been an important research topic across various field of study and scholars gave more and more attention to it. UHI has been studied for a long time, it was first described by Luke Howard in the 1810s. During the last decade Significant research efforts have been performed to evaluate the urban heat island phenomenon's impact on the urban environment. According the literature review the main goal of this study is; exploring the effect of Urban Morphology on UHI, in the Tabriz city. Materials & MethodThis study is a correlation one. Be. In this research, ArcMap, ENVI and SPSS software have been used to generate data and apply relationships. To conduct this research, Landsat 8 images of OLI sensors at different dates for summer and winter have been used. In this study, to evaluate the UHI and influenced area of the city, the satellite images of land sat 8 OLI/ TIRS (thermal band 10) were used. The land sat 8 OLI/TIRS images that covered Tabriz summer and winter in the year of 2014 to 2019 were provided by USGS.To perform radiometric correction of images from ENVI 5.1 software using FLAASH method. Flash is the first atmospheric correction tool that corrects visible wavelengths and infrared and infrared wavelengths of up to 3 micrometers. In the flash method, the Meta Data file is used to correct the desired bands, which include multispectral bands and thermal bands. For multispectral bands, radiance and reflection operations were performed, but for thermal bands, only radiance operations were performed. In this context, the Lowest and Highest Position, Spatial Autocorrelation, Hot and Cold spots and finally multivariate Regression analysis were used.Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that the high temperature is most widespread in suburban areas especially in north west and south east rather than central parts of the city. According to the research findings, the average temperature of Tabriz in summer for the studied periods is equal to 37.7 ºC. also the average temperature varies in different years and does not show a specific trend. The average temperature of the city during the study period in winter is equal to 11.8 ºC. But according to the finding, the average temperature of the city in summer and winter is low compared to the surrounding areas. The average temperature difference between the city and surrounding areas is 33.7 ºC and 22.5 ºC in winter. Findings related to the autocorrelation pattern of Moran spatial analysis also show that the distribution of UHI in the city of Tabriz is clustered. The present study also showed that urban morphology can affect the intensity of Heat Islands. Based on the findings of regression analysis and calculated F (17.65) and the coefficient of significance obtaind at the level of 0.00, the predictor varizbles can well satisfy the behavior of the research dependent variable in the summer. For winter, the whole model can be generalized according to the calculated F (9.36) and significance coefficient (0.00). on the other hand, the present study showed that the distance from the green space has an effect on the intensity of UHI, so that based on the findings of the study and calculated F(7.596) and significant level(0.00) this can be confirmed.ConclusionThe present study sought to investigate the effect of urban morphology on the intensity of UHI. For this purpose, we used Landsat 8 satellite images and the technique of separate window algorithm to estimate the surface temperature. Spatial statistical analyzes such as Moran and Hot & Cold spots and multivariate linear regression were also used for analysis. In line with previous studies conducted in Iran, this study also showed that the temperature inside the city is cooler than the surrounding temperature and in a way in a city like Tabriz, we are facing cold islands instead of heat islands. The reason can be related to the compactness and high density of buildings in the cities, which requires further research. This study also showed that the surface temperature is affected by urban morphology and distance from green space. The research opens new field for future researches.
Geographic Data
Sajedeh Baghban; Masoud Minaei
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionMore than 55% of the world's population now lives in cities, while around one billion people worldwide living in informal settlements. The city of Mashhad, as the second metropolis of Iran, has not been deprived of the phenomenon of marginalization and despite 3894 hectares ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionMore than 55% of the world's population now lives in cities, while around one billion people worldwide living in informal settlements. The city of Mashhad, as the second metropolis of Iran, has not been deprived of the phenomenon of marginalization and despite 3894 hectares of informal settlements is the second city in Iran in terms of the size of such settlements. Informal settlements in the city are less resilient than other parts of the city, mainly due to their distinct social and physical characteristics. Some argue are focusing only on physical factors of resilient, but this is not possible without considering the social factors and social and demographic characteristics of communities. if society is prepared to deal with that crisis, a large volume of disturbances and irregularities after the crisis will be reduced. Since the approach of sustainable urban regeneration in Mashhad has started since 2019 with the establishment of facilitation offices and considering that these offices emphasize the social dimension of regeneration and the participation of local community in this process, therefore, the results of the present study can be effective in this way. Therefore, this study aims to find the answers to the following questions with the aim of spatial analysis of social resilience in the suburbs of the city:How is the social resilience of the suburbs in Mashhad?How is the spatial pattern of social resilience in Mashhad?Research MethodsSince the present study tries to analyze social resilience in the suburbs of Mashhad by using MCDM methods in the framework of urban resilience criteria, it has used descriptive-analytical method in the form of an applied research. For this purpose, based on library studies (articles, books, reports, and various documents), the required information in the field of social equity was collected. Then, by examining the dimensions and frameworks of social resilience, its criteria were determined and operationally defined. In this research, IDRISI software has been used to analyze the research data and evaluate them. Spatial statistics tools in ArcGIS software have been used to analyze the relationship between inefficiency distribution. Inefficiency pattern analysis is also performed by spatial autocorrelation technique. For this purpose, there are different models for measuring spatial autocorrelation statistics, among which the global Moran model and Gi statistic have been used. Spatial modeling of factors affecting inefficiency has been done by geographical weight regression.Discussion and resultsSince there are 3894 hectares of informal settlements in Mashhad and due to the fact that these settlements have been formed over time and without regard to urban planning standards, so they are very sensitive to natural and unnatural hazards and in case of any crisis, returning to pre-accident conditions is important. There are several factors involved in this field, including physical, economic, and social factors. The outcome of all these dimensions will affect the return of these settlements to pre-crisis conditions. Meanwhile, a review of studies on resilience showed that the physical dimension of resilience has been emphasized more than its social dimension. In the current situation of a metropolis such as Mashhad, an important part of the population and area of Mashhad is its suburbs, which includes 66 neighborhoods with a population of nearly one million people and an area of 3894 hectares. If we consider the city as an integrated system, it should be said that other dimensions of resilience, including social resilience, will also affect other sectors, including the physical one.ConclusionAnalysis of WLC, AHP and FUZZY methods, which were used in this study to evaluate the resilience of marginalized neighborhoods, showed that neighborhoods located in the northeast of Mashhad have more resilience than other areas, while the eastern and southeastern areas are less resilient. The social resilience pattern of these neighborhoods was evaluated by using the global Moran method and G general statistics. The results of this study showed that this zoning in the northeast and southeast is not random and has a spatial autocorrelation, so that in the northeast of the cluster of resilient neighborhoods, has led to increased resilience of other neighborhoods and in the southeast, low resilience has affected its reduction in adjacent areas. Warm and relatively warm clusters make up 1631 hectares of suburban areas, which is estimated to be equivalent to 42% of these neighborhoods. In fact, 31 neighborhoods in the suburbs of Mashhad are in hot and relatively hot clusters. The pattern of resilience is not significant elsewhere. Also, modeling the criteria studied in the study showed that the percentage of employed population, percentage of active population and average age have a significant effect on social resilience. According to the results of the leading research, in the process of re-creation that is taking place in the city of Mashhad, there should be a special look at the social dimensions of neighborhoods because the promotion of these dimensions can affect other aspects of resilience. Also, considering the impact of employment on the rate of resilience, it is suggested that in the process of recreating marginalized neighborhoods, special attention must be paid to job creation in these neighborhoods.
Geographic Data
Foroogh Mohammadi Ravari; Ahmad Mazidi; Zahra Behzadi shahrbabak
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Replacing natural vegetation cover with impermeable urban surfaces) stone, cement, metal, etc.) has resulted in increased land surface temperature which is considered to be the most important problem of urban areas. Distinct temperature difference between the city and ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Replacing natural vegetation cover with impermeable urban surfaces) stone, cement, metal, etc.) has resulted in increased land surface temperature which is considered to be the most important problem of urban areas. Distinct temperature difference between the city and the surrounding areas is called heat island (Melkpour et al., 2018). Increased land surface temperature and resulting heat islands in urban areas built without proper preplanning (Khakpour et al., 2016) especially in developing countries such as Iran experiencing a rapid growth rate have resulted in widespread environmental problems. Heat islands mainly occur due to the presence of man-made surfaces which prevent the reflection of sunlight and result in temperature increase. In general, urban heat islands result in increased air and land surface temperature and thermal inversion (Gartland, 2012).
Methodology
The present study applies a statistical-analytical research method based upon statistical data received from meteorological stations and extracted from satellite images. Climatic data recorded from 1976 to 2020 in Yazd Meteorological Station were retrieved from the General Meteorological Department of Yazd Province and used to measure temperature changes. Urban climate studies mainly take advantage of long-term patterns and thus, the present study has applied the common Man-Kendall method to measure the trend of temperature changes in warm season (July, August, and September). Also, satellite images collected by Landsat 4-8 in a 33-year period, including four statistical periods with a time interval of 11 years (the average recorded in July, August and September of 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2020), have been used to extract heat islands of Yazd city in warm seasons. These images collected under clear weather conditions were retrieved from the United States Geological Survey website (http://glovis.usgs.gov/) in the WGS-1984 UTM image system. NDVI index was used to investigate the vegetation cover. Main land uses discussed in the present study included barren lands, urban areas, vegetation cover and roads. Sample land uses were collected from Google Earth and visually interpreted in ArcMap. Maximum likelihood algorithm was used for the classification process. Finally, Land Surface Temperature was extracted from satellite images and compared with air temperature trend using the Mann-Kendall test.
Results & Discussion
Results indicate that due to thicker vegetation cover in summer, there has been a negative relationship between the vegetation cover and land surface temperature. In other words, land surface temperature has increased with decreased vegetation cover and vice versa. Types of land use identified in satellite images collected from Yazd city have showed that the city has experienced a widespread physical expansion during the 33-year statistical period regardless of the season under investigation and thus, built-up urban land use class has expanded significantly. As a result, vegetation cover has experienced a negative trend and decreased. Land surface temperature extracted from thermal images of Yazd city has proved parts of northwest and south of the city to be the core of its heat islands. This is due to the presence of barren lands, lack of evapotranspiration mechanisms, high heat absorption capacity and low conduction capacity. Man-Kendall test has found a significant increasing trend for temperature especially in recent years in which the temperature has increased about 2.3 °C. This is most possibly due to the increasing trend of urban population in recent decades, followed by increased residential structures and resulting heat island phenomenon.
Conclusion
In general, classification of urban land use types in Yazd has shown a significant physical expansion of the city during the statistical period. This physical development has occurred in all directions; beginning from the central and northeast-southeast parts, and moving towards northwest-southwest parts. Maximum NDVI was observed in a strip along the central part of Yazd in which vegetation cover is thicker. Green spaces are also observed in some areas of the city. Color spectrum of the LST map has shown relative changes of the ambient temperature in various parts of the city. High and very high temperature (between 41.5 and 50 °C) show the location of the heat islands on LST maps. Also, areas with a deep red color and a temperature above 50 °C have formed hot clusters formed or strengthened between 2009 and 2020 in the west and southwest parts of the city. Satellite images and related graphs have showed that in 2020, Yazd have witnessed a sharp increase in temperature and a heat island. Temperature data of Yazd Meteorological Station and Man-Kendall test have shown a significant increasing trend (about 2.3°C), especially in recent years. These are related to the urban population growth in recent decades, followed by increased urban structures (residential-commercial) and heat island phenomenon.
Geographic Data
Mostafa Mohamadi dehcheshme; Sohrab Ghaedi; Fereshteh shanbehpoor
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionClimate change is the greatest threat to humanity, because it is the main factor in increasing the frequency and severity of atmospheric events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, etc. that are experienced today. Climate change can cause a wide range of environmental problems, ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionClimate change is the greatest threat to humanity, because it is the main factor in increasing the frequency and severity of atmospheric events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, etc. that are experienced today. Climate change can cause a wide range of environmental problems, including severe drought and water scarcity, crop loss, and increased socioeconomic consequences. One way to identify climate change is to evaluate climate and temperature indicators. Based on statistical tests and time series of occurrence of these parameters in the long run, the status of change and its trend can be identified. Given the importance of the impact of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and effective factors with a systemic approach. One of the concerns of human society is the changes that have caused climate change due to global warming. In this regard, given the importance of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and factors with a systemic approach. Considering the importance of climate change and its effects, this study seeks to answer the following questions by considering important climatic parameters and vulnerable urban dimensions (economic, social, political, environmental):1- The trend of climate change changes (Temperature and rainfall, humidity, wind speed) what is it like in Ahvaz?2- What is the causal relationship between the causes of climate change and vulnerable sectors in the city of Ahvaz? 3- What are the effects and consequences of climate change on the city of Ahvaz?Materials & MethodsThe research methodology is based on statistical tests and qualitative modeling with a systemic approach. The present study analyzes the trend of changes in climatic parameters including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed for a period of 30 years (1991-2020) in Ahvaz using the statistical Mann-Kendall Test was examined. Then, using the science of system dynamics, the causal relationships between variables and structural modeling of the consequences of climate change in Vensim software are investigated. The main stage of using the system dynamics approach is to try to understand and identify the feedback loops of the system under study, for which purpose diagrams of causal loops are drawn. In this study, inputs are the factors that shape climate change are factors that affect the city system. System outputs will be the consequences of climate change.Results & DiscussionBased on the results of the analysis of the trend of climatic parameters, the city of Ahvaz in the study period has faced an increase in temperature, increase in relative humidity, decrease in wind speed, and decrease in rainfall. During the 30-year trend (1991-2020), the average rainfall has been (226) mm, each year (1.32) mm, has decreased and followed a downward trend. The average temperature has been (25.38) degrees Celsius, it has increased every year (by 0.051) degrees, which shows an increasing trend over 30 years. Based on the results, the average relative humidity was (41.1), which increased every year (0.007). Also, according to the results, the average wind speed is (2.65 m/s) and has decreased by about (0.018) every year. Therefore, the wind speed shows a decreasing trend over 30 years. Given that climate change refers to the spatial-temporal changes in the long-term average of climatic elements, the results of this study clearly showed that climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed) in the study area have undergone fundamental changes. The consequences of climate change on all economic, social, political, and environmental aspects were evaluated. The results of qualitative modeling and causal relationship showed that climate change in Ahwaz has a direct impact on different sectors of water resources, agricultural production, and energy consumption. Variables of (reduction of water reserves upstream, extreme heat waves) are the most important leverage points of the model. Different outcomes have complex interactions with each other in such a way that they affect different economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions and ultimately intensify each other's effects on reducing the quality of life and increasing climate migration.ConclusionAs a result, climate change has consequences such as increasing unemployment, reducing the quality of life, reducing urban resilience, and ultimately increasing climate migration in the city of Ahvaz, and the urban environment is not equipped to adapt to climate change.
Geographic Data
Hadiseh Sabzi Sorkhani; Abdollah Faraji; Hossein Asakereh
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionClimatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionClimatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One of the most important measures in identifying a comfortable climate is to assess the conditions of the human living environment. Which determines the level of human comfort in the environment. Meteorological variables and bioclimatic indicators are needed to assess the conditions of human comfort in the environment.. Therefore, urban planners and regional planners need useful and at the same time practical indicators in order to optimize the environment and determine the best time for human comfort. Human comfort conditions provide very good information for planners by evaluating bioclimatic indicators. The information obtained from this research provides appropriate suggestions and strategies for improving the situation in each region. To know the range of comfort climate (optimal and optimal climate) can not be enough to describe the climatic elements of the region, including temperature, humidity, wind and radiation. Rather, the type of climate in terms of comfort or lack of thermal and climatic comfort should be determined quantitatively in the form of a general indicator and a combination of all these climatic elements. Many factors affect the tourism industry, one of the most important of which is the climate. Climate plays a role as one of the most important local resources in the tourism industry. Awareness of climatic comfort plays an important role in human life and activities, and physiological comfort is closely related to climatic factors. Therefore, the study of climatic parameters affecting the climatic comfort of work seems necessary.Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country and ranks first in the country in terms of population density. In addition to various economic activities, this province hosts millions of people from all over the country every year due to the existence of various attractions (especially the Caspian Sea). And it is one of the touristic provinces of the country And studying the climate comfort of this province can be an important step in planning for tourist reception and its requirements. In this study, the climatic comfort of Gilan province has been studied.Materals and methodsFor this purpose, climatic data from 11 synoptic stations (Rasht, Astara, Anzali, Deilman, Kiashahr, Lahijan, Manjil, Masouleh, Jirandeh, Talesh and Rudsar) including monthly average temperature, average maximum and minimum temperature in degrees Celsius, The monthly average of relative humidity as a percentage, the average of sunny hours and the number of rainy days during the statistical period of 1995 to 2020 have been received from the Meteorological Organization of the country. Then in SPSS software, Excel database was created And processed the data and calculated the average of all the mentioned parameters on a monthly basis And deficiencies were corrected And through the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), the calculations are performed And after sorting and analyzing the climatic conditions, the study area has been studied Thus, based on the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), zoning maps of the province were drawn in GIS software . Finally, the results are analyzed and interpreted as maps.Results and discussionApril, south of the province (Manjil), May, center, Caspian Sea coast, part of the northeast and south of the province (Rasht, Anzali, Lahijan, Deilman, Jirandeh), August, east of the province (Rudsar), September, center , East and part of the south of the province (Rasht, Rudsar, Deilman) and October, south of the province (Jirandeh) has pleasant and favorable conditions. All tourism activities are recommended to tourists.ConclusionThe results of the conducted investigations show the existence of various types of comfortable weather conditions for tourism in Gilan province. The months of May and June in most parts of the province have very favorable and pleasant conditions and the climatic conditions are suitable for all kinds of tourism activities. In the cold season of the year (January, February and December) in all parts of the province (especially the high areas such as Dilman and Masuleh, etc.), very unfavorable (cold) conditions prevail, and in the hot season of the year (July and August) the conditions are It is very unfavorable (heat) in most of the studied areas (especially coastal areas due to high humidity). All in all, in this research, all kinds of tourism activities have been targeted according to each season and each region
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Gradual changes in climate systems and patterns such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and wind and precipitation patterns affect type of climate in different areas. The climate of lagoons is especially sensitive and easily affected by climate changes. Critical ecosystems ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Gradual changes in climate systems and patterns such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and wind and precipitation patterns affect type of climate in different areas. The climate of lagoons is especially sensitive and easily affected by climate changes. Critical ecosystems of lagoons protect biodiversity and have various tourism, economical, ecological, environmental and social values. Located in JazMurian basin, JazMurian wetland is frequently affected by wet years and droughts. However, repeated droughts and loss of freshwater have resulted in the wetland drying out. The dried out water body not only affects plant and animal life, but also acts as a dust emission center.Material and MethodsThree scenarios of emission (A2, A1B, B1) in medium-term (2046-2065) and long-term (2080-2100) are used in the present study to evaluate climate changes in JazMurian basin. Related data have been collected from Iranshahr synoptic station in the east and JiroftMianDeh in the west during 1990-2010 statistical period. The output of HADCM3 model has been downscaled using LARS-WG statistical model and minimum/maximum temperature, and monthly precipitation of the synoptic stations were analyzed.DiscussionEvaluation of LARS-WG model proved that monthly and annual average of minimum and maximum temperature in all modeling scenarios are higher than the observation period. The highest and lowest temperature increase will occur in A2 (business as usual) and B1 (the most environmental) scenarios. The highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature will occur in Iranshahr station during the long-term A2 scenario (4.3 for maximum temperature in April and 4.6 for minimum temperature in May). In Iranshahr station, the highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature predicted for the medium-term A2 scenario will equal 2.5 ° in April. In both scenarios, the lowest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature in Iranshahr will occur in October.According to all scenarios, precipitation will decrease in January and December. An increase in precipitation is recorded during March and October in Iranshahr station, and during February in Jiroft. Thus, changes will mainly occur in Mediterranean winter precipitation in the study area, while negligible changes will occur in monsoon precipitation during summer. Precipitation modeling shows higher precipitation fluctuation in long-term scenario compared to the basic statistical period. Long-term A 1B and B1 scenarios have predicted a small increase in precipitation of both stations compared to the basic statistical period. A2 scenario has shown a small decrease in precipitation during the same period. Modelling based on B1 scenario has indicated that the region will experience a higher increase in precipitation in long-term future (2080-2100) compared to the medium-term future (2046-2065), while the other two scenarios have predicted a lower increase in precipitation of the same period. Medium-term B1 scenario has predicted a lower annual precipitation average compared to the observation period. Results indicated that in accordance with the B1 scenario, Iran will experience the lowest level of precipitation during the 21 century in the medium-term period.ConclusionInvestigating various meteorological parameters in western and eastern borders of JazMorian basin has predicted 1.5° to 2.1° increase in average temperature during the future 50 years, and 2.4° to 3.9° increase in average temperature during the future 100 years. Moreover, results indicated that changes will mostly occur in winter precipitation, and summer time changes will be negligible. All things considered, all scenarios have predicted lower precipitation for eastern parts of JazMurian compared to the western parts.
Geographic Data
Amir mohammad Salehabadi; Seyed Hadi Ghoddusifar; Ali Mohammadpour
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and the physical development of Iranian cities in recent decades has been the disintegration of the distribution system of urban service centers. Urban parks and green spaces played a special role ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and the physical development of Iranian cities in recent decades has been the disintegration of the distribution system of urban service centers. Urban parks and green spaces played a special role in creating this social inequality for citizens' access to city services. Park green spaces (PGS) are considered essential public infrastructure due to the benefits they have for urban residents. Such benefits include recreation, viewing natural landscapes, protecting the urban environment, preventing disasters, and improving the quality of life. According to the worrying consequences of the urban landscape planners regarding the imbalance in the spatial distribution of urban green spaces, it seems that the ideas and theories attributed to urban greening and universal access to desirability Green cities have the potential to act as a decisive force in the main agenda. Similar to the ideal of "public goods" and the diffuse benefits of access, green goals can serve as a means to de-emphasize asymmetric power relations and conflicts over competing resources, which risk re-creating unjust outcomes. In this article, the ASD index (Equation1) of Lee and Hong (2013) is used to measure the level of shortage or excess supply of urban park services. One of the innovative aspects of this research is the use of the distributive justice index to measure ASD, which is introduced as new ASD. With the help of this index, it is possible to find out how effective each park is based on the index received through the calculations made in the supply and demand model. In other words, this article measures the quality of locating parks in the supply and demand model with the effect of their spatial distribution justice. This causes that in addition to the longitudinal distance between parks and residential blocks, the factors affecting their public services will also be involved in the calculations to bring the findings closer to the current situation. Many studies have been conducted on the topic under discussion. Materials & MethodsThis study is an information modeling research. For that purpose, it's practical and developmental research to measure the degree of the supply shortage or demand excess for urban park facilities. In other words, the present study uses situational weight index and distributive justice for ASD. This research is mixed regarding data collection methods, relies on library methods to review resources, selects 50 points for field observations to collect location information, and extracts the required parameters to create a database based on reference land information. This research will be dependent on the modeling analysis method and using GIS analysis functions. The analysis of input data, including qualitative and quantitative information, is performed using standard coding and weighting methods. ASDi, which is the quantitative difference between supply and demand in park services per unit area ('area' hereafter), is defined as follows .This research was used by combining the positional weight index and distribution justice for ASD to explain the new ASD index(Equation2).Equation. #1 Equation2: Results and discussion To measure the spatial justice of an urban park, mathematical communications and formulas will be used in this study, which the authors optimize to suit the specific conditions of the parks. Indicators are:› Determining the share of each park in the population under the sphere of influence,› Measuring the efficiency of parks,› The distance of residential blocks from parks,› The population of residential blocks in the sphere of influence of parks. ConclusionThe findings of this study show that parks that have high park efficiency, the final branches of spatial justice of parks are also high, with the difference in areas where ِMetropolitan and Regional parks are adjacent to neighborhood parks. The final index of spatial justice improves and expands the parks relative to their efficiency.Based on the empirical analysis, the spatial disparities can be even greater when service availability and population demand are high. City planners should decide to build new parks by considering areas where demand is higher than the supply, not just based on whether there are many parks nearby because residents in the densely populated areas may suffer from a lack of services even though many parks are located nearby.The “new ASD” method has advantages for studying the parks of Region 1 of Tehran, which can be summarized as follows:New ASD can be interpreted intuitively because the results are measured in square meters, which should provide more parking spaces or the number of people at risk of park shortages. The per capita green space parameter allows the demand unit to be equated with supply, allowing planners to easily calculate the size of parks that should be more in priority and low supply areas.The results of the analysis can be obtained based on determining the geographical coverage of the park services. Based on the planning information drawn using legal criteria, planners can support their arguments about the location of other parks by recognizing spatial inequality.Although different social groups were not considered in the analysis, like other studies that looked at ethnic subclasses to highlight park service inequality among different ethnic groups, the methodological process of new ASD estimation can be easily extended to apply to different social groups. For example, some landscape planners In Tehran, they may be interested in studying spatial inequality, for example, people with disabilities, different age groups, or men and women separately.
Geographic Data
Mohsen Saghaei; Behruz Gharani Arani; MohammadReza Parsa
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionManagement in general is the art and knowledge of efficient and optimal use of resources to achieve the goal, and waste management or waste management is in fact all the planning and activities in the field of waste and in order to reduce, move, convert, Decontamination or ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionManagement in general is the art and knowledge of efficient and optimal use of resources to achieve the goal, and waste management or waste management is in fact all the planning and activities in the field of waste and in order to reduce, move, convert, Decontamination or disposal of waste takes place. Waste management system consists of different parts. This system can be compared to a chain that in the absence of a loop, the chain will be broken, so the performance of each waste management will affect other parts. Although the waste problem has been solved in many cities of the country and may have become a source of prosperity for the city,In the metropolis of Ahvaz, due to the lack of a clear strategy and proper investment in recent years, it has not been able to bring prosperity to the city and always a lot of garbage in the people, has caused a huge amount of dissatisfaction of citizens. In Ghizaniyeh section of this city, since 1991, with the closure of the old landfill in the "Broumi" area, it has been set up Non-disposal of garbage in a principled manner and according to the rules in this garbage site, provides the conditions for garbage to burn in this site and the smoke from this fire will burn the residents of Sofireh village and most of the villages of Ghizaniyeh section of Ahvaz city and east of this city. Has encountered a problem. One thousand tons of city waste is transferred to the Ahvaz waste site daily. The per capita waste production in the country is 700 grams per person, this per capita in Ahvaz is more than the national average per person. According to the latest statistics, the amount of garbage collected in 24 hours is close to 800 tons, which has decreased despite the fact that garbage collectors and dry garbage collect by them.Material & MethodsAccording to the research topic, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, first, using GIS software, the situation of waste landfill in Ahvaz city has been studied, then the geographical distribution of suitable places for waste landfill in this city has been studied. For analytical work, maps that have been in the form of polygons have been turned into rasters, and maps that have been in the form of point and linear features have been determined using the Euclidean distance to determine their importance in relation to the landfill. In order to determine all the maps, the importance of classification has been applied to them. Finally, using the FAHP method, the weights obtained from this method are multiplied in the obtained layers, and the final map, which includes the current location of the Ahvaz landfill and the proposed locations, is obtained. In the next stage, using the opinions of experts living in Ahvaz, managerial, economic, environmental and social indicators have been studied. In order to analyze the data, statistical and graphical analyzes in GIS and SPSS were used.Results & DiscussionThe results of the study showed that in terms of location and environment, the ambassador landfill site is in a good condition and the problems of Ahvaz city in relation to waste disposal are due to its proper management . The studies of this study show that in the spatial survey of Safireh landfill, environmental criteria have been relatively observed. Among the landfills around the city of Ahvaz, from 5 very unsuitable to very suitable conditions, Safireh site is in a good condition, which can be said that the location of this site is suitable in terms of environmental characteristics.Conclusion According to the studies and using the opinions of experts, it can be stated that the waste problems of Ahvaz city originate from the same source, ie its production and lack of management. Also, the studies of this study showed that the economic criterion has been the most important factor in the view of experts in locating landfills. The results for the study of proper waste management at the source indicate that the component of proper waste management at the source is significant and will have a direct impact by reducing environmental effects, and the component of proper waste management at the source as one of the main factors And is decisive in reducing the environmental impact of Ahvaz. Finally, based on the research findings, suggestions were made to control the pollution of the waste site in the metropolis of Ahvaz and in the study areas.
Geographic Data
Hossein Asakereh; Ava Gholami
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionAs global warming and changes in global temperature are considered to be the most important instances of climate change in the present century, temperature can be introduced as an indicator reflecting the response and feedback of climate system to these changes. In this regard, ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionAs global warming and changes in global temperature are considered to be the most important instances of climate change in the present century, temperature can be introduced as an indicator reflecting the response and feedback of climate system to these changes. In this regard, climate forecasting is performed using "simulation" approach. Using atmospheric general circulation models such as RCPs and climate scenarios developed as their output is an accepted method of simulating climate variables, especially temperature. In each of these scenarios, radiative forcing changes at a certain rate until 2100. Downscaling is the main technique used in RCPs. Different methods are used for downscaling among which artificial neural network is more widely accepted due to its more accurate evaluations. Materials & MethodsData collected for the purpose of the present study include: 1) Daily maximum temperature recorded in Qazvin synoptic station during 1961-2005. These records were derived from Iran Meteorological Organization and used as an output for calibration, fitting, and finally selecting the best fit model for the observations, 2) Atmospheric observations including daily records of 26 atmospheric variables. These data were recorded by the United States National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) and the United States National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) during 1961-2005 reference period and used as input or explanatory (predictor or independent) variables in the present study 3) Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) extracted from atmospheric general circulation model (including the output of HadCM3 model) which is used to simulate 2006-2100 reference period.Artificial neural network model was used to downscale atmospheric data and simulate maximum temperature recorded in Qazvin synoptic station. Using Pearson correlation coefficient, the correlation between maximum temperature recorded in Qazvin synoptic station and each of the 26 atmospheric variables was estimated. Then, forward selection and backward deletion, percentage decrease index, and stepwise methods were used to preprocess the variables, select the most appropriate predictor variables (input variable in the network) and perform statistical downscaling. Following the selection of suitable explanatory variables in each of the above mentioned methods, selected variables were separately given as input to the network to reach a proper design for the neural network architecture and perform the final simulation. In other words, the artificial neural network model was fitted four times with different input variables. Then, number of neurons and network layers were determined, a suitable weight was assigned to each variable and the neural network was trained to reach the most appropriate architecture for the neural network. Finally, emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) were given as input to the selected architecture, and maximum temperature was simulated for 2006-2100 reference period. Results & DiscussionAppropriate explanatory variables were selected in the present study using four different preprocessing methods. Forward selection method with the lowest minimum mean square error (MMSE) of 6.7 and the highest correlation coefficient of 0.97 was selected as the most appropriate method. Therefore, variables obtained from this method, including average temperature near the surface, average pressure at sea level, and altitude at 500 and 850 hPa level, were selected as predictor variables entering the artificial neural network to simulate future temperature of the station. Finally, a neural network with 8 inputs, a hidden layer with 10 neurons and sigmoid transfer function, and an output layer with 1 neuron and Linear transfer function were confirmed using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. There were then used to simulate the future temperature of Qazvin synoptic station. The highest and the lowest temperature values were estimated for December with 9.9°C and January with 6.6°C, respectively. The lowest error rate also belonged to December (-1.5°C). Simulation results indicated that the highest increase in maximum temperature of Qazvin synoptic station in 2006-2100 reference period was observed in RCP8.5, RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios, respectively. The increasing trend in RCP8.5 scenario was estimated much higher than the base temperature. Moreover, the highest temperature increase (6.7°C) in RCP8.5 scenario belongs to June and the highest temperature decrease (3°C) in the optimistic scenario (RCP2.6) belongs to October. ConclusionSelecting appropriate explanatory variables is an important step in the process of simulating future temperature. Various methods of variables selection, statistical downscaling and artificial neural network model were used to estimate and simulate temperature parameter. Then, RCP 2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios were simulated for the 2006-2100 reference period. Maximum temperature of Qazvin synoptic station in the simulated RCP scenarios (belonging to the reference period) was compared with maximum temperature in 1961-2005 period. Results indicate that the highest temperature increase in Qazvin station occurs in the pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5). The increasing trend of temperature begins with RCP2.6 scenario and reaches its highest level in RCP8.5 scenario. In these three scenarios, summer temperature of the next 94 years may increase at a higher rate as compared to other seasons in Qazvin. This means that not only Iran is located in an arid region, but also its temperature will be increasing in the future. Since temperature and precipitation in different parts of the world are considered to be among the most important indicators of climate change and global warming, various models designed to forecast and simulate these phenomena and the future climate suggest an increase in temperature during the coming decades.
Geographic Data
Yaser Moarrab; Esmaiel Salehi; Mohammad Javad Amiri; Hassan Hoveidi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe global rise in urbanization and settlement of the majority of the world’s population in urban areas create opportunities and challenges for improving the quality and sustainability of life. Potential of cities for meeting the basic needs of people has become an ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionThe global rise in urbanization and settlement of the majority of the world’s population in urban areas create opportunities and challenges for improving the quality and sustainability of life. Potential of cities for meeting the basic needs of people has become an important part of recent scientific and political debates. Covering only a small area of land, cities are responsible for many global environmental problems such as carbon emissions, energy and resource consumption, biodiversity degradation, and ecosystem degradation. They also convert natural forests to human settlements, farms, roads, gardens, and other human-made land uses, leaving many direct and indirect effects on natural conditions and ecological functions of upstream and downstream in forests (such as changes in quantity and quality of water, changes in water flow in rivers, changes in climatic condition and habitat quality). These structural and functional changes undermine environmental services provided by ecological infrastructure and threaten the environmental security of cities and their sustainable development. Therefore, urban managers and experts have always sought a suitable way for urban planning to regulate the structure of cities, support the stability of ecosystem and its performance, and maintain the ecological security of cities. Case studyLavasanat is a district in Shemiranat County in Tehran province of Iran, which is located in the northeast of Tehran. MethodsThe present study analyzes temporal-spatial changes of land use / land cover and then, uses InVEST 3.7.0 model to evaluate temporal-spatial changes of land uses. Results & DiscussionChanges occurring in the reference period were depicted in maps prepared for various land cover / land use classes. Validation of image classification shows a total accuracy of 95.72%, 96.26% and 95.32% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.948, 0.943 and 0.936 for classifications in 2000, 2010 and 2020, respectively, which is acceptable and indicates the compatibility of classified land uses and reality. Classification of images using maximum likelihood algorithm showed the presence of five classes of residential areas (urban area, villages, industries and roads), barren lands, pastures, water bodies and green space in the region.Land use maps and information derived from satellite images indicate that residential areas have experienced a growing trend due to increasing population, demand for land and consequent growth of urbanism, while green space had a decreasing trend during the reference period. Development of residential areas and reduction in green space are quite evident between 2010 and 2020. According to the present trend of land use change, there will be a sharp decline in green space in the coming years. Pastures experienced a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2010. However, it faces an increasing trend from 2010 to 2020 since more green areas were converted into pastures. Barren lands experienced a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2020. ConclusionThe present paper offers the results of modeling water production services in Lavasanat Basin in different decades. Results indicate that the water production in the entire Lavasanat basin equals 2641734.816 cubic meters in 2000, 3318950.915 cubic meters in 2010 and 7737201.215 cubic meters in 2020. Of these volumes, 1677926.367 cubic meters in 2000, 2287145.055 cubic meters in 2010, and 4908786.651 cubic meters in 2020 belonged to residential areas. This class contained an area of 4820578.505 square meters in 2000, 6885513.787 square meters in 2010 and 10407948.705 square meters in 2020 in the whole basin.The results obtained from InVEST scenario building model and water production model showed that the increasing trend of human-made land uses in the study area has a significant impact on increasing water production and, consequently, increases runoff. In fact, water production has experienced a growth rate of 1.25 or 125% from 2000 to 2010, and a growth rate of 2.33 or 233% from 2010 to 2020. Thus in 20 years, water production has increased by 2.92 (292%). The volume of water production in residential areas has increased by 1.36 times (136 %) from 2000 to 2010, 2.14 times (214 %) from 2010 to 2020 and 2.92 times (292%) in 20 years. Also, the total area covered by residential land use has grown 1.42 times from 2000 to 2010 (142 %), and 1.51 times (151%) from 2010 to 2020. Therefore, an increase of 2.15 or 215% was observed in residential areas over this 20 year period.
Geographic Data
Keyvan Mohammadzdeh; Sayyed Ahmad Hosseini; Mehdi Samadi; Ilia Laaliniyat; Masoud Rahimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Landforms represent influential processes affecting features on the earth’s surface both in the past and in the present while providing important information about the characteristics and potentials of the earth. The shape of the terrain and features such as landforms ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Landforms represent influential processes affecting features on the earth’s surface both in the past and in the present while providing important information about the characteristics and potentials of the earth. The shape of the terrain and features such as landforms affect the flow in water bodies, sediment transport, soil production, and climate at a local and regional scale. Identification and classification of landforms are among the most important purposes of geomorphological maps and also a fundamental step in the process of producing such maps. Geomorphologists have always been interested in achieving a proper and accurate classification of landforms in which their morphometric properties and construction processes are clearly indicated. The present study has attempted to develop a new method and identify the relationship between morphometry of landforms and surface processes using a multi-scale and object-based analysis. Extraction and classification of landforms are especially important in mountainous areas, which are considered to be dynamic due to their special physical and climatic conditions. These areas are often remote and sometimes unknown. Mountainous topography has also made them difficult to access. However, they are of great importance due to their impact on the macro-regional system. Because of this significant importance, Maku County was selected as the study area.
Materials and methods
Maku County is located in northwestern Iran (West Azerbaijan Province) which borders Qarasu River and Turkey in the north, Aras River and the Republic of Azerbaijan in the east, Turkey in the west, and Shut County in the south. This County is located between 44° 17' and 44° 52' east longitude and 39° 8' and 39° 46' north latitude. The present study takes advantage of satellite images (sentinel-2A) with a spatial resolution of 10 m, derivatives of DEM layer (slope, maximum curvature, and minimum curvature, profile and plan curvature) and object-based methods to identify and extract landforms of the study area precisely.
Discussion and results
The present study applies various functions and capabilities of OBIA techniques to extract landforms precisely. These functions include texture features (GLCM), average bands in the image, geometric information (shape, compression, density, and asymmetry), brightness index, terrain roughness index (TRI), maximum and minimum curvature, texture, and etc. The image segmentation scale was first optimized in the present study using ESP tools and objects of the image were created on three levels (9, 17, and 27 scales). In the next step, sample landforms were introduced, membership weights were calculated and defined for the classes in accordance with the fuzzy functions, and finally, 14 types of landforms were extracted using object-oriented analysis.
Conclusion
Fuzzy method includes boundary conditions, defines membership function, and constantly considers landform changes in class definition. Thus, it seems to be ideal for the purpose of the present study. The present study used two types of data (data derived from satellite imagery and DEM layer) along with OBIA approach to extract landforms. Classification of landforms based on fuzzy theory makes it possible to collect more comprehensive information from the earth's surface. Results indicate that fuzzy object-based method has classified landforms with an accuracy of 87% and a kappa index of 85%. Considering the resolution of the images applied in the present study, all features were extracted with an acceptable accuracy except for debris. This can be attributed to the fact that debris is usually accumulated in a small area on steep mountainsides, and thus remains hidden from satellites in nadir images. OBIA approach shows a high efficiency because it can combine spectral characteristics of various types of data (i.e. images and DEM data) and their derivatives while analyzing the shape of the segment, and size, texture and spatial distribution of segments based on their class and other neighboring segments.
