Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Ali Mohammadpour; Mohammadreza Eghbal; Afshar Hatami
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionIn today's world, advances in science and technology have led to the emergence of the information revolution and advanced cognitive tools. Space satellites are capable of capturing the entire surface of the earth in great detail. At the same time, the development of electronic ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionIn today's world, advances in science and technology have led to the emergence of the information revolution and advanced cognitive tools. Space satellites are capable of capturing the entire surface of the earth in great detail. At the same time, the development of electronic warfare, including long-range and guided missiles of mass destruction, remote-controlled weapons and war robots, has posed serious threats to the security and survival of societies. For this purpose, defense-security planning has been designed as an effective solution against the existing threats. The purpose of this study is to organize the defense and security of Khuzestan provinces in order to identify threats and use potential defense and security capabilities. In explaining the relationship between land management and defense-security indicators, the important issue is that in the planning projects that have been discussed so far in the country, only demographic, economic, political, cultural, physical issues are considered and the issue of defense and national security and less considered areas. Is located; Therefore, the relationship between land use planning and defense-security indicators can be examined from different perspectives.MaterialsThe research materials included basic maps obtained from the surveying organization as well as the geographical organization, including maps of critical, critical and important points. In addition, geological maps and other thematic maps have been used.MethodsThis research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The study area was Khuzestan provinces and the research period was 2016 to 2021. The statistical population of the study was the population of Khuzestan provinces according to the population and housing census data of the Statistics Center in 2016. There was no sample size in this study. The method of data collection was using documentation and survey. Research data for economic and social sectors were obtained from the Statistics Center. Data analysis techniques included frequency tables, descriptive graphs, spatial analysis methods, and spatial statistics techniques.Results & DiscussionIn this study, indicators were studied that can be considered as a representative for a large number of micro and macro indicators. According to these indicators, a picture of the security, defense and defense situation in Khuzestan provinces was shown. It is noteworthy that security cannot be achieved only with the tools of war and the use of military forces, and the threat is not only the existence of a foreign enemy. Rather, any tension that affects the comfort and well-being of the people is considered an insecure element and action must be taken to resolve it. Also, defense is not only the use of weapons and military forces, but also defense mechanisms must be prepared to deal with any insecure elements. Many sabotages in the country can happen without the attack of the enemy forces. In the field of defense planning, there is a need that any action and action for development and planning, must be accompanied by the principles of defense and the correct location of vital, sensitive and important elements. Also, the defense-security planning model showed that defense, security and defense planning pursue three main goals, namely deterrence, capability and self-sufficiency or self-reliance. According to the objectives of the powerful, safe and stable land as the three main arms in defense-security planning. A safe land is a security arrangement and a framework for understanding all the factors that disrupt order and security in the region. Powerful land indicates defense planning, which seeks to provide mechanisms to understand the maximum possible defense of the land and the region. Sustainable land targets defense planning. In this type of arrangement, the main purpose of camouflage is to hide and reduce the effects of possible attacks.ConclusionIn the provinces of Khuzestan and Bushehr, it was found that in addition to military threats, there are other factors that have a civilian aspect; Therefore, in order to establish security and maintain stability in the provinces in question, it is necessary to consider various instances of security, defense and passive defense with a systemic view. Some of these factors have a natural aspect and others have a human aspect including social, cultural, economic, military, technological and political. Therefore, defense-security planning analyzes can consider the most important and effective scientific solutions to deal with military and civilian threats and to establish order and security.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Asieh Sepahvand; Ali Amiri; Alireaza Sepahvand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an important role in the process of providing security and fighting against the country's threats. In this context, identification of appropriate natural and human factors and criteria in defense-security positioning are important issues in this regard. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study is to analyze the defense-security locating of military bases with emphasis on the Holy Defense period in Kermanshah province. Materials and methodsThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. The tools for collecting data and information are questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population is various military and security experts and experts in specialized fields related to security and political-military issues. Using targeted sampling, 50 experts were selected as samples. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, the exploratory unlimited cointegration rank test and the time series modeler method were used.Results and discussionsIn order to investigate this, the factors and criteria for the defense - security locating of military bases, emphasizing the period of sacred defense, investigated two general categories of natural factors, which included 12 natural criteria, and human factors with 13 human criteria. The results of the research in the field of natural criteria affecting the locating of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that out of the 12 indicators considered for this, six criteria of faulting and seismicity of the region, geographical conditions of the region, topography of the region, unstable lands and occurrence The problems of creep and subsidence, land slope and land type have played an important role in the locating of military bases. In general, the results of the identification of natural criteria showed that the highest level of influence was related to the fault index and seismicity of the region and the lowest level of influence were related to the index of the number of frost days. The results of the research in the field of human criteria affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the 13 indicators considered for human criteria; Six criteria of political and security considerations, the presence of transportation security in the region, distance from urban and rural centers, distance from international borders, lack of settlement in the vicinity of infrastructure and distance from the communication network of main roads play an important role in locating of the military bases. The results showed that the highest level of influence was related to the index of considering military-security considerations in the locating of military centers and the lowest level of influence was related to the index of distance from gas transmission stations and highways.ConclusionFinally, the results of the investigation of the general natural and human factors affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the two groups, the role of the human factor is greater than the natural factor, and the human factors and And human factors and its indicators have been more important in locating military bases in Kermanshah province. Therefore, for the proper locating of military bases, it is necessary to pay attention to the natural and human factors and their criteria so that during the crisis or military attacks, the military bases will suffer the least damage And in order to ensure the security of military equipment and bases and to ensure the security of the entire country, less damage should be done to military equipment and bases. since Kermanshah province is a border province in the west of Iran And the country of Iran has been attacked many times from the region of the western borders, and the most recent one was the war imposed by Iraq against Iran, which is known as the period of sacred defense, Compliance with the principles of defense-security planning is one of the necessities that should be considered more than other non-border provinces.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Maryam Robati; Sargol Karimi Saremi; Masoud Monavari
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important issues that has always threatened human societies throughout history has been the occurrence of natural hazards. Hence, urban thinkers and planners seek to develop approaches to reduce urban vulnerability and increase resilience. District 1 of Tehran ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important issues that has always threatened human societies throughout history has been the occurrence of natural hazards. Hence, urban thinkers and planners seek to develop approaches to reduce urban vulnerability and increase resilience. District 1 of Tehran Municipality is considered as one of the most dangerous and vulnerable areas of Tehran metropolis with its North Tehran fault, Niavaran fault, Mahmoudieh fault. Zone one is also constantly exposed to floods due to the high slope in the northern parts and the presence of runoff. High density of impermeable surfaces and high volume of runoff in zone one, as well as being at the foot of the mountain, are the main reasons for flood-potential in the study sample (Salmani Foumani et al., 1398: 51). The question is what is the vulnerability of district one of Tehran municipality against natural hazards (floods and earthquakes)? To identify the current situation, prioritize the necessary management and planning actions and planning in the face of a possible crisis of future risks.Materials and methodsThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. First, using library and documentary studies, such as the study of texts related to the subject and previous research, and the use of expert opinions in this field, effective indicators on vulnerability in cities were identified. The raw data of the research are extracted from the statistical blocks of Tehran Region 1 and the GIS map of the study sample and for data analysis, reverse hierarchical analysis or IHWP is used.Results and discussionIn this part of the research, documentary studies were used to extract the indicators for assessing the vulnerability of urban areas to hazards. These indicators include: population density; Maximum ground acceleration; Distance from the channel; Fault; Access to medical centers; Width; Access to fire stations; Access to open and green spaces; Distance from gas station and CNG; Distance from worn tissue; Sewage cover; Distance from bridges. In the last step, the final map is obtained by classifying the data into 5 distinct categories in terms of vulnerability and by overlaying the layers. According to the results, of the total area of District 1 of Tehran Municipality, 14.95% of the area with very low vulnerability, 23.28% of the area with low vulnerability, 27.03% of the area with moderate vulnerability, 23.59 with high vulnerability And 11.14% have a very high vulnerability. As can be seen in Map 4, the center and west of the region are more damaged and the damage is reduced from west to east. ConclusionDue to the climatic and physical conditions of the region, the plan to widen the passages for narrow passages of the city, especially in the center of the region, should be considered. The rivers Jamshidia, Darabad, Darband, Darkeh, Lark, Maghsoud Beyk, Velenjak and Golabdareh may be flooded, so the river area in this section should be controlled; At the same time, in this field, with proper planning and management, steps can be taken to eliminate the shortcomings and problems.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Gradual changes in climate systems and patterns such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and wind and precipitation patterns affect type of climate in different areas. The climate of lagoons is especially sensitive and easily affected by climate changes. Critical ecosystems ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Gradual changes in climate systems and patterns such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and wind and precipitation patterns affect type of climate in different areas. The climate of lagoons is especially sensitive and easily affected by climate changes. Critical ecosystems of lagoons protect biodiversity and have various tourism, economical, ecological, environmental and social values. Located in JazMurian basin, JazMurian wetland is frequently affected by wet years and droughts. However, repeated droughts and loss of freshwater have resulted in the wetland drying out. The dried out water body not only affects plant and animal life, but also acts as a dust emission center.Material and MethodsThree scenarios of emission (A2, A1B, B1) in medium-term (2046-2065) and long-term (2080-2100) are used in the present study to evaluate climate changes in JazMurian basin. Related data have been collected from Iranshahr synoptic station in the east and JiroftMianDeh in the west during 1990-2010 statistical period. The output of HADCM3 model has been downscaled using LARS-WG statistical model and minimum/maximum temperature, and monthly precipitation of the synoptic stations were analyzed.DiscussionEvaluation of LARS-WG model proved that monthly and annual average of minimum and maximum temperature in all modeling scenarios are higher than the observation period. The highest and lowest temperature increase will occur in A2 (business as usual) and B1 (the most environmental) scenarios. The highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature will occur in Iranshahr station during the long-term A2 scenario (4.3 for maximum temperature in April and 4.6 for minimum temperature in May). In Iranshahr station, the highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature predicted for the medium-term A2 scenario will equal 2.5 ° in April. In both scenarios, the lowest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature in Iranshahr will occur in October.According to all scenarios, precipitation will decrease in January and December. An increase in precipitation is recorded during March and October in Iranshahr station, and during February in Jiroft. Thus, changes will mainly occur in Mediterranean winter precipitation in the study area, while negligible changes will occur in monsoon precipitation during summer. Precipitation modeling shows higher precipitation fluctuation in long-term scenario compared to the basic statistical period. Long-term A 1B and B1 scenarios have predicted a small increase in precipitation of both stations compared to the basic statistical period. A2 scenario has shown a small decrease in precipitation during the same period. Modelling based on B1 scenario has indicated that the region will experience a higher increase in precipitation in long-term future (2080-2100) compared to the medium-term future (2046-2065), while the other two scenarios have predicted a lower increase in precipitation of the same period. Medium-term B1 scenario has predicted a lower annual precipitation average compared to the observation period. Results indicated that in accordance with the B1 scenario, Iran will experience the lowest level of precipitation during the 21 century in the medium-term period.ConclusionInvestigating various meteorological parameters in western and eastern borders of JazMorian basin has predicted 1.5° to 2.1° increase in average temperature during the future 50 years, and 2.4° to 3.9° increase in average temperature during the future 100 years. Moreover, results indicated that changes will mostly occur in winter precipitation, and summer time changes will be negligible. All things considered, all scenarios have predicted lower precipitation for eastern parts of JazMurian compared to the western parts.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Ebrahim Amou; Ahmad Pourahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei
Abstract
Extended abstractIntroductionCivilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also dropped ...
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Extended abstractIntroductionCivilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also dropped on cities. In the eyes of policymakers and experts, urban safety and security is one of the most basic assumptions of the global community for human-centered planning. Humans have always faced threats in their lives and constructions and have experienced all kinds of accidents throughout history. One of the basic ways to prepare for crises is to be aware of the degree of vulnerability of the city, especially residential buildings, in case it occurs. Therefore, knowing the degree of vulnerability of urban buildings caused by threats, it is possible to increase the preparedness against any threat to a great extent by adopting strategies. Identifying the risk of possible damages plays an important role in prevention and preparation to face and deal with the negative effects of urban threats and is very important in terms of controlling human and financial damages.Materials & MethodsIn this research, considering the theoretical issues and the examination of global experiences regarding the vulnerability of residential areas against invasion, vulnerability criteria were extracted and completed using the Delphi method. After selecting the criteria and sub-criteria for weight calculation, using the Dematel method, factors that are effective in residential vulnerability have been used. The main goal of the Delphi method is to achieve the most reliable consensus of a group of experts' opinions through a series of focused questionnaires with controlled feedback. By obtaining the consensus of a group of experts through this process, researchers can identify and prioritize issues and develop a framework for their diagnosis. In this research, Delphi panel members were selected as non-probability and combination of targeted or judgmental and chain methods. In this research, Kendall's correlation coefficient was used to determine the level of consensus among panel members. The value of this scale is equal to one when there is complete coordination and zero when there is no complete coordination. Kendall's correlation coefficient for this research was equal to 0.67, which can be trusted as a relatively moderate to high value according to the order of its factors. Building a network analysis process model requires knowing the relationships and interactions between the criteria and sub-criteria of the problem in order to create the most realistic state of the network, which was extracted in the previous stage through Dematel and with the opinions of experts. ANP includes determining the final weights using the method of extracting weight vectors and forming hypermatrix. Results & Discussion,The way of distribution of buildings in terms of floors and especially high-rises has created a special spatial system that has overcome all other urban elements and has turned the city into a compact structure. In terms of the quality of the houses, it can be said that due to the presence of dilapidated structures in the central part of the city as well as informal settlements in the peripheral areas, these houses are not of good quality and are highly vulnerable.From the point of view of passive defense, the passageways and the ability of the network to access the space and the conditions of sheltering are of special importance. Examining the map of vulnerability caused by the access network and access to open spaces in the residential areas of Tabriz shows that the central areas have narrow roads and high density and have high vulnerability. In discussing the vulnerability of residential areas in this research, population density and building density have been considered. By increasing population density in vulnerable areas with specific dimensions, the number of vulnerable population increases. According to the vulnerability map caused by the density of residential areas in Tabriz city, the population distribution is not the same throughout the city and dense population tissues are often located in the central areas and in the range of peripheral tissues (northern parts of the city) and are of high vulnerability. Has Distance and proximity to danger centers is very important in terms of passive defense. The location of these risk centers in the vicinity of human settlements makes it necessary to respect the privacy of these centers. The map of the privacy of dangerous centers in Tabriz shows that the residential areas of Tabriz are not in a good condition in terms of respecting the privacy of high-risk centers and will be highly vulnerable in the event of an attack. The access map of residential areas to relief centers in Tabriz city shows that the distribution of these centers is not balanced in all parts of the city and is mostly concentrated in the central parts of the city, which causes many problems with the influx of people in the event of a crisis. will face these centers. After the occurrence of crises, especially air raids that destroy people's shelters, the temporary accommodation of people is very important. One of the temporary accommodation centers that are considered are educational centers. Also, nowadays spaces are considered as multi-purpose parks and sheds that are used in normal conditions and are considered as temporary accommodation centers in times of crisis. The map of temporary accommodation centers in the city of Tabriz shows that, firstly, these centers are not evenly distributed in all parts of the city, and secondly, they do not have enough numbers according to the existing population. ConclusionMaps and research findings show that the residential density criterion with a weight of 0.356 is in the first place among residential vulnerability factors in Tabriz city. The second rank is assigned to the criterion of residential context with a weight of 0.257. Access criteria, access to relief centers, privacy of danger centers and temporary accommodation are in the next ranks respectively.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Esmaeil Najafi; Mohammad Shali
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction Environmental degradation and climate change are one of the most important challenges faced by all living organisms on earth today (Rafique et al., 2022). Human activities, urbanization, mining and industrialization accelerate environmental pollution (Etchie et al, ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction Environmental degradation and climate change are one of the most important challenges faced by all living organisms on earth today (Rafique et al., 2022). Human activities, urbanization, mining and industrialization accelerate environmental pollution (Etchie et al, 2018, Rahman and Anser, 2020). The effects of climate change or environmental destruction include melting glaciers, increasing air and ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, decreasing agricultural production, extinction of wildlife, unpredictable precipitation and climate change, and destruction of the workforce (Danish et al., 2019). In addition, due to the depletion of forests and natural resources, environmental pollution is increasing rapidly in the world (Appannagari, 2006). The rapid development process on the one hand and environmental limitations on the other hand have caused that today the evaluation of the effects caused by development on the environment should be considered as a part of development activities. The existence of a gap between economic growth and a sustainable environment has made planning a big challenge, so thinking about environmental considerations at high levels of planning can prevent environmental problems and disturbances despite the destructive effects that economic growth indicators have on their own. They put it, reduce it. In the present study, the place of environmental considerations in Iran's spatial planning, such as the provincial planning plan and the regional physical development plan, and the relevant laws and regulations have been analyzed.Materials & MethodsThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required data and information were extracted by using library studies and documents from the service description of provincial and regional physical plans, laws and regulations governing the urban and regional development of the country, prepared programs and plans, etc. The method of content analysis was to analyze the position of environmental and environmental studies in the spatial planning and development system of the country. In addition, the objectives, topics to be investigated and the process of environmental studies in regional physical plans and provincial plans have been compared in a comparative manner.Results & DiscussionIn this section, the necessity of environmental studies in land development and environmental management, the place of environmental studies in spatial planning, environmental studies in environmental and physical plans, and the process of combining natural environment studies in physical and physical plans have been investigated. The results of the research indicate the existence of many overlaps and similarities in the content and subjects of the study of the mentioned projects and differences in the objectives, the process of studies and the way of their integration. ConclusionThe results of the research indicate that:- The regional physical plans and the provincial training program in natural studies have many overlaps and similarities in terms of content, topics and subjects studied. In regional physical plans, studies of the natural environment are examined in detail and widely.- The purpose of environmental studies in physical plans is to eliminate land (with priority for other uses and high cost) and to rank the remaining land according to their suitability for urban, rural and industrial development. In the research projects, the evaluation of the ecological power in the ecological units for the types of main uses, as well as the identification of the environment of the province (strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats).- The process of unifying studies and merging layers of studies to achieve the goals and final output (suitability of land for the development of residence and activity, etc.) .) are different from each other.- In the regional physical plans, the suitability of the land is checked only for the development of residence and activity. While the ecological model for all land uses is presented in the land use program, and in the table of biological units, the characteristics of each of the environmental units are given separately according to the studied parameters.- In environmental studies, the investigated criteria and sub-criteria do not have the same weight. In the regional physical plans, during the final integration, each of the criteria and sub-criteria are compared two by two using the AHP model and weighted based on their importance in determining the suitable place for residence and activity. In the provincial planning program, parameters are prioritized based on the type of uses.the type of uses.- Although in the country's five-year development plans, especially in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth plans of economic, social and cultural development, in terms of law, only emphasis has been placed on conducting evaluation studies before implementation, but this approach was not enough and In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to have a special, independent and comprehensive law for the process of evaluating the environmental effects of projects and plans. In other words, there is currently no independent law specific to the environmental assessment process in the country. Today, environmental impact assessment has found a real place as one of the effective components in environmental planning and policies.The following suggestions are made for reforming the spatial planning and management system with environmental considerations:- The integration of physical plans and land preparation and the definition of strategic environmental assessment in the process of spatial planning in Iran;- Paying attention to the strategic environmental assessment in the country's policies, programs and plans before implementation;- Conducting applied research on the pathology of the country's environmental assessment process with an emphasis on explaining the status of land use, ecological capacity assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cumulative impact assessment and environmental impact assessment;- the country's environmental assessment law in a specific and independent manner, in order to guarantee enforcement and strengthen deterrence;- Paying attention to the environmental supervision and monitoring of the implementation of plans and projects after the issuance of environmental approvals by creating a monitoring system and environmental monitoring or control of plans and projects by increasing the quantity and quality of human resources in the environmental protection departments of the provinces and eliminating traditional monitoring and surveillance systems.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Mahshad Bagheri; Amir Ansari; Azadeh Kazemi; Mahmoud Bayat; Sahar Heidari Masteali
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Proper distribution of urban green space is one of the most important issues in urban planning and especially in management of urban green space. In other words, the physical expansion of cities destroys surrounding natural environments and arable lands. It also results ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Proper distribution of urban green space is one of the most important issues in urban planning and especially in management of urban green space. In other words, the physical expansion of cities destroys surrounding natural environments and arable lands. It also results in fundamental changes in ecological structure and functionof urban landscape, along with gradual changesin spatial structure and patterns of this landscape (Wang et al., 2008). Since ecosystem processes depends on its structure, landscape metrics have been accepted as a very useful tool for expressing the structure of urban green space and its human-causedchanges (Hessburg et al., 2013).There has always been discussion onacceptable per capita green space or changes in green space over time and place. Iranian cities are no exception in this regard, thougheven a city enjoying a high ratio of green space per capita may still lack enough green space per capita in some districts. This suggests the necessity of investigating various measures and avoiding studies limited to per capita green space and urban forestry. (Botequilha and Ahren, 2002). If as an ecological structure,green space is proportional to populationcomposition and distribution, ecological performance and land use type of an urban area, it can have important ecological functions. Since most studies on urban green space have primarily focused onfinding a proper location, calculating appropriate per capita green space and introducing suitable species for green space, investigatingthe spatial distribution of urban green spaceseems to be of great importance. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the spatial pattern and distribution of public green space in Khomein using a landscape approach.
Materials and methods
Study area
The study area, Khomein, is bounded by agricultural lands and gardens in its northeast, west, and partly in its south. Only the main area of urban texture is located on barren lands (Abbasi et al., 1986). The study area includes four districts of Khomeinin which the pattern of green space distribution isinvestigated.
Methods
Sentinel-2 images were used in the present study. Satellite images were processed and then, their geographical effects were extracted inthe first step of classification. Different indices were defined for each patch of the image and using supervised method, images were classified into four classes of agricultural lands, barren lands, urban parks and residential areas in accordance with the training data. Visual method was used to improve classification results. In this method, classification results are matched with the imagesand possible errors are rectified. Google Earth was used to evaluate the accuracy of results obtained from classification of satellite images. In the next step,the base map of the present study was produced and then, the layer containing urban parkswas integrated with the layers prepared for four districts of Khomein. It should be noted that the present study focuses on urban parks prepared by the municipality for public use and does not include other urban green spaceareas such as the green belt or private gardens, etc.
To study the spatial distribution of green space, measures of land cover were calculated and analyzed in each of the four districts. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Landscape Measurement Analysis Program (FRAGSTATS) were among the tools used to calculate and measure landusein the present study. Landscape metrics used in the present study included:
Landscape Shape Index (LSI) which measures the area of the largest patch in a class divided by the total area of that landscape (multiplied by 100 to convert to percent)
Euclidean Nearest Neighbor distance (ENN) which is the average distance between patches in a class. Meter is used as the standard unit of measurement for this index.
Perimeter /Area Ratio (PARA) which is the ratio of the perimeter of the patch (m) to its area (m2). This measure lacks a specific unit and for PARA> 0 it is without a limit.
Number of Patches (NP) equals the number of patchesof the corresponding patch type (class).
Shape Index:sum of patches’ perimeter divided by the square root of the area of the patch (ha) for each class (class surface) or the entire patch (land surface). This index iscalculated for circle standard (polygon), or square standard (grid) and divided by the number of patches.
Largest Patch Index (LPI) which measures the area of the largest patch in a class divided by the total area of the landscape (multiplied by 100 to convert to percent)
Mean Patch Size (MPS) which measures the average size of a patchin the landscape.
Results and Discussion
District 3 ranked highest and district 1 ranked lowest in ENN indexindicating that urban green space patches in this district were closer together, while green space patches in the third district were limited and far apart from each other. Regarding LPI index, the second district ranked thehighest and the third district ranked the lowest indicating that the largest urban parks in this districtwere much smaller than other districts. Other district had a relatively acceptable statusin this respect. In MPS index, district 2 with 697 patches ranked highest and district 1 with 564 patches ranked lowest indicating that average green space patches in district 1 were smaller. This was also confirmed by maps prepared based on other metrics.Regarding the LSI index, district 1 ranked highest and district 2 ranked lowest, while districts 3 and 4 had a similar status in this measure. The first district had the highest number of patches (NP), while the third district had the lowest NP. The highestPARA ratio was observed in District 1, and the lowestin District 4, while districts 3 and 2 ranked near the middle. In Landscape shape index which increases with the heterogeneity of patches,district 1 (with 13.12) ranked highest and District 3(6.64) ranked lowestwhiledistricts 2 and 4 ranked near the middle.This indicates the heterogeneous shape of green space patches in district 1, while showing that patches of green space in district 3 are very simple and homogeneous.Finally it should be noted that calculating landscape metrics for the four districts ofKhomein indicated a very low per capita green space in this city and also absence of a proper and equitable spatial distribution.
Conclusions
Calculatinglandscape metrics in the four districts of Khomeinindicated thatcompared to other districts, district 1, located in the southern part of the city, has a more desirable status in indices such as PARA, LSI, NP, and ENN. At the same time, district 3, located in the southeastern part of the city, has the least appropriate status regarding these metrics indicating the necessity of a comprehensive analysis of green space areas in this district in near future. Urban managers and planners need to focus on this district and its green space, and if possible find appropriate sites for future green space areas in this district.Although the status of districts 2 and 4, located in the west and north of the cityrespectively, were not very desirable, theyranked higher than districts 3in NP, LPI, and MPS. Using GIS in combination with satellite imagery, and land use metrics provided an innovative way to study the gradual spatial changes in urban green space. Results of landscape metrics analysis indicated an unbalanced distribution of land use in the four urban districts in this study.