Hasan Lashkari; Mahdi Khazaie
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 70-79
Abstract
In order to investigate synoptic patterns of heavy precipitations in Sistan va Baluchestan province, 24 year (1987-2010) daily data of 6 synoptic stations was retrieved from meteorology organization. Moreover, data like sea level pressure, geo-potential elevation of 500 and 850 milibars were exploited ...
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In order to investigate synoptic patterns of heavy precipitations in Sistan va Baluchestan province, 24 year (1987-2010) daily data of 6 synoptic stations was retrieved from meteorology organization. Moreover, data like sea level pressure, geo-potential elevation of 500 and 850 milibars were exploited from NCAR/NCEP database and then required maps were prepared in Grads software. Generally, two patters have resulted in the heavy precipitations in this province.
In the first pattern which resulted in precipitations of December12, 1995, a cyclone with contour plot of 1017.5 and 1020 milibars crossed the Arabian Sea, 24 hours before the precipitation and caused humidity spreading toward the area. In 850 milibars, a cyclone above the country results in cold weather flow and a low pressure system with a 1500 geopotenial meter contour plot passed the Bangla Gulf and the Arabian Sea and supply the necessary humidity conditions for rising in this equilibrium level.
In the second pattern which resulted in precipitations of June 5, 2010, a large low pressure system is formed 24 hours before the precipitation over southern part of Asia, which also influence south eastern and southern parts of Iran. 24 hours before the precipitation, a low altitude center covers the area under study and supply humidity and instability. On the day of precipitations, study area in 850 and 500 milibars are affected by a trough of 1475 and 5850 geopotenial meter contour plot and results in precipitation of this pattern.
Seyyed Hossein Mir Musavi
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 74-77
Abstract
One of the most important problems in the field of agricultural activities is water scarcity or water resources issues. In this context, only those countries that utilize scientific methods in supplying the water needed for crops have been able to overcome these problems. In this study, we tried to evaluate ...
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One of the most important problems in the field of agricultural activities is water scarcity or water resources issues. In this context, only those countries that utilize scientific methods in supplying the water needed for crops have been able to overcome these problems. In this study, we tried to evaluate the application of meteorological studies in estimating the water requirements of the desired crops (wheat and potato) in Tabriz region during different stages of growth. For this purpose, the ETP (plant evapotranspiration potential) was first determined using long-term statistics, and then, using the FAO organization tables, the plant coefficients for each of the crops were extracted. Finally, in order to plan for the supply of water resources, the effective rainfall in the region has been studied, and by subtracting the amount of water required from effective rain, the amount of water deficiency in the region has been identified.
Mahmood Davoodi; Naser Bay; Omid Ebrahimi
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 100-105
Abstract
Traditional methods of climatic classification are very diverse. Despite traditional and comparative importance, these methods have weaknesses which impair their comprehensive performance. Natural potentials as the background of human activities form the basis and foundation of many environmental programs ...
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Traditional methods of climatic classification are very diverse. Despite traditional and comparative importance, these methods have weaknesses which impair their comprehensive performance. Natural potentials as the background of human activities form the basis and foundation of many environmental programs and land use plans. Sustainable development needs careful planning based on resource constraints and abundances, and local development potentials are determined by its climate. Due to the significant topographic diversity and geographic expansion of Iran, providing a logical classification based on this country's natural realities is quite difficult. Due to topographic diversity of Mazandaran province, its climatic classification is not easily executable. The present article seeks to determine the climate of Mazandaran province according to Litinsky model. We tried to use different methods for climatic classification of the province, yet finally we focused on Litinsky model and explained it. Litinsky model use three fundamental elements of temperature, precipitation and Berry coefficient. Then, it takes advantage of auxiliary indicators including adaptation, continuity of dry season and solar radiation condition to provide a comprehensive classification. To do so, data obtained from 10 synoptic and climatologic stations in Mazandaran during 1984-2005 statistical period was used in SPSS environment. Finally, climate of Mazandaran province stations were determined and proposed in table 4.
Rozina Hanifi
Abstract
Increasing the use of fishery resources and increasing global demand for food has created the need for a new look at the nature and the potential of the aquaculture sector andthis question is raised that how far aquaculture can increase protein production and human food security in the long run. The ...
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Increasing the use of fishery resources and increasing global demand for food has created the need for a new look at the nature and the potential of the aquaculture sector andthis question is raised that how far aquaculture can increase protein production and human food security in the long run. The present study is an attempt to provide a part of the information requirements regarding the potential of aquaculture and the estimation of ecological and socioeconomic power of SARDASHT city in west Azerbaijan province for breeding cold water fish and mainly rainbow trout. This study has been conducted with the aim of locating and prioritizing SARDASHT’s underground water resources in West Azerbaijan province for the construction of rainbow trout breeding pools using geographic information system (GIS). For this purpose, after reviewing the sources and previous studies done in this field, effective measures in locating trout breeding pools were classified as: (1) ecologic- water (water’s rate of flow, type of water source, water temperature, PH), Shape of the land (slope, altitude), land use, distance from accidental areas (distance from flood areas, distance from earthquake areas); (2) economic - market proximity, profitability, and access to labor force; (3) social- employment, type of Exploitation ownership, population density; and (4) Infrastructure - proximity to the road, proximity to electricity, or proximity to telephone lines, and the like. Finally, it has been carried out using collected data and providing information layers in the GIS environment. The results revealed that out of a total of 208 sources of water being exploited, 141 sources of water had the ability for breeding trout.
Mohsen Ahmadkhani; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Despite of widespread usage of Global Positioning System (GPS), this system is considered inefficient for indoor areas. Although the most prominent positioning system is Global Positioning System, this system uses some electromagnetic waves which are unable to pass thick obstacles ...
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Extended Abstract
Despite of widespread usage of Global Positioning System (GPS), this system is considered inefficient for indoor areas. Although the most prominent positioning system is Global Positioning System, this system uses some electromagnetic waves which are unable to pass thick obstacles such as concrete roofs and trees [1]. Thus, it cannot be considered as a robust infra-structure for indoor positioning purposes. Since, other signal networks like Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be an appropriate alternative for indoor spaces. In addition, widespread usage of mobile smart instruments has provided the possibility of ubiquitous system’s development.
Several methods have been proposed to obtain indoor positions which are generally based on received radio waves from fixed points. Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA) and Location fingerprinting can be used in this case. It is noteworthy that some of these methods are not really appropriate for indoor areas which maybe contain complex structure [2]. Time of Arrival, Time Difference of Arrival and Angle of Arrival methods use triangulation techniques so direct lines of sight are desired for them. And also acquisition of accurate time and angle of received signal without professional instruments, which are usually expensive, sounds almost impossible. Furthermore, for most of indoor areas such as commercial centers and museums direct line of sight is rarely available and signals are likely to be affected by multipath phenomena [3].
In recent years methods based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) have been proposed and programmed [4], [5]. These methods which are usually called Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) often employ sensors such as Gyroscope, Accelerometer and Magnetic sensors to obtain the position of the client [6]. It can be regarded as an important limitation along the objectives of the Ubiquitous systems. Such systems are restricted to clients equipped by platforms having these expensive modern sensors. Therefore, the methods using WLAN signals are usually preferred for location based services.
WLAN Fingerprinting can be regarded as a most appropriate technique that uses signal strength as an identification parameter, which can be simply obtained. Furthermore, fingerprinting does not have any special infrastructure to establish and it can be conveniently laid out. In order to apply this method there are several ways to recognize the pattern of signals received from active transmitters. Stochastic method, Artificial Neural Network and K-Nearest Neighbor methods are some of classic pattern recognition techniques [7] that were investigated in this study. In this article these three methods were scrutinized and relatively compared, eventually an enhanced method has been offered. After using several data sets in order to assess the pattern recognition techniques, the proposed method got the first rank of the accuracy and also other techniques were ranked based on the accuracy.
One of the most important differences between indoor positioning systems might be utilizing of various algorithms to recognize the spatial pattern. In this study, three popular classic methods including Probabilistic algorithm, Nearest Neighbor and Artificial Neural Network were investigated. The flowchart presented in Figure 1 has depicted the major steps of the study.
Figure 1. The flowchart of the study.
This study focuses on Nearest Neighbor in Signal Space method as the most accurate method among all and tries to enhance the output accuracy of the method. NNSS Method computes the difference between received signal strength in a point from each transmitter and the received strength of that signal in the rest of the sample points (Equation 1).
(1)
Where Sij be jth sample point of the database from ith transmitter and Si received signal strength from ith hotspot in online phase and also for m hotspots and n sample points, i= 1,2,…,m and j=1,2,…,n [8].
By applying this formula, the most likely sample point as the location of the observer can be obtained. Since the number of sample points in the design of the model in offline phase is limited and the distance between two adjacent sample points is constant in the whole model, the accuracy might be affected. Regarding these limitations, in order to increase the output accuracy of the system, the medium of first and second candidate location points was proposed as the position of the user. After applying this change, the highest accuracy was acquired (Figure 4). The study area was the third floor of the building of Geomatics faculty of K.N.Toosi university of Technology (Figure 2). For this building with dimensions of 70×14 meters, totally 6 hostspots with reasonable distribution, covering the whole area, were taken into account. The best distance between each adjacent pair was 0.9 m and for each sample point four directions were observed and recorded in to the database and also JAVA programming language was chosen to develop the user friend software. Figure 3 depicts an instance of the database.
Figure 2. Plan of the study area.
Figure 3. A part of the produced database.
In order to evaluate the accuracy of each method, observations in the online phase were categorized in 6 separate classes containing 10, 20, to 60 obser-vation in each class. Based on the output results of the system, although the accuracy of Artificial Neural Network raised up to 2.7 m by increase in the number of observations, it showed the worse accuracy among all methods. Probabilistic and KNN methods with final accuracy of 1.8 and 0.9 meters respectively were more accurate than ANN. Our extended Nearest Neighbor method was the most accurate method almost in all sets of observations. In the first observation class, ANN with 3.6 m, KNN and Probabilistic methods with 2.7 m were not really reliable to locate the position of the user, however, extended KNN with 1.5 m seemed more acceptable than the rest of methods (See Figure 4).
Figure 4. The behavior of accuracy trend in all methods in the considered sets of observation.
Mohammad Baaghideh; Gholamabbas Fallah Ghalhari; Hasan Hajimohammadi; hasan rezaei
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction The climatic conditions of each site play an important role in the dispersion of humans, animals and plants. Therefore, any activity or planning in different economic, agricultural and industrial fields at the ground level is not feasible without the knowledge of ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction The climatic conditions of each site play an important role in the dispersion of humans, animals and plants. Therefore, any activity or planning in different economic, agricultural and industrial fields at the ground level is not feasible without the knowledge of the climate. For this reason, climatic zoning and recognition of the most important factors and factors affecting each area is one of the ways of recognizing the climatic identity of the area. Lack of knowledge of the sub-regions of the country fails to meet the economic and agricultural plans of mankind. In general, the climate of a region is the average of the weather conditions in the region. Access to the average weather conditions in a specific location requires long-term weather information. Data and Methods In order to obtain the correct and comprehensive knowledge of the climate of Hamedan province, climatic zoning was performed with new statistical methods such as factor analysis and cluster analysis during the 20 years period (1993-2013). For this purpose, 23 variables were selected from 8 meteorological stations. Then, using a digital elevation model, a multivariable regression was applied between the meteorological parameters and the digital elevation model. Finally, a zonal matrix with a dimension of 23 × 88 was obtained. Since the aim of this research was the climate zone of Hamadan province based on altitude, a digital elevation layer (DEM) was used with a resolution of 90 meters. In the following, for climatic zoning, a regression relationship was made between climate parameters and length, width and height of the area. To identify the climatic sub-regions of Hamedan province, the raster data obtained from the zoning were converted to point data. Then, based on the analysis of the main components, the points were analyzed by clustering method and the dominant factors were identified. In this research, the resolution of each of the pixel was 15 × 15 km and a matrix with dimensions of 23 × 88 was developed. Finally, this matrix was clustered into the MATLAB software using the Wardclustering method. Results and discussion By studying 23 climatic elements, 5 climatic factors were identified and their maps were drawn. These factors include temperature, visibility, rainfall, thunder storm and radiation. Among these factors, the first factor with 37% of the variance of the total data has the most important role in determining the climate diversity of the province. This factor is most commonly observed in the South and Southwest of the province and with moving to the North and Northeast of the province, this factor is severely reduced. Conclusion According to the dendrogram, 6 climatic regions were identified and the characteristics of each separate area were investigated.
Saeed Balyani; mohamad salighe
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of Exploratory SpatialData Analysis (ESDA) is, distinguishing the difference between random andnon-random patterns. In this study, 37 meteorological and synopticstations in the northern region of the Persian Gulf (Mondand helle basin) were used to analyze the spatial changes of precipitation ...
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Abstract
The aim of Exploratory SpatialData Analysis (ESDA) is, distinguishing the difference between random andnon-random patterns. In this study, 37 meteorological and synopticstations in the northern region of the Persian Gulf (Mondand helle basin) were used to analyze the spatial changes of precipitation regime, monthly and quarterly. According to the drawnprofiles on monthly rainfall in different seasons along the meridiansand orbits, the precipitation raised from the west to the east of the basin. Also, along the meridians, monthly precipitation had a decreasingtrend from the north to the south of the study area. The ESDAof precipitation data in the study area showed that meancenters and standard deviational ellipse are located in the center and nearthe high rainy areas in winter and spring. But, thisbehavior was very different in summer, because mean centers andstandard deviational ellipse of precipitation tended towards the south and the southeast of the study area. The analysis of spatial autocorrelation showedthat high-high clusters of monthly precipitation in most months of the year except for two months of summer (July and August) are located inthe east and the northeast and low-low clusters are locatedin the west, south and south West of the basins.
Ali Akbar Damavandi; Mohammad Rahimi; Mohammad Reza Yazdani; Ali Akbar Noroozi
Abstract
Abstract
Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs in almost all climates of the world. The effects of this creeping and gentle phenomenon are higher in arid and semi-arid regions due to their less annual rainfall. In the present research, in order to monitor the location of drought, time series NDVI ...
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Abstract
Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs in almost all climates of the world. The effects of this creeping and gentle phenomenon are higher in arid and semi-arid regions due to their less annual rainfall. In the present research, in order to monitor the location of drought, time series NDVI ((Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)) and LST (land surface temperature) of the Terra satellite’s MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor were used during the growing seasons (March, 21 to September, 21) of the years 2000 to 2014 in Markazi province. For this purpose, the VCI (Vegetation Condition Index) and TCI (Temperature Condition Index) indices were created on a monthly basis based on the NDVI and LST 15-year time series, and the VHI (Vegetation Health Index) index was extracted based on the combination of the two indices. As a result, drought severity maps based on the VHI index were extracted in five categories: 1- Very severe 2- Severe 3- Moderate 4- Mild 5- no drought, and variations of these classes were investigated in VHI time series. A review of time series resulted from VCI and TCI showed that there was a meaningful relationship between NDVI and LST variations. According to the results of drought severity classification maps, VHI index had the highest drought intensity in the years of 2000 and 2001 and the years of 2004 and 2007 had the lowest drought severity. Also, the highest and the lowest drought severity were observed in May and September, respectively. The highest percentage of the areas of drought classes belonged to drought-free (56%), mild (19%), moderate (15%), severe (8%) and very severe (2%). Comparing the results of this research and the report of the Meteorological Organization shows the high precision of the method of using the VHI remote sensing index in agricultural drought monitoring. The result is that, remote sensing indicators of drought monitoring (such as VCI, TCI and VHI) can greatly help decision-makers and planners in monitoring agricultural drought by eliminating the weaknesses of point-based approaches.
arash zandkarimi; Davood Mokhtari; Shaida Zandkarimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction The prediction of the occurrence of floods and the reduction of damages caused by it is strongly influenced by the modeling of physical phenomena and the spatial-temporal distribution of precipitation. The purpose of the research was to optimize the rainfall gauging network ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction The prediction of the occurrence of floods and the reduction of damages caused by it is strongly influenced by the modeling of physical phenomena and the spatial-temporal distribution of precipitation. The purpose of the research was to optimize the rainfall gauging network in Kurdistan province using Kriging estimation variance and taking into account the topography of the area. In this study, to optimize the rain gauging network in Kurdistan province, rainfall data of the rain gauging, synoptic, and climatology stations were used. In order to reduce the costs, stations close to each other that are located in the same height range and also have the same error variance, were removed from the existing network. In order to reduce the maintenance cost of the stations, after clustering of the area, 8 stations whose removal had little impact on the accuracy of the data, were identified in the province. Then. In order to strengthen the network, the optimization of new stations was put on the agenda and 28 points were set as the proposed stations. Materials and methods After reviewing the existing stations’ data, 145 stations were selected for the analysis and optimization of the existing network. After selecting the normal data and spatializing them, due to the large extent of the area and the variability of the average annual precipitation, Kurdistan province is divided into smaller regions with less variations in the average rainfall. The regional division or clustering of stations is carried out using the functions available in the ArcGIS 10.2.2 software and based on the main catchment basins. In the next step, the spatial distribution of rainfall and the variance of the errors in all clusters are calculated separately. Given the importance of highlands in receiving rainfall and supplying water, the distribution of rain gauges on elevation layers has been studied. At this stage, redundant stations were eliminated, and stations which are located in close proximity of each other, and are located in the same elevation range and also have the same error variance, can be eliminated too. At the final stage, adding new stations and strengthening the network took place. At this stage, the priority is to build the station for areas where the variance of the errors is high. After adding each station, the error variance of the whole system is calculated again. Adding a new station to the network will continue as long as the network error reaches its minimum. Discussion 1-Normality test of data After spatializing the rainfall data, their normal distribution was investigated using the Kolmogorov – Smirnov test. The results show that the distribution of data at 95% level does not have a significant difference with a normal distribution. 2- Division of the region and clustering of stations In this study, using the region’s digital elevation map, and based on the analyses made in the software ArcGIS 10.2.2, clustering of stations and division of the region was carried out. The entire area of interest is divided into 8 clusters. 3- Calculating the Kriging error of the existing network The amounts of the rainfall data error can be obtained by calculating the Kriging error of the existing network. As mentioned in the previous sections, the calculation of the error in the Kriging method is a function of semi-variogram (spatial structure) of the variable and this feature increases the estimation accuracy of the variable error. 4- Distribution of the stations on elevation layers and determination of the redundant stations By studying the distribution of the stations on altitudes, stations which had no impact on the accuracy of data extraction were removed. The candidate stations for removal were located in a same range of elevation, and showed similar error values. In order to be sure of the decision taken, by eliminating each station, the overall error of the network in each cluster is calculated, and an increase in the error values represents the wrong station is being removed. 5- Adding the proposed stations and calculating the variance of the new network error Adding new stations to the network is done based on the Kriging variance. The priority of the station construction is for areas that display a high error. In the Kriging error variance method, adding a new station to the network is done based on Eó2 (error variance), in a way that points with equal error variance or greater than the value of data variance is considered as the first priority for the construction of the station. The points whose error variances are between the variance of data and ½ of the variance of data, is the second priority and finally, the third priority belongs to the points whose variances are between ½ and ¼ of the variance. In this research, based on Kriging variance, 28 stations have been proposed to strengthen the rain gauging network in Kurdistan Province. Conclusion Given that precipitation is considered as the main entrance to the planning of sustainable water resources development, in this study, the optimization of rain gauging station network in Kurdistan province was investigated using the Kriging error variance. In previous studies, generally, entropy has been considered as the main model for network modification, therefore, due to the limitations of these methods in not using the semi-variogram features, in this research, the geo-statistic method based on kriging error variance was used due to its high accuracy. The amount accuracy increase in this method depends to a large extent on the semi-variogram features (spatial structure) of the precipitation, which can be used to calculate the error variance rate for the new station before the construction and inventory of the station. In order to strengthen the network, the optimization of new stations was put on the agenda and 28 points were set as the location of the proposed stations. For practical comparison of the results, the error variance values were calculated before and after the addition of the proposed stations, the average error variance of the annual precipitation in the province decreased by 11%, with the largest decrease belonging to the central part of the province with 24.03%.
Masoud Torabi Azad; Abbas Ali Aliakbari Bidokhti; Hossein Salehianfar
Abstract
Many hydrological conditions in the seas depend on temperature variation, and the rate of this parameter is an important determinant in the environmental conditions of each area. The variations in temperature and surface wind causes changes in the density of the sea water, and the change in density affects ...
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Many hydrological conditions in the seas depend on temperature variation, and the rate of this parameter is an important determinant in the environmental conditions of each area. The variations in temperature and surface wind causes changes in the density of the sea water, and the change in density affects the stability rate and mixing of the sea water column. In this research, the mutual effect of sea surface temperature (SST) on surface wind speed in the southern Caspian region (Mazandaran province) has been investigated. First, the sea surface temperature data was collected by the AVHRR sensor of NOAA satellite and surface wind speed data was collected by QuikSCAT satellite for an area of 340 × 220 square kilometers in the southern Caspian Sea. After analyzing the satellite data for sea surface temperaturel, its monthly and seasonal variations were drawn by Tecplot software for this area. It was found that the average seasonal temperature (spring and summer) of the eastern coast of southern Caspian Sea is 0.87 degrees centigrade more than that of the eastern coast. In order to investigate the mutual effect of the sea surface temperature on surface wind speed, four stations, A and D (in the western region), B and C (in the eastern region) were selected on the southern Caspian Sea. Then, the graph of temperature time series, temperature difference between the four stations, time series of wind speed and time series of wind speed difference between the four stations from 2000 to 2005 were plotted and compared for the spring and summer seasons. The results indicate that, with increasing temperature difference between the four stations, the difference in speed also increases in 80% of the cases for the summer and in 66% of the cases in the spring season.In these two seasons, because of the decrease in the activity of atmospheric systems, the temperature difference between the two stations has a significant effect on improving the wind speed difference.Average wind speed difference in the statistical period of 2000-2005 at the stations is 0.7 m/s for the spring and 1.37 m/s for the summer season.
Saeed Ojaghi; safa khazai
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Land use/cover (LULC) change detection is one of the most important applications in the remote sensing field, providing insights that inform management, policy, and science. In the recent decade, development of remote sensing systems and accessibility to high spatial resolution images ...
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Extended Abstract
Land use/cover (LULC) change detection is one of the most important applications in the remote sensing field, providing insights that inform management, policy, and science. In the recent decade, development of remote sensing systems and accessibility to high spatial resolution images has associated with the improvement of digital image processing. The advantage of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery further supports opportunities to apply change detection with object-based image analysis, i.e. object-based change detection – OBCD.
OBCD analysis in comparison with pixel-based techniques provides a more effective way, especially in high spatial resolution imagery to incorporate spatial, spectral, textural and geometry feature that can identify the LULC change in comparison with pixel-based technique. OBCD approach is classified into for categories: (i) image-object, (ii) class-object, (iii) multi- temporal object, and (iv) hybrid change detection. Different algorithms and features can be employed in the process of image classification for OBCD. Therefore, the choice of algorithm and optimization features are major challenges in OBCD. This paper has introduced an object- based change detection method based on the machine learning algorithm, which can overcome the traditional change detection method limitation and find the interested changed objects. In this paper, multi-temporal object approach is utilized and high spatial resolution imagery, GeoEye-1 and Quick Bird-1 satellite images were acquired during 2002 and 2015, covering a region of the Geshm Island which were used to detect the meaningful detailed change in the study area. As an essential preprocessing for change detection, multi-temporal image registration with the accuracy of less than one second of a pixel is applied. Also, radiometric correction is performed using histogram matching algorithm in ENVI Software. In the Next step, a number of texture features of images such as mean, variance, entropy, homogeneity, momentum and such are extracted from two images. To reduce the input features space, PCA algorithm is employed and the result of this process is used in the segmentation process. The two images are incorporated with PCA output and are used as inputs feature to segmentation. Segmentation is the first step in OBCD. It divides the image into larger numbers of small image objects by grouping pixels. The segmentation algorithm is a region-merging technique. It begins by considering each pixel as a separate object. Subsequently, adjacent pairs of image objects are merged to form bigger segments. The merging decision is based on local homogeneity criterion, describing the similarity between adjacent image objects. Correct image segmentation is a prerequisite to successful image classification. At the same time, this task requires explicit knowledge representation. Furthermore, optimal segmentation results are depended on not only the choice of segmentation algorithm or procedure, but are also often influenced by the choice of user-defined parameter combinations which are required inputs for many segmentation programs. The segmentation has been done using multi resolution segmentation algorithm which involves knowledge-free extraction of image objects. Multi-resolution segmentation begins with single pixel objects and employs a region-growing algorithm to merge pixels into larger objects; pixels are merged based on whether they meet user-defined homogeneity criteria. Each multi-resolution segmentation task must be parameterized by the user and involves settings of three parameters: Scale, Color-versus-Shape, and Compactness-versus-Smoothness. In this paper the process of segmentation is performed in four different levels using Ecognition software and finally, the level with better output with scale of 100 is selected to provide the change map. The scale values were determined through an iterative method. The color/shape was set to 0.6/0.4 and compactness/sharpness was set to 0.5/0.5 for the selected level. Color and shape weightage are inter-connected to each other. If color has a high value, which means it has a high influence on segmentation; Shape must have a low value with less influence. If both parameters are equal, then each will have roughly equal amount of influence on segmentation outcome. In addition, texture, spatial and geometrical features from the segmented image are extracted. Feature space Optimization (FSO) tool available in Ecognition software have been used to calculate optimum feature combination based on class samples in four classes including: ”barren to road”, ”barren to building”, barren to vegetation” and “barren with no change. It evaluates the Euclidean distance in feature space between the samples of all classes and selects a feature combination resulting in best class separation distance. In this study, the performance of the proposed RF-based OBCD method is compared with the conventional methods such as support vector machine (SVM) and KNN. The commonly used accuracy assessment elements include overall accuracy, producer’s accuracy, user’s accuracy and the Kappa coefficient. The overall accuracy of the change map produced by the RF method was 86.57%, with Kappa statistic of 0.79, whereas the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of that by the SVM and NN methods were 83.76%, 0.75 and 75%, 0.63, respectively. Experimental results show that overall accuracy and kappa coefficient obtained from the proposed RF-based OBCD method improve 3% and 18%, 2% and 10% respectively compared with SVM and KNN improved. The results indicated that object base change detection method can be performed more accurately and reliably in the high-density region if it uses image with high spatial resolution. Also, selection of classification algorithm has very impressive effect on the providing change map.
seyyede samira jafari pour; Nazila Mohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Ionosphere is a region of ionized plasma that extends at an altitude of 80 to 1,200 km above the earth's surface. The ionosphere consists of free electrons and ions formed during the ionization process. Total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere is reported in TECU ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Ionosphere is a region of ionized plasma that extends at an altitude of 80 to 1,200 km above the earth's surface. The ionosphere consists of free electrons and ions formed during the ionization process. Total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere is reported in TECU units. Each TECU is equivalent to 1016 electron units per square meter. Ionosphere is highly sensitive to any atmospheric turbulence, and thus is considered to be an atmospheric event sensor. The present study seeks to investigate the effect of space and temperature on the amount of total ionospheric electron content in order to accurately estimate TEC value. To reach this aim, variations in latitude and longitude are decomposed for a given period of time using the process of transforming wavelet to frequency component and modeled using a variety of artificial neural networks.
Materials and Methods
Here, after separating the location and temperature parameters in each region, ionospheric electron density is estimated for each spatial and temperature parameter separately and also as a combination using the capabilities of artificial neural networks and wavelet transform. TEC value for each location and temperature parameter is extracted from the ionospheric maps and then used as input data in the suggested method. These maps show ionospheric electron content. The standard format of ionospheric maps, which contains TEC values is called IONEX. These files are received from the website of Iranian National Mapping Agency.
Results and discussion
In general, IONEX is divided into three different parts: description, TEC maps, and standard deviations of maps. TEC values are presented in a regular network. Each IONEX file includes 25 maps, the last of which is the first map of the next day. As mentioned before, TEC value gives us a better understanding of ionospheric behavior. Availability of enough data and time coverage are two important factors in understanding a phenomenon and proper evaluation of its behavior.
Conclusion
As results of artificial neural networks indicate, MLP generally has lower RMSE values. Therefore, it gives a more accurate estimation of TEC, compared to other artificial neural networks. Also compared to artificial neural networks, a combination of artificial neural networks and wavelet shows better results. The best condition of all three methods shows that compared to other methods, temperature variations give us a better estimation of TEC in ionosphere.
Saeed Amanpour; Souran Manoochehri; Mahnaz Akbari; Zahra Abbassi
Abstract
Smuggling goods as an unofficial activity has a special place in the quality of life of the country’s border villages which are under stress and suffering from the marginalization of the planning system. Considering the necessity of eliminating goods smuggling for the economic dynamism of the country, ...
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Smuggling goods as an unofficial activity has a special place in the quality of life of the country’s border villages which are under stress and suffering from the marginalization of the planning system. Considering the necessity of eliminating goods smuggling for the economic dynamism of the country, it is undoubtedly necessary to reduce and eliminate this unofficial profitable economic activity at once and without any planning to prepare alternatives from border villages which are highly dependent on smuggling goods due to the weakness of economic structures, and brings major changes In the quality of the lives of the border villagers. Therefore, following the significant reduction in smuggling of goods and its elimination, the changes in the life quality of the villagers of Marivan city’s border villages have been studied, in order for the approach of this issue to be a comprehensive understanding of the status quo to provide practical solutions to improve the quality of the lives of the villagers in the area following the elimination of goods smuggling. This is an applied research, and in terms of method is a descriptive-analytical study in which, two library and field methods have been used for collecting information based on the distribution of questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population of this study is households residing in two border villages of Khav and Mirabad, and Zaryvar where 360 households were selected from among 5223 households as sample size using Cochran formula, and the questionnaires were distributedby stratified and then simple random methodamong selected villages and their villagers. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics indices (mean) and inferential statistics tests (paired, Friedman rankings, fit-square, Kruskal-Wallis and binomial tests) have been used. The results show that smuggling of goods has been eliminated as an unacceptable phenomenon, but instead, the quality of the lives of the villagers has decreased in social and economic aspects and we are only witnessing a rise in the quality of the lives of the villagers in the physical aspect. Also, there is a significant relationship between the level of satisfaction of people with their quality of life and distance from the border and occupational dependence on smuggling, and ultimately, the established border markets as the alternative solutions have not been able to raise the life quality of the villagers asmuch as smuggling goods.
Meysam Argany; Amir Ramezani; Sadegh Elyasi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Remote sensing science is one of the most powerful tools for the mineral explorations and mineral resource estimation. With regard to this science, any type of rocks with structural characteristics and mineral constituents has a special spectral signature, thus, using ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Remote sensing science is one of the most powerful tools for the mineral explorations and mineral resource estimation. With regard to this science, any type of rocks with structural characteristics and mineral constituents has a special spectral signature, thus, using remote sensing techniques, different types of rocks in a particular area can be recognizable based on their reflective characteristics. Remote sensing techniques are considered as one of the standard methods in geological studies due to the identification of spatial patterns of rocks as well as their speed and economic price. Pervious geological studies indicate that the study area mostly contains basalt, limestone and marble, which has resulted in physical and chemical degradation of basalt stones under the influence of some geological events. Some parts containing basalt have lost their qualities due to these degradations. Therefore, the classification and separation of high-quality basalt zones from low-quality zones is the main objective of this paper.
Materials and method
The main objective of this study is to identify high-quality basalt zones in the Dir-o-Morreh mine located 50 kilometers from Tehran city near the lake of Hoz-e-Soltan. Basalt is a dark-colored and fine-grained igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. Typically, this type of rock is formed externally or in the presence of air, such as the flow of lava, and these rocks can also take form intrusively like igneous dikes or narrow pillars. The basalt in the Dir-o-morreh mine is of igneous dike basalt type. In this study, the ASTER satellite multi-spectral images were used. These images allow us to have a good spatial and spectral resolution with regard to the objectives. However, reflectance conversion and atmospheric corrections were carried out on these images before using them, in order to enhance the accuracy of the project. Aerosols contained in the atmosphere are liquid or solid particles suspended in the air, which are very important in the evaluation of satellite imagery for remote sensing. After applying pre-processing, Basalt Exploration Index (BEI) was introduced and used to identify the basalt. The BEI index has been extracted using various sources, including the basalt spectral signature provided by the department of applied mathematics and statistics of Johns Hopkins University, ASTER satellite behavior (defined by the space team of NASA and Japan) and the Earth’s data which were collected to validate the results. This index has been able to identify different basalt zones, including major extraction zones and other potentially possible zones. Moreover, this index is able to completely separate the basalt zones from the surrounding areas (mainly limestone, marble and clay rocks). At the next step, convolution and morphology filters have been applied to separate high-quality Basalt zones from the low-quality. The amount of the brightness of an output pixel from the Convolution filters is a function of weighted average of the brightness of its surrounding pixels. Using convolution with the selected kernel in satellite imagery returns a new filtered spatial image. High-pass Standard convolution filter was used in this study, which eliminates low frequencies of an image by retaining the high frequencies. The morphological nuclei used in this study are only the structural elements of this project and should not be confused with convolution kernels. In order to control the obtained results, the classified zones were double-checked on the field.
Results
The results obtained from the field studies and the identified zones are appropriately consistent with each other using the proposed index. Supervised classification was applied to improve the level of assurance and accuracy. Supervised classification is based on the idea that the user can select sample pixels in an image representing certain classes and then use image processing software using these educational samples as the referral for the classification of all other pixels in the image. This classification algorithm can be very effective and accurate and classifies satellite images in pixel-based or object-oriented form. Supervised classification can result in the preparation of two maps in two different classifications, which is has been done by using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm. MaxVer or Maximum Likelihood is a statistical classification method that takes the weight of average value of the distance between the classes into consideration, using statistical parameters. To achieve sufficient accuracy, this algorithm requires a number of educational samples or pixels (more than 30). The primary classification includes 5 types of rocks or classes: high-quality basalt, low-quality basalt, limestone, marble stone, and clay which are designated on the map. In order to increase accuracy of the proposed method, the second map was prepared with 3 different classes (low-quality basalt, High-quality basalt, and surrounding rocks) in the second stage.
Conclusion
These maps help us in preparing a new BEI which is more accurate and more capable. It was also able to prove its capability in the latest ground operations and determining the most zones with high-quality basalt.
Ali Ahmadabadi; Amanollah Fathnia; Saeed Rajaei
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Vegetation cover has a high relationship with climatic conditions. Identification of the seasonal variation of plant growth to determine the response of ecosystems to climate change in seasonal and inter-annual time scales is decisive.To present a prediction model, 7 climatic elements including ...
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Abstract[1]
Vegetation cover has a high relationship with climatic conditions. Identification of the seasonal variation of plant growth to determine the response of ecosystems to climate change in seasonal and inter-annual time scales is decisive.To present a prediction model, 7 climatic elements including precipitation, temperature and relative humidity (maximum, average and minimum) for a 20 year period (1987-2006) were converted into spatial data in 141 synoptic and climatological stations. The combination of maximum monthly NDVI values from NOAA-AVHRR images was extracted in the same period. Then climatic elements and NDVI entered the multivariate linear regression as independent variable and dependent variable respectively. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient between climatic elements and the amount of NDVI was 0.82 and happens in May that is the peak of greenery. The least correlation in winter is due to the lack of sufficient tree growth. Taking into account the random error, the annual correlation coefficient of the model amount with computational mode is more than 93/0. In total, the computational value of May and June for 2004 and 2005 is close to the correlation coefficient of the model, but in the winter months, the correlation coefficient decreases due to lack of greenness.In 2006, there was less prediction due to more severe dryness in the late spring (June). In winter, the role of temperature control is more than rainfall and relative humidity, but with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation and relative humidity, the role of precipitation and relative humidity becomes positive and temperature becomes negative from the beginning of May. In the autumn, the role of precipitation decreases and the temperature is increased.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mojtaba Behzad Fallahpour; Hamid Dehghani; Ali Jabbar Rashidi; Abbas Sheikhi
Abstract
Abstract
Effective factors in SAR images can be divided into five general categories of radar, radar-carrying platform, channel, imaging domain and raw data processing section. In each of these factors, various physical, structural, hardware and software parameters are influential, in such a way that ...
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Abstract
Effective factors in SAR images can be divided into five general categories of radar, radar-carrying platform, channel, imaging domain and raw data processing section. In each of these factors, various physical, structural, hardware and software parameters are influential, in such a way that one can see the role of each of them in the final formed image.
Modeling, Analyzing and, in general, knowing the effect of each of these parameters, will provide a better understanding of how SAR imaging systems operate, and from this point of view, it will not only be an important step in designing and manufacturing these types of systems, but also it will provide the possibility of interpreting and analyzing these types of images. For this purpose, in the present paper, the effect of the angle of incidence and the shape of the targets which are parts of the radar and the imaging domain parameters, are simulated in SAR images. The shapes used in this simulation are cylinders, cones and cubes, which represent buildings, silos, tree trunks, etc., in the real world, so they are very abundant in SAR images. Also, for more comprehensive results, different angles of incidence of 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 degrees have been selected for simulation. With this simulation and analysis of the results, the behavioral pattern of the above geometric shapes is extracted at different angles of incidence from the perspective of SAR imaging systems. Thus, an important step in identifying and recognizing various shapes, which is one of the most important issues in the interpretation of SAR images will be taken.
Kamran Karimi; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Marzban Faramarzi; Hassan Khosravi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Land use changes is a widespread and accelerating process, mainly driven by natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, which in turn drive changes that would impact natural ecosystem. Because of the human population growth and its impacts, land-use patterns are changing ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Land use changes is a widespread and accelerating process, mainly driven by natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, which in turn drive changes that would impact natural ecosystem. Because of the human population growth and its impacts, land-use patterns are changing very fast. Most of the population in Iran depends on agriculture, so the land use changes are mostly linked to agricultural developments. In recent decades, rapid land use changes have been associated with the degradation of natural resources, especially in sensitive ecosystems. On the other hand, like many other developing countries in the world, significant land-cover changes have been occurred in Iran within two last centuries. These changes were primarily due to human activities in connection with the population increase, which forced people to clear forest for cultivation and other activities. This study tries to present the effect of irrigation systems on land use changes since over three decades. Methodology Abbas plain with a surface area of 34104 ha, is located in Ilam province near the Iran’s western border. The average of annual precipitation and temperature are 207mm and 26.1o respectively. Karkheh dam, one of the largest soil dams in the world and the largest soil dam in Iran and the Middle East, located 15 km east of Abbas plain. The Karkheh Dam is designed to irrigate 320,000 hectares of downstream land including Abbas plain. The water transfer project to the Abbas plain was launched in May 2005. In the present study area, changes in land cover were evaluated in the pre and after- exploitation period of irrigation networks of Karkheh dam to the Abbas plain in Ilam province, Iran. To obtain more accurate results, Landsat sensors imagery of TM, ETM + and OLI were used for the years of 1989, 2003 and 2013, as well as topographic maps, Google Earth images and area coverage. To classify the land use changes, supervised classification method with maximum likelihood algorithm was applied in the ENVI4.8 software. Images of all three periods were classified into five classes: rangelands, agricultural land, residential land, river bed and barren lands and hill moor. In order to determine more precisely changes, areas were obtained for two other periods. Results The classification accuracy results showed that the Kappa line was more than 87% for every three years and the overall accuracy obtained were 90.43%, 92.28% and 94.76% respectively for these years. The results also showed that barren lands and hill moor class has covered the largest area of this study place during the two periods (pre and after- exploitation), so that, it was 12344.1 hectares in the first period and 17370.5 hectares in the second one. In both study periods, the rangeland class has been destroyed, but in the second period 13.8% was destroyed more than the first one. Due to the exploitation of irrigation systems by farmers in the second period, more changes in land use have been converted to agricultural use, so that, 3671.8 hectares (55%) have been added to these lands during 10 years. The growth of residential areas was 0.27% of the study area after channelling, which was estimated 1.6 times higher than the first one. The area increase average in this class is 10.2 hectares per year. The most frequent conversion to farm use was barren lands and hill moor class. These lands have undergone a change by residents of the region due to their location between agricultural lands and a short distance from irrigation systems. A large number of land use changes can be prevented by defining the scope for agricultural land. Conclusion and Discussion In the present study area, irrigation has been in practice since over 25 years ago. Significant land-use changes have occurred in the study area in response to the Karkheh Dam from time to time affecting agricultural productivity leading to land-use changes. Unfortunately, some parts of these changes are out of schedule and unskillful and, that is significant for planners to know about these. All in all, for providing management activities and environmental programmes, accurate data on land use changes are essential. Satellite images and maximum likelihood algorithm provide the baseline data essential for proper understanding on the land-use patterns in the past and its impacts. It is also proper to understand the past land use changes ratio, and the physical and socio-economic factors behind.
Saman Nadizadeh Shorabeh; Najmeh Neisany Samany; Yaghob Abdali
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction There is a huge potential in the usage of renewable energy sources because these natural resources are inexpensive and harmless to the environment. Solar, wind, and geothermal energies are among the renewable energies. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the fastest ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction There is a huge potential in the usage of renewable energy sources because these natural resources are inexpensive and harmless to the environment. Solar, wind, and geothermal energies are among the renewable energies. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies across the world. Solar energy is a practical and suitable technology, especially in arid areas with high solar energy potential. The first step in using renewable energy in Iran was in 1994, and since then, much attention has been paid to this type of energy in the society and the government. In Iran, 850 million tons of greenhouse gases are produced annually. Consequently, renewable energy sources such as solar energy can have a significant impact on reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. The integration of GIS and MCDA helps the decision maker to perform decision analysis functions such as ranking the options to select a suitable location so that the GIS is used as a powerful and integrated tool for storing, manipulating and analyzing the solar energy criteria. The use of the MCDA method can facilitate the evaluation and selection of the most appropriate location (s), taking into account the key criteria in the decision-making process. In this study, the optimal areas for the construction of the solar power plants have been identified in five highly optimistic, optimistic, moderate, pessimistic, and highly pessimistic levels using the spatial criteria and the OWA model. One of the most prominent features of this research in relation to the other articles is the inclusion of the concept of risk into the solar power plant site selection process to determine the optimum areas for the construction of solar power plants using the OWA model. Materials and methods The primary data used in this study include the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from the Aster satellite data for the extraction of solar radiation and the region slope, the extraction of the mean land surface temperature for 2017 using the Terra Sensor MOD11A1, the preparation of the average map of the vegetation for 2017 using MODRA13A2 Terra sensor, the 1.250000 fault map prepared by the geological organization, the statistics and data of the rainfall prepared by the Meteorological Organization of Chahar mahal-o-Bakhtiari province, shapefile of road network prepared by the Organization of Roads and Urban Development, the climaticshapefile of the country prepared by the Iran Meteorological Organization, the shapefile of urban areas generated by the National Cartographic Center (NCC).The proposed methodology works by employing AHP to obtain the appropriate weights for each criterion, and utilizing OWA to extract suitable locations to varying degrees of risk. Sensitivity analysis for the criteria weights were conducted by virtue of the OAT method. Results and discussion The northern sectors of Razavi Khorasan province are endowed with cold temperatures and cold mountainous climate, which has had a substantial contribution to the increased cloudy and rainy days as well as the relatively extensive vegetation cover in this area. In this light, with respect to all ‘ORness’s, the target areas fall within the ‘very unsuitable’ and ‘unsuitable’ classes for construction of solar power plants. Moreover, the high slope factor in these areas has contributed to high levels of surface radiation, albeit, as the slope criterion is considered a constraint, the target areas are, in fact, not suitable for the construction of solar power plants. Moving southwards, the suitability of the regions, in terms of construction of solar power plants, tends to shift in the positive direction (very suitable class), which is most likely the result of the low rainfall and vegetation cover in conjunction with high surface temperatures in these areas, as opposed to their counterparts in the north. Areas falling within the very suitable class for construction of solar power plants in Razavi Khorasan can be realized by dint of calculating the percentage of area attributed to each class at ORness = 0.5 per city. The findings show that cities located towards the south and southwest of the province contribute to the highest area in the suitable class, while counties in the northern regions have the lowest share of area in the very suitable class. The highest sensitivity in locating suitable areas in Razavi Khorasan province were observed among the factors of slope, road, and urban criteria. Alterations in the weights assigned to these criteria would entail a significantly strong impact on the extent of the very suitable class. This highlights the significance of accurately determining the weights for these three criteria in Razavi Khorasan Province. Based on the findings, the rate of change in weight assigned to the of fault criteria ranges from 0 to 0.2, which in turn causes substantial change in the area of regions in the very suitable class extent. However, setting the criteria weight at between 0.2 and 1 appears to have no significant effects in the area of this class. Conclusion The results of this research indicate that the northern parts of Razavi Khorasan province are highly unsuitable and unsuitable for all of ‘ORness’ values, while a significant extent of the highly suitable class for the construction of solar power plants is comprised of sectors of the southern regions. Areas within the very suitable class corresponding to an ORness=1 comprise 5% of the class, whereas those with an ORness=0 have a 74% share. The three cities of Ferdows, Bardaskan, and Gonabad, had the highest share of the area attributed to the very suitable class (0.8-1), as maintained by a per city analysis of the area for each class. However, the cities of Dergas, Quchan, Mashhad, and Kalat had no share of the areas within the very suitable class. This most probably stems from the high geographic latitudes of said regions, which has engendered unsuitable climatic conditions in these areas. Finally, results from sensitivity analysis of the criteria showed that increases in the weights assigned to the factors of slope, road, and urban criteria, would cause a further increase in the area of the very suitable class. Stated differently, the selection of suitable locations for the establishment of solar power plants is highly sensitive to these criteria. Changes in the weight of the surface temperature criterion had no considerable effect on the area of the very suitable class. Moreover, shifts in the weight allotted to solar radiation and precipitation in the province, ranging from 0 and 0.6, brought about substantial changes in the area of the very suitable class. Whereas, shifts within the 0.6–1 range had no significant effects on the area of the very suitable class.
Rasool Afzali; Zahra Kateb Azgomi
Volume 21, Issue 84 , February 2013, , Pages 133-144
Abstract
In every society, having leisure time is considered one of the most important rights of people. Apart from suitable job and reasonable income, every single person of the society must have the opportunity to enjoy leisure time. The necessary legal conditions must be created for every one so that they ...
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In every society, having leisure time is considered one of the most important rights of people. Apart from suitable job and reasonable income, every single person of the society must have the opportunity to enjoy leisure time. The necessary legal conditions must be created for every one so that they can access their rights in a proper atmosphere. Therefore, to investigate the condition of leisure time considering the right of citizens and how much people know about the rights and rules about their leisure time, the role of government and organizations which deal with leisture time and enactment of leisure laws, 210 questionnaires were distributed among people in Laleh Park in Tehran. SPSS and Likert systematic fivefold spectrum were used to process the data. The result indicates that most people enjoy the necessary safety security, and freedom in their leisurely places, but they know nothing much about their legal rights concerning leisure times. Also, it was found that the role of government in organizing and controlling the places for leisure time is important to them. Also it was found that the role of government in organizing and controlling the places for leisure time is important to them.
Mehran Maghsoudi; Hamid Ganjaeian; Lila Garosi; Anvar Moradi
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Geomorphology tourism or geotourismis one of the areas ofmodern studies in geoscience and tourism studies based on the identification of geomorphosites or special geomorphological sites. Geomorphosites are of new concepts that have entered the tourism literature with ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Geomorphology tourism or geotourismis one of the areas ofmodern studies in geoscience and tourism studies based on the identification of geomorphosites or special geomorphological sites. Geomorphosites are of new concepts that have entered the tourism literature with an emphasis on the location of special sites, therefore, it emphasizes on a set of geographical, geological andgeoarchaeology features. They also havescientific, ecological, cultural and economic values simultaneously and are utilized to understand and exploit human tourism. Geosites, which are a branch of geotourismgive rise to sustainable development in that region, due to their unique attractions. This new economy is completed in a network of cultural heritage and natural resources managements. Geosites of the region must be identified and introduced prior to any planning. Geosites in east Kurdistan province are very less known and only some of them have superficially drawn attentions,therefore, it has been tried to evaluate the capabilities of these geosites in this research while introducing them. This area, along with the attractions of geotourism has also sensitivities and limitations that can be severely damaged, if the red lines are violated. In fact, the purpose of this is to introduce Kurdistan geositeswith the aim of becoming more familiar with the capabilities of this geosite, as well as investigating the geotourist problems of the region in order to pay attention to the planning related to the tourism industry that can be economically effective on areas with geosites.
Materials and methods
This is an applied research, and descriptive-analytical method was used to analyze information and data. The final analysis has been carried out based on the results obtained from the evaluation of the values and criteria of geotourism. Survey procedure, field visits and field studiesas well as library and documentary studies have been used to collect information. The combination of library and field information will determine the overall value of the region’s geotourism. Two methods of Comanescu and Fassoulaswere used to evaluate the geosites in this research. In addition to evaluating geosites, the areas susceptible to geotourism development in the study area were zoned, and two Fuzzy and ANP models were used for this purpose. The methodology is in a way that the data layers first became fuzzy and comparable, using fuzzy model. Then, the obtained weight was multiplied by each one of the data layers, and thefinal map was obtained by integrating the data layers in Arc GIS. Finally, geosites which are susceptible to geotourism development were selected using the final results obtained from the zoning as well as the results obtained from the geosites evaluation by the use of two Comanescu and Fassoulasmodels.
Discussion and results
After identifying the geosites, Comanescu and Fassoulas methods were used to evaluate them. For this purpose, library methods and experts’ opinionshavebeenused. First, the geosites were evaluated according to the criteria of Comanescu method, and based on the final results obtained from the evaluations, the GhalehQomchoqayhas the highestvaluewith a totalof 84 scores. After the GharQomchoqay, SarabQorveh and CheshmehTangzhave the highest valueswith 76 and 69 scores, respectively. Then the geosites were evaluated using the Fassoulas method, and according to the final results, GhalehQomchoqay and SarabQorveh with a total of 17.5 and 13 scores have the highest values, respectively. The results obtained from the evaluation by both Comanescu and Fassoulasmethods indicate the high value of GharQomchoqay and SarabQorveh for geotourism purposes. In the present research, in addition to the geosites evaluation, areas susceptible to development have been identified using the intended criteria and two Fuzzy and ANP models have been used for this purpose.
Conclusion
After the evaluation done by the methods of Comanescu and Fassoulas,zoning of the areas susceptible to geotourism development was carried out,using the intended criteria. The results indicate that among the geosites of the study area, 8 geosites including GhalehQomchoqay,SarabQorveh, CheshmehTangz and Baba GoorGoor’sEzhdaha Mount, Badr and Parishan mountains, GharGolestaneh, KoohNesar and SarabBijar have a high Potential for the purposes of geotourism development. In most important of researches done in the country, the evaluation methods have only been used. However, the most important advantage of this research is that all the necessary criteria have been evaluated and the final result has been the outcome of the multi-criteria evaluation. In fact, in addition to the evaluation methods, the zoning methods have also been used. The use of zoning methods has led to taking the environmental factors into consideration in the selection of top sites and the sites selected as sexemplary sites need to meet all the necessary requirements for the development of geotourism infrastructure.
Milad Soltani; Adel Soltani; Mahin Kalehhouei; Karim Solaimani
Abstract
Introduction
Drought is a serious danger with very extensive impacts on the soil, economy, and the threat to the livelihood and health of local communities. This disaster as an unpleasant climatic phenomenon that directly affects the communities through restrictions on access to water resources, causes ...
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Introduction
Drought is a serious danger with very extensive impacts on the soil, economy, and the threat to the livelihood and health of local communities. This disaster as an unpleasant climatic phenomenon that directly affects the communities through restrictions on access to water resources, causes high economic, social and environmental costs. Meteorological drought indicators are calculated directly from meteorological events such as precipitation, and in the absence of these data, drought monitoring will not be useful. Due to the fact that meteorological drought indicators are only valid for a single location and do not have the required spatial resolution and are also dependent on weather station information, and these stations are often distributed distantly, the reliability of these indicators has been questioned. Given the characteristics of satellite data such as spatial and temporal resolution, extensive coverage of studied areas, and direct investigation of vegetation status by satellite indices, many studies have been carried out for drought modeling using this technology and these indicators. Over the past four decades, far-reaching drought monitoring tools have been widely developed and drought monitoring models are widely proposed, which are generally based on vegetation indices, surface temperature, humidity and reflection in the visible and infrared regions. These include leaf water content index, vegetation cover index and temperature - drought - vegetation index. Therefore, remote sensing techniques can be a useful tool in drought monitoring. The purpose of this study is to monitor drought and vegetation health in the city of Kermanshah using LANDSAT satellite imagery. For this purpose, first, by examining the rain-gauging and synoptic data of existing stations and using the standard precipitation index model, the driest year and one wet year were selected as the sample. In this study, two years of 2015 and 2016 were selected as the dry and wet years and then, the vegetation cover of the region was compared with the Landsat images. To use these images, it is first necessary to make sure that there is no geometric error. For this purpose, the road vector layer was used, which was revealed that the images have geometric errors. Images with less than a half-pixel error were corrected geometrically using 21 and 24 auxiliary points. The adaptation of the vector layers with the roads existing in the image indicated the accuracy of the correction. At the next stage, the driest year and one wet year were selected as samples by examining the rain-gauging and synoptic data of the existing stations and by using the standardized model of rainfall index. At the next stage, the Temperature Condition Indices and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) were compared in two wet and drought periods were studied in order to determine the differences of these indices during a dry year and a year with high precipitation. For this purpose, each of the aforementioned indices was built using the LANDSAT-8 imagery, and the stages of building these indices were subsequently presented. The required pre-processing and processing as well as the geometric and radiometric corrections were first performed on the satellite images. Then, temperature condition indices, vegetation status index and vegetation health index were prepared for drought monitoring. Considering that, the meteorological drought indices are only valid for a single location and lack the required spatial resolution and are also dependent on the information of the meteorological stations, and these stations are often distributed far apart from each other, the reliability of these indexes has been questioned. Satellite data characteristics like high spatial and temporal resolution, extensive coverage of the study areas, and direct survey of the vegetation status by the satellite indexes have led to a large number of studies on drought modeling using this technology, and the confirmation of the use of these indices. The aim of this study is to determine the moisture, heat and health of the vegetation using the LANDST images. Thus, the results of the study in the next stage indicated that the LANDSAT images and the built indices have the required capabilities to monitor drought. The results of this research can be a proper option for decision-makers to effectively supervise, examine and resolve the drought conditions and double the necessity of profile definition. Supplementary studies are suggested for spatial drought monitoring by satellite imagery through ground measurements of the quantitative changes in the coverage and temperature of the earth’s surface. There are limitations in the use of NDVI and satellite thermal bands. These include weather and cloud conditions that should be considered. Using maps obtained from the drought monitoring and evaluating indices can help improve drought management programs and play a significant role in reducing the effects of drought. Using vegetation health status index, it was determined that the vegetation status has had a lot of changes during drought compared to the wet period, hydrological drought has had a major share in the destruction of vegetation and drying of the lakes and, consequently, the abandonment of agricultural lands and the lack of access to alternative water resources, as well as the lack of groundwater resources or the lack of alternative surface water resources have intensified, and it seems that, this part of Iran will face numerous problems if the drought continues in the coming years and the appropriate methods are not used to deal with it. Also, given that the water resources of the region are going to decrease in the coming decades, the necessity of using comprehensive water management methods in all sectors, including the reserve, transfer and distribution sectors seems very essential and inevitable. Finally, it is expected that the trend of destruction of vegetation decreases in the future by applying proper management practices, sustainable water distribution, regional negotiations, methodical agriculture as well as the establishment of optimal hydrological conditions.
Ali Mohammad pour; Saeid Tourkqashqaeinejad
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction As one of the largest ports in southern Iran,MahshahrPort faces the risk of seawater intrusion from Mahshahr estuary. Mahshahr and Mousa estuary form an 86 kilometerwaterway. Midday mixed tide is dominant throughout this waterway. Moving towards the vertex of the estuary, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction As one of the largest ports in southern Iran,MahshahrPort faces the risk of seawater intrusion from Mahshahr estuary. Mahshahr and Mousa estuary form an 86 kilometerwaterway. Midday mixed tide is dominant throughout this waterway. Moving towards the vertex of the estuary, this dominance of the midday tidebecomes much more evident. Considering an average depth of 38.4 m, midday tidal wave of M2 with an approximate wavelength of 860 km can be reinforced in this waterway. Grounding of boats and otherammunitions in the basin of Mahshahr port (betweenMajidiyeh garrison and the Persian Gulf) was one of the most important issues during the Imposed War.Mahshahrestuary is the only possible way to access the Persian Gulf fromImam Khomeini port and Majidiyehnaval garrison. From a military perspective,Mahshahrestuary has a special feature that can be considered as a strategic factor and used in various types of active and passive defense. In spite of the shallowness of its internal parts,it is considered to be a safe haven for small vesselsin times of crisis and air attacks. Sometimes, it is critical to use these estuaries and their navigable waterways as the main route for transportation of military weapons, medical aid, and rescue services. Crisis managers and urban planners need an appropriate plan based on risk map of the study areato reduce the risk of tidal process. However, zoning tidal process and mapping its risk are not enough by their own: a useful system needs toidentify sensitive and vulnerable pointsto increase the efficiency of tide risk zoning. Materials & Methods Seeking to reduce the risk of tidal process,the present study determinesmaximum level of development in areas covered during high tides usingHecgeoras software. In order to achieve the goals, hydrographic data of the substrate was used along with information and statistics received from high accuracy hydrometric stations. This zonesurrounds an area of around 944 hectares. Field visits indicate thatduring tidal process, soil conditions in the study area hampers sending emergency aids using land routes.Considering the conditions and structures inMahshahr estuary and the tide zone in the study area, investigating geology of the study area seems necessary. Results & Discussion Considering the soil conditions in the study area, the highest level of soil flooding was observed during high tide. This increasessoil adhesion, affects water intrusion, and hampers sending aids. Critical areas in danger of water intrusion from the estuary (such as Mahshahr gas reservoirs and Majidieh military garrison) were identified in the present study. Moreover, results were investigated and land visits were performed to present accurate and reliable results. Land visits were carried out during 2016-2017 winter and 2017 summer in order to achieve better and more accurate results based on the climatic changes. Investigating the recorded level of water in the study area shows up to 3-metervariation in the water level of Mahshahr estuary. Necessary decisions regardingthe use of different types of vessels, and passive/active defenses can be made in accordance with water level fluctuations and specified times for each water level. During local visits performed for quantitative analysis of results, soil type and its role in passive defense were also discussed. Conclusion Field studies and observations in the study area indicated that 1) dominant soil type of the region is a highly adhesive type with a high clay content; 2) during tide time, soil flooding results in increased adhesion of soil and practically hampers movements of ammunition; 3) In summer and winter, water level changes repeatedly and thus, necessary measures shall be considered for military programs in accordance with the time in which water fluctuations occur. Although the depth of water in the study area is significant, it should be noted that Mahshahr estuary finally reaches an urban area, and thus can be used for military actions. In fact, mapping tide zone is a very effective method for reducing the risk of tidal process in coastal areas.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Gradual changes in climate systems and patterns such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and wind and precipitation patterns affect type of climate in different areas. The climate of lagoons is especially sensitive and easily affected by climate changes. Critical ecosystems ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Gradual changes in climate systems and patterns such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and wind and precipitation patterns affect type of climate in different areas. The climate of lagoons is especially sensitive and easily affected by climate changes. Critical ecosystems of lagoons protect biodiversity and have various tourism, economical, ecological, environmental and social values. Located in JazMurian basin, JazMurian wetland is frequently affected by wet years and droughts. However, repeated droughts and loss of freshwater have resulted in the wetland drying out. The dried out water body not only affects plant and animal life, but also acts as a dust emission center.Material and MethodsThree scenarios of emission (A2, A1B, B1) in medium-term (2046-2065) and long-term (2080-2100) are used in the present study to evaluate climate changes in JazMurian basin. Related data have been collected from Iranshahr synoptic station in the east and JiroftMianDeh in the west during 1990-2010 statistical period. The output of HADCM3 model has been downscaled using LARS-WG statistical model and minimum/maximum temperature, and monthly precipitation of the synoptic stations were analyzed.DiscussionEvaluation of LARS-WG model proved that monthly and annual average of minimum and maximum temperature in all modeling scenarios are higher than the observation period. The highest and lowest temperature increase will occur in A2 (business as usual) and B1 (the most environmental) scenarios. The highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature will occur in Iranshahr station during the long-term A2 scenario (4.3 for maximum temperature in April and 4.6 for minimum temperature in May). In Iranshahr station, the highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature predicted for the medium-term A2 scenario will equal 2.5 ° in April. In both scenarios, the lowest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature in Iranshahr will occur in October.According to all scenarios, precipitation will decrease in January and December. An increase in precipitation is recorded during March and October in Iranshahr station, and during February in Jiroft. Thus, changes will mainly occur in Mediterranean winter precipitation in the study area, while negligible changes will occur in monsoon precipitation during summer. Precipitation modeling shows higher precipitation fluctuation in long-term scenario compared to the basic statistical period. Long-term A 1B and B1 scenarios have predicted a small increase in precipitation of both stations compared to the basic statistical period. A2 scenario has shown a small decrease in precipitation during the same period. Modelling based on B1 scenario has indicated that the region will experience a higher increase in precipitation in long-term future (2080-2100) compared to the medium-term future (2046-2065), while the other two scenarios have predicted a lower increase in precipitation of the same period. Medium-term B1 scenario has predicted a lower annual precipitation average compared to the observation period. Results indicated that in accordance with the B1 scenario, Iran will experience the lowest level of precipitation during the 21 century in the medium-term period.ConclusionInvestigating various meteorological parameters in western and eastern borders of JazMorian basin has predicted 1.5° to 2.1° increase in average temperature during the future 50 years, and 2.4° to 3.9° increase in average temperature during the future 100 years. Moreover, results indicated that changes will mostly occur in winter precipitation, and summer time changes will be negligible. All things considered, all scenarios have predicted lower precipitation for eastern parts of JazMurian compared to the western parts.
Geographic Data
Bahram Imani; Jafar Jafarzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a serious threat to rural development. Unfortunately, many people lack enough knowledge about the importance of groundwater and the harmful effects of environmental pollution on these valuable resources. The present study has investigated the quality of potable groundwater in the rural parts of central Ardabil County using multi-criteria decision-making models and geostatistical analysis in GIS environment. Parameters such as EC, PH, SO4-, Cl-, Na and TH (in terms of CaCo3) have been used to create an overall picture of the quality of potable groundwater resources in Ardabil County based on which related zoning map was developed in geographic information system. The kriging interpolation method was also used to obtain the spatial distribution of the parameters and the simple additive weighting method was used to weigh and rank the layers. According to the final map of water quality, approximately 36% of the central Ardabil County (around 88 square kilometers, mainly in the southern part of the study area) has access to optimal quality of drinking water. On the other hand, low quality of drinking water is observed in the northern and northeastern parts which cover 46% of the study area (112 square kilometers). Moreover, a direct relationship is observed between the population density and the density of deep and semi-deep wells and the decrease in the quality of water. Materials and MethodsThe present study has applied library research and field study methods. Rstudio and Arc GIS 10 software were also used to perform related analyses.Study AreaCase study area includes 243 square kilometers of the central Ardabil County consisting of three cities and nineteen villages as illustrated in Figure 1.The following methods were used in this research:1- Direct rating2- Kriging interpolation3- Standardization method4- Simple weighing method5- Fuzzification of the final dataThe following parameters have also been used to assess the quality of drinking water:1- Electrical conductivity (EC)2- Chlorine level (Cl-)3-The amount of sulfate (SO4+)4- The amount of nitrate (Na)5- Total water hardness (TH)6- Water acidity level (PH)Results & DiscussionGroundwater chemical quality is primarily assessed using parameters such as changes in the amount of dissolved salts, and limitations on various uses of water especially water used for drinking. Table 1 shows different types of conventional kriging methods selected through the method test for the parameters. These can be obtained using the mutual evaluation method and RMS error. Factors affecting the quality of drinking water are then ranked and weighted according to the expert opinions. The final quality map is thus prepared. Layers are then standardized in accordance with data description and the results are presented in Table 1. It also exhibits maximum permissible and desirable level of non-toxic chemicals in drinking water in accordance with the Iranian Standards and Industrial Research Institute (ISIRI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, along with the maximum permissible level of mineral substances in drinking water. Semivariograms used for kriging interpolation are also presented. Table 2 shows the RMS and RMSE errors as well as the average standard error of the water quality parameters in the study area. The interpolated primary layers are presented in Figure 3. The final map prepared for the quality of potable water in the study area indicates that the quality of groundwater in the northern part and a little section of the central part (46% or 112 square kilometers of the study area) is unfavorable. This includes 8 villages of the County. 6 villages have access to drinking water with semi-optimal quality and 5 villages are located in the optimal area of water quality. Accordingly, the quality of potable groundwater decreases drastically as we move towards the northern and northeastern parts of the study area, and the lowest quality of groundwater is observed in the most northerly part of the study area (covering 46% of the study area). Figure 4 shows the density of deep and semi-deep wells, the amount of annual harvest from rivers in the central part of Ardabil (in thousand cubic meters per year), the population density and industrial areas in this region. A direct relationship is therefore observed between population density, the density of existing wells, the level of water extraction from rivers and the sharp drop in the quality of groundwater. According to the reports prepared by Ardabil Regional Water Company, around 32 million cubic meters of water is annually needed to meet the drinking requirements of urban and rural uses, which can seriously damage the quality of underground water in the area.ConclusionAccording to the final map of groundwater quality, only 36% of the study area (88 square kilometers) has access to drinking water with favorable quality which can be a great concern for planners and managers. Finally, it is suggested to use geostatistical methods and geographic information system as a useful tool to assess the quality of underground water. These methods can gradually replace the old methods and thus prepare more accurate statistics, increase the efficiency of water-related projects, and reduce their cost.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Esmaeil Najafi; Mohammad Shali
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction Environmental degradation and climate change are one of the most important challenges faced by all living organisms on earth today (Rafique et al., 2022). Human activities, urbanization, mining and industrialization accelerate environmental pollution (Etchie et al, ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction Environmental degradation and climate change are one of the most important challenges faced by all living organisms on earth today (Rafique et al., 2022). Human activities, urbanization, mining and industrialization accelerate environmental pollution (Etchie et al, 2018, Rahman and Anser, 2020). The effects of climate change or environmental destruction include melting glaciers, increasing air and ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, decreasing agricultural production, extinction of wildlife, unpredictable precipitation and climate change, and destruction of the workforce (Danish et al., 2019). In addition, due to the depletion of forests and natural resources, environmental pollution is increasing rapidly in the world (Appannagari, 2006). The rapid development process on the one hand and environmental limitations on the other hand have caused that today the evaluation of the effects caused by development on the environment should be considered as a part of development activities. The existence of a gap between economic growth and a sustainable environment has made planning a big challenge, so thinking about environmental considerations at high levels of planning can prevent environmental problems and disturbances despite the destructive effects that economic growth indicators have on their own. They put it, reduce it. In the present study, the place of environmental considerations in Iran's spatial planning, such as the provincial planning plan and the regional physical development plan, and the relevant laws and regulations have been analyzed.Materials & MethodsThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required data and information were extracted by using library studies and documents from the service description of provincial and regional physical plans, laws and regulations governing the urban and regional development of the country, prepared programs and plans, etc. The method of content analysis was to analyze the position of environmental and environmental studies in the spatial planning and development system of the country. In addition, the objectives, topics to be investigated and the process of environmental studies in regional physical plans and provincial plans have been compared in a comparative manner.Results & DiscussionIn this section, the necessity of environmental studies in land development and environmental management, the place of environmental studies in spatial planning, environmental studies in environmental and physical plans, and the process of combining natural environment studies in physical and physical plans have been investigated. The results of the research indicate the existence of many overlaps and similarities in the content and subjects of the study of the mentioned projects and differences in the objectives, the process of studies and the way of their integration. ConclusionThe results of the research indicate that:- The regional physical plans and the provincial training program in natural studies have many overlaps and similarities in terms of content, topics and subjects studied. In regional physical plans, studies of the natural environment are examined in detail and widely.- The purpose of environmental studies in physical plans is to eliminate land (with priority for other uses and high cost) and to rank the remaining land according to their suitability for urban, rural and industrial development. In the research projects, the evaluation of the ecological power in the ecological units for the types of main uses, as well as the identification of the environment of the province (strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats).- The process of unifying studies and merging layers of studies to achieve the goals and final output (suitability of land for the development of residence and activity, etc.) .) are different from each other.- In the regional physical plans, the suitability of the land is checked only for the development of residence and activity. While the ecological model for all land uses is presented in the land use program, and in the table of biological units, the characteristics of each of the environmental units are given separately according to the studied parameters.- In environmental studies, the investigated criteria and sub-criteria do not have the same weight. In the regional physical plans, during the final integration, each of the criteria and sub-criteria are compared two by two using the AHP model and weighted based on their importance in determining the suitable place for residence and activity. In the provincial planning program, parameters are prioritized based on the type of uses.the type of uses.- Although in the country's five-year development plans, especially in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth plans of economic, social and cultural development, in terms of law, only emphasis has been placed on conducting evaluation studies before implementation, but this approach was not enough and In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to have a special, independent and comprehensive law for the process of evaluating the environmental effects of projects and plans. In other words, there is currently no independent law specific to the environmental assessment process in the country. Today, environmental impact assessment has found a real place as one of the effective components in environmental planning and policies.The following suggestions are made for reforming the spatial planning and management system with environmental considerations:- The integration of physical plans and land preparation and the definition of strategic environmental assessment in the process of spatial planning in Iran;- Paying attention to the strategic environmental assessment in the country's policies, programs and plans before implementation;- Conducting applied research on the pathology of the country's environmental assessment process with an emphasis on explaining the status of land use, ecological capacity assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cumulative impact assessment and environmental impact assessment;- the country's environmental assessment law in a specific and independent manner, in order to guarantee enforcement and strengthen deterrence;- Paying attention to the environmental supervision and monitoring of the implementation of plans and projects after the issuance of environmental approvals by creating a monitoring system and environmental monitoring or control of plans and projects by increasing the quantity and quality of human resources in the environmental protection departments of the provinces and eliminating traditional monitoring and surveillance systems.
Geographic Data
Foroogh Mohammadi Ravari; Ahmad Mazidi; Zahra Behzadi shahrbabak
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Replacing natural vegetation cover with impermeable urban surfaces) stone, cement, metal, etc.) has resulted in increased land surface temperature which is considered to be the most important problem of urban areas. Distinct temperature difference between the city and ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Replacing natural vegetation cover with impermeable urban surfaces) stone, cement, metal, etc.) has resulted in increased land surface temperature which is considered to be the most important problem of urban areas. Distinct temperature difference between the city and the surrounding areas is called heat island (Melkpour et al., 2018). Increased land surface temperature and resulting heat islands in urban areas built without proper preplanning (Khakpour et al., 2016) especially in developing countries such as Iran experiencing a rapid growth rate have resulted in widespread environmental problems. Heat islands mainly occur due to the presence of man-made surfaces which prevent the reflection of sunlight and result in temperature increase. In general, urban heat islands result in increased air and land surface temperature and thermal inversion (Gartland, 2012).
Methodology
The present study applies a statistical-analytical research method based upon statistical data received from meteorological stations and extracted from satellite images. Climatic data recorded from 1976 to 2020 in Yazd Meteorological Station were retrieved from the General Meteorological Department of Yazd Province and used to measure temperature changes. Urban climate studies mainly take advantage of long-term patterns and thus, the present study has applied the common Man-Kendall method to measure the trend of temperature changes in warm season (July, August, and September). Also, satellite images collected by Landsat 4-8 in a 33-year period, including four statistical periods with a time interval of 11 years (the average recorded in July, August and September of 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2020), have been used to extract heat islands of Yazd city in warm seasons. These images collected under clear weather conditions were retrieved from the United States Geological Survey website (http://glovis.usgs.gov/) in the WGS-1984 UTM image system. NDVI index was used to investigate the vegetation cover. Main land uses discussed in the present study included barren lands, urban areas, vegetation cover and roads. Sample land uses were collected from Google Earth and visually interpreted in ArcMap. Maximum likelihood algorithm was used for the classification process. Finally, Land Surface Temperature was extracted from satellite images and compared with air temperature trend using the Mann-Kendall test.
Results & Discussion
Results indicate that due to thicker vegetation cover in summer, there has been a negative relationship between the vegetation cover and land surface temperature. In other words, land surface temperature has increased with decreased vegetation cover and vice versa. Types of land use identified in satellite images collected from Yazd city have showed that the city has experienced a widespread physical expansion during the 33-year statistical period regardless of the season under investigation and thus, built-up urban land use class has expanded significantly. As a result, vegetation cover has experienced a negative trend and decreased. Land surface temperature extracted from thermal images of Yazd city has proved parts of northwest and south of the city to be the core of its heat islands. This is due to the presence of barren lands, lack of evapotranspiration mechanisms, high heat absorption capacity and low conduction capacity. Man-Kendall test has found a significant increasing trend for temperature especially in recent years in which the temperature has increased about 2.3 °C. This is most possibly due to the increasing trend of urban population in recent decades, followed by increased residential structures and resulting heat island phenomenon.
Conclusion
In general, classification of urban land use types in Yazd has shown a significant physical expansion of the city during the statistical period. This physical development has occurred in all directions; beginning from the central and northeast-southeast parts, and moving towards northwest-southwest parts. Maximum NDVI was observed in a strip along the central part of Yazd in which vegetation cover is thicker. Green spaces are also observed in some areas of the city. Color spectrum of the LST map has shown relative changes of the ambient temperature in various parts of the city. High and very high temperature (between 41.5 and 50 °C) show the location of the heat islands on LST maps. Also, areas with a deep red color and a temperature above 50 °C have formed hot clusters formed or strengthened between 2009 and 2020 in the west and southwest parts of the city. Satellite images and related graphs have showed that in 2020, Yazd have witnessed a sharp increase in temperature and a heat island. Temperature data of Yazd Meteorological Station and Man-Kendall test have shown a significant increasing trend (about 2.3°C), especially in recent years. These are related to the urban population growth in recent decades, followed by increased urban structures (residential-commercial) and heat island phenomenon.
Territorial conditions and security of border areas
kamyar Emami; Hamid Ganjaeian
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe importance of the issue of security has caused the protection of borders and the defense of border areas to be considered by the rulers in all historical periods, and in a way, the protection of borders means the continuation of the governance system of each country. ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionThe importance of the issue of security has caused the protection of borders and the defense of border areas to be considered by the rulers in all historical periods, and in a way, the protection of borders means the continuation of the governance system of each country. Throughout history, all countries have faced some degree of insecurity, chaos, crisis and border wars to stabilize their country. Many ethnic, racial, and religious groups have coexisted in turbulent political and social contexts in recent years and have lived on borders. Iran has been one of the countries whose borders have been in turmoil in recent years. In fact, Iran's borders have historically seen the most tangible state-nation conflicts; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments. Iran's geographical location and the political situation of neighboring countries, along with the intervention of foreigners, have caused us to witness various tensions in the country's border strip in recent years, including Iran's eastern borders. One of the eastern border areas of the country that has faced tension in recent years is the borders of Khorasan Razavi province. In view of the above, the development of military infrastructure in the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province is very important. Due to the fact that the border strip of this province is not uniform in terms of environmental conditions, so the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure, including military bases and observation posts, is very important in this study. Been paid.Materials and methodsIn this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, descriptive-analytical methods as well as an integrated model of fuzzy logic and network analysis (ANP) have been used. The research data include a 30 m high SRTM digital model, 1: 50000 topographic maps and information layer related to the population points located in the study area. The most important tool used in this research is ArcGIS software. In this research, fuzzy logic and ANP models have been used to identify areas prone to military infrastructure development. According to the objectives, this research has been done in two stages. In this first stage, in order to analyze the role of geomorphological factors in the security of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province, a map of elevation status and geomorphological units of this region has been prepared. In the second stage, using 8 parameters including slope, slope direction, field of view, altitude, distance from the river, distance from the communication road, distance from the border and distance from population points, as well as a combined model of fuzzy logic and ANP to identify areas prone to development. Military infrastructure (including military bases and reconnaissance) is discussed.Discussion and resultsThe study of the geomorphological status of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province indicates that the border strip of this province has a high geomorphological diversity. The border strip of Khorasan Razavi province consists of 4 units of mountains, slopes, plains and alluvial fans, as well as hills. The mountain unit mostly includes the northern border strip of this province, which leads to the border of Turkmenistan. Due to its high altitude as well as being difficult to cross, this unit can play an important role in controlling the border strip as well as monitoring other areas. Therefore, one of the strengths of the northern borders of Khorasan Razavi province is the existence of a high mountain range and difficult to cross. Mahour hill unit is scattered in the border strip of this province, which has a lower height and slope than the mountain unit. Due to fewer obstacles and more visibility, this unit has a high potential for the establishment of military facilities, including military bases. The slope unit is located between the mountains and the plain, which has a high potential for military purposes, including various defense sites, because a large part of these slopes have eastern slope directions. However, the plain and alluvial fan unit, which is mostly located on the border with Afghanistan, can be vulnerable due to fewer geomorphological obstacles. Although this unit has a high potential for military transport and other military purposes, it is more vulnerable than other units. According to the mentioned cases, the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province has a great variety of geomorphology and each of its parts has different potential for different purposes.ConclusionThe results of the study of the geomorphology of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have shown that this province has a high geomorphological diversity and this issue has caused the defense capability in different areas of the border strip of this province is not the same. Also, based on the results, the border strip of this province has a big difference in terms of environmental parameters, so the potential of each region for different military and civilian activities is different. Considering that in this research, the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure has been considered with emphasis on military bases and observation posts, so the desired parameters have been defined in accordance with the objectives of the research and based on these parameters have been identified as areas prone to the development of military infrastructure. Based on the results, parts of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for the development of military infrastructure and parts of it have a high vulnerability. According to the results, the northern regions of the border strip of this province, due to having a wide field of view, high altitude, the presence of slopes and directions of the eastern slope, have the highest potential to establish military bases and observation posts, as well as middle areas. Due to the lack of a wide field of view, low altitude and being located in the plain unit, this province has little potential for the development of military infrastructure (military bases and observation posts). Due to the above, the middle areas of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for vulnerability, so it is necessary to make the necessary plans to control and monitor these areas.
Esmaeil Shahkouei
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 35-40
Abstract
It is clear that determining the type of product of each area and agricultural planning depend on the climate. One of the characteristics of climate change is temperature variation. The direct effect of heat on the distribution and dispersion of plants over the earth is certain. The sensitivity of plants ...
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It is clear that determining the type of product of each area and agricultural planning depend on the climate. One of the characteristics of climate change is temperature variation. The direct effect of heat on the distribution and dispersion of plants over the earth is certain. The sensitivity of plants to high, low and optimal temperatures and their effect on increasing or decreasing vegetative and reproductive growth rates of plants are among the scientific facts that have attracted the attention of most scientists in the field of plant sciences. Soybean product in Gorgan plain is considered as the second dominant cultivation after the wheat, barley and other spring harvestings.
In this research, the author has tried to investigate the role of absolute temperatures in the stages of vegetative and reproductive growth of soybeans by utilizing the theories of scientists, practical analyses, determination of the probability of occurrence of temperatures above the tolerance of plants, and field operations; finally, due suggestions have been made. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on soybean cultivating and its role in increasing or decreasing yield as well as implementation of correct management in terms of selecting appropriate planting dates for agricultural operations have been indicated.
Ghorban Panahi Jelodarlou
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 36-40
Abstract
This paper is about sustainable development and its constituent elements in urban planning, and in order to introduce this issue, which has an important place in urban studies and literature. From the review of environmental studies on city and urbanization issues, it has been deduced that citizens should ...
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This paper is about sustainable development and its constituent elements in urban planning, and in order to introduce this issue, which has an important place in urban studies and literature. From the review of environmental studies on city and urbanization issues, it has been deduced that citizens should be the main focus of all urban plans, and inattention or neglect of the environment leads to deep crises in human being’s living environment, including urban environment. Establishing areas for participatory planning development (citizen participation in urban plans), ensuring the participation of all groups with interest in the city’s affairs, coordination among minor and major plans, promoting and expanding sustainable urban development methods and utilizing auxiliary tools for urban management form the main theme of sustainable urban development.
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 36-38
Abstract
With current technology, combined processing of spatial datasets from multiple sources has become possible. Misuse of datasets often makes their processing expensive, time consuming and inaccurate. How can such problems be minimized?The authors of this paper have presented the results of their research ...
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With current technology, combined processing of spatial datasets from multiple sources has become possible. Misuse of datasets often makes their processing expensive, time consuming and inaccurate. How can such problems be minimized?The authors of this paper have presented the results of their research on the construction of a warning system based on two types of solutions.The first solution is to limit the use of data to only one specific operation. The next solution is the need to analyze the metadata of dataset in order to determine the functionality of dataset in different cases.
Manuchehr Musavizadeh Yazdi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , May 1992, , Pages 40-42
Abstract
In general, geoid is of particular importance in sciences that are in any way related to measurement of quantities related to physics and geometry of the Earth. Especially in the basic science of geodesy, this hypothetical level is the foundation and also a useful tool for estimating many of the quantities ...
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In general, geoid is of particular importance in sciences that are in any way related to measurement of quantities related to physics and geometry of the Earth. Especially in the basic science of geodesy, this hypothetical level is the foundation and also a useful tool for estimating many of the quantities required by geodesy and sciences related to it.
Considering the importance of this particular level and the need to understand its concept, it seems that the following paper can be considerably useful. It must be mentioned that this paper is based on the doctoral thesis of a graduate student at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, supervised by Professor Vanicek, a distinguished professor of geodesy, hoping to be used by experts, students and enthusiasts in the field.
Somayyeh Khosravi
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 43-47
Abstract
Abyane, Masule, Kandovan and Meymand are four historical and exceptional villages who Iran beautiful and historical landscapes which can be investigated due to their.
Abyane village is located in the skirts of Karkas Mountain, 40 kilometer North West of Natanz and 70 kilometers South of Kashan in Isfahan ...
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Abyane, Masule, Kandovan and Meymand are four historical and exceptional villages who Iran beautiful and historical landscapes which can be investigated due to their.
Abyane village is located in the skirts of Karkas Mountain, 40 kilometer North West of Natanz and 70 kilometers South of Kashan in Isfahan province. This village should be regarded as one of the most exceptional villages of Iran, due to its diverse historical buildings. The architecture and texture of buildings in Abyane are inspired by natural and geological features of the area. The magnificence of local and beautiful architecture has made Abyane one of the exceptional attractions of the world. Abyane has a beautiful landscape, good climate and favorable natural position. It is located in the skirts of Karkas Mountain, one of mountain ranges in central Iran. Regarding form and structure, Abyane valley is a wrinkled area with multiple mountain ranges, generally in South West to North West direction. Abyane is surrounded by mountains. The present study evaluates geotourism potentials in Abyane village using geological and geomorphological maps of Abyane valley.
Mahdi Modiri; Jabbar Salimimanesh; Mohammad Abbasi; Sajjad Bagheri Seyyed Shokri
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 43-50
Abstract
Today, the goal of tourism planning is to fulfil the need to create sustainable planning in order to prevent the destructive effects of tourist activities on the tourist environments and areas (cities, villages, etc.), and that although tourist activities have achieved better goals and economic effects, ...
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Today, the goal of tourism planning is to fulfil the need to create sustainable planning in order to prevent the destructive effects of tourist activities on the tourist environments and areas (cities, villages, etc.), and that although tourist activities have achieved better goals and economic effects, these goals should be used to satisfy the tourists and to improve the quality of the welfare and life of local communities (residents) and human beings. The Rijab area is located in the Zagros Mountain range as a geotourist area. With its typical geomorphologic features and the presence of tourist attractions, this region has high tourist potentials. This article aims to study the capabilities and limitations of geotourism and to develop the best strategy for the prosperity and improvement of tourism management in this region. The research method is a combination of two methods of secondary and field studies. In the secondary method, in addition to the subject-related texts, some of the information needed, especially quantitative information, was gathered through referrals to libraries, departments and organizations. In field study, information was gathered through direct observation (image and video), interviews and questionnaires. Ten Delphi questionnaires were completed and then analyzed by SWOT model. Finally, internal and external factors were evaluated and the strategies of these factors were extracted. The extraction of internal and external matrices showed that WO strategies have a higher priority for implementation, and ultimately these factors, by quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), were prioritized as follows: 1- Strengthening the specialist force; 2. Construction and improvement of the status of residential-service units; 3. Protection of typical tourism attractions (especially geomorphologic); 4. vast advertisements; 5. Familiarizing local people with the culture of tourism; 6. Adding to the extent of the tourist area by utilizing the surrounding lands and the participation of investors and government.
Abolfazl Eshghi
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 43-45
Abstract
The management of border rivers control is important for countries adjacent to them due to changes in river channels and bed (especially in the lower reaches of the river). In many cases, the meandering of rivers leads to significant changes in boundary lines, leading to geopolitical outcomes and political ...
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The management of border rivers control is important for countries adjacent to them due to changes in river channels and bed (especially in the lower reaches of the river). In many cases, the meandering of rivers leads to significant changes in boundary lines, leading to geopolitical outcomes and political conflicts. In countries facing water shortage crisis, the role of border-rivers and their control is vital. The vast majority of political conflicts between the Occupied Palestinian Territories and its neighbors over the Jordan River, or the case between India and Pakistan over the water of the Sind River are examples of such conflicts.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 43-50
Abstract
The International Astronomical Union has recognized eighty-eight constellations in different sizes and shapes. Their longest is Hydra, which covers almost 1303 square degrees of the sky’s surface, while Crux is only 68 square degrees. Centaurus contains forty nine stars with apparent magnitude ...
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The International Astronomical Union has recognized eighty-eight constellations in different sizes and shapes. Their longest is Hydra, which covers almost 1303 square degrees of the sky’s surface, while Crux is only 68 square degrees. Centaurus contains forty nine stars with apparent magnitude higher than 5, while Mensa does not include even one star of such brightness. Over the year, the Sun passes through twelve constellations of Zodiac. It should be noted that the position of bright stars is more in South than in North.
Mahdi Dehghan (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 44-45
Abstract
New and accurate information can help decision makers in planning and controlling the normal situation. This type of dynamic information is of more importance for emergency and responsive planning. The data gathered in hours, days, months, and years after an unfortunate incident can improve policies ...
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New and accurate information can help decision makers in planning and controlling the normal situation. This type of dynamic information is of more importance for emergency and responsive planning. The data gathered in hours, days, months, and years after an unfortunate incident can improve policies and practices to reduce risks and increase the effectiveness of emergency planning, awareness, preparation and search. Earthquake is one of the oldest enemies of man which today can be represented and analyzed. The Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to analyze the population and infrastructure positions. This paper, describing a study on the preparedness of a section of Istanbul (Turkey) against the earthquake, shows how to it is possible to minimize the effects of earthquakes by using GIS, plan emergency response and prepare a list of urban information.
Iran Ghazi; Babak Ejtema'ei
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 44-46
Abstract
Firoozabad is one of the cities of Fars province in southern Iran where environmental management has received less attention.In this paper, using the method of studying land systems, the factors affecting the current appearance of these systems are identified and the role of humans in degradation of ...
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Firoozabad is one of the cities of Fars province in southern Iran where environmental management has received less attention.In this paper, using the method of studying land systems, the factors affecting the current appearance of these systems are identified and the role of humans in degradation of the environment, intensification of erosion and change in the appearance of Firouzabad environment have been determined. At the end, suggestions have been made to improve the environmental management methods in the studied area.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 44-47
Abstract
Application of the GIS technology and the quality of its results depend on access to digital geographic data of acceptable quality. Conversion of analogue maps into digital ones is a way of producing digital geographic data.Unfortunately, analogue maps are in most cases out-of-date. For vast countries, ...
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Application of the GIS technology and the quality of its results depend on access to digital geographic data of acceptable quality. Conversion of analogue maps into digital ones is a way of producing digital geographic data.Unfortunately, analogue maps are in most cases out-of-date. For vast countries, production of new maps according to ground-based observations is very difficult due to high costs and excessive time needed for their completion. This paper presents a framework for updating available digital geographic data as an alternative to revision of customary maps.
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 45-55
Abstract
It is possible to utilize any device that is able to produce a series of constant distances in time as a clock. The best time-setting scales available today utilize quartz crystal fluctuations or atomic state transformations. In surveying and navigation, these time scales should be linked to the Earth's ...
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It is possible to utilize any device that is able to produce a series of constant distances in time as a clock. The best time-setting scales available today utilize quartz crystal fluctuations or atomic state transformations. In surveying and navigation, these time scales should be linked to the Earth's time. However, the topo-centric distance of a satellite is directly related to the Earth's rotation, which in turn is a function of time. Since the atomic clocks produce independent time scales, there is a need to align these times. This is the task of the Earth’s rotation and those involved in time service affairs.
Sima Buzari
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
In the years after the end of World War II, the transfer of human resources and the resulting developments led to the emergence of a phenomenon called "Developement", which become a slogan especially for the Third World and in particular the newly independent states. Between the 1950s and 1960s, development ...
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In the years after the end of World War II, the transfer of human resources and the resulting developments led to the emergence of a phenomenon called "Developement", which become a slogan especially for the Third World and in particular the newly independent states. Between the 1950s and 1960s, development was often considered as an economic phenomenon. The basis of this mentality was the theory of economic growth. This theory considers the growth of a country in terms of economic development, and believes that with the increase of GNP, the conditions for the equitable distribution of development arise, and the growth process develops in the form of “Trickle-down” and spreads to deprived areas. The theory of economic growth attributed the increase of production capacity to the concentration of capital and, in particular, locating production centers in the vicinity of large cities. According to this theory, most developing countries began to concentrate on industrialization and capital investment to raise their production capacity. Having more products and raising revenues were considered as the highest factors in development. Many developing countries considered economic development to be possible only through industrialization, especially an industry whose raw materials were imported from abroad. In Iran, the development was introduced in its new meaning after the Constitutional Revolution. The entry or, in other words, the accelerated and rapid influx of capitalism into our country was a major reflection of the the statesmen’s (especially during the ascendancy of first and second Pahlavi monarchs) imitation of the capitalist system of the West in order to develop the country. The government tried to implement the ideas of modernism in all socioeconomic and political dimensions in the country, and, without paying attention to the long history and infrastructures that caused the economic and social changes of European countries, they concentrated all their attention and determination on this matter through hasty decisions and actions. In the same way, after 1921 certain points in the country were selected and all the envisaged scenarios of development and changes were implemented in these areas. This means that industries, factories, military garrisons, government departments and organizations, new social institutions, universities and higher education centers, etc. were established in these selected centers, which, of course, were connected together by roads and railway lines. The existence of such a development led to the intense concentration of all facilities and power in one or a few regions and imbalance in the regions of the country, so that the other areas to were marginalized.
Hamid Ebadi; Ruzbeh Shad
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 46-50
Abstract
With increasing development of GIS, the analysis functions applicable by it have also been significantly expanded, including network analysis. Finding the shortest path is among the important network analyses that is considered as one of the important applications in transportation issues. Considering ...
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With increasing development of GIS, the analysis functions applicable by it have also been significantly expanded, including network analysis. Finding the shortest path is among the important network analyses that is considered as one of the important applications in transportation issues. Considering the many applications of routing analysis, the variation in the type and volume of input information and various parameters affecting the efficiency of a routing algorithm in a geographic information system, various solutions have been proposed to solve the routing problem, including the Dijkstra and Genetic Algorithms.Dijkstra's algorithm is one of the most famous methods for finding the shortest route that can be used to find the shortest path in a given network using matrix computations. However, in instant applications, due to large volume of input information, complex constraints and the need for fast performance, this algorithm will lose its effectiveness. As computational volume increases in the network matrix, its time complexity increases as well. Genetic algorithm can be used to solve this problem. Genetic algorithm is an optimization technique that can reduce the amount of computations and number of comparisons by minimizing the search range.In this paper, with a brief overview of the Theory of Graphs, the operation of Dijkstra and genetics routing algorithms are reviewed and results of several practical works are presented. Finally, by comparing and verifying the results, the strengths and weaknesses of each of them will be determined.
Hasan Ali Ghayur; Farinush Kiarasi
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 46-50
Abstract
One of the problems encountered by researchers in natural science and related sciences is lack of homogeneity in precipitation statistics of pluviometry stations in a region or a basin. Thus, the precipitation statistics of one or more stations do not match those of other stations, and this implies that ...
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One of the problems encountered by researchers in natural science and related sciences is lack of homogeneity in precipitation statistics of pluviometry stations in a region or a basin. Thus, the precipitation statistics of one or more stations do not match those of other stations, and this implies that a favorable relationship between precipitation and elevation cannot be created and the level of correlation among relations is very low.The reasons for this issue can be varied. In this paper, first it was attempted to specify the stations with conflicting statistics and then it was tried to justify the reasons causing these disagreements.The SPSS Software, a statistical software package, can assist surveyors in this task because using this software and the T test it is possible to compare the statistics of precipitation of a station with the average precipitation of the region, and to determine the agreement or disagreement of precipitation data in this station with the whole of region. In addition, it is possible to compare statistical data of two stations and to examine their agreement.
Abdalhamid Rajaei
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 46-49
Abstract
Geomorphologic maps are, in fact, the result of research on morphogenic phenomena of a region, drawn on desirable scale and by using aerial photos as illustrative data in the field of topographic maps.
The significance of the phenomena shown on these maps is different in terms of the type of map and ...
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Geomorphologic maps are, in fact, the result of research on morphogenic phenomena of a region, drawn on desirable scale and by using aerial photos as illustrative data in the field of topographic maps.
The significance of the phenomena shown on these maps is different in terms of the type of map and its function. Geomorphologic maps are not only valuable tools for scientific research in different systems that are in some way related to the Earth sciences, but also in different developmental plans such as rural development, river basin development, urban development .... Here, due to the necessity of brevity, only the applications of these maps in urban development are briefly described.
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
Loma Prieta, at 3791 feet above the sea level, is the tallest point of the Santa Cruz Mountain. The summit, covered fully by forests, overlooks Monterey Bay on the south and the Santa Clara Valley on the northeast, and is located a few miles south-east of the highway 17 and off the winding road of the ...
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Loma Prieta, at 3791 feet above the sea level, is the tallest point of the Santa Cruz Mountain. The summit, covered fully by forests, overlooks Monterey Bay on the south and the Santa Clara Valley on the northeast, and is located a few miles south-east of the highway 17 and off the winding road of the mountain. Over years, Loma Prieta Peak has been cleared of trees and has become location of various kinds of antennas, microwave dishes, and related buildings. Near the end of the line at the southern end of the area, short iron bars can be found set on the ground. At the top of this bar, there is a 3-inch- diameter bronze disk on which these words can be seen: USGS NCER Network No. 1 Loma Prieta. "In the last three years, usually once a month during the day and sometimes even in the middle of the night, a person came to this place, connected an antenna to an electronic device, and after five to six hours of stopping and writing notes, took his equipment with him and left the place.
Zahra Hejazi Zadeh; Saeed Negahban
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
In this research, we tried to identify the relationship between population areas of Fars province and climatic conditions of different regions of the province. Therefore, at first, different air masses affecting the climate of the province were identified. These masses include the northern, western, ...
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In this research, we tried to identify the relationship between population areas of Fars province and climatic conditions of different regions of the province. Therefore, at first, different air masses affecting the climate of the province were identified. These masses include the northern, western, southern (masses) and local winds. Then, after identifying the type of climate in different regions and analyzing the population dispersion statistics, the relationship between population dispersion and climate conditions was identified. Finally, it was determined that the central regions of Fars province had greater population densities than other areas of the province due to suitable climatic conditions (rainfall, temperature, etc.).
Bahram Azadbakht
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 47-48
Abstract
The district of Bijar is located in Central Iran. This area is located on the urumiyyeh-dokhtar volcanic strip along the northwest-southeast direction. For a brief survey of the geological situation, the district of Bijar is subdivided as follows.
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The district of Bijar is located in Central Iran. This area is located on the urumiyyeh-dokhtar volcanic strip along the northwest-southeast direction. For a brief survey of the geological situation, the district of Bijar is subdivided as follows.
Ahmad Ali Naderi
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 47-55
Abstract
A look at the history of architecture in the world shows that building designers have been consistently making efforts to respond to climatic conditions and its impacts on residential environments. Consideration of climatic conditions is the only reliable guarantee to increase the useful life-span of ...
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A look at the history of architecture in the world shows that building designers have been consistently making efforts to respond to climatic conditions and its impacts on residential environments. Consideration of climatic conditions is the only reliable guarantee to increase the useful life-span of the building, improve the quality of comfort and hygienic facilities and indoor spaces, as well as to save energy in order to adjust and control the comfort conditions.Geographical position and topographic conditions of Iran have shaped different climates over this land. As a result, our ancestors used suitable forms and methods to adapt to climatic conditions and create suitable indoor spaces, and, gradually and in the light of experience and knowledge, they learned the use of environmental potentials in the best way, so the traditional buildings around the country show this amazing harmony and consistency.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 47-50
Abstract
The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network ...
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The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network of observation stations. The longest climatological observations began since 1664 in Paris (Linker, 1992). Climatological observations continued to make progress along with technological advancement. Today, international meteorological networks cover all around the world; climatic elements are observed several times a day and transmitted to national and international meteorological organizations and analyzed there, and relevant statistics and maps are published every year.
Frozen precipitation, especially snow, has received less attention in our country, and comprehensive works on this phenomenon are infrequent. Difficulties of the task and study in mountainous areas which are the main extent for frozen precipitation have constrained research activities in this regard.Snow is one of the important factors in environment and, as a type of precipitation, is a suitable reserve for storing water over long periods (Suruk, 1993). Slow hydrological reaction, avalanche, special micro-climate, intense reflection of solar energy and other factors have made snow as one of the most important and interesting climatic phenomena.
Hamid Ma'soumi (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 48-50
Abstract
The evaluation of the geometric function of a large-scale digital camera (ULTRACAMD) is the main subject of this paper.The concepts of geometric calibration by bundle adjustment method have been described.The additional parameters based on the specific design of the camera are determined and defined, ...
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The evaluation of the geometric function of a large-scale digital camera (ULTRACAMD) is the main subject of this paper.The concepts of geometric calibration by bundle adjustment method have been described.The additional parameters based on the specific design of the camera are determined and defined, and the BINGO group modification software has been upgraded to manage these parameters.The entire calibration process will consist of four steps.In the first step, a set of images is taken from fully-clear targets such that additional observations (with high degree of freedom) are possible. The second step is to measure the coordinates of the image. Automation and accuracy are achieved by image processing techniques utilizing a special form of fully-clear targets.The third step involves processing the semi-automatic adjustment, and the unknown parameters (focal length, principal point coordinates, distortion parameters and additional parameters) are estimated. In the fourth step, we will identify the linear and non-linear parameters. Linear parameters are used to reduce the linear effects of distortion in the camera. This will be achieved by linear transmission of measured coordinates, so that only nonlinear small effects will remain. The remaining effects are then described in a table (Look Up table). The results of a series of full calibration operations, modified parameters and the effects of these parameters were presented. Finally calibration has been confirmed and implemented.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.