National Geographical Organization
Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)
2588-3860
7
26
1998
07
23
Image Digital Processing
Image Digital Processing
2
6
29177
FA
Mahdi
Modiri
Associate Professor of Urban planning, Malek-Ashtar University of Technolog
Journal Article
1998
01
24
Most of satellite images are received in digital form and the logical way of dealing with them is digital processing. Human interprets images very well. However, our eyes have limitations in observing black-and-white pictures in a range of electromagnetic waves’ spectra through looking at colored images and a combination of different bands. It is possible that at one time they look at a particular part of three bands in a colored combination, so other bands are not used. eye is not able to fully distinguish different infrared reflections of a picture from that of another picture, while near infrared, in comparison with red waves reflection, provides useful information about various features and phenomena, especially plants. Techniques we deal with are implemented through digital analysis of images. it does not mean that visual interpretation of satellite images is not useful, but it can be highly valuable, and information can be extracted through common visual interpretation methods such as color, tone, size, shape, figure and texture of image.
Most of satellite images are received in digital form and the logical way of dealing with them is digital processing. Human interprets images very well. However, our eyes have limitations in observing black-and-white pictures in a range of electromagnetic waves’ spectra through looking at colored images and a combination of different bands. It is possible that at one time they look at a particular part of three bands in a colored combination, so other bands are not used. eye is not able to fully distinguish different infrared reflections of a picture from that of another picture, while near infrared, in comparison with red waves reflection, provides useful information about various features and phenomena, especially plants. Techniques we deal with are implemented through digital analysis of images. it does not mean that visual interpretation of satellite images is not useful, but it can be highly valuable, and information can be extracted through common visual interpretation methods such as color, tone, size, shape, figure and texture of image.
https://www.sepehr.org/article_29177_8ceb26e69b84c71ba09d33d13c9db060.pdf
National Geographical Organization
Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)
2588-3860
7
26
1998
07
23
The DGPS Positioning Method
The DGPS Positioning Method
7
13
29185
FA
Abbasali
Salehabadi
Journal Article
1998
01
24
Instantaneous application of distance corrections in the DGPS relative positioning method has led to increase of precision and validity of this method. While great errors such as atmospheric delays and unusual fluctuations in satellite clocks’ behavior and orbital information can affect relative and movable positioning by GPS, application of DGPS method and its instantaneous corrections brings about precisions of the order of one meter and less for dynamic aims. In this method, instantaneous relative positioning of still receiver with known coordinates is like a pseudo-satellite that can send waves and encoded messages similar to codes sent from satellites to moving receivers. The major advantage of this encoding is prevention of measuring a broad spectrum of waves in a distance from pseudo-satellite in frequency band of GPS wavelengths, namely around 1 to 2 GHz, which propagate in a direct line in atmosphere. Therefore, pseudo-satellite concepts can be used in applications such as aerial surveying and photogrammetry.
Instantaneous application of distance corrections in the DGPS relative positioning method has led to increase of precision and validity of this method. While great errors such as atmospheric delays and unusual fluctuations in satellite clocks’ behavior and orbital information can affect relative and movable positioning by GPS, application of DGPS method and its instantaneous corrections brings about precisions of the order of one meter and less for dynamic aims. In this method, instantaneous relative positioning of still receiver with known coordinates is like a pseudo-satellite that can send waves and encoded messages similar to codes sent from satellites to moving receivers. The major advantage of this encoding is prevention of measuring a broad spectrum of waves in a distance from pseudo-satellite in frequency band of GPS wavelengths, namely around 1 to 2 GHz, which propagate in a direct line in atmosphere. Therefore, pseudo-satellite concepts can be used in applications such as aerial surveying and photogrammetry.
https://www.sepehr.org/article_29185_b0a0670fc53c6e4d9920b015e2bae061.pdf
National Geographical Organization
Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)
2588-3860
7
26
1998
07
23
Green Space and its Role in Urban Development
Green Space and its Role in Urban Development
14
17
29187
FA
Rahmat
Mohammadzadeh
Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tabriz
Journal Article
1998
01
24
While in the past the limited area of cities and ease of access of inhabitants to the surroundings had caused green spaces to have their manifestations mainly in activities concerning beauty and appearance of urban areas, today, owing to reasons such as population growth, physical growth of cities, development of industry and vehicles and the consequent environmental pollutions, such spaces are paid serious attention as organs of cities’ breathing. In many architectural texts, green space is considered as one of the important criteria of quality of human-made environments. Based on such belief, this article discusses topics such as scientific definition of green space, standards, patterns and regulations recommended by well-known thinkers as well as standards confirmed by the Ministry of Housing and Urbanization and various applications of green space, especially its role in physical development of cities.
It is hoped that this article will be useful for readers in line with quantitative and qualitative development of such spaces.
While in the past the limited area of cities and ease of access of inhabitants to the surroundings had caused green spaces to have their manifestations mainly in activities concerning beauty and appearance of urban areas, today, owing to reasons such as population growth, physical growth of cities, development of industry and vehicles and the consequent environmental pollutions, such spaces are paid serious attention as organs of cities’ breathing. In many architectural texts, green space is considered as one of the important criteria of quality of human-made environments. Based on such belief, this article discusses topics such as scientific definition of green space, standards, patterns and regulations recommended by well-known thinkers as well as standards confirmed by the Ministry of Housing and Urbanization and various applications of green space, especially its role in physical development of cities.
It is hoped that this article will be useful for readers in line with quantitative and qualitative development of such spaces.
https://www.sepehr.org/article_29187_3705c32739c4f1ac2f4030751c11c227.pdf
National Geographical Organization
Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)
2588-3860
7
26
1998
07
23
Preparation of Thematic Maps Using Satellite Images - Part VI
Preparation of Thematic Maps Using Satellite Images - Part VI
18
24
29188
FA
Hamid
Malmirian (Translator)
Journal Article
1998
01
24
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
https://www.sepehr.org/article_29188_a1d7e3d60a06b078d2c4db005cd91529.pdf
National Geographical Organization
Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)
2588-3860
7
26
1998
07
23
A Small Atlas ( Ninety-Three Years) of a Grand Empire (Six-Hundred and Thirty-Three Years, Collapsed)
A Small Atlas ( Ninety-Three Years) of a Grand Empire (Six-Hundred and Thirty-Three Years, Collapsed)
25
44
29189
FA
Mohammad
Purkamal
Journal Article
1998
01
24
Today Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of topographic coverage maps, and has finished its 1: 25000 coverage maps in five colors using classic and analogue photogrammetric methods. Currently the organization in charge of national surveying, namely the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadaster (Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Mudurlugu) has covered a vast part of the country under the 1: 5000 surveying, which is admirable; we remember that the Land Registry and Cadaster organization exploited small computers for the first time in 1968.
Today Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of topographic coverage maps, and has finished its 1: 25000 coverage maps in five colors using classic and analogue photogrammetric methods. Currently the organization in charge of national surveying, namely the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadaster (Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Mudurlugu) has covered a vast part of the country under the 1: 5000 surveying, which is admirable; we remember that the Land Registry and Cadaster organization exploited small computers for the first time in 1968.
https://www.sepehr.org/article_29189_0a77f7c1335127b99d05aafe220d19ba.pdf
National Geographical Organization
Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)
2588-3860
7
26
1998
07
23
The Role of Tectonics in Dispersion of Iran's Mineral Resources
The Role of Tectonics in Dispersion of Iran's Mineral Resources
45
51
29190
FA
Reza
Farhadi
Master of Economic Geology
Journal Article
1998
01
24
The plate tectonics is a new model for classification of sedimentary environments and lithofacies. Based on this model, Iran is divided into several different units, and each unit has its own sedimentary basins of lithofacies and, as a result, specific mines. The rift birth process in the Central Iranian Plateau crust and during Infra-Cambrian has been associated with formation of iron, nickel, cobalt, copper and magnesite mines. The Alborz orogenic belt is the result of closure of the Tethys Sea and is considered to be the site of collision of the Iranian Plate with the Turan Plate. In this belt, foreland basins are the site for the formation of coal reserves. Volcanic activities of the third era have brought about mines of volcanic and vein type in the Alborz.<br /> The Zagros orogenic belt has been formed and is still dynamic due to submergence of the crust of the New Trthys Ocean under the micro-continent of Iran and during the collision of this micro-continent and the shield of Arabia. In this orogenic belt, Khuzestan plain and the folded Zagros belt are the focus of massive reserves of hydrocarbons. High Zagros ophiolites are sites of chromite reserves. Sanandaj-Sirjan area is a fore-arc basin, and the Isfahan-Malayer mineral belt in this area contains countless indices of lead and zinc sedimentary volcanic mines. Finally, the volcanic belt of Urumieh-Dokhtar is considered as the volcanic arc of the shell subduction system of the New Tethys Sea, and it is known in Iran as the copper belt.<br /> The Lut block is part of the Iranian micro-continent, and the Diorite granite masses of Zahedan - Dehslam and Bazman are considered to be products of active continental margin, have been formed with the opening of the New Tethys Sea and contain tin and tungsten minerals. Plutonic volcanic belt at the southern edge of the Lut block is considered as a volcanic arc caused by submergence of the crust of the New Tethys Sea. This volcanic belt is a great source of copper and molybdenum copper deposits.<br /> The lithofacies complex of Iran’s eastern mountains is the product of the opening of the basin between continental parts. This basin was accompanied by formation of oceanic crust, and its ophiolites have high potentials for chromite. Magnesite and asbestos ore mines are also among the characteristics of these ophiolites.<br /> Study of dispersion of mineral reserves in tectonic units and different lithofacies is considered as an appropriate guide for seeking mineral resources.
The plate tectonics is a new model for classification of sedimentary environments and lithofacies. Based on this model, Iran is divided into several different units, and each unit has its own sedimentary basins of lithofacies and, as a result, specific mines. The rift birth process in the Central Iranian Plateau crust and during Infra-Cambrian has been associated with formation of iron, nickel, cobalt, copper and magnesite mines. The Alborz orogenic belt is the result of closure of the Tethys Sea and is considered to be the site of collision of the Iranian Plate with the Turan Plate. In this belt, foreland basins are the site for the formation of coal reserves. Volcanic activities of the third era have brought about mines of volcanic and vein type in the Alborz.<br /> The Zagros orogenic belt has been formed and is still dynamic due to submergence of the crust of the New Trthys Ocean under the micro-continent of Iran and during the collision of this micro-continent and the shield of Arabia. In this orogenic belt, Khuzestan plain and the folded Zagros belt are the focus of massive reserves of hydrocarbons. High Zagros ophiolites are sites of chromite reserves. Sanandaj-Sirjan area is a fore-arc basin, and the Isfahan-Malayer mineral belt in this area contains countless indices of lead and zinc sedimentary volcanic mines. Finally, the volcanic belt of Urumieh-Dokhtar is considered as the volcanic arc of the shell subduction system of the New Tethys Sea, and it is known in Iran as the copper belt.<br /> The Lut block is part of the Iranian micro-continent, and the Diorite granite masses of Zahedan - Dehslam and Bazman are considered to be products of active continental margin, have been formed with the opening of the New Tethys Sea and contain tin and tungsten minerals. Plutonic volcanic belt at the southern edge of the Lut block is considered as a volcanic arc caused by submergence of the crust of the New Tethys Sea. This volcanic belt is a great source of copper and molybdenum copper deposits.<br /> The lithofacies complex of Iran’s eastern mountains is the product of the opening of the basin between continental parts. This basin was accompanied by formation of oceanic crust, and its ophiolites have high potentials for chromite. Magnesite and asbestos ore mines are also among the characteristics of these ophiolites.<br /> Study of dispersion of mineral reserves in tectonic units and different lithofacies is considered as an appropriate guide for seeking mineral resources.
https://www.sepehr.org/article_29190_c721a5b6e0f2a671ee4f3790906fa825.pdf
National Geographical Organization
Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)
2588-3860
7
26
1998
07
23
Observation of Oceanic Phenomena Using the Almaz-1 SAR Satellite Images
Observation of Oceanic Phenomena Using the Almaz-1 SAR Satellite Images
52
64
29191
FA
Majid
Mokhtarani (Translator)
Journal Article
1998
01
24
One of the abilities of the S band (SAR sensor) in the “Almaz” Russian Satellite is observation of oceanic phenomena during its mission in 1991-1992.
The SAR Almaz-1 Satellite showed us different oceanic phenomena such as surface and middle (lower) waves of the oceans, the floor of oceans, rise of water surface, topography of depths of oceans, the effect of ship’s passage over water, pieces of ice flowing on seas, oil spots and various climatic phenomena. This paper is the result of the final examination of the Almaz-1 oceanographic mission and its practical assessments for study of oceans and their display. In this paper, examples of interpreted images have been presented.
One of the abilities of the S band (SAR sensor) in the “Almaz” Russian Satellite is observation of oceanic phenomena during its mission in 1991-1992.
The SAR Almaz-1 Satellite showed us different oceanic phenomena such as surface and middle (lower) waves of the oceans, the floor of oceans, rise of water surface, topography of depths of oceans, the effect of ship’s passage over water, pieces of ice flowing on seas, oil spots and various climatic phenomena. This paper is the result of the final examination of the Almaz-1 oceanographic mission and its practical assessments for study of oceans and their display. In this paper, examples of interpreted images have been presented.
https://www.sepehr.org/article_29191_eb224e0081d9983322e21a8ec9c43e06.pdf