Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

University of Tehran

Abstract

Today tourism, as a phenomena affecting the process of development, has attracted much attention. It has profound effects on human life from different aspects: economic, cultural social , environmental and physical. Climate, as an important aspect of natural environment affects humanlife considerably and the effect of climate not only leads to the development of tourism, but also it produces demand for tourist services. This study uses a descriptive analytical method and by referring to the related documents inspects contribution of travel and tourism in socio-economic development of countries. Also, analysis carbon emission sources, predict all categories of travel and tourism and specify the most prominent measures against emission in each sector and the entire unit. In addition, this research presents the critical role of contribution in innovations in each part within the unit and in other industrial sectors (e.g.energy). the speed and reduce the allocation criteria pollutants offers. The purpose of this paper is identifying specific pollutant of travel and tourism and measures of preventing the pollutants. The results show that pollutants of the transport sectore of travel and tourism will grow at 2% per year until 2035.

Keywords

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6- 16th January, 2009, IATA Press Release (http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/ 2009-01-16-01.htm). Aircraft .fuel efficiency refers to average fuel use per passenger km.
7- 2005 is chosen as baseline year because of consistent data across all T&T clusters; the forecast
is done.until 2035 as this study focuses on emissions mitigation measures in medium-term (next 25
years).
8- Accommodation cluster working group and Booz & Company.
9- Babaeian, I. Nik, Z.., 2006, Introducing and Evalution of LARS-WG Model for Modeling Meterological Parameters of Khorasan Province (1961-2003), NIVAR,No, 62, 63-Autumn2006&winter 2007, pp. 50-64.
10- Booz & Company.
11- Climate Change and Tourism:Responding to Global Challenges, UNWTO/UNEP/WMO,October
2007;The baselines emissions (2005) for T&T clusters estimated in this study are consistent with the numbers reported in UNWTO/UNEP/WMO study.
12- Corbett, Endresen (Modeling Past, Present and Future Ship emissions), Booz&Company analysis
8- Current Market Outlook (CMO) 2006, Boeing Company.
13- Endresen Modeling Past, Present and Future Ship emissions UNWTO World Wide Cruise Ship Activity, Booz & Company analysis.
14- High end estimate of  NextGen costs is in the range of $40B (including both government costs and  userequipage costs).
15- IATA Estimate.
16- IATA, ATAG, ICAO.
17- IATA.
18- IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere (1999) and IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007). Note that this includes CO2 emissions from general and military aviation, and doesn’t includeradiative forcing index due to aviation emissions.
19- MusTT Project (European tourism, transport and environment), DG Environment and Transport,European Commission; US National Household Travel survey; 2005 Japan inter-regional travel survey.
20- The cross-sector emissions mitigation measures focuses on emissions reduction opportunities thatrequirecollaboration between two or more clusters within the T&T sector (e.g. railways and air transport. network), or collaboration with other sectors beyond T&T (e.g. partnership between energy sector and accommodation on renewable energies).
21- The section 4.5 highlights the carbon footprint approach for Accommodation cluster based on several credible sources of tourism statistics.
22- UNWTO, CLIA, Tony Peisley, Booz & Company analysis.
23- UNWTO, WRI, IEA, Booz & Company analysis.
24- WBCSD, IEA,Booz& Company analysis.