Yasser Ebrahimian GhaJary; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Mahdi Modiri; Reza Hosnavi; Morteza Abbasi
Abstract
Throughout the history, cities have neverbeen safe due to the damages caused by human and natural disasters. So that inthe past, the cities were the war’s last target, but now with the development of technology, those hindrances have turned into the first wartargets. In fact, what poses war andair ...
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Throughout the history, cities have neverbeen safe due to the damages caused by human and natural disasters. So that inthe past, the cities were the war’s last target, but now with the development of technology, those hindrances have turned into the first wartargets. In fact, what poses war andair raids as a threat, is just the problem ofencountering it and being. One major way to prepare facing such threats, is the knowledge about the degree of its vulnerability whenthey occur. So, it depends on taking up some methodsto diminish the vulnerability instability. Whatthe researchers were looking for, was the modelling the vulnerabilityof the city buildings (one of the most important urbancomponent) in one part of theTehran (region 6 of Tehran municipality). Since vulnerability is made upof various criteria, so the proposed model in this researchis a kind of multi-criteria model (multi attribute decisionmodel), and according to the spatial essence of the criteria, this model has been carried out in GIS (MCDM-GISmodel). Delphi method has been used to survey major vulnerabilityfactors with the help of urban passive defense, structure, andarchitecture experts. The modelling of the 9 criteria has resulted throughAnalytic Hierarchical Process (AHP), and it shows that about 38percent of building has low vulnerability, about 60 percent has mediumvulnerability and 2 percent has high vulnerability (over 60 percent of buildingshas plus-average vulnerability) which shows the necessity for taking actions in order todecrease vulnerability through passive defense.
Hamid Reza Ranjbar; Ali Reza Azmoude Ardalan; Hamid Dehghani; Mohamad Reza Serajeyan; Ali Alidousti
Abstract
Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters to affect mankind. One of the critical problems after an earthquake is building damage assessment. The area, amount, rate, and type of the damage are essential information for rescue, humanitarian and reconstruction operations in the disaster ...
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Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters to affect mankind. One of the critical problems after an earthquake is building damage assessment. The area, amount, rate, and type of the damage are essential information for rescue, humanitarian and reconstruction operations in the disaster area. On the other hand, to deal with the situation requires well organized and effective emergency planning. How quickly the event is responded and how efficiently response activities are managed are the main determinants of the overall costs of a disaster, both in terms of economic damages and fatalities. Remote sensing techniques play an important role in obtaining building damage information because of their non-contact, low cost, wide field of view, and fast response capacities. Now that more and diverse types of remote sensing data become available, various methods are designed and reported for building damage assessment. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these methods based on using optical images in three categories: mono, multi temporal and combination of images and vector map approach and also implements an automatic damage assessment method of buildings using high resolution satellite images and GIS layers. In this method, after extracting texture features of candidate buildings from both pre- and post-event images and defining optimized features, a neurofuzzy inference system was designed that determines buildings to four damage levels: Undamaged, Moderate damaged, Heavy damaged and Destroyed levels. Evaluation results show that the designed system has the overall accuracy of 89% in classifying buildings to the four damage levels.
Fatemeh Dargahian; Gholam Hossein Rezaei
Abstract
Since the temperature declared by meteorological stations is the only reading of the temperature inside the screen box regardless of other atmospheric parameters including humidity, it cannot therefore indicate our real sense of the air temperature, because warm air is sensed warmer in case of high humidity, ...
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Since the temperature declared by meteorological stations is the only reading of the temperature inside the screen box regardless of other atmospheric parameters including humidity, it cannot therefore indicate our real sense of the air temperature, because warm air is sensed warmer in case of high humidity, so that when the temperature is 35 ° C, it is felt about 43 ° C if the relative humidity is 55 percent. In this paper, the method of calculating the heat index was used to calculate the real sensed temperature in warm months of June, July, and August for a period of 10 years in 40 synoptic stations in the southern part of the country, and the results were zoned in the ArcGIS software environment as the real sensed isothermal maps and were compared with common isothermal maps. The results show that during the warm season, despite the fact that the southern coastal regions of the country show lower temperature, but have a higherreal sensed temperature, which reducesby getting away from the coast and the reduction of the humidity. In the southern coastal regions of the country, the high real sensed temperature, especially when the heat waves are created, causes problems for the people. Given the real sensed temperature thresholds, the frequency of problems was classified in four categories, each class creating special conditions. The synoptic conditions of a heat wave, which have led to the increase in the real sensed temperature, and the location of coastal stations in extremely dangerous conditions, were investigated. The results show that the prediction and timely warning issuance of heat waves, by the meteorological organization based on this indicator for the warm and humid regions of the country, can lead to the reduction in the casualties caused by this event.
Fatemeh Rahimpour; Rahim Ali Abbaspour
Abstract
Awareness of the spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrationfor monitoring soil contaminationand maintaining the quality of the environment is essential. This research was carried out with the aim of providing the spatial distribution map of Manganese, Copper, Zinc, and Iron heavy metals contamination ...
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Awareness of the spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrationfor monitoring soil contaminationand maintaining the quality of the environment is essential. This research was carried out with the aim of providing the spatial distribution map of Manganese, Copper, Zinc, and Iron heavy metals contamination concentration in agricultural landsof Harris city located in the province of East Azerbaijan. To this end, 370 surface soil samples were collected at the depths of 0 to 30 cm using a randomized systematic sampling method, and the total concentration of these metals was measured in them.In order to model the spatial variations of heavy metals concentration in the soils of the region, the ordinary Kriging and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) were used in the ArcGIS environment. Among the various models of ordinary kriging and Radial Basis Functions, the lowest RMSE and MAE values and the very close proximity ofthe MBE statistic to zero, and the highest correlation coefficient (R) were considered as the criterion for the evaluation of the best method for modeling the distribution pattern and the scattering of heavy metals.Both methods had a good accuracy, but based on the evaluation criteria,the Kriging method with Exponential model was selected for Magnesium and Copper, and with spherical model for zinc, andthe RBF method with Multi-quadric function was selected for iron. The zoning map was drawn after selecting the superior model for each of the elements, and was classified by taking the standards of the Soil and Water Conservation Institute into consideration, and the elements were categorizedinto four classes ofscarce, adequacy, high, and contaminated.The analysis of the spatial distribution map of the heavy metals contamination under study showed that most of the lands were in the range of adequacy for the Manganese element; for Copper element it was found that about 92% was in the high class, and about 8% of the study area was contaminated. For the zinc and iron elements, not only no contamination was observed, but about 96% and 80% were scarce respectively.
Mohammad Fallah Zazuli; Alireza Vafaeinezhad; Mir Masoud Kheirkhah Zarkesh; Fariborz Ahmadi Dehka
Abstract
Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition ...
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Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition of information from geographic phenomena without any contact with them.Todetectthephenomenonofdusthaze,large-scaleimagesare needed withwidecoverageandhighfrequency. Therefore,theimagesrelatedtoMODISsensoraresuitablefor thestudies on thephenomenon of dusthazeduetothe presence of highspectralbands. Detection of the generating origin or the source of dust haze particles and its quick monitoring with accuracy and low cost is of great importance. The main objectives of this research are to identify the generating source of dust haze entering the West and Southwest regions of Iran and to monitor the movement of dust haze as well. In this research, the occurrence origin of dust haze phenomenon is related to June 18, 2012 which occurred in the Western and Southwestern parts of the country, and was identified with the help of satellite images and by using visible and thermal bands of MODIS sensor and usingthe Ackerman index.It was found out that, its main origin was the point where Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet, which is within the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq and western Syria, and It was further found that the images of the MODIS sensor are suitable for dust haze monitoring due to its availability, low cost, and its repeatability in 2 periods of time within 24 hours. Also, its synoptic analysis to detect the movement of dust haze from the source into Iran was investigated using 500 hectopascal level synoptic data of geopotential height, sea level pressure and the wind current direction maps of 500 and 1000 hectopascals. The results of the synoptic analysis have optimized the origin detection and the way of dust haze transmission, and makes it more appropriate to predict the path of the dust haze motion. Finally, its movement demonstration from the source into Iran was trackedby the use of GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools. Dusthazephenomenon in the recent decadeis one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, West and Southwest Asia.This phenomenon is one of the processes of desertification occurring in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is thescience and technique for the acquisition of information from geographic phenomena without any contact with them.Todetectthephenomenonofdusthaze,large-scaleimagesare needed withwidecoverageandhighfrequency. Therefore,theimagesrelatedtoMODISsensoraresuitablefor thestudies on thephenomenon of dusthazeduetothe presence of highspectralbands. Detection of the generating origin or the source of dust haze particles and its quick monitoring with accuracy and low cost is of great importance. The main objectives of this research are to identify the generating source of dust haze entering the West and Southwest regions of Iran and to monitor the movement of dust haze as well. In this research, the occurrence origin of dust haze phenomenon is related to June 18, 2012 which occurred in the Western and Southwestern parts of the country, and was identified with the help of satellite images and by using visible and thermal bands of MODIS sensor and usingthe Ackerman index.It was found out that, its main origin was the point where Tigris and Euphrates rivers meet, which is within the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq and western Syria, and It was further found that the images of the MODIS sensor are suitable for dust haze monitoring due to its availability, low cost, and its repeatability in 2 periods of time within 24 hours. Also, its synoptic analysis to detect the movement of dust haze from the source into Iran was investigated using 500 hectopascal level synoptic data of geopotential height, sea level pressure and the wind current direction maps of 500 and 1000 hectopascals. The results of the synoptic analysis have optimized the origin detection and the way of dust haze transmission, and makes it more appropriate to predict the path of the dust haze motion. Finally, its movement demonstration from the source into Iran was trackedby the use of GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools.
Kia Bozorgmehr; Seyed Yaser Hakimdoost; Ali Mohammadpour Zeidi; Zahra Seydi
Abstract
Daily increase in the production of municipal waste is one of the most important factors threatening the health of the global environment. At present, burying the municipal waste is the most significant method of waste disposal in many countries, including Iran. The type of the research is developmental ...
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Daily increase in the production of municipal waste is one of the most important factors threatening the health of the global environment. At present, burying the municipal waste is the most significant method of waste disposal in many countries, including Iran. The type of the research is developmental and applied, and the method of investigation is descriptive and analytical.In this research, SPSS, 10 and ARC / GIS software were used for spatial and statistical analysis. The information gathering in this research was a library collection consisting of: sources of books and note-taking and the use of Internet articles, seminars and theses.The purpose of this paper is to determine the suitable location for burying municipal waste materials in Tonekabon city. In the process of locating land suitable for landfill, 9 information layers including layers of distance from urban and rural areas, groundwater level, distance from the river, land use, soil type, rainfall, distance from communication routes, land use and classified slope , were used in location operation using the overlapping process and the hierarchical analysis process (AHP) by extracting effective weights.Based on the results obtained in this research, 12.34 hectares of the total area of Tonekabon city is of extremely strong importance, which possess 0.12% of the area. Also, 1827.90 hectares of the area is of very strong significance, which holds 6.95% of the area. This is despite the fact that. 9904.82 ha of the area has a low priority in terms of importance which holds 37.70% of the area with medium importance and 7233.63 hectares of about 27.53% of the area.The region with a strong significance with an area of 7267.37 and 27.66%, and the region with very strong significance with an area of 1827.99 and 6.9%, have been taken into consideration for proposing landfill for the municipal solid waste materials.
Mohammad Nasrollahi; Maryam Mombeni; Sara Valizadeh; Hasan Khosravi
Abstract
Oneof the direct methods of land use impacts on thehydrological conditions of each region is the relation between landuse changes and the groundwater table fluctuations that can assistmanagers in optimal management of natural resources. In thisstudy, to evaluate the impacts of land use changes on thegroundwater ...
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Oneof the direct methods of land use impacts on thehydrological conditions of each region is the relation between landuse changes and the groundwater table fluctuations that can assistmanagers in optimal management of natural resources. In thisstudy, to evaluate the impacts of land use changes on thegroundwater level drops in Gilan-E gharb plain, satellite imagesfrom MSS, TM and ETM sensors in 1985, 2000, 2010 were used. Afterprocessing and analysis of images, the region were classified intosix classes in terms of land use including forest, pasture, dry and water farming, farming, and residential areas. Quantitative statistics of piezometric wells in the plain during1999 -2010was used to examinethe aquifer changes and the resulting layerswere also classified. The results showed that pasture land useholds the largest area with more than 50% of the maximum area, so thatit formed 61.8% (9927 ha) and 67.15% (10782 ha) of the area in1985and 2000 respectively. Its area has decreased during the period from2000 -2010,so thatit has covered 50.23% (8066 ha) of the region in 2010. Evaluation of dry andwater farming also showed that it has facedan area reduction of 0.84% (130 ha) during1985-2000,but these changes in the period of 2000 to 2010 has increased to 1429ha which formed 8.9% of the region. Investigating the rate of groundwater dropsshowed that ground water drop has increased by replacing the pasture land use class with water and dry farming classes.These changes have caused 83.93% ofthe area to have a groundwater drop of more than 50 cmper year in 2010, so that the area of this region has been43.85% of the regionin 2000. Human intervention is undoubtedly one of the most important factors ofthe region destruction.
Mehrab Hadavand Mirzaei; Azita Rajabi
Abstract
There are about 90 large and small islands in the Persian Gulf, of which 34 belong to Iran. Of these, 17 islands have geopolitical and strategic importance in terms of sovereignty overthe international waterway of Strait of Hormuz and its control,as well as controlling of the foreign fleet traffic. The ...
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There are about 90 large and small islands in the Persian Gulf, of which 34 belong to Iran. Of these, 17 islands have geopolitical and strategic importance in terms of sovereignty overthe international waterway of Strait of Hormuz and its control,as well as controlling of the foreign fleet traffic. The Farsi Island located at the center of the Persian Gulf,atlatitude 27° 59' 36" N and longitude 50° 10' 22" E,is the farthest Iranian island to the mainland,and Arabi Island (Arabic Island) of Saudi Arabia is the nearest island to it.In addition to its politicaland economic importance (having rich oil and gas resources) and its position of maritime tourism, the island is of military importance. The geographical location of the Farsi Island has forced the Fifth Fleet of the United States, based in Bahrain, to inevitably passbetweenFarsi and Abu Musa Islands. Furthermore, due to its location in the Persian Gulf, the Farsi Island plays an important role in controlling the traffic route of the ships to the western and southwestern regions of the Persian Gulf. Farsi Island provided Iran with a good position during the Tanker Warto strike back outside the Strait of Hormuz.The aim of this research is to become more familiar with Farsi Island and its importance. The island is one of the most unknown islands in the Persian Gulf and there are few sources in this area. The results of the research show that the island is strategically important in terms of political, economic, military, and its location at the international shipping route in the Persian Gulf. The information was collected through interviews and library resources, and the methodology has a descriptive - analytical nature. Photoshop software was also used to prepare the maps. The island is strategically important due to its location at the shipping route.
