Mir Najaf Mousavi; Maral Rahimi
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Sustainable development in a country can be realized by taking into account the ecological potential, human resources, technology and financial resources belonging to that country and performing such development will only be sustainable in the mentioned environment. Therefore, the ...
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Abstract[1]
Sustainable development in a country can be realized by taking into account the ecological potential, human resources, technology and financial resources belonging to that country and performing such development will only be sustainable in the mentioned environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explain the role of demographic components in realizing the dimensions of sustainable development of the border regions of West Azarbaijan Province, thus, the statistical population of the research has been formed by 9 border cities of the West Azarbaijan Province in the year 1390 (2011).This research was conducted using "analytical - descriptive" method and quantitative models. Research data was collected using a library (documentary) method. In this regard, the demographic analysis of the cities of West Azarbaijan Province during the years 1355-1390 was first studied, then, ranking of the cities of the province in terms of different indexes of sustainable development in 2011 was performed using the VIKOR model (in the Excel software environment) and their ratings by taking advantage of hierarchical cluster analysis method using SPSS 16 software. The results of the calculations indicate that the ranking of cities in different parts is different, and ultimately, the cities of Urmia and Showt were known as being the most developed and the most deprived cities respectively.The coefficient of variation (CV) was used to investigate the extent of inequalities among cities. The application of this model showed that among the various indices, the highest level of inequality has been in economic indicators and the least inequality has been in environmental indicators.Based on the results of structural equation modeling using LISREL software, demographic components have had the most positive impacts on the economic dimension of sustainable development. Testing the hypotheses revealed that all of the demographic components under study, have been effective on the realization of the dimensions of sustainable development.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
sina saber mahani; Mohammadreza Sepahvand
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Since Iran is located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismicbelt and it has high seismicity, study of earthquake seismologyis necessary. Part of alpine-Himalayan seismic belt is Iranplateau that demonstrates high seismicity behavior and it has uniquedeformation.
Seismotectonic studies indicate ...
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Extended Abstract
Since Iran is located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismicbelt and it has high seismicity, study of earthquake seismologyis necessary. Part of alpine-Himalayan seismic belt is Iranplateau that demonstrates high seismicity behavior and it has uniquedeformation.
Seismotectonic studies indicate a high density of active fault existencein this plateau. In all of Iran seismotectonic regime, eastof Iran seismotectonic zone due to the presence of strike slipfault system and occurrence of large earthquakes has a greatimportance. Destructive earthquakes such as 6.6Mw Bam (2006)and 6.7 MwRigan (2010) revealed high potential of earthquakeoccurrence. Intended area in this study is Rigan that is located in Kerman province in Iran. This area has important faults such as Kahurak, Bam, Nosratabad, Shahdad, Guk, Golbaf, Sirch and Sabzevaran which have high seismicity.
In this paper, we consideredcloud formation as earthquake precursor for Mohammad Abad-Rigan’s earthquake (2011) that is known less. Thermal precursor was also consideredin this study. According to the existing theories, Rises in stresscan produce initial fracture in the region. Therefore, with the rise intemperature, water evaporation in the pores of stone is created. Whenvapor has appropriate condition (for example; lower temperature and existingenough water), it convert to clouds. One of the fantastic features of this phenomenon is that, these clouds cannot move in the presence of wind, Because of the steady source of their generations. This fact is a distinguishable thing for recognizing thiscloud among other clouds. In the first part, panchromatic images of62days before the event were taken and then theserow images were geo-referenced. Thus, earthquake clouds were digitally extracted andthe results were superposed on the topographic map of the intended region. It should also be mentioned that earthquake clouds were detected 10 days priorto the earthquake (January 17th).A period of 10 days is a suitabletime for making decisions in decision making organizations such as, Governorates, Municipalities, etc. Verdict basedon earthquake clouds is not enough for a good conclusion about earthquake occurring, and it is necessarythat we apply other precursors and pre-indicators, one of which is thermalinfrared that has great results.
In another part of the study, temperature content of thermal bands (bands 31 and 32) ofMODIS is extracted and Land Surface Temperature (LST) time serieswere created. Temperature variations are always considered as animportant and effective factor in earthquake phenomenon studying. Thermal anomalycan be seen within 1-24 days before earthquake and thetemperature increases 5 to12 degrees and then return to the previousmode after the earthquake. Some other researchers presented the increaseof 2 to 10 degrees. The idea that earthquake may be interrelated withtemperature was proved by applying it in Russia, China and Japan. However, notice that thermal anomaly may occur due to otherreasons except earthquake. When it is because of earthquake, actuallyit is because of the stress existing in the underground layersand changes in soil properties. Zuji et al. (1990) provedthat gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are releasedfrom soil cracks before earthquake which lead to intensification ofchlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and magnetic fields of the earth. There aresome other theories about this phenomenon such as piezoelectric andexpansion forces of the elastic strain that increase temperature.
Aftergetting images from NASA website and preprocessing them by deduction ofAir temperature time series from LST time series, atmospheric effectsthat exist because of the weather condition is eliminated. Obtainedsignal was some noisy. In the next step, the waveletas a powerful filter is applied to time series. Forextracting Interpretable results, Statistical test such as standard deviation mustbe perform on filtered time series. Standard deviation (ST) cancreate normal limited area. By using limited area that producedby ST, thermal anomaly is detected 2 days prior tothe earthquake. Also, with colorization of thermal images and then creationof visual time series, strike of fault line is found.
Finally, by Comparingthe earthquake cloud line, focal mechanismandhigh temperature zone, high correlation was found. These results showthe observed cloud related to Rigan’s earthquake and also showthe high temperature zone related to earthquake event.
Resultsof this study can be used in two aspects, oneof which is the application in early warning system and the otheris the application in geology usage. Second usage helps geophysicist andgeologist to detect hidden and caused fault.
Samira Hosseini; Hamid Ebadi; Yasser Maghsoudi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Estimation of forest biomass has received much attention in recent decades including assessing the capability of different sensor data (e.g., optical, radar, and LiDAR)and the development of advanced techniques such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR),polarimetry and polarimetric ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Estimation of forest biomass has received much attention in recent decades including assessing the capability of different sensor data (e.g., optical, radar, and LiDAR)and the development of advanced techniques such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR),polarimetry and polarimetric SAR interferometry for forest biomass estimation. Accurate estimation of forest biomass is of vital importance to model global carbon cycle. Deforestation and forest degradation will result in the loss of forest biomass and consequently increases the greenhouse gases. Radar systems including SAR have a great potential to quantify biomass and structural diversity because of its penetration capability. These systemsare also independent of weather and external illumination condition and can be designed for different frequencies and resolutions.Moreover, SAR systems operating at lower frequencies such as L- and P-band have shown relatively good sensitivity to forest biomass. Regression analysis is among thecommon methods for evaluation forest biomass which have been investigated for many years on different areas. This analysis is based on the correlation between backscattering coefficient values and the forest biomass. However, previous studies demonstratedthat such approaches are very simple and they do not consider structural effects of different species. One of the restrictions and limitations of these methods is the low saturation level. The level of saturation is lower in higher frequencies and vice versa. Considering the structural parameters, researchers have tried to use the interferometry techniques.Forest canopy height is one of the important parameters that can be used to estimate Above Ground Biomass (AGB) using allometric equations.
Materials &Methods
Recentforest height retrieval methods rely on model based interferometric SAR analysis. The random volume over ground (RVOG) model is one of the most common algorithms. This method considers two layers, one for the ground under the vegetation and one for the volumetric canopy. This model has been investigated in different forest environments (e.g. tropical, temperate and boreal forests). Estimation of forest biomass based on forest height using allometric equations can overcome radar signal saturation to some extent.Improvement of Forest height estimation can play an important role to retrieve accurate forest biomass estimation. In this paper, a new method using scattering matrix optimization is introduced to extract forest height by changing polarization bases. Scattering matrices for slave and master images have been extracted by changing polarization bases. Then polarimetric interferometry coherences have been calculated and forest height was estimated by various forest height methods including DEM Difference, coherence amplitude inversion, RVOG Phase, Combined and RVOG.
Results& Discussion
P-band full Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by SETHI sensor over Remningstorp (a boreal forest in south of Sweden) were investigated for forest biomass estimation.Mean of Lidar height values which fall in each shapefile was used to check corresponding results with the heights of retrieval methods.
The results of tree height retrieval methods without changing polarization bases between PolInSAR tree height and LIDAR height show that three methods including coherence amplitude inversion, RVOG Phase and RVOG have low R2 value. DEM Difference and combined methods yielded better results in comparison with the other three aforementioned methods; however the results are not satisfactory.DEM Difference method underestimated the tree height compared to that of LIDAR. This is perhaps due to the fact that volume phase center does not lie at the top of the tree.Temporal decorrelation decreases volume correlation, consequently small values in the SINC function lead to generate large values in results; therefore RMSE of coherence amplitude method is relatively high.New master and slave scattering matrices in arbitrary polarization basis were extracted by alteringandin transformation matrix.Results show that RVOG phase has the best result with R2=0.76 and RMSE=3.76. Following this method, DEM difference method shows R2=-0.69.It is likely that methods which include phase information by changing geometricalparameters, in transformation matrix (e.g. RVOG phase and DEM difference) significantly increase the tree height accuracy.sOn the other hand, methods that only apply magnitude of coherence such as coherence amplitude method do not show notable improvementfor retrieving tree height.
Conclusion
Robustness of forest height estimation using Scattering Matrix Optimization by changing Polarization Bases was studied in this paper.PolInSAR data was acquired by SETHI on Remningstorp, a boreal forest in south of Sweden. Results indicated that forest height retrieval methods which included phase parameter shows remarkable improvement by changing the geometrical parameters for height estimation.Therefore RVOG phase method with R2=0.76, RMSE=3.76m and DEM Difference method with R2=-0.69 gave the best results, whereas coherence amplitude method which only included magnitude of coherence with R2=0.17 showed the lowest correlation.
Abolfazl Ranjbar; Farshad Hakimpour; Siamak Talat Ahary
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The problem of locating bank branches is classified asNP-Hard problem which can possibly be solved only in exponential time by the increase in the number of banks and the large number of customers, especially when the location model includes various datasets, several ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The problem of locating bank branches is classified asNP-Hard problem which can possibly be solved only in exponential time by the increase in the number of banks and the large number of customers, especially when the location model includes various datasets, several objectives and constraints. As a consequence, we need to use heuristic methods to solve these types of problems. Also, since majority of data and analyses applied in the locating problems are spatial; GIScience’s abilities should be employed besides optimization methods.
Nowadays, to perform particular financial tasks, bank customers often need to be present at their bank. For the sake of its customers, a bank should increase its branches in the city to attract more customers in the race with competing banks. However, establishing new branches is too expensive and banks prefer to carry out an optimal location finding procedure. Such procedures should consider many criteria and objectives including spatial data of customers, new and existing bank branches as well as the level of attraction of banks. Customers often select a bank that is closer to them, has better services or financial records and also consider other human or physical factors. Hence, planning to increase the number of customers for a new branch of a bank considering spatial criteria and various other objectives appears necessary.
Materials & Methods
This paper determines the location of bank branches. Finding an optimum site for branches depends on many factors and these problems are known as NP-hard problems. Despite being approximate methods, meta-heuristic algorithms seem suitable tools for solving NP-hard problems. In this paper, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cultural Algorithms (CA) and Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) are applied for finding the best location for bank branches. From marketing point of view, the aim is to attract more customers while the number of attracted people to a new branch should be acceptable. The new methods have capability to find the optimum location for new branches. The location of a new branch should be as far away as possible from branches of the same bank. The other condition is that the total number of customers for the new branch should not be less than a specified number, while the new branch should not attract customers of old branches of the same bank. To fulfill this propose, a part of the city of Tabriz was selected for implementation.The assumptions for the defined problem can be expressed as the following statements:
a)We consider four different banks (Melli, Mellat, Sepah and Mehr) in our study area.
b)Population density (of people over 15 years of age) is available at the building block level.
c)Banks have infinite capacity for accepting customers.
d)Each customer refers to only one bank.
e)New bank branches should have maximum distance from the branches of the same bank, so that, it attracts minimum number of customers from branches of the same bank.
Conclusion
To evaluate the quality and accuracy of the algorithms, several iterations are performed. The results of statistical and final tests indicate that the accuracy and convergence speed of Invasive Weed Optimization are more than other Algorithms in finding optimal location of bank branches.
BiBi Mariam SajadianJaghargh; Alireza Vafaei Nezhad; Ali Asghar Alesheikh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
The ubiquity of mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, has contributed to the development of pervasive systems, including navigation and health systems. The main characteristicsof pervasive systems are the necessity of dynamic reconfiguration and proper adaptation to the ...
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Extended Abstract
The ubiquity of mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, has contributed to the development of pervasive systems, including navigation and health systems. The main characteristicsof pervasive systems are the necessity of dynamic reconfiguration and proper adaptation to the continuous changes in different contexts. The existence of dynamic capabilities has been considered in the design and implementation of a context aware system, including context acquisition, context understanding and computing, decision making, and context presentation.Context acquisition: This domain of research focuses on using personal sensing devices which measure various parameters by means of portable devices and save them on the external/internal database for further processing. The aim of researches is collecting, sharing, and/or reusing data in other applications or through a web interface.Context understanding and computing: The most works are in the field of context monitoring, data management, understanding or computing. The ability to automate context reasoning about various types of contexts and their properties are considered using various context models and algorithms. Most applications are customized for a specific case such as air pollution, tourist, navigation, and health care. Context presentation: This category of research has commonly focused on context-aware application adaptation. The adaptation happens between the real world, the map and user’s location and orientation. A number of studies have been carried out in the field of tourist guides or navigation adapting the presentation style to the changing requirements of the user.Most studies in ubiquitous health care have only been carried out in a small number of areas and using external portable sensors and developing applications on mobile phones. A major problem with these kinds of applications is collecting and sharing data, monitoring, or reasoning without having an active role in decision making in different environmental conditions. Using external tools such as portable devices is costly and limits using the systems.
This paper has focused on the design and implementation of a context aware ubiquitous system which has been customized for severe environmental conditions (in particular, air pollution). Air pollution is a spatial-temporal phenomenon and it causes changes in health conditions and it increases mortality. Eclipse Kepler software, java, PHP programming language and MySQL and SQLit database and also Google Maps API was used in this research. The proposed system design approach is based on distributed architecture in the portion of data collection and processing. Data collecting is done by means of software and hardware sensors. The context aware system is able to automatically identify the user’s context and represent required data and information after computing and reasoning. Contexts based on their impact on the decision-making process can be divided into two categories: passive and active contents.We used an active context in the research such as time, location, traffic, direction, air pollution. Collecting required data is done automatically with high speed and accuracy, and data plays an active role in decision making. In the system architecture, servers were embedded to enter data automatically and only data relating to health conditions is entered manually. Processing environment was divided into two parts, in case of abounding calculations, processing is transferred to the server so that only light processing is performed on the client. At every stage of the process, the user interface provided outputs in the form of recommendations and notifications. The system represents user-friendly environment. Context information can be posted on the process server and retrieved from the history. The proposed system can become an important tool to enable patients to be aware of air pollution conditions, not only to be applied in managing and monitoring their health information, but also in decision making, finding the best solution in severe environment, sharing data and communicating with family and doctor. The application represents suitable solution for solving the shortest path problem according to spatial-temporal and traffic condition. In fact, the path with the lowest level of air pollution is chosen as the best path.The system indirectly encourages greater use of the ubiquitous health system and motivates patients to acquire an active role in their health management and helps them to improve their health condition. The information collected and posted on the server can be reused in professional station and it presents useful information to health experts. We are broadly concerned about patients’ privacy in the design of the system.
Farideh Sabzehee; Mohammad Ali Sharifi; Mehdi Akhoondzadeh hanzaee
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Electrondensity is one of the significant parameters for monitoring and describing the ionosphere.The ionosphere is a consequential source of errors for the GPS signals that traverse through the ionosphere on their ways to the ground-based receivers, because there is a high concentration ...
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Extended Abstract
Electrondensity is one of the significant parameters for monitoring and describing the ionosphere.The ionosphere is a consequential source of errors for the GPS signals that traverse through the ionosphere on their ways to the ground-based receivers, because there is a high concentration of free electrons and ionsreleased by the ionizingaction of solar X-ray and ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric formers. Radio Occultation(RO) is one of the most modern satellite techniques to study on vertical profiles of neutral density, temperature, pressure and water vapor in the stratosphere and troposphere and ionospheric electron density profiles with high vertical resolutions.Since the RO technique using the GPS signals was employed for the first time by the Global Positioning System Meteorology (GPS/MET), the low-earth-orbit-based GPS RO technique has been proven as a successful method in exploring the earth’s lower atmosphere and ionosphere.
Abel transformation is the basic hypothesis made in the retrieval of radio-occulted ionospheric parameters.The Abel inversion is a powerful tool to retrieve high-resolution vertical profiles of electron density from GPS radio occultation collected by satellites into Low Earth Orbit(LEO).
COSMIC satellite records measurements during the whole day and is not limited to the specific times and special atmospheric conditions.It should be noted that the GPS radio occultation techniques provide continuous and useful ionospheric layers information and are not obtained from the point wise measurements by other satellites.
COSMIC satellite also records the altitude for the measurements of the electron density profile. COSMIC satellite provides more than1000 electron density profiles per day with approximately global coverage and also parts of them cover IRAN .In this approach, the LEO-GPS line of sight is occulted by the Earth’s limb with the setting(or rising) motion of the LEO satellite. The GPS-LEO radio connection successively records the atmospheric layers at different altitudes. The ionosphere is highly variable in space and time. Thus, for modeling the electrondensity profile the time changes(diurnaland seasonal) and location changes(geographical position of station), must be considered. In this research, the input space includes the day number (seasonal variation), hour (diurnal variation), latitude, longitude, height and F10.7 index (measure of the solar activity). The output of the model is the ionospheric electron density profile(Ne).The COSMIC observations and IRI-2007-based data of electron density profiles were also analyzed during the solar minimum period. In this research, we used a feedforward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with 55 neurons in hidden layer for modeling profiles of electron density of COSMIC satellite performance of the ANN models was evaluated using correlation coefficient (R=92%),R-Squared(0.83). It was found that the ANN model could be applied successfully in estimating the electron density profiles retrieved from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC.The comparison of the IRI model electron density profile with the COSMIC RO measurements during each month of the year 2007 over IRAN is performed.The electron density profile from all three International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) models, namely IRI-NEQ,IRI-2001, and IRI-01-Corr are used.
The results showed that the results of the IRI2007 model electron density is not satisfactory over IRAN and ANN model electron density profile is in very good agreement with COSMIC RO measurements. It was concluded that IRI-NEQ model is more appropriate thanthe other two models.
The results showed that the differences between the modeled profile electron density and theobserved profile electron density are very lower than the differences between the IRI-2007 models.Maximum changes occurred in January and December at analtitude of about 450 km and minimum changes were recorded in November at the height of 250 Km and in April at the height of 450 Km. The differences also decreased in the summer at higher altitudes and in winter at lower altitudes.
Zohreh Fanni; Abdollah Roshan
Abstract
Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. ...
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Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. Firefighting stations, are among themost important and vital centers for providing services in cities that play an important role in ensuring the safety and comfort of citizens and the development of cities. Obviously the timely delivery of fire station services, will require them to be located in appropriate places more than anything else, in order to be able to arrive at the scene and carry out the relief efforts as fast as possible, without encountering any obstacles and limitations of the urban environment on one hand, and with the least negative impacts on the lives of the inhabitants of the city on the other hand.Therefore, the value of time in helping and reducing the time lag to help injured people in the urban network can be realized.Among the objectives of this research, it is possible to point out the study of existing status of fire stations, their operation in the event of accidents, the coverage of existing stations and locating the best place for the construction of new firefighting stations in the city of Behbahan. The results of this research show that Behbahan city has two fire stations, one in the East and one in the Southwest, and the Northeastern and Northwestern parts of the city are outside of the coverage of these two stations.Therefore, the present study uses the AHP model to analyze the existing stations and their service status in the event of accidents, and finally, with the emphasis on the principles of passive defense, the optimal location for the construction of new firefighting stations, which will be able to cover all the region with the help of existing stations has been carried out.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Ezzatollah Ghanavati; Mohammad Reza Sarvati; Reza Mansouri; Samira Najafvand
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Urban streams have great potential for building a green space network for an entire city. In essence, urban streams have great potential to function as a key part of an urban green infrastructure providing valuable ecosystem services to urban residents. Urban stream organizing ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Urban streams have great potential for building a green space network for an entire city. In essence, urban streams have great potential to function as a key part of an urban green infrastructure providing valuable ecosystem services to urban residents. Urban stream organizing has one of the key topics in water management and land use planning in Iran. There are still ongoing controversies associated with organizing plan. Vegetation is one of the key components of urban stream restoration to increase its natural and esthetic attributes. However, formulating and maintaining planting/vegetation is not easy because it requires consideration of not only the usual factors for general open space design such as ground-level ecological capacity and residents’ preference, but also plants’ hydrophilic aspects. To be selected for stream basin vegetation, plants and vegetation should not be easily washed away during flooding and have a high survival rate even with extended submergence. One of the situations that concerns the applied geomorphologist, is that geomorphological events have a direct impact on man. The irregular development in Tehran, over the past half-century, in addition to the destruction of parts of a coherent historical context and cultural assets and historical heritage surviving the cause is a large part of the natural heritage of floodways.
Materials and Methods
Farahzad stream is one of the floodways in the North of the metropolitan Tehran. Farahzad basin in terms of geological structure is part of Central Alborz and has semi-dry climate. By organizing floodways, urban landscape, walkways and recreational confines as well as environmental and urban landscape conservation sustainable development will be realized. In the urban areas, sections of society play an important role in organizing the floodways. Farahzad basin witha geographical longitude of 51ْ19´ 00 to 51ْ 22´ 00 E and a geographical latitude of 35ْ45´ 00 to 35ْ 53´00 N with an area of 28 square kilometers is located in the North of Tehran city (North of Tehran Province). The maximum amount of rainfall in the area is more than 600 mm with an average of 422 mm per year.
This study aims at assessing the organizing appropriateness of the Farahzad city’s floodways with the geomorphological factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, precipitation, soil, land use and land cover (vegetation), distance from liner features (such as fault, river, road), and overlying of them, with emphasis on organizing floodways using geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and AHP. Methods based on analytical - descriptive, library studies using geographical Information system (GIS) software and analytic hierarchy model in Expert choice software over the map of organizing proportion of Farahzad city-floodways based on the geomorphological factors have been proposed.
Among layers used in this study, the most weight was allocated to elevation. The next layer in order of importance includes: slope, aspect, rainfall, vegetation, soil, distance from streams, faults and roads. Among the factors and layers used in this paper, the lowest relative weight was assigned to the layer distance from the road.
Results and Discussion
Knowledge of key geomorphological processes is an integral part of understanding the evolution of any landscape. Results of this study show that most organized floodway areas of geomorphological factors is considered as a very low and low status proportion (44 per cent). Also, 33 per cent of the area has been organized highly and very highly to fit the situation with the geomorphological factors. The results show that no attention has been paid to the morphological parametersin environmental management and urban planning.
Conclusion
In this paper, the Farahzad Basin was studied using topographical maps with 1:50000 scales and geological maps with 1:100000 scales, Landsat satellite imagery with high resolution and the overlying and weighed methods. The Landsat ETM+ satellite image analysis during 2005 and 2010 (before and after the organization) and their comparison revealed that Farahzad floodways vegetation had grown 26 per cent after the organization with respect to the previous year’s organization. Also, hazards such as landslides, slope instability and even protection of the environment, were affected by landforms and geomorphological parameters.
Mohsen Ahmadkhani; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Despite of widespread usage of Global Positioning System (GPS), this system is considered inefficient for indoor areas. Although the most prominent positioning system is Global Positioning System, this system uses some electromagnetic waves which are unable to pass thick obstacles ...
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Extended Abstract
Despite of widespread usage of Global Positioning System (GPS), this system is considered inefficient for indoor areas. Although the most prominent positioning system is Global Positioning System, this system uses some electromagnetic waves which are unable to pass thick obstacles such as concrete roofs and trees [1]. Thus, it cannot be considered as a robust infra-structure for indoor positioning purposes. Since, other signal networks like Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be an appropriate alternative for indoor spaces. In addition, widespread usage of mobile smart instruments has provided the possibility of ubiquitous system’s development.
Several methods have been proposed to obtain indoor positions which are generally based on received radio waves from fixed points. Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA) and Location fingerprinting can be used in this case. It is noteworthy that some of these methods are not really appropriate for indoor areas which maybe contain complex structure [2]. Time of Arrival, Time Difference of Arrival and Angle of Arrival methods use triangulation techniques so direct lines of sight are desired for them. And also acquisition of accurate time and angle of received signal without professional instruments, which are usually expensive, sounds almost impossible. Furthermore, for most of indoor areas such as commercial centers and museums direct line of sight is rarely available and signals are likely to be affected by multipath phenomena [3].
In recent years methods based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) have been proposed and programmed [4], [5]. These methods which are usually called Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) often employ sensors such as Gyroscope, Accelerometer and Magnetic sensors to obtain the position of the client [6]. It can be regarded as an important limitation along the objectives of the Ubiquitous systems. Such systems are restricted to clients equipped by platforms having these expensive modern sensors. Therefore, the methods using WLAN signals are usually preferred for location based services.
WLAN Fingerprinting can be regarded as a most appropriate technique that uses signal strength as an identification parameter, which can be simply obtained. Furthermore, fingerprinting does not have any special infrastructure to establish and it can be conveniently laid out. In order to apply this method there are several ways to recognize the pattern of signals received from active transmitters. Stochastic method, Artificial Neural Network and K-Nearest Neighbor methods are some of classic pattern recognition techniques [7] that were investigated in this study. In this article these three methods were scrutinized and relatively compared, eventually an enhanced method has been offered. After using several data sets in order to assess the pattern recognition techniques, the proposed method got the first rank of the accuracy and also other techniques were ranked based on the accuracy.
One of the most important differences between indoor positioning systems might be utilizing of various algorithms to recognize the spatial pattern. In this study, three popular classic methods including Probabilistic algorithm, Nearest Neighbor and Artificial Neural Network were investigated. The flowchart presented in Figure 1 has depicted the major steps of the study.
Figure 1. The flowchart of the study.
This study focuses on Nearest Neighbor in Signal Space method as the most accurate method among all and tries to enhance the output accuracy of the method. NNSS Method computes the difference between received signal strength in a point from each transmitter and the received strength of that signal in the rest of the sample points (Equation 1).
(1)
Where Sij be jth sample point of the database from ith transmitter and Si received signal strength from ith hotspot in online phase and also for m hotspots and n sample points, i= 1,2,…,m and j=1,2,…,n [8].
By applying this formula, the most likely sample point as the location of the observer can be obtained. Since the number of sample points in the design of the model in offline phase is limited and the distance between two adjacent sample points is constant in the whole model, the accuracy might be affected. Regarding these limitations, in order to increase the output accuracy of the system, the medium of first and second candidate location points was proposed as the position of the user. After applying this change, the highest accuracy was acquired (Figure 4). The study area was the third floor of the building of Geomatics faculty of K.N.Toosi university of Technology (Figure 2). For this building with dimensions of 70×14 meters, totally 6 hostspots with reasonable distribution, covering the whole area, were taken into account. The best distance between each adjacent pair was 0.9 m and for each sample point four directions were observed and recorded in to the database and also JAVA programming language was chosen to develop the user friend software. Figure 3 depicts an instance of the database.
Figure 2. Plan of the study area.
Figure 3. A part of the produced database.
In order to evaluate the accuracy of each method, observations in the online phase were categorized in 6 separate classes containing 10, 20, to 60 obser-vation in each class. Based on the output results of the system, although the accuracy of Artificial Neural Network raised up to 2.7 m by increase in the number of observations, it showed the worse accuracy among all methods. Probabilistic and KNN methods with final accuracy of 1.8 and 0.9 meters respectively were more accurate than ANN. Our extended Nearest Neighbor method was the most accurate method almost in all sets of observations. In the first observation class, ANN with 3.6 m, KNN and Probabilistic methods with 2.7 m were not really reliable to locate the position of the user, however, extended KNN with 1.5 m seemed more acceptable than the rest of methods (See Figure 4).
Figure 4. The behavior of accuracy trend in all methods in the considered sets of observation.
Seyyed Asadollah Hejazi; shabnam mahmoodi
Abstract
Abstract[1]
One of the most important erosion processes in desert areas, including the study area (east of Jask city), is wind erosion, which leads to various erosion forms, including sand dunes. The importance of studying the sand dunes in this area is due to the fact that, these hills, if moving, ...
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Abstract[1]
One of the most important erosion processes in desert areas, including the study area (east of Jask city), is wind erosion, which leads to various erosion forms, including sand dunes. The importance of studying the sand dunes in this area is due to the fact that, these hills, if moving, bring damages to the natural resources, human facilities and so on.Therefore, studying sand dunes is important in managing these areas. One of the first features that is studied in most researches related to desert areas, including wind erosion, routing the motion of the sand dunes, etc., is a feature related to the texture of sand particles.Therefore, in the present study, the textural characteristics and deposition environment of sand sedimentation have been investigated.The study area is part of the desert coast and is located east of Jask city and in Hormozgan province. This research is based on the sample collection of the site and the study of sedimentary texture using the results of granulometry and microscopic and macroscopic examination of sediments after preparation.To calculate the textural parameters such as the mean, sorting and bending, the instantaneous method was used and the charts were prepared using Excel software. The maps were prepared using topographic maps and satellite imagery in GIS software. A geological map was also used to study lithology. The results indicate the closeness of the mean diameter of the grains and indicate the lack of energy fluctuation in the sedimentation environment. Negative bending, good sorting, the presence of marine fossils and the presence of transparent grains in specimens 1, 2, 5 indicate coastal origin for these specimens. Positive bending, good sorting, bimodal histogram curve and upward curvature of cumulative curves in samples 6, 7, 9, and 10 indicate the presence of flooding materials of the river and side sediment.Therefore, the river origin can be imagined for these samples.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Marzeyeh Mokarram; Ali Darvishi; Saeed Negahban
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Watershed is an area of land that surface water of rain and melting snow conduct towards a single point, which is usually out of the basin. Check of watershed is one of the main strategies for integrated management of natural resources and sustainable development. Recently, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Watershed is an area of land that surface water of rain and melting snow conduct towards a single point, which is usually out of the basin. Check of watershed is one of the main strategies for integrated management of natural resources and sustainable development. Recently, the availability of remote sensing (RS) data and Geographical information system (GIS) technologies has allowed for improved understanding of the morphometric properties and surface drainage characteristics of many watersheds in different parts of the world (Parveenet al., 2012; Nayar& Natarajan, 2013). For example, Shrimaliet al. (2001) presented a case study of the 42 km Sukhana lake catchment in the Shiwalik hills for the delineation and prioritization of soil erosion areas. In addition, Srinivasaet al. (2004) used GIS techniques for morphometric analysis of subwatersheds in the Pawagada area, Tumkur district, Karnataka. Nookaratnamet al. (2005) carried out a study on dam positioning through prioritization of microwatersheds using the sediment yield index (SYI) model and morphometric analysis. Khan et al. (2001), used RS and GIS techniques for watershed prioritization in the Guhiya basin and sub-watersheds in Odisha, India respectively.
Materials & Methods
The study area is one of the subwatersheds of the river of Urmia (Nazloochaei) that is located in North West of Iran with an area of 948.75 km2. The study area was selected for detailed morphometric analysis using Geography information system (GIS). The input data for morphometric analysis was DEM with resolution of 30 m from ASTER satellite. The steps of stream extraction consist of:
1. Extraction of drainage networks from the DEM using the flow direction method, which consists of the following steps (O’Callaghan & Mark, 1984):
i. Fill Sinks: A sink is an uncompleted value lower than the values of its neighborhood. To ensure proper drainage mapping, these sinks were filled by increasing elevations of sink points to their lowest outflow point.
ii. Calculate Flow Direction: Using the filled DEM produced in Step1, the flow directions were calculated using the eight-direction flow model, which assigns flow from each grid cell to one of its eight adjacent cells in the direction with the steepest downward slope.
iii. Calculate Flow Accumulation: Using the output flow direction raster created in Step2, the number of upslope cells flowing to a location was computed.
iv. Define Stream Network: The next step is to determine a critical support area that defines the minimum drainage area that is required to initiate a channel using a threshold value.
v. Stream Segmentation: After the extraction of drainage networks, a unique value was given for each section of the network associated with a flow direction.
Morphometric analysis of the study area consist of:
Stream number (Nu)
Nu is number of segments in order U
Stream order (U)
Cumulative length of streams (L), L = ∑Nu, L is calculated as the number of streams in each order and total length of each order is computed at sub-watershed level (Horton, 1945).
Bifurcation ratio (Rb)
Rb=Nu/N (u+1) N (u+1) = Number of segments of the next higher order (Schumms, 1956),
Watershed relief (Bb), Bb = Hmax – Hmin, Bb is defined as the maximum vertical distance between the lowest and the highest points of a sub-watershed. Hmax and Hmin are maximum and minimum elevations respectively (Schumms, 1956)
Drainage density (Dd)
Dd=Lu/A, A=Watershed area (km2), L (u) is total stream length (Horton, 1932)
Stream frequency (Fs), Fs = Nu/A, Fs is computed as the ratio between the total number of streams and area of the watershed (Horton, 1932)
Form factor (Rf)
Rf =A/Lb2, Rf is computed as the ratio between the watershed area and square of the watershed length. 𝐿 is the watershed length (Horton, 1932)
Circularity ratio (Rc)
Rc= 4π*A/P2, P is the watershed perimeter (km)
Elongation ratio (Re)
Re= (2/Lb)*(A/π) 0.5
Results and discussion
The results showed that according to the high number of streams (489 waterways), the existence of first, second and third degree streams, the high length of the streams, the high proportion of length of the streams in relation to the basin area, high coefficient of relief which indicates high elevations and slopes, the area is erodible and requires more management. Also, Landform studies in the studied area showed that with the help of morphometric characteristics, the sensitivity of landforms to erosion can be determined in the area. So, after the mapping of landforms using topographic position index (TPI), and considering the erosion-sensitive areas through morphometric characteristics, erosion-sensitive landforms in the study area were determined, So that the increase in the number of waterways and their length in the watershed indicates an increase in erosion. Comparing the map of the landforms and the map of the streams in the studied area, it was determined that class 4 (U-shaped valleys) and class III (high drainage) landforms have the highest erodibility. The results showed that, with increasing drainage density, the erodibility increases and the highest erodibility was observed in Class 4 (U-shaped valleys) and Class 6 landforms due to the high drainage density.
Conclusion
Ridge landforms such as those in high altitude (landforms in class 9 and 10), had the highest erosion and were therefore the most sensitive landforms. The drainage density features as the most important factor for determination of erosion and its relation to landforms were used. The results showed that by increasing the amount of drainage density the erosion increases which were for landforms Class 4 and Class 6. This study has demonstrated that morphometric characteristics can be used to predict other watershed characteristics.
Behrouz Nasiri; zahra yarmoradi
Abstract
Abstract[1]
The increase in greenhouse gases in the last few decades has disrupted the climatic balance of the Earth which is called the phenomenon of climate change. The main consequences of climate change will be the increase in global average temperature, the increase of climatic extreme phenomena ...
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Abstract[1]
The increase in greenhouse gases in the last few decades has disrupted the climatic balance of the Earth which is called the phenomenon of climate change. The main consequences of climate change will be the increase in global average temperature, the increase of climatic extreme phenomena such as floods, storms, hail, thermal waves, sea level rise, melting of polar ice and untimely cold. The use of Statistical Downscaling Models for estimating climatic fluctuations allows weather data to be generated at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. Such capabilities have contributed greatly to studying local and regional climatic fluctuations. In this research, the efficiency of LARS-WG model was examined and evaluated for generating and simulating daily temperature, sunny hours and rainfall data in Lorestan province using MAE, T-STUDENT, MAE, R2 statistical parameters and their subsequent changes in the future became apparent too. The results showed that at 99% confidence level, there is no significant difference between actual data and data obtained from the model and the model has the necessary efficiency in generating daily data. After making sure of the model’s efficiency, the outputs of the HADCM3 model were used and the daily temperature, radiation and precipitation data for the base period (1961-2005) were simulated under three scenarios of A1B (mid-range scenario), A2 (maximum scenario) and B1 (scenario Minimum).Based on the HADCM3 model estimates for the scenarios under study in future periods, the average maximum temperature and precipitation of the province would increase about (0.9 to 1.3 degrees) and (12.04 percent), respectively, and average sunny hours would decrease by about 0.6.Also, despite lower changes in maximum temperature than the minimum temperature, the average temperature increase in this period is expected. According to these results, the climatic conditions of Lorestan province in the next 50 years will have a significant difference with the current situation and long-term strategic plans seem necessary to manage these conditions.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Nahid Sajadian; Hadi Alizadeh; ali shojaeean; Hoseyn Saberi
Abstract
Abstract[1]
The basis of the emergence of new theoretical approaches in urban construction, design, and planning, such as green cities, healthy cities and ecological cities, is to pay attention to the urban environment and to pay more attention to the planning of green spaces use in the design and construction ...
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Abstract[1]
The basis of the emergence of new theoretical approaches in urban construction, design, and planning, such as green cities, healthy cities and ecological cities, is to pay attention to the urban environment and to pay more attention to the planning of green spaces use in the design and construction of densely populated cities in terms of physical and demographic aspects. Therefore, the existence of such use is vital and essential in today's cities. Therefore, in this study, with descriptive-analytical methodology, the aim of the study is to evaluate and analyze the optimal locations for the establishment of urban green spaces in Mahshahr city. In this regard, according to available data, the indices determining the goal of the research are 11 major urban users in the city of Mahshahr under the name of commercial, cultural, medical, educational, green space, industrial, religious, administrative, communication, sports, and tourist-historical places that have been used to analyze the optimal location of green spaces. To analyze the data, the indices of research (the classified 11 uses) were introduced into the fuzzy using Arc GIS 10 first, and then,were analyzed using the Fuzzy Gama (Fuzzy Gama) operator.The results of the study show that the threshold limit test of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 in the fuzzy gamma operator with regard to the existing conditions of applications, the fuzzy gamma with a threshold of 0.9 has analyzed the spatial location of urban green space in Mahshahr city better than the rest of the threshold values tested, taking into account the importance and balance In the decreasing and increasing trends of applications.Also, according to the results of this operator, the central parts of the city in both the western and eastern parts of the city are the most appropriate places for the establishment and location of urban green space.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Ehsan Alvandi; Mahtab ForootanDanesh; Mohammadreza Dahmardehghalenow
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Certain kinds of land use can change the hydrology of the Watershed, altering the way water and pollutants move through the drainage basin. For example, as an area of land is converted from open space (e.g. woodland) to residential, the amount of runoff for that area ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Certain kinds of land use can change the hydrology of the Watershed, altering the way water and pollutants move through the drainage basin. For example, as an area of land is converted from open space (e.g. woodland) to residential, the amount of runoff for that area of land will increase as the amount of impervious surface increases. Rain, which would have once seeped into the soils beneath the forest floor and been absorbed by tree roots, instead flows off impervious surfaces (roofs, driveways, streets, parking lots, etc.) into the nearest stream, pond, or lowland area. Landuse change due to human activities, is one of the important issues in the regional planning. In many areas of Iran, land use and land management, regardless of land abilitycaused the loss of capital and reduced the capacity of the environment. Land suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a defined use. The land may be considered in its present condition or after improvements. The process of land suitability classification is the appraisal and grouping of specific areas of land in terms of their suitability for defined uses. Land evaluation is a process for matching the characteristics of land resourcesfor certain uses using a scientifically standardized technique. The results can beused as a guide by land users and planners to identify alternative land uses.
Materials & Methods
In this study, using multi-criteria decision- making methods and GIS, modeling suitability of land for urban development, and determining the compatibility between existing applications, in Ziarat watershed of Golestan province, was investigated.Ziarat watershed is important in Golestan Province and yet critical in terms of land use change, erosion and flooding. In this basin, regardless of ecological capability for urban development and the lack of attention, land use change happened in the recent years. In this study, referring to the 10 experts in the relevant fields and using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a weight for each criterion. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions based on mathematics and psychology.In this study, combining maps of criterion and suitability of land for urban development of SAW and TOPSIS technique was used. Finally, the study examines the compatibility between existing land use inZiaret watershed ofGolestan province.
Results & Discussion
According to the results, the residential areas using TOPSIS and SAW techniques were 37 and 79.4 hectares of the total area of Ziarat watershed, respectively. But the current situation of the residential areas in the watershed were 141.3 ha. In modeling land suitability for urban development due to the presence of spatial dependency between criterion maps, the best way to combine criteria and calculate the suitability of the user, is using the TOPSIS technique. The results of land uses compatibility showed that, residential land use with compatibility 0.118245 was the lowest compatibility between current land uses in the watershed.
Conclusion
Given the abilities of GIS and multi-criteria decision-making methods in modeling the suitability of land for urban development,the more accurate the expert opinions and the more updated the data and information, the better results will be achieved using these tools and techniques.Therefore this technique is very effective in the watershed in case of lack of data. Also, when there exist complications due to a number of qualitative and quantitative criteria, MCDM plays an important role.As the results of land suitability modeling using SAW and TOPSIS techniques with the aid of specific software functionality ArcGIS 10.1, it is clear that a small area of the basin have created conditions of urban areas. According to the results of land suitability modeling, the catchment area of residential areas is more than twice the land area.Also, residential areas have been constructed in the basin in inappropriate places such as steep slopes and river boundaries, and do not have residential conditions.
Seyyed Hossein Mousavi; Zahra Heydari Monfared; Shahab Shafie
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Identifying the patterns and synoptic models that create instability and precipitation in the region is necessary. If the systems that come into the area, contain the appropriate thermodynamic structure, i.e. of high volatility, with appropriate heat and humidity, make ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Identifying the patterns and synoptic models that create instability and precipitation in the region is necessary. If the systems that come into the area, contain the appropriate thermodynamic structure, i.e. of high volatility, with appropriate heat and humidity, make good rainfall in the region. Thunder storms along with subsidiary phenomena arising from them, such as hailstones, are one of the violent manifestations of nature. In the North West of the country due to geographical conditions in addition to synoptic systems (front cold low pressure systems), instability of local causes urinals (in this instability rising moist air causes rain too) and sometimes because of both the (synoptic system and local instability) heavy showers and hail occur. Thus, in the present research, in order to obtain hailstone risk management in north western part of the country and to reduce damages deriving from it, the evaluation of this destructive phenomenon has been taken into consideration using instability indices.
Materials and methods
The data used in this study included daily information related to hail of the country's North West region from 25 synoptic stations. Codes of hail (27, 90, 87, 93, 94, 96 and 99) of 100 Codes of Group VII (ww air now) were extracted from the data of the listed stations. In order to detect thermodynamic conditions of the occurrence of this phenomenon during a 18 year statistical period (1992-2009), instability indices, 230 cases of the occurrence of Skew T log P, and glacial levels of PWC, T.T, V.T, C.T, KI, SW, LI, SI hailstone atmospheric climatic diagrams of Tabriz and Kermanshah provinces’ stations to thorough covering of the region were extracted from the Wyoming University website of the United States of America and were studied.
Findings
Evaluating and comparing the instability indices of days of hail in the North West with the above table, the following conclusions emerged: the values of SI on all days of sampling except on 22 April 1994, 22 April and 29 May 2003, 27 January 2004, 19 May 2005 and 21 November 2009, about 9/73% of the days selected are larger than 4. LI values greater than zero on all days have been evaluated. It means the observed figures on the proposed figure of 100% are contrary to international indicators. SW values in all the days to the days of April 22, 1994, February 11, 2003, April 27, 2005 and November 21, 2009, about 6/82 are less than 150% of study days. Index values are less than 43 days T.T on December 18, 1993, February 11, 1997, January 16 and 6 March and 4 May 1998, 18 February 1998, 23 January and 27 April 2005, respectively. In other words, it can be noted that about 8/34% of observation days is contrary to the global indices. Days of less than 15, KI includes 30.4% of the studied days. it means on December 18, 1993, February 11 and March 8, 1997, January 16 and 6 March and 4 May 1998 and 23 January 2005, CT values of about 39% of studied days on December 18, 1993, April 22, 1994, February 11 and 3, 1997, January 16 and 6 March and 4 may 1998, 8 February 1999 and 29 may 2003 were lower. V.T index also includes amounts less than 25 days of December 18, 1993, February 11, 1997, January 16, 6 March 4, 1998, February 8, 1999, is April 4, 2002 and January 23, 2005. In other words, about 8/34% of studied days are incompatible with global indices figures.
Conclusion
The results obtained from all of the aforementioned indices were compared with the atmospheric instability standards and were evaluated. In this study, some contradictions between observatory and predicted values were discerned and finally, instability indices of the region were determined as follows:
SI ≤ 20.71, LI ≤ 16.63, SW≤ 19.99, KI ≤ 14.30, CT ≤ 11.50, V.T≤ 24.70 and T.T ≤ 41.80
Moreover, it was observed that atmospheric instability of the region has aggravated in recent years, so that SI and LI indices have approached zero in the past few years and other indices have each ascended one millimeter towards their maximum thresholds. Additionally, glacial level in the hailstone days under study fluctuates between 850 to 650 Hectopascal, i.e. between the altitude of 1393 and 3788 meters. This level increases in the hot months of the year.
Fatemeh Mohammadyari; Hossein Aghdar; Reza Basiri
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Groundwater is of particular importance in arid and semi-arid areas.In this research, chemical properties of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions of Mehran and Dehloran were studied using geo-statistical methods.Sodium, chlorine, sulfate, TDS and TH were evaluated variables.The ...
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Abstract[1]
Groundwater is of particular importance in arid and semi-arid areas.In this research, chemical properties of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions of Mehran and Dehloran were studied using geo-statistical methods.Sodium, chlorine, sulfate, TDS and TH were evaluated variables.The semi-variogram of each parameters were calculated using GS + software and different models were fitted.After the normalization of the data, the variogram was plotted, and the interpolation was carried out by the method ofIDW and kriging in GIS software. The criterion for choosing an appropriate interpolation model was a lowerRMSE and a stronger spatial structure. The results show that the Kriging method is superior to the IDW method.Therefore maps were prepared using this method. The results show a strong correlation of the qualitative data of the region's water and the spatial structure is a Gaussian model function.Finally, by using fuzzy logic and Shouler classification, a zoning map of the area for drinking was prepared.According to the final map, 37% of the area is suitable for drinking, 13% is relatively suitable and 50% is inappropriate.As a result, the water quality of the area studied,is not desirable for drinking. Overlaying of the zoning map and the map resulted from the analysis of the obvious points showed that the points with high concentrations and on the threshold of the alert are placed side by side and in the wrong category of the zoning map.High levels of hardness rate and other elements in parts of the region are increasing.This is due to the substitution of alluvial deposits with Gachsaran Formation.Therefore, the main factor for the reductionof the water’s quality can be Gachsaran formation.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
