Leila Servati; Mohammad Reza Valavi; Maryam Hourali
Abstract
In today's world, the importance of data, information and knowledge should not be ignored. Information superiority leads to decision making superiority and more effective actions. Within the military domain, various information systems are utilized to support commanders and troops to be aware and ...
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In today's world, the importance of data, information and knowledge should not be ignored. Information superiority leads to decision making superiority and more effective actions. Within the military domain, various information systems are utilized to support commanders and troops to be aware and take control of the situation. Location information is one of the important aspects of the military information systems to provide situation awareness. Regarding the extensive applications oflocation-based military information systems, it is important to improve intelligence, knowledge base and integration of such systems. One of the current challenges in military information systems is that the applied systems are used as separate islands with no common protocol and language. In addition, computerized systems do not take the meaning of transferred terms and concepts into considerations. In other words, computerized military systems are not capable of establishing a meaningful relation at a conceptual level with each otherand also with humans. Moreover, data bases with different formats and data structures are not using similar method for modelling and storage of information and therefore, work as independent information silos. Furthermore, people knowledge is not coded and rarely modelled for future re-utilization. In this regard, one of the modelling methods is ontology that seems to be more effective than other methods. Ontologies provide an explicit and official description of common conceptualization. It implies that ontologies represent whatever exists in one information domain as concepts, relations, properties, rules and actual examples. In order to represent those concepts, ontologies employ a standardized and computerized official language. Common conceptualization inontology means that the produced concepts should be accepted by knowledge community of the interest domain so that the ontology becomes capable of providing a common language amongst people within the same domain such as military geography. Due to the importance ofthe location element, there is a need to develop specific geographical ontology to be able to use for such applications. A review of existing ontologies reveals that there are problems and challenges to employ available ontologies for military applications. For instance, some of the existing ontologies are only a hierarchy of concepts that cannot be called ontology to fulfill military requirements. Moreover, some ontologies are limited for specific geographical domains and others do not have complete coverage of geographical concepts which is required in military systems. In general, there is a need for geographical knowledge engineering and a localized geographical ontology development. Such ontology should contain geographical concepts, properties and relations with a military approach to be used in location-based military systems. In fact, development of geographical ontology provides official common language and standardization in the domain of military geography. In addition, it helps to model geographical knowledge and establish a conceptual infrastructure for location-based systems. Consequently, various geographical ontology-based systems can be developed with vertical and horizontal integration. Such ontology-based systems eliminate the problem of isolated data and information storage in separate islands, prevent missing data sources and support re-utilization of knowledge sources. Moreover, such geographical ontology-based systems can interact with each other and with humans in a higher meaningful conceptual level. In order to develop such ontology-based system, a semi-automatic method is utilized for knowledge engineering and ontology development. Applied method is a result of analyzing different methods to remove deficiencies in early stages of theontology development. Thus, a set of best applicable methods for geographical knowledge engineering is utilized for ontology development. Main clusters of geographical existence, geographical process and geographical properties are defined in the developedgeographical ontology. Other clusters of concepts include causing factor, military concepts, time concepts, situation concepts and general status related concepts. The developed ontology includes 4161 geographical concepts, 319 concept properties, 426 relations amongst concepts and 5527 actual examples of modelled geographical concepts using the proposed ontology.
In this research, the developed geographical ontology is using web protégéopen source software. The web-based version of the software enable easy access to developed environment from different locations while enables team work implementation in such a way that different people or groups of experts can access to ontology development and share thoughts and tasks. Moreover, it is possible to track changes, monitor and supervise the development process. It is also possible to program the ontology using the OWL standard language to be used in other systems. In general, the developed geographical ontology is capable of being applied in military location-based systems while it can also be deployed as support for other military and security ontologies. Finally, in order to assess quality, credibility and coverage of the developed ontology is examined and verified using a comprehensive mix of statistical, automatic and military geography expert opinions.
Mojtaba Yamani; Fatemeh Yusefi; Anvar Moradi; Musa Abbasi; mohsen barzkar
Abstract
Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In ...
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Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In this research, different maps with different scales, ARC GIS10 software, and ‘Super Decisions’ software were used. In the next step, variables were evaluated using ANP and AHP models and according to experts’ opinions. Then, using the spatial analyzers in the GIS environment, the outputs were derived from the reference maps, and while overlapping these maps in GIS environment using algebraic sum operator, the final output was obtained as land use zoning for spatial zonation of tourism.The results were calculated in three qualitative classes, forbidden, contingent and permitted, and showed that about 21% of the region is eligible for development of tourism and about 42% of the region has the potential to develop only conditionally with the ecological aspects observation. About 37% of the region shows the prohibition of tourism development as well. In areas that are permitted for tourism development, in case of favorableuse and provision of facilities and welfare services and appropriate promotion, their potential can be used to develop sustainable tourism and to establish the economic balance of different regions especially in underdeveloped and rural areas. The results of this research can be used as an index for the development of appropriate and optimal applications within the framework of economic plans in the region.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Ahmad Pourahmad; Hossein Hataminejad; Mahdi Modiri; Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani
Abstract
Introduction
Preservation and maintenance of historical urban fabrics or fabrics containing cultural heritage of cities is of special importance, because these fabrics, in addition to creating a sense of identity and stimulating national pride, improve the citizens' quality of life. "Improvement"is ...
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Introduction
Preservation and maintenance of historical urban fabrics or fabrics containing cultural heritage of cities is of special importance, because these fabrics, in addition to creating a sense of identity and stimulating national pride, improve the citizens' quality of life. "Improvement"is one of the methods and, of course, the most appropriate one, of intervention in the historical fabrics of cities, because in this type of intervention, the principle is based on "loyalty to the past and the preservation of identity-stimulating effects".
Improvement activities are aimed at using available potential and actual facilities, strengthening positive aspects and weakening negative ones. In each of the improvement measures, no significant intervention is performedin the physical aspect, and only by replacing the proper functioning of activity, the erosion of this type of urban space is prevented, and by making changes in urban activities, favorable urban spaces are created. Since the observance of the "passive defense requirements" as well as the "sustainable urban development principles" is an essential requirement in selecting the appropriate pattern for the improvement of the old urban fabric, the study of the principles governing these two concepts indicates thatcontradictions exist between these principles. In the present study, we have mainly studied and examined these two important and influential concepts on the improvement patterns of historical urban fabric, and carried out a comparative study of the principles governing them. The purpose of this research is to outline the contradictions between the requirements of passive defense and the principles of sustainable urban development in the improvement pattern of urban historical fabric and to find a suitable solution in this regard.
Materials & Methods
The research method was applied in terms of the aim, and descriptive-exploratory in terms of conduct. The data gathering method was both documentary (secondary) and field surveys, and analyses were performed using the ArcGIS software and also by the Paired Comparison Analysis method. The historical fabric of the 12th district of Tehran, with an emphasis on the historical element of the museums, was the case study of this paper, which made it possible to achieve the results of the research. In order to prioritize some uses in positions where the studied historical element (museum) are located, from the point of view of passive defense as well as from sustainable urban development perspective, we can use the Paired Comparison Analysis method to achieve the most balanced result, so that the conflict between the two approaches is not significant. First of all, the importance of each single studied use is examined from either of the two perspectives through the spatial analysis ofthe position of that particular use relative to the location of the museums. Then, the view of passive defense concerning each use has been compared with that of sustainable urban development according to the relevant criteria, and scored on the basis of importance.
Results & Discussion
The results of the research show that, in order to find the most suitable pattern of intervention - of improvement type - in the historical fabric, it is necessary that along with emphasis on the requirements of passive defense and principles of sustainable urban development, we must, in addition to prioritizing changes in uses, reduce the grounds for the creation of any kind of contradiction in approaches. Therefore, in the present paper, the uses and elements affecting theregion have been analyzed in relation to the studied fabric (museums). In the investigated pattern, actions and predictions to improve the physical and spatialquality of environment through the replacement of proper operation of activity will prevent the erosion of the historical urban fabric, and by creating changes in urban activities, favorable spaces for the protection of historical fabric will be created.
Conclusion
In spite of the proof of the conflict between "passive defense requirements" and "principles of sustainable urban development", the emphasis on both concepts in the improvement pattern of city’s historical fabric isinevitable.
Therefore, by adopting an appropriate model for improvement and appropriate methods of intervention, it is possible to perform the important task of preserving the historical fabric by optimally changing some of the uses.
Hamed Amini Amirkolaee; Hamid Enayati; Maryam Veisi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a statistical presentation of the earth surface using some points with predefined 3D coordinates. Extracting the DTM as an important product of photogrammetry and remote sensing that is the basis of many practical projects, has always been considered ...
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Extended Abstract
The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a statistical presentation of the earth surface using some points with predefined 3D coordinates. Extracting the DTM as an important product of photogrammetry and remote sensing that is the basis of many practical projects, has always been considered by experts. LiDAR is a powerful equipment that can provide 3D point cloud with high accuracy from the earth. Nowadays, advances in technology make the generating 3D point cloud from the digital aerial images by dense matching feasible. These point clouds represents an approximate Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the earth. The DSM contains both terrain points and off-terrain points, but the DTM contains only the terrain points. In other words, the DTM presents a bare earth without any natural and artificial objects. Generating the DTM using the DSM is a challenging topic in photogrammetry and remote sensing. In this paper, an algorithm with two independent approaches is proposed. Before beginning the process, the irregular point clouds was gridded, interpolate and convert to the image by specifying a point interval.
The first proposed approach was a progressive morphological filter that detects the off-terrain points from the DSM. This approachused the simple morphological filter in a specific procedure with four steps. In the first step, a minimal surface was generated by identifying the points which have minimum elevation in predefined scan windows. The structural element of the morphological filters should be determined. As it is a progressive filter, a vector that contains the structural elements sizes was determined in the second step. In the third step, a morphological opening was applied on the point cloud with a structural element in accordance with the produced vector in step1. For each window size in the vector, an elevation threshold was calculated by multiplying the interval distance and supplied slope parameter. Then, the difference between initial surface and the result of applying the morphological opening was computed. The points with the difference values of more than the calculated elevation threshold were selected as off-terrain points.
In the second approach, an iterative procedure was designed which was based on morphological filters. The geodesic dilation was a combination of traditional morphological filter. Although the morphological filters operated based on the image and structural element, geodesic dilation operated with two images including the mask and the marker. In geodesic dilation of size one, the marker image was dilated by an elementary isotropic structural element and the resulting image was forced to remain below the mask image. In other words, the mask image acts as a limitation for the dilated marker image. Image reconstructing by using geodesic dilation on an image was done by performing some successive geodesic dilations on the image. The results of geodesic dilation was depending on the elevation value. If this value was low, only the building ridge line was extracted andoff-ground. Moreover, if the elevation value was high, some of the bare earth was cut as off-terrain, wrongly. Hence, an iterative procedure was proposed to make the extracting of the most of the object possible. In this way, the probability of error was reduced. In each loop, the elevation value was increased and some objects was extracted using geodesic dilation. Among the extracted parcels in each loop, the parcels which have local range variation more than a threshold were selected and the others were removed. The local range variation for each point was computed by specifying a window and calculating the difference between maximum and minimum elevation value in that window. This procedure was repeated utill analyzing all of the elevation values.
Finally, the results of detecting the off-terrain points using both of approaches were accumulated to acquire the final class of off-terrain points. Then, this points were removed and the cubic interpolation was employed in order to retrieve the elevation of the lost points and to generate the DTM.
In order to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm, 7 test areas were used. The point cloud of the areas 1, 2 and 3 were produced using dense matching of digital aerial images (Ultracam) by National GeographyOrganization of Iran. The point spacing of these areas is about 0.5 meter. The point cloud of the areas 4, 5, 6 and 7 were captured using LiDAR by International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. The point spacing of these areas were 3, 1, 2.5 and3meters respectively. The data set covered the most of the features such as steep slopes, mixture of vegetation and buildings, bridge underpasses, roads and buildings with various roof shapes. Evaluating the performance of proposed algorithm represented the 4.85% error for extracting the off-terrain points and 0.68 meter error for generated DTM in all test areas, averagely. The evaluation results clarify the ability of proposed practical algorithm in generating the DTM using the DSM.
Yaser Amini; Abbas Alipour; Seyyed Mostafa Hashemi; Sajjad Bagheri SeyeedShokri
Abstract
Introduction
Snow cover represents the amount of stored water, and the water from melting snow plays an important role in the formation of surface water and groundwater in the country's watersheds. Detection and determination of snow and ice different characteristics by using remote sensing data, ...
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Introduction
Snow cover represents the amount of stored water, and the water from melting snow plays an important role in the formation of surface water and groundwater in the country's watersheds. Detection and determination of snow and ice different characteristics by using remote sensing data, which is widely used in hydrology, created new approaches in acquiring needed parameters in Hydrology.Results of the research show that the observations of the guesser have high potentials for detection of snowcover and the use of its data is suggested for calculating water of the equivalent snow in the areas such as Kerman Province which is facedwith the limitation of ground stations.
Materials & Methods
Since this area is able to have snow in winter, therefore the data about water equivalent to the snow in this area is necessary for many applications such as hydrology, meteorology, climatology and also producing hydroelectric and flood estimation. In this study, using brightness temperature from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A), on board the NOAA satellites and the artificial neural networks as well as multiple regression techniques, the snow water equivalent forthe catchment basins of Tehran in the winter during a 10-year period (2015-2006) has been calculated and verified. In total, data from 5 monitoring stations of snow for 104 days during the study period was used for the estimation and verification.
Results & Discussion
Based on the results we obtained, the best estimate is related to the artificial neural networks with an RMSE=0/05, MSE=0/11, Bias= 0/0006 and r=0/14.The results indicate the superiority of the artificial neural networks over the regression method.
Conclusion
This results also show that, the observations of this sounding has the high potential for indicating the coverage of snow which are useful information and it is suggested to calculate snow water equivalent in the regions like Kerman where has a limited ground stations of snow measurement.
Yunes Khosravi; Hassan Lashkari; Aliakbar Matkan; Hossein Asakareh
Abstract
Introduction
Survey of spatial relationships of environmental data is considered as one of themost important goalsof spatial statistics for analyzing the spatial patterns and understanding the spatial dependencies. In this context, the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) could well provide methods ...
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Introduction
Survey of spatial relationships of environmental data is considered as one of themost important goalsof spatial statistics for analyzing the spatial patterns and understanding the spatial dependencies. In this context, the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) could well provide methods for distinguishing betweenspatialrandomandnon-random patterns. Using the ESDA for analyzing the spatial autocorrelation of climatic elements is necessary to distinguish their changes and spatial distribution. The present research is aimed at explaining the use of ESDA to describethe spatial patterns ofwater vapor pressureas one of the most important climatic parameters. Water vapor pressure plays a crucial role in climate system as an important feedback variable associated with the earth’s energy balance and hydrologic cycle. This climatic parameter has an important rolein explaining the climate change or changes in climatic parameters, because: 1) It is the main sourceof rainfall in allweathersystems, 2) It suppliesthe latent heatin this process and controls the heat inthetroposphere, 3) It is the booster of the storm's speed and 4) It plays a major role in the dynamics of atmospheric circulation. So, determination and interpretation of the likely reasons of Water vapor pressure changes and its variability are vitally important for human as well as other living-beings.
Materials & Methods
The studied area, with about 360,200 km2 area, is located in the South and the Southwest of Iran and approximately between 25° 00'N and 34° 25'N latitudes and between 45° 38'E and 59° 17'E longitudes. Southern and southwestern parts of the studied area are located beside two massive sources of moisture, i.e. Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. The main mountain chain in the studied area is Zagros that extends from the northwest to the Southern part of the studied area. The Zagros mountainrange is responsible for the major portion of rain-producing air masses that enter the region from the Western and Northwestern sides, with relatively high amounts of rainfall. In this study, water vapor pressure data in pixels (dimension of 9×9 km) inthe time interval of 1981-2010 were collected by the Iranian Meteorological data website (http://www.weather.ir).To interpolate the water vapor pressure, Kriging Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) were tested and so after theerror validation, the optimum method (Ordinary Kriging with Gaussian method) was chosen. Considering the aim of this study, analyzing the spatial variability of WV in regional and local scale, the most important geographical features such as elevation, longitude, latitude, slope and other aspects were chosen. Topographical maps of the studied area were collected by the Geological Survey of Iran (http://www.gsi.ir). The Digital Elevation Model (DEM)with a 10 Km cell size was derived by mosaicking, geo-referencing, and editing these maps in Arc GIS 10.2 software, and the geographical features were prepared based on it. Moran's I, local Moran'sAnselin, and LISA were used asESDA’s approaches to analyze the spatial autocorrelation of water vapor pressure patterns based on climate parameters.
Results & Discussion
According to the cross validation, it was cleared thatthe optimum method for interpolation of water vapor pressureis Ordinary Kriging with Gaussian method. The results of Moran’s Istatistic showed that the water vapor pressure hasspatial structure and is distributed in cluster patternin the South and the Southwest of Iran. The monthly surveys showed thatthe spatial autocorrelation of water vapor pressure in warm months is higher than the cold months and therefore hasa greater tendency to cluster. The results alsoshowedthat the water vapor pressure is tending to disperse and non-clusterinspace in the South and SouthWest of Iran. The bivariate Moran's Istatistic for relation of water vapor pressure and longitude showed thestrong and positive spatial autocorrelation and also clustered pattern.
Conclusion
The monthly surveys showed that the spatial autocorrelation of water vapor pressure in warm months is higher than the cold months and is more tending towards clustering. The existence of such situation in most regions of the studied area in the warm seasons reflects the consistency and homogeneity in this seasons in relation to other seasons. The main reason for these circumstances may be the lack of non-diversification of input pressure systems in these seasons, climate uniformity and sustainability and effects of local systems. Over the time, the water vapor pressure in the South and Southwest of Iran has tended to be more dispersed and less clustering in space. The reason for this incident is not fully revealed but it may be attributed to topographical effects, changes in system positioning, land use changes, etc.Investigating the relationship between spatial distribution of water vapor pressure and geographical parameters showed that the relationship betweenwater vapor pressureand latitude,elevation and slope suggested adispersed and heterogeneousspatial distribution between them. The results of the bivariaterelationship betweenwater vapor pressureand other aspects suggested a discontinuous and random relation.
Abolhasan Modarreszadeh Barzaki; Rahim Sarvar
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Establishing and updatingthe estate database is an infrastructural and sustainable entity for the municipality’s revenue generation and is considered as a key tool in monitoring the development of cities.Access to accurate and up-to-date information on real estate is one of the most ...
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Abstract[1]
Establishing and updatingthe estate database is an infrastructural and sustainable entity for the municipality’s revenue generation and is considered as a key tool in monitoring the development of cities.Access to accurate and up-to-date information on real estate is one of the most important prerequisites for decision makers in urban planning. With the advancement of information technology in recent decades, the traditional mechanism for keeping property information has also been replaced by computerized spatial information systems. Nowadays, the issuance of fairer and more accurate real estate renovation tax is not feasible except byimplementing a system based on database.
In this research, the audit process and results of over 6600 estates inthe city of Noosh Abad (Kashan) in the year of 2014 were investigated. In the field stage, surveying and the completion of the audit forms were performed and then,a software with the capabilities of entering data, displaying data, defining the formula for calculating taxes, preparing reports and issuing bills was designed.In the meantime, the GIS software was implemented after refining data and correcting the drawing errors using topology.
The statistical analysis of this database about the number of estates, area and total debt indices in each neighborhood indicates that there is a linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.9 among these indices. Providing a debt distribution map in the neighborhoods of Noushabadwhich shows the total calculated tax in each region was another outcome of this plan. According to the plan, a total of7459 million Rial renovationbills were issued for the estates which, compared to the municipality’s budget in the year of 1393, it suggests that this revenue as a continuous source of incomecould compensate for a significant portion of the municipalities’ budget deficit.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Amir Mahmoudzadeh; Iran Ghaazi; Maryam Askari
Abstract
Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn ...
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Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn out texture of Ilam city is 374 hectares, which covers 19% of the total area, including the old parts and the central texture of the city. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and field research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management of earthquake crisis in Ilam's worn-out texture in which, indices such as type of materials, age of buildings, number of floors, type of uses, occupation level, quality of buildings, population density, width of passageways, and area have been studied. The results show that the building materials account for the highest weight and the other factors are a function of the condition of the materials used in the structure. The output vulnerability map showed that out of the total area except the passageways, 8.9% had very high vulnerability, 59% had high vulnerability, 23% had moderate vulnerability, 3.6% had low vulnerability, 5.5% had very low vulnerability and overall, 67.9% of the worn-out texture area is vulnerable based on existing indicators.The research proposals have been presented in three areas: high vulnerability, moderate vulnerability and low vulnerability.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Ali Ahmadabadi; Amanollah Fathnia; Saeed Rajaei
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Vegetation cover has a high relationship with climatic conditions. Identification of the seasonal variation of plant growth to determine the response of ecosystems to climate change in seasonal and inter-annual time scales is decisive.To present a prediction model, 7 climatic elements including ...
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Abstract[1]
Vegetation cover has a high relationship with climatic conditions. Identification of the seasonal variation of plant growth to determine the response of ecosystems to climate change in seasonal and inter-annual time scales is decisive.To present a prediction model, 7 climatic elements including precipitation, temperature and relative humidity (maximum, average and minimum) for a 20 year period (1987-2006) were converted into spatial data in 141 synoptic and climatological stations. The combination of maximum monthly NDVI values from NOAA-AVHRR images was extracted in the same period. Then climatic elements and NDVI entered the multivariate linear regression as independent variable and dependent variable respectively. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient between climatic elements and the amount of NDVI was 0.82 and happens in May that is the peak of greenery. The least correlation in winter is due to the lack of sufficient tree growth. Taking into account the random error, the annual correlation coefficient of the model amount with computational mode is more than 93/0. In total, the computational value of May and June for 2004 and 2005 is close to the correlation coefficient of the model, but in the winter months, the correlation coefficient decreases due to lack of greenness.In 2006, there was less prediction due to more severe dryness in the late spring (June). In winter, the role of temperature control is more than rainfall and relative humidity, but with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation and relative humidity, the role of precipitation and relative humidity becomes positive and temperature becomes negative from the beginning of May. In the autumn, the role of precipitation decreases and the temperature is increased.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Saeed Amanpour; Mohammad Javad Kamelifar; Hojjat Bahmani
Abstract
Abstract[1]
One of the main challenges in the urban development process in developing countries is their accelerated growth, which, if this growth issporadic and unplanned,it will pose a lot of problems to the urban management process and planning.The city of Ahwaz is one of the cities in our country ...
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Abstract[1]
One of the main challenges in the urban development process in developing countries is their accelerated growth, which, if this growth issporadic and unplanned,it will pose a lot of problems to the urban management process and planning.The city of Ahwaz is one of the cities in our country that has witnessed arapid and scattered growth in urban land development in recent years. According to the status map of the urban land development, this trend has been intensifying year by year and has led to challenges in providing services and infrastructural resources in the city. In this regard, due to the necessity of the issue, in the present study, we tried to use a descriptive-analytical method to evaluate land use changes in the metropolis of Ahwaz between 1989 and 2013. Data collection in descriptive section was done through the study of library documents, and in the analytical part of the research, by extraction of satellite images TM (Thematic Mapper) for the years of 1985 and 2013 from Ahwaz city. Envi 4.8 and Arc GIS 10.2 software have been used to perform statistical and visual analyzes on satellite imagery. The results show that during the years 1989 to 2013 about 23 percent of the share of barren and agricultural lands have decreased and on the other side the share of built-up lands has increasedfrom 16.35 to 34.55, most of which are related to the Southern and Eastern parts of Ahwaz (Parts of areas 4, 5 and 6 of the municipality).
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Sonia Mehry; Khadije Haji; Voria Alizadeh; Raoof Mostafazadeh
Abstract
Introduction
Drought as a natural deficiency of precipitation over aperiod of time is a serious hazard to environment andthe lives of living species. Spatial-temporal variability of wetand dry spells will affect availability of water resources andmanagement plans. Therefore, the lack of opportunity ...
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Introduction
Drought as a natural deficiency of precipitation over aperiod of time is a serious hazard to environment andthe lives of living species. Spatial-temporal variability of wetand dry spells will affect availability of water resources andmanagement plans. Therefore, the lack of opportunity and sufficient resourcescauses serious damage in the time of drought occurrence. Droughtdisaster management includes a set of reactive responses which canreduce or mitigate the consequences of drought events. Thus, theanalysis of drought indices is necessary to predict and assessthe spatial and temporal variability of this phenomenon. The StandardizedPrecipitation Index, as a well-known meteorological drought indicator, isthe capability of estimating various drought characteristics and can beused to analyze past droughts and predict future droughts returnperiods. The Standardized Precipitation Index was selected due to itssimplicity and ability of calculating the duration of droughtevents and the severity of drought and mildew.
Materials & Methods
In this study, drought condition and its spatial-temporal variations were investigated in Kurdistan province, Iran, using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) calculated by DrinC software in different 3, 6 and 12 month time scales. Toward this attempt, the monthly precipitation data of nine synoptic stations in Kurdistan province including Sanandaj, Saghez, Zafarabad, Marivan, Baneh, Ghorveh, Bijar, Kamyaran and Dehgolan were obtained. The maximum available recorded data were used for analysis. The maximum and minimum values of the SPI index in the 3, 6, and 12-month scales were defined in the study period. Also, spatial distribution of drought condition based on the 12-month index was presented alternately in some years of the study period. Then, the most important characteristics of wet and dry periods, including the total number of wet and dry months, were determined in different drought classes. In this research, the inverse distance weighting method was used to determine the spatial pattern of drought characteristics in the study area and zoning maps.
Results & Discussion
The results of the study indicated that the severe drought in the three time scales has occurred across Dehgolan station in 2005-2006. The longest period of drought occurrence with high severity level with 17-month length was related to Qorveh station. The results of the study approved the variability of drought occurrences across the study area in different time scales.
Table. Some characteristics of wet and dry spells based on 6-month SPI values in the selected stations of Kurdistan province
Station
statistics
Sanandaj
Saghez
Zafarabad
Marivan
Baneh
Ghorveh
Bijar
Kamyaran
Dehgolan
Max
1.3
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.3
Min
-2.2
-2.6
-1.7
-2.3
-2.0
-1.7
-2.2
-3.0
-2.2
Average
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dry months
10
17
7
15
9
9
14
13
10
Wet months
6
11
9
11
7
7
14
11
6
Exceptionally wet months
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Extremely wet months
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
0
Severely wet months
4
3
0
2
3
0
5
2
2
near normal months
20
20
12
17
10
10
17
19
11
Severely dry months
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
0
1
Extremely dry months
0
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
Exceptionally dry months
2
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
Finally, the zoning maps of the study area indicate that, there is a higher wet spell occurrence in the North and West regions, while the Eastern parts of the province experienced more severe droughts. Accordingly, Dehgolan station has the first priority in terms of drought severity among stations and the lowest drought severity was defined in the Zafarabad (Dyvandreh) station.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that, the Dehgolan and Divandareh stations were identified as the highest and lowest priority in terms of drought hazard occurrence in considered temporal time scales. As a result, drought crisis management and prediction can be one of the effective measures in reducing the damages of this climatic phenomenon, especially in drought-prone areas. It is suggested that other drought indicators be used to identify drought characteristics and the results be compared to obtain a comprehensive understanding on the drought severity and extent over the study area.
AhmadReza Ghasemi; Morteza Moogooei
Abstract
Introduction
Climate change will affect the availability of water resources and the sustainability of their management. The impact of climate change on water resources has caused concerns and serious challenges around the world. Global climate change has decreased water resources in many regions ...
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Introduction
Climate change will affect the availability of water resources and the sustainability of their management. The impact of climate change on water resources has caused concerns and serious challenges around the world. Global climate change has decreased water resources in many regions and especially in arid and semiarid regions such as Iran. Water shortages decrease both agricultural production and food security and can also limit the economic development and ecosystem health. There is also growing evidence that climate change is changing the hydrological cycle.
The province of Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiariis the main supplier of water for Khuzestan and Isfahan provinces and inter-basin water transfer talks have always been going on for these two provinces. However, there has not been a comprehensive study on the discharge changes in the rivers of this province, nevertheless, we cannot judge the future of water transfer. In Iran, there have been several studies on the seasonal changes in precipitation and other climatic variables, but assessments of river flows are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to document statistically significant trends in seasonal and annual changes in stream flow in the main rivers in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari.
Materialsand Methods
The total monthly and seasonal streamflow time series for the period of 1358–1389 (32 years) corresponding to 12 hydrometric stations across the Chaharmahal-o- Bakhtiari province were obtained from the Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari Regional Water Organization. This study is done with the latest data (1389) published by Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari Regional Water Organization. At first, the linear trends are determined on annual and seasonal timescales using Mann–Kendall (MK) non-parametric trend tests.The non-parametric Mann-Kendall tests are based on the calculation of Kendall's tau between two samples which is itself based on the ranks with the samples. This test has been widely used to detect trends in series of environmental data, climatic data or hydrological data, because it is less sensitive to the non-normality of the distribution and less affected by extreme values or outliers in the series.Also, the magnitude of trend- if a linear trend is present in a time series- is estimated by using the non-parametric Sen’ estimator test. The Sen’ estimator method is commonly used for calculating the trend slope. Thus, in this study this method is also used to calculate the trend slopes to obtain the extent of trend changes.
A number of methods can be applied to determine change points of a time series. In this study, the change point in the stream flow time series in 12 studied hydrometric stations is identified by Pettitt’s test. This test is a non-parametric approach for detecting change points based on the mann-whitney test. It has been demonstrated that the Pettitt’s test is a useful technique for examining the occurrence of abrupt changes in climatic records.
Results andDiscussion
The results of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall tests (MK) for all studied rivers through the Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari province showed a decreasing trend in the stream flow in all 12 hydrometric stations for both seasonal and annual scale. The amount of reduction based on the Sen’ estimator method, varies at different stations and seasons, from 0.8 m3/s to 17 m3/s in Gordbisheh and Beheshtabad, respectively. On seasonal scale, the results indicate a significant reduction in stream flow of all stations in summer, while in winter-except at two stations (Deh- Cheshmh and Soulegan) significant trend was not observed. The results of Pettitt's test also suggest that, the abrupt downward change (statistically significant) in most studied stations occured in the early 1370s. On the other words, in two recent decades a significant decreasing trend in stream flow has occurred in Karoon and Zayandeh Rood Basin. The results also showed that, in addition to the mean of stream flow, the extreme values of stream flow in these rivers also experience a very sharp decrease during the studied period.
Conclusion
Decreasing trend in all studied hydrometric stations through the Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari province clearly shows the reduction of water resources in this province and also the reduction of the role of the province in water supply to the country. The abrupt downward change that occurred in the early 1370s in most studied hydrometric stations also shows that the reduction of water production in the province has started from about 20 years ago. Therefore, for any water transfer plan from this province to other regions, the practical principles should be considered. Another important issue that must be considered is that, the water resources in Chaharmahal-o- Bakhtiari province are sharply decreasing and the water plants should not be based on the old information.
Ali Mohammadpour; Amir Hamzeh Zarghami; Saeed Zarghami
Abstract
Introduction
The natural situation, way of dispersion of uses, position or placement of infrastructures and urban installations and equipment are assumed as safety considerations in analysis of topography and security planning and passive defense of city. Therefore, it is necessary to employ ...
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Introduction
The natural situation, way of dispersion of uses, position or placement of infrastructures and urban installations and equipment are assumed as safety considerations in analysis of topography and security planning and passive defense of city. Therefore, it is necessary to employ defensive and security approaches in the designs of urban development where this indicates both a link between performances of activities on one hand and defensive arrangements on the other hand. Fortification of urban defensive installations, anticipation of escape exits from risks, and improvement of the status of services which are required during the period of defense will be assumed as the foremost objectives in urban survey respectively. As the capital of Kurdistan province and the location of important administrative centers and the vital and significant facilities, the city of Sanandaj is of great importance. In addition, due to location of this city near Iraq and the same language spoken in Iraq’s Kurdistan region and recent presence of Israeli agents in this region, Sanandaj may be subject to political and military threats. With respect to the experiences of recent wars, especially U.S attacks on Iraq, the critical and vital points of this city have been recognized as centroids of the city, which, if damaged, could lead to the surrendering of the city. Therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the topology (positioning) of urban installations equipment with respect to passive defense approach in order to reduce such damages.
Materials and Methods
The methodology of this study is of descriptive- analytical type. In this regard, the authors have determined vulnerable points of this city in order to recognize the vulnerable elements and extents of this city by passive defense approach. Accordingly, a list of vulnerable elements of the city has been prepared using comments from 14 experts and these elements have been scored by means of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Initially data have been prepared as vulnerability maps based on any element in Arc Map software environment. Then weighting of elements have been done by AHP technique and binary comparison of them in ‘Expert Choice’ environment to solve AHP model. The order preference of parameters will be determined with respect to each other. The standardization (fuzzification) method has been adopted to determine the range of the city’s vulnerability based on scores. With respect to the conducted analyses on each of urban elements, the rate of vulnerability of Sanandaj city has been specified at five vulnerability level, i.e. very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Then SWOT model was employed to identify and to reduce vulnerability elements in Sanandaj city and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) model was employed for order-preference of strategies.
Results and Discussion
The highest vulnerability score belongs to vital artery (0.623). This criterion is divided into four following sub criteria in which reservoir and water treatment unit possess the highest scores. This is because of the location of this important infrastructure at the entrance of this city. Afterwards, crisis management centers are placed at second rank of vulnerability with score of 0.300. One of the reasons for concentration of offices at the central point of the city and inappropriate access of medical centers to communication network is related to pending position of city hill to hospital. The crisis management centers include two sub criteria of important offices and hospital and medical centers among which hospital and medical centers have been more vulnerable. After those, urban equipment and military, disciplinary, and supporting centers have higher vulnerability respectively. In terms of vulnerability rate, some of layers are overlapped to specify the most vulnerable parts in this city. The municipal region 5 and lesser part of regions 3 and 4 are vulnerable. Due to the placement of some centers with high- vulnerability in these regions, it is necessary to pay attention to passive defense principles out of which topology is one of their subsystems.
Conclusion
With respect to the implementation of scores from AHP model on maps of the studied zone, Sanandaj municipal region 5 has been known as the most vulnerable part of Sanandaj city because of its location in the vital artery and other important urban centers. Topology of vital and significant installations has not favorably followed passive defense approach. Thus, with respect to the derived information from the existing documents and evidences, the conducted field visits and analyses on the given centers represented that the principles of passive defense have not been observed in these installations and equipment. These centers have been located beside important and critical equipment in a centralized form and they have not been dispersed. This might increase the risk of attacks on these installations from the air and the ground. Similarly, duly efforts have not been made for camouflage and hiding these centers. What is clear so far is that, the subject of passive defense has not yet been addressed in urban designs prepared for the positions in Sanandaj city.
Seyyed Yaser Hakimdoust; Alimohammad Pourzeidi; Mohammad Saleh Gerami
Abstract
Introduction
Precipitation is an atmospheric factor, its quantity and distribution vary considerably in different parts of the planet, and is one of the most influential climatic elements that has always been influenced by the climate. Its amount changes in time and place continuously.Knowing the temporal ...
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Introduction
Precipitation is an atmospheric factor, its quantity and distribution vary considerably in different parts of the planet, and is one of the most influential climatic elements that has always been influenced by the climate. Its amount changes in time and place continuously.Knowing the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall is a useful tool for understanding how non-uniform distribution of water resources and vegetation in each region takes place.Precipitation occurs when the wet weather and the climb factor exist both in the region.In other words, the wet air must rise to a certain height so that it can reach the saturation point due to the subsequent cooling down, and in the next, the cloud produces precipitation.The absence of any of these two factors prevents the occurrence of precipitation.
Rainfall variation is considered as a key factor in the structure and functioning of ecosystems, but its impact on scale and magnitude is much less than its spatial variation.The climatic element, especially precipitation, has significant changes in time periods.Therefore, the recognition of the element of precipitation as one of the two elements of the climate and its changes in different times and places allows the optimal utilization of the natural environment.The amountand spatial distribution of rainfall is a fundamental factor for decision making, design and evaluation of hydrological models as well as water management and planning.Temporal spatial variations have diverse and varied impacts on the management and planning of water resources along a water basin.Climate change is one of the factors affecting the change of water resources.Precipitation, as a highly variable element, has always been a concern for climatologists and waterologistsas a fundamental factor in the blue balance. The extreme variability of rainfall along the time-space has a variety of study approaches.The purpose of this research is to identify the conditions of rainfall in Mazandaran province. Therefore, the location of rainfallin this province was investigated.In this regard, identification of the effective factors of the occurrence of these rainfall in different seasons and their role in the province has been addressed and its results will be available as a scientific and practical solution.
Materials and Methods
In this study, for the purpose of identifying the rainfall in the province of Mazandaran, five years of rainfall from 2006 to 2010 have been used from a total of 12 synoptic stations.Using extracted data from precipitation graphs, rainfall of more than 10 mm was extracted in the studied area.Then the data were categorized into four parts: spring, summer, autumn, and winter of the year. To create the database, they entered the SPSS and ARC GIS10 software.In the spatial analysis of the data, the semi-modification of these models has been used, which was calculated using ARC GIS10 software.The methods used in the zoning of Kriging and IDW models for fitting include: IDW with three potentials of 1,2,3, and the Kriging method with spherical, circular, exponential, Gaussian, and spherical models, which is performed with conventional Kriging technique.Also, for statistical comparison of models, root mean square error of RMSE, MAE, RMSE and their correlation coefficient were used.Then, optimal mapping based on multivariate regression was fitted based on the simulation method and the recursive method of six variables in rainfall generation including latitude and longitude, number of rainfall days, elevation, relative humidity and dew point temperature. The effects of these factors on rainfall in the province will be evaluated in different seasons and annually.
ResultsandDiscussion
The results of the spring survey show that there were 5 stations out of 12 stations without rainfall.These stations are located in the plain and in the mountain range of the region.The analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between variables is R^2= 967, which indicates a strong relationship between the set of independent variables and the dependent variable.85.8% of rainfall in the spring season in Mazandaran province depend on these variables. In the summer, only 2 stations in the province did not experience rainfall ranges, both of which were at high altitudes and include the station Alasht and Kyasar.Variables show a very strong relationship in the summer with a correlation coefficientof R^2=0.995 which is 0.9. 9%of rainfall in Mazandaran province depends on these six variables.The fall season is one of the high seasons in the province of Mazandaran. Only one station (Siahbisheh) has been registered from 12 storm rainfall stations.Estimates show that the six variables analyzed in this chapter with a correlation coefficient of R^2 = 0.983 represent a strong correlation.The results of the winter season show that all stations in Mazandaran province have rainfall, although it includes fewer days than theautumn season.All stations experience at least one day at Alasht Station for up to 7 days in Ramsar.The results of the analysis show that in winter, the correlation coefficient is R^2 = 0.996.
Conclusion
For zoning of the study area, the IDW method with three potentials of 1, 2, 3 and the Kriging method have been used with spherical, circular, exponential and Gaussian models. The evaluation and determination of the best model and verification of the produced maps was carried out. Also, for statistical comparison of the models, the root mean square errors of RMS, MAE, RMSE and their correlation coefficient were used, which, the best model for zoning was the IDW model with two potentials of 1,3 and ordinary circular kriging. Optimal mapping was done by multivariate regression based on the model of synchronous and retrograde method, and six variables that have the greatest effect on rainfall, including latitude and longitude, rainfall days, elevation, relative humidity and dew point temperature were studied.The results show that the correlation values of these six variables are 0.97 in spring, 0.99 in summer, 0.98 in autumn, 0.99 in winter and 0.99 in annual rainfall which indicates a strong relationship between these six variables in the rainfall ofMazandaran province.
Nafiseh Rezapour Andabili; Marzieh Alikhah Asl
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Evaluation of ecological potential is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. Aqdagh protected area with a total area of 93889 hectares is located south of Ardebil province (south of Khalkhal ...
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Abstract[1]
Evaluation of ecological potential is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. Aqdagh protected area with a total area of 93889 hectares is located south of Ardebil province (south of Khalkhal city) and north of Zanjan province. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of forestry use in the protected area of Aqdagh and to assess the current adaptation of forestry use to the ecological potential of the area for the above mentioned uses. The process of ecological potential assessment in this study consists of three main parts that after ecological resource identification, analyzing and aggregating the data, ecological potential has been determined in the study area. The information layers used in this study are: soil, climate, vegetation, landform, hydrology and land use. Studies show that the forestry potential has been with a total area of 11293.5 hectares and the results indicate that forestry classes 1, 2 and 7 are absent due to the biophysical status and especially the altitudes and climate of the region, so that only forestry classes 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present in the study basin. Use patterns of the identified forest classes are consistent with the assessment of their potentials in the region and they also have forest uses in the current situation,however, the forest class 6 currently has pasture use and of the four forestry classes in the region,the share of the forest class 6 is the most. Findings indicate that this area has many limitations for the growth of commercial forest.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Sedighe Kianisalmi; Seyyed Hojjat Musavi; Parisah Yeganeh Dastgerdi
Abstract
1- Introduction
One-sided, unbalanced and unplanned development of cities, population and activity in the area, has left a great deal of the country's capacity useless, and has imposed a lot of problems on planners at different levels (ahmadi et.al,1389: 94). In order to achieve sustainable development, ...
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1- Introduction
One-sided, unbalanced and unplanned development of cities, population and activity in the area, has left a great deal of the country's capacity useless, and has imposed a lot of problems on planners at different levels (ahmadi et.al,1389: 94). In order to achieve sustainable development, describing and assessment of the state of the environment and resources is necessary before any planning (movahhed, 1385: 11). Tourism, especially ecotourism is also no exception. Ecological potential assessment of tourism areas to use have been identified as a tool to achieve sustainable development (jowzi et al. 1388:71). In order to achieve sustainable development, land planning is essential and the infrastructure of this planning is environmental assessment, ecological potential assessment, measurement and potential of land with clear and pre-planned criteria. In this regard, from the 1960s, the geographic information system was established with a tangible progress in the spatial planning of land use to accelerate the development of various methods for determination of land ability for different uses.
In this study we have tried to define ecotourism potential, using assessment of Environmental Ecological potential in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province to provide a dynamic setting for the development of the region. Therefore, because of an abundance of natural attractions such as wetlands, lakes, waterfalls, springs, rivers, mountains and peaks, caves, plains and forests, as well as historical- cultural attractions, such as bridges, villages and castles, there is a great potential to attract many visitors. In this study,it is attempted that with the use of GIS and ecological potential assessment model for establishment of tourism in the region, the potential can be investigated. The necessity and importance of this research is the factthat despite the unique characteristics of the province, especially in terms of nature, which can play a more active role in the economic, social and cultural area, and despite these diverse and valuable attractions, unfortunately less attention has been paid to this attractions so with a good planning and suitable using of available resources, the region can be developed sustainably.
2- Material and Methods
In Makhdoom systemic approach, ecological tourism model is provided for intensive and extensive outing (firoozi et al, 1392: 159). At this stage, by using collected data in the phases of analysis and conclusions in the environmental units with ecological models built for the user, the most appropriate activities are selected. Based on the results of investigations in Iran and the countries that are ecologically similar to Iran, a set of ecological models have been produced inIran which can be compared and measure ecological information about the model and determine the type of actions which should be taken. The model was used to determine the usages of the ecological models of agriculture - pasture, forestry, rural-, urban-industrial development, ecotourism, intensive tourism and aquaculture (Makhdoom, 1385: 185-212). This study seeks to find areas suitable for ecotourism (suitable Class A, suitable Class B and inappropriate). Therefore, suitable areas for loading the proposed activities appropriate to the potential of the region's stability have been identified, taking into account variables such as slope, rock and soil, aspect, water, plants, climate and weather and also preparation of needed maps.
3-Result and Discussion
In order to determine the ecological potential for ecotourism development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, according to the preference of parameters in terms of importance in Makhdoom model (makhdoom, 1380: 203), first, slope map was developed in 9 classes using digital elevation model map and using the capabilities of ArcGIS. In the next stage, soil and rock condition was evaluated and the map was prepared. After determining the soil groups in the province, suitable areas for ecotourism class A, with suitable soil which is placed in Inceptisoils category, was separated. Climate is another factor considered in the assessment of ecological potential. In this context, the average temperature in warm period in the provinceis calculated. Since proper temperature during warm period for extensive recreation class A is 21-25 degrees Celsius, this feature was introduced in the attribute table. The next parameter is the number of sunny days. For extensive recreation class A for spring and summer seasons, the number of sunny days have to be more than 15 days per month. The last parameter is water. For extensive recreation class A, water level must be 5-12 liters per person. Citing the fact that the province, in terms of water resources is rich and has good precipitation, water levels parameter in the province was considered desirable.
In the last stage, all obtained maps, are mutually overlaid and finally a map is obtained,in which all the necessary conditions for an extensive recreation class A are introduced and shows all the suitable areas for extensive tourism.
4-Conclusion
After overlaying Maps and finishing ecological potential assessment process, it was found that a rather wide region of the province is suitable for developing ecotourism. According to the calculations done, about 32.1961square kilometers of the province is found suitable for extensive recreation (class A), the city of LORDEGAN has the largest share of the relevant regions and the city of BOROUJEN has the lowest share, respectively.
