Mahdi Modiri
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 2-4
Abstract
In the course of the evolution of surveying from “the science of mapping” to “the visualization of geographic data”, the surveyor has always had his/her eyes on "simulation", and his/her reliance on daily achievements of technology, education and experience has been aimed at making ...
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In the course of the evolution of surveying from “the science of mapping” to “the visualization of geographic data”, the surveyor has always had his/her eyes on "simulation", and his/her reliance on daily achievements of technology, education and experience has been aimed at making maps of more resemblance to the earth. The transformation is due to integration of cartography, photogrammetry and digital field. Relying on "modeling" is a world of constructive connections between science and surveying technology in applications. Model is what should be created and modeling is design for the future. The model is displayed based on processed geographical data, and therefore Modeling is developed with digital photogrammetry and computer cartography. Photogrammetry is a necessary and effective science for obtaining spatial data and has vast applications in engineering and industry. In photogrammetry, fundamental changes were made from the analogue to the digital stage. Digital photogrammetry has an enormous potential to offer abilities and benefits.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 5-8
Abstract
Political geography is one of the branches of geographical sciences that examines all natural, cultural (human) and environmental effects on policies, military plans and combative / supportive operations at global, regional and local levels.Political geography is a science that expresses the effects ...
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Political geography is one of the branches of geographical sciences that examines all natural, cultural (human) and environmental effects on policies, military plans and combative / supportive operations at global, regional and local levels.Political geography is a science that expresses the effects of geographic factors of a country or area on military movements.Political geography is a part of military sciences that concerns environmental characteristics of the area of operation.Political geography includes application of geographic analysis method. It is worth noting that various definitions have been presented for political geography, but two major points are necessary to be considered in order to reach a comprehensive definition.
A. Scale and application of military geography The application of military geography for political leaders, national security planners, commanders and military hierarchies that play major roles in formulation of military strategies, which has specific definition and a certain scope. B-The military geography has its own value against internal and external threats and various geopolitical conditions of any region. In fact, military geography faces threats by presenting their direction and exploitation of geographic factors against these threats. Military geography is an effective guide in national and macro planning in a country including land preparation and allocation, so that appropriate locating of development plans and constructive measures of the country such as infrastructure and industrial establishments take defense-security considerations into account in all circumstances.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 9-12
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter examines photos systematically and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be conducted at different levels of complexity, from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, according to complexity of the interactions between surface and sub-surface features.
Maryam Ahmadpour
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 13-14
Abstract
Controlling and utilizing atmospheric phenomena and changes such as creating artificial rain in dry years and droughts, preventing harmful hail and haze and reducing the severity of storms has been among human desires since immemorial past.In the last half century, the technology of cloud insemination ...
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Controlling and utilizing atmospheric phenomena and changes such as creating artificial rain in dry years and droughts, preventing harmful hail and haze and reducing the severity of storms has been among human desires since immemorial past.In the last half century, the technology of cloud insemination has created hopes for realization of these dreams.
Early research for stimulating clouds and creating artificial rain has been carried out by Wegner in Germany, Vilkevitch in the former Soviet Union and Veraart in the Netherlands. The production of artificial rain was gradually considered by other countries, and in 1933 T. Bergeron identified ice crystals and very cold droplets as among the main causes of rain, and many subsequent studies were carried out. Cloud fertilizing and artificial rain production has been tested in many countries of the world, and this technology has been considered as a way of water preparation in many countries, especially those facing water crisis, and each year fertility operations are carried out in these countries in appropriate seasons and according to a regular program, and at the end of the project the operation is evaluated and the efficiency of precipitation increase is calculated using statistical and mathematical methods. In addition, further research on atmospheric systems, cloud physics, cloud behavior, economic and social significance of massive insemination of clouds and formation of rain, various chemicals used for injections in the clouds, methods of carrying out the work, recognition of appropriate climatic conditions, implementation of cloud fertilizing operation and increase of efficiency of operations are also in line with the objectives of the studies.
Mahmoud Mohebbi
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 15-16
Abstract
In November 1979 India, following one of its major spatial plans to implement and complete its natural resources management system, launched a satellite (Bhska 1), which had television and radiometric cameras. Then, to achieve better results and collect more detailed visual information, the satellites ...
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In November 1979 India, following one of its major spatial plans to implement and complete its natural resources management system, launched a satellite (Bhska 1), which had television and radiometric cameras. Then, to achieve better results and collect more detailed visual information, the satellites IRSP2, P3, P4, IRS 1A, 1B were launched which, in addition to removing the shortcomings and weaknesses of their sensors, improved the ability of sensors installed on these satellites. At present, IRS / 1C / 1D satellites can be mentioned as among the existing and operational satellites of this country. The function of these satellites is global, and in addition to India, nine other countries including Germany, the US and Canada have receiver stations for these satellites. The Geographic Organization has installed and set up a multi-purpose satellite data receiver station, which in the first phase of operation has the capability of receiving images from IRS / 1C / 1D satellites. In the next phase, according to the multi-purpose design of the station, it is possible to receive satellite data from other Indian satellites including IRS P5, P6 as well as other European satellites, such as ENVISAT and SPOT.In this paper, we have tried to introduce the ability of satellite imagery, especially of the IRS type, to help users’ better utilization.
Mohsen Saghaei
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 17-18
Abstract
Human communication is the cornerstone of human society without which the culture, as the characteristic of human society, never appears.On the other hand, the development of electronic communications has made the modern society so distinct from societies of the past that some call the modern times are ...
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Human communication is the cornerstone of human society without which the culture, as the characteristic of human society, never appears.On the other hand, the development of electronic communications has made the modern society so distinct from societies of the past that some call the modern times are the era of communication. Today we live in the age of communication, which has its own characteristics. The best feature of the age of information is facilitation and acceleration of communication. In this paper, we have tried to discuss information and communication and their impact on future cities, and to analyze the impact of information and communication on the creation of a global village.
Ali Baratian
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 19-24
Abstract
Today, considering the many problems that drought has caused, the need to conduct studies to anticipate and counteract it seems critical. A careful study of this phenomenon requires comprehensive and specialized studies that will include all the factors that affect it. In this paper, the role of synoptic ...
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Today, considering the many problems that drought has caused, the need to conduct studies to anticipate and counteract it seems critical. A careful study of this phenomenon requires comprehensive and specialized studies that will include all the factors that affect it. In this paper, the role of synoptic factors that have created dry and wet periods in Hamadan province has been studied and synoptic maps are used to predict drought. In this research, the intensity of drought was determined using Gibbs and Moher method and rainfall indices and it was found that there was a good agreement between ICC coefficients and monthly intensities of drought occurred in Hamadan province within 500-850 HPA range.
Ali Haj Agha Mohammadi
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 25-32
Abstract
Eucalyptus is one of the most important forest trees enjoying a unique fame in the world of plants. It is planted in large scale around the world and forms considerable forest masses.In today's world in which tree has become scarce even as a shade and sanctuary or in terms of landscape beauty due to ...
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Eucalyptus is one of the most important forest trees enjoying a unique fame in the world of plants. It is planted in large scale around the world and forms considerable forest masses.In today's world in which tree has become scarce even as a shade and sanctuary or in terms of landscape beauty due to prolonged and continuous exploitation as fuel or for construction and industrial works, the shortage can be offset by Eucalyptus cultivation due to its species diversity (six hundred species and variety), rate of growth and ecological flexibility.On the other hand, the major and minor products, short period between cultivating and fruition and high economic value of the Eucalyptus tree have attracted the attention of foresters and natural resource officials in different countries toward this plant and have led to its unprecedented rate of cultivation, so that, for example, Brazil has created about one million hectares of Eucalyptus forests, which is equivalent to about half the natural forests of northern Iran.
Roghiyyeh Golvari (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 33-35
Abstract
GPS precise and accurate positioning for navigation, mapping and geodesy requires a dual-integral carrier phase solution. The solution to this problem is the LAMBDA method of modulating separation of least squares’ correlation, so that LAMBDA is considered to quickly solve GPS ambiguities. In this ...
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GPS precise and accurate positioning for navigation, mapping and geodesy requires a dual-integral carrier phase solution. The solution to this problem is the LAMBDA method of modulating separation of least squares’ correlation, so that LAMBDA is considered to quickly solve GPS ambiguities. In this paper, practical results are presented of positioning and resolution of ambiguity for several times. In 1993, Peter Tenissen, Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Delft, introduced LAMBDA as a dual-differential solution. LAMBDA method was implemented and its description and code is accessible at the following URL: Internet - site of MGP: http: // www.geo.tudelft.nl/mgp/ The LAMBDA method was used in 60 universities, institutes and companies.
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 36-38
Abstract
With current technology, combined processing of spatial datasets from multiple sources has become possible. Misuse of datasets often makes their processing expensive, time consuming and inaccurate. How can such problems be minimized?The authors of this paper have presented the results of their research ...
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With current technology, combined processing of spatial datasets from multiple sources has become possible. Misuse of datasets often makes their processing expensive, time consuming and inaccurate. How can such problems be minimized?The authors of this paper have presented the results of their research on the construction of a warning system based on two types of solutions.The first solution is to limit the use of data to only one specific operation. The next solution is the need to analyze the metadata of dataset in order to determine the functionality of dataset in different cases.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 39-45
Abstract
The Planet Venus is named after the goddess of beauty in ancient myths, though it has been named among various peoples differently. Ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of fertility. For Babylonians this planet was the mistress of gods and the goddess of love, fertility and war. The Chinese ...
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The Planet Venus is named after the goddess of beauty in ancient myths, though it has been named among various peoples differently. Ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of fertility. For Babylonians this planet was the mistress of gods and the goddess of love, fertility and war. The Chinese also considered it a beautiful white spot. With these interpretations, we conclude that Venus has been a symbol of love and beauty since the beginning of civilization. The Greeks living on the island of Cythera, who worshiped Aphrodite, often used the term Cytherean, meaning “related to Aphrodite” for referring to planets. This is an adjective that is used instead of the phrase “related to Venus”.
Mahdi Mo'meni
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 46-49
Abstract
Since distant past, there were a number of scholars in different regions of Iran which, according to the geographical situation of each place, used certain methods for protection and maintenance of the Qanats (underground aqueducts), which sometimes were significantly efficient.With the construction ...
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Since distant past, there were a number of scholars in different regions of Iran which, according to the geographical situation of each place, used certain methods for protection and maintenance of the Qanats (underground aqueducts), which sometimes were significantly efficient.With the construction of first deep wells that were dug by the Americans in the year 1949 with the aim of providing water for their camps and with no attention to their negative impact on Qanats, the number of Qanats was reduced, so that from the 62,932 Qanats of Iran, 20,967 have been abandoned.There is no detailed information on the history of excavation of the first Qanats in Iran, but Megasthenes, in the year 300 BC, has reported on the existence of Qanats in Baluchistan.
In this paper, the major causes of decline of Qanats have been studied as follows:- Digging deep and semi-deep wells- Decrease in the stable level of groundwater- Government and people's neglect of the importance of Qannats
At the end of the paper, using field methods, a successful case of using modern and traditional methods for optimization and exploitation of Qanats has been studied. The traditional way of creating dams on waterways in the vicinity of a head well and on the path of Qanat, terracing the land along the natural slope and along the Qanat route are carried out in order to prevent the flow of rain water and its penetration into ground and to increase the water-provision by Qanat, and the modern method includes the transfer of water by a pump engine to a distance of 1000 meters and its distribution through pipe network to the farm side. The three major results of the implementation of the plan are as follows:
- Use of total volume of aquifer and 50% increase in rate of water provision- Use of the upstream areas of the Qanat head well and cultivation of about 100 hectares of fresh land- Creation of nutritional conditions for aquifer using soil mound, terracing and tree plantation method.
Ma'sumeh Rajabi
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 50-52
Abstract
Topographic maps are important tools for analyzing landforms. Using maps with contour lines, various types of landforms related to morphogenetic systems can be examined. Topographic maps and their contour lines are two-dimensional pictures of land terrains which are essentially three-dimensional. To ...
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Topographic maps are important tools for analyzing landforms. Using maps with contour lines, various types of landforms related to morphogenetic systems can be examined. Topographic maps and their contour lines are two-dimensional pictures of land terrains which are essentially three-dimensional. To carry out a three-dimensional investigation of forms of terrains on topographic maps, topographic stereoscopic maps (stereograms) should be provided so that three-dimensional view of contour lines become possible just as aerial photos. In this text, we have tried to introduce several examples of these maps for displaying different types of landforms related to different morphogenetic systems.
Majid Lashgari
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 53-56
Abstract
During the recent years, the city of Mashhad has been growing relatively fast, resulting in significant land use changes. Thousands of hectares of agricultural lands, gardens and pastures have been destroyed and have changed into other uses such as cities, industrial districts, and so on. Following this ...
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During the recent years, the city of Mashhad has been growing relatively fast, resulting in significant land use changes. Thousands of hectares of agricultural lands, gardens and pastures have been destroyed and have changed into other uses such as cities, industrial districts, and so on. Following this fact, the streets have been widened and new parks have been created.The discovery and rehabilitation of urban land use change is one of the most important issues of city planning and management. There are different ways to discover and retrieve changes and to use remote sensing data. In this research, subtraction and division of images, regression, principal component analysis and subtraction bands, as well as utilization of fuzzy logic, comparison of classification and clear probabilities obtained from the maximum probability method have been considered.To understand and discover the changes, the city of Mashhad has been examined using Landsat TM satellite images of the years 1987 and 1996.
In this research, using posterior probabilities obtained by the maximum probability classification, the type and amount of membership probability of each pixel in change was determined. Then the classes in 1987 and 1996 were subtracted. The results of this study show that: A. Multi-time satellite images show land use changes in the studied area very well. B) Using two methods of principal components analysis and the fuzzy logic simultaneously, the place and the degree of membership of the pixels in the changes are recognizable. C) In the images obtained from reduction of posterior probabilities related to the corresponding classes, the changes are represented by positive or negative numbers and are clearly distinguishable from the areas with no changes. Therefore, the method based on use of posterior probabilities derived from classification of maximum probability is the most appropriate method, because it can determine the type and nature of the changes and the possibility of membership in changes.
Esmaeil Nasiri
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 57-60
Abstract
Urbanization is the art of living together, hence the city is the place of clever and thoughtful crystallization of this art; in other words, city is a place in which a number of people with different thoughts, beliefs and ideas are gathered together, united by common dreams, desires and views. The healthy ...
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Urbanization is the art of living together, hence the city is the place of clever and thoughtful crystallization of this art; in other words, city is a place in which a number of people with different thoughts, beliefs and ideas are gathered together, united by common dreams, desires and views. The healthy city is a topic that has been raised by many officials and experts in relevant fields including geography and urban planning over recent decades following the city's rapid growth and urbanization and lack of proper planning that would suit the needs of urban communities. Its facilities are supposed to be in line with the citizens' biological needs and based on mutual respect for citizenship rights and emphasis on sustainable urban development.
Iraj Maghfuri Moghaddam; Mahmud Jalali
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, Pages 76-80
Abstract
Extinction is one of the important phenomena in the evolution of organisms. Extinction of a species occurs when organisms cannot adapt to sudden changes in the environment. The Earth is a very dynamic planet and resists many external changes leading to the stability of biological conditions. But in some ...
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Extinction is one of the important phenomena in the evolution of organisms. Extinction of a species occurs when organisms cannot adapt to sudden changes in the environment. The Earth is a very dynamic planet and resists many external changes leading to the stability of biological conditions. But in some cases environmental changes are very severe. Among the most important factors of environmental changes is the collision of Meteorites to the surface of the Earth. In the early Cretaceous and the Late Eocene, the Earth was exposed to several Meteorites, which resulted in destruction of many creatures. In all Meteorites, the amount of iridium element is much higher than that of land deposits.Therefore, by finding more than the usual quantities of iridium on the Earth's layers, it can be held as possible that a Meteorite has hit the ground. Of course, it should be noted that in some cases the element of iodine accumulates in some sediments due to diagenetic factors.
