Mahdi Modiri
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 2-4
Abstract
Aerial photography is one of the best methods of collecting geographic information which, considering its various applications, has been one of the most suitable tools for the valuable science of surveying over the past century. After the end of the World War II, aerial photography experienced remarkable ...
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Aerial photography is one of the best methods of collecting geographic information which, considering its various applications, has been one of the most suitable tools for the valuable science of surveying over the past century. After the end of the World War II, aerial photography experienced remarkable progress, and preparation of aerial photos of areas in a short period of time became possible. In 1918, in a period of four days of war, 56,000 aerial photos were prepared. In the period between two World Wars, application of aerial photos was significantly slowed down. In armed forces, interpretation of aerial photos was in direct connection with precision of photography as well as exact geometric conditions and their up-to-date information. Later, valuable progress was made in commercial and scientific branches of aerial photo preparation, and military surveying organizations practiced aerial photography, interpretation of aerial photos and conversion of photos into maps. Utilization of aerial photos for accurate measurements in photogrammetry become common. The ground-based technique of topographic map preparation was reduced in necessity and provision of maps from areas difficult to pass became possible. Germany, familiar with the importance of aerial photos and their interpretation during the Second World War, based its plans on utilization of coverage photos of forest regions. Interpretation of aerial photos was applied in estimation of the depth of waters. After the Second World War, the experiences obtained during the war regarding interpretation of photos became a basis for varied applications of it in reconstruction and peaceful developmental activities, including preparation of topographic coverage maps and developmental and cadaster large-scale maps.
Hamid Malmirian
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 5-13
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Fatemeh Tarkarani; Hosein Asakareh
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 14-17
Abstract
Application of the “CN” curve is in calculation of the detention coefficient’s value. This index is necessary for estimation of the delay and concentration times of the basin as well as the height of runoff by the SCS method. Since common and traditional methods of preliminary studies ...
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Application of the “CN” curve is in calculation of the detention coefficient’s value. This index is necessary for estimation of the delay and concentration times of the basin as well as the height of runoff by the SCS method. Since common and traditional methods of preliminary studies are time-consuming and costly, the best methods recommended in this regard are reasoning-based methods.One of such methods for calculation of the detention coefficient and number of curve is utilization of basin’s runoff coefficient. This method was used in the Nojian basin, one of the head-branches of the Dez River in southeast of Khorramabad, Lorestan. The runoff coefficient in this basin was calculated to be 0.59, the detention coefficient 0.41 and the average CN about 19.61.Lack of direct relationship between the basin’s monthly precipitation and runoff makes exploitation of the index mentioned above for short periods impossible. Therefore, this index can be calculated monthly only in basins where precipitation is mostly liquid and also monthly precipitation justifies runoff of the same month.
Taghi Tavousi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 18-25
Abstract
Coastal regions have been paid significant attention by humans due to their natural conditions for life such as fertile soil caused by alluvial composition, rivers, abundant water, air’s mildness and access to marine resources and commercial paths, and have increased in political, military and ...
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Coastal regions have been paid significant attention by humans due to their natural conditions for life such as fertile soil caused by alluvial composition, rivers, abundant water, air’s mildness and access to marine resources and commercial paths, and have increased in political, military and economic importance after the Industrial Revolution and the consequent expansion of global commercial activities and development of economic, political and cultural relationships as well as tourism industry. Existence of such favorable conditions has helped the growth of human concentration and increasing establishment of industries, offices and hotels in coastal cities.The results of some of assumptions show increase in number and severity of meteorological catastrophes and natural disasters such as river and sea flooding on vast scales at highly populated coastal regions ( like Bangladesh, Caribbean coasts, etc.) and intensification of tropical storms and expansion of their areas of influence toward western Europe and higher geographic latitudes. This upward trend has been caused by climate change and has been intensified by population density in large cities, especially coastal areas, such as concentration of hotels in coastal areas vulnerable to the hurricanes like Florida Coasts or establishment of industries at storm-prone Northern Sea. Incidents will be more catastrophic when such establishments and construction of transportation networks in above-mentioned areas are not accompanied by technology.
Mohammad Mosaiebi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 26-28
Abstract
Globe-trotting is a short and transient trip outside the person’s usual spaces for rest, touring, business or other reasons.Attention to globe-trotting, especially in 1980’s, motivated most of countries to make efforts to attract tourists and globe-trotters. The total income of tourism industry ...
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Globe-trotting is a short and transient trip outside the person’s usual spaces for rest, touring, business or other reasons.Attention to globe-trotting, especially in 1980’s, motivated most of countries to make efforts to attract tourists and globe-trotters. The total income of tourism industry in recent years is about $300 billion, and although Iran is among the ten countries with most historical, ancient and cultural attractions, it earns only about $200,000 annually through tourism industry.In this paper, considering Quran’s verses, richness of Islamic culture and ancient historical identity of Iran, the cultural effects of tourism and the relationship between tourism culture and genuine Islamic and Iranian culture have been studied. It has been shown how Iran, as the nuclei of Islamic Revolution and enjoying ancient historical past and unique, thought-provoking works and relics, can earn great revenues and also act as a center of propagation of Islamic ideas and culture through tourism, because in contact between different cultures, it is the more powerful one which influences the other and remains safe from possible dangers of such contacts, and only receives positive elements of other culture.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 29-35
Abstract
Classification of existing digital photogrammetric systems can not be fitted into a simple model due to their growth and variety. It can be said that they are the end of a vision designed through emergence of high-level, special systems which compete the best analytical systems and are uniquely inexpensive ...
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Classification of existing digital photogrammetric systems can not be fitted into a simple model due to their growth and variety. It can be said that they are the end of a vision designed through emergence of high-level, special systems which compete the best analytical systems and are uniquely inexpensive in comparison with other available developed systems, especially for simple uses. DVP is one of the Softcopy commercial photogrammetric systems which has been examined in a principled manner and its characteristics have been preserved during this examination; so, DVP has indeed grown. This idea indicates the development and direction of a method based on application of a micro-computer, images and a mirror stereoscope. It is a simple method easy to learn by oneself in which presented operation is in an effective and efficient way which is based on decreasing personal coefficient or the principle of equality in topography.Naturally, in new method the digital topographic display has become complex, and has become a conveyor from one stage to another used for three-dimensional measurements. It seems that with this idea and description of microcomputer technology, there is reasonable expectation for advances in new topography in microcomputers. Suitable and simple software and hardware of photogrammetry can create potentials for utilization of photogrammetry experts.
Hamid Reza Varesi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 36-40
Abstract
Kuhrang is located in northwest of Chehear Mahal and Bakhtiari Province at a mountainous place. This region is of significant desirability due to mild mountainous weather in hot seasons of the year.In this paper, it has been tried to introduce natural potentials and tourist attractions of Kuhrang and ...
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Kuhrang is located in northwest of Chehear Mahal and Bakhtiari Province at a mountainous place. This region is of significant desirability due to mild mountainous weather in hot seasons of the year.In this paper, it has been tried to introduce natural potentials and tourist attractions of Kuhrang and to present suggestions for attracting tourists.
Ali Jahani
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 41-42
Abstract
Civil engineers, due to the required accuracy and detailed information, have always faced numerous limitations in collecting data including time consuming nature of the process of such activities. The daily increasing abilities of space technology which have brought about many applications in various ...
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Civil engineers, due to the required accuracy and detailed information, have always faced numerous limitations in collecting data including time consuming nature of the process of such activities. The daily increasing abilities of space technology which have brought about many applications in various sciences and technologies, have led civil engineers consider satellite systems and utilize them in provision of part of their needs for information. In this paper, satellite data abilities and their benefits for civil engineers have been discussed and one of the projects containing relevant experiences has been mentioned as an example.
Ashraf Azimzadeh (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 43-43
Abstract
In order to access material benefits through geographic information, experts in GIS need to have opportunities for experiments toward increase of the value of information as well as provision of software and various services.
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In order to access material benefits through geographic information, experts in GIS need to have opportunities for experiments toward increase of the value of information as well as provision of software and various services.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 44-47
Abstract
Application of the GIS technology and the quality of its results depend on access to digital geographic data of acceptable quality. Conversion of analogue maps into digital ones is a way of producing digital geographic data.Unfortunately, analogue maps are in most cases out-of-date. For vast countries, ...
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Application of the GIS technology and the quality of its results depend on access to digital geographic data of acceptable quality. Conversion of analogue maps into digital ones is a way of producing digital geographic data.Unfortunately, analogue maps are in most cases out-of-date. For vast countries, production of new maps according to ground-based observations is very difficult due to high costs and excessive time needed for their completion. This paper presents a framework for updating available digital geographic data as an alternative to revision of customary maps.
Morteza Ashnedar (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 48-49
Abstract
Military centers in many advanced countries have utilized the GIS technology through a broad network called SIMNET in order to model battlefields and operational maneuvers, and they use it in different stages of military maneuvers. These stages might be implemented independently by different military ...
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Military centers in many advanced countries have utilized the GIS technology through a broad network called SIMNET in order to model battlefields and operational maneuvers, and they use it in different stages of military maneuvers. These stages might be implemented independently by different military corps or through interconnection among different corps. The system mentioned above is a forerunner in creation of vast domain-based connections between different military maneuvers taking place around the country via a continuous and homogeneous network, and in this method the distributional modeling has been exploited. In this system, computer images and the technology of connection networks have been combined with the aim of creating a common artificial environment to achieve a situation like that of real world. Here the ARC/INFO software is used for establishment of a digital data bank that can be used for distributional modeling of military operation.
Hosein Sarami
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 50-56
Abstract
The importance of environment as the dynamic context of human activities is still the major topic of sciences especially geography, and the environmental causality is active along with human abilities in creation of landscapes and living places. The terms “environmental coercion” and “cultural ...
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The importance of environment as the dynamic context of human activities is still the major topic of sciences especially geography, and the environmental causality is active along with human abilities in creation of landscapes and living places. The terms “environmental coercion” and “cultural coercion” represent sharp aspects of causal attitudes which have been modified in today’s scientific geography in which every environmental factor and human being have been given their real position, leading to creation of the term “environmental causality”.Today human tries to turn this physical planet into a “cultural planet”, and to provide every person with a healthy life, organize the environment and keep it as human being’s “abode.”The subject studied in this paper is the environmental causality which, one the one hand, requires other discussions as prerequisite due to scientific approach and sensitivity of determination of the problem’s limits, and on the other, its breadth and delicacy necessitates keeping content of any research about it within certain limits and avoiding marginal and descriptive discussions; therefore, we mostly pay attention to fundamental and major points which have received less attention, and sort our material according to the following list:Introduction, lexical examination, causality, determinism and free will, determinism, free will, environmental causality, conclusion and sources.
Shokrallah Mohammadi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 57-58
Abstract
Today, with advances and development of computer technology, many firms and organizations which practice map preparation have turned to conversion of manual system (manual cartography) to computer system (digital cartography). Currently all stages of manual cartography are carried out using computers, ...
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Today, with advances and development of computer technology, many firms and organizations which practice map preparation have turned to conversion of manual system (manual cartography) to computer system (digital cartography). Currently all stages of manual cartography are carried out using computers, which leads to increase of the speed of cartographic operation, achievement of top quality at stages of work and reduction of map preparation costs.In this paper, the Raster and Vector information in creation of cartographic images as well as advantages and disadvantages of these images and their method of processing are examined.
Hosein Hataminejad (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, Pages 59-64
Abstract
There are three research levels in examination of urban structures. The first and third levels are overviewed at the beginning. The micro level of research studies the cities independently based on their unique location, historical origin and development, special combination of urban functions and applications ...
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There are three research levels in examination of urban structures. The first and third levels are overviewed at the beginning. The micro level of research studies the cities independently based on their unique location, historical origin and development, special combination of urban functions and applications and land use. Harris and Ulman, in their famous research in 1945 entitled “The Nature of Cities” clarified this point of view through the following statement: “Any city is unique in details but similar to other cities in function and pattern”.In micro scale of research, all cities of the world are studied according to their common picture: a city is a considered as a type of residence on global scale that shows certain forms and functions which make it a city.
