Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 2-5
Abstract
In order to process cartographic information, it is necessary to determine the topological structure of data so that database becomes intelligent and ready for analysis and transfer. After collection of various data, a database with consistent topological and geometric structure should be created. This ...
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In order to process cartographic information, it is necessary to determine the topological structure of data so that database becomes intelligent and ready for analysis and transfer. After collection of various data, a database with consistent topological and geometric structure should be created. This task begins with conversion of all types of data and their matching on a single scale and selection of a single image or network coordinate system. But in raster computer maps and GIS there is need for something else. All pixels must be of same shape and size.
Hosein Asakareh; Saeed Movahedi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 6-10
Abstract
The effective temperature is the temperature of calm and saturated air that can have, in absence of radiation, the same effect that the air in question has. This standard combines the effects of temperature and humidity. The modified effective temperature, besides the two factors of temperature and humidity, ...
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The effective temperature is the temperature of calm and saturated air that can have, in absence of radiation, the same effect that the air in question has. This standard combines the effects of temperature and humidity. The modified effective temperature, besides the two factors of temperature and humidity, involves the effect of radiation and cooling quality of wind as well. Therefore, it is the most accurate standard recommended for study of air conditions in terms of human comfort.
Effective temperatures between 22o to 27o and wind flows with speeds between 0.15 to 1.5 m/s have been suggested as the area of comfort for human being in hot regions. The following issues are considered for determination of thermal comfort area in Abadan and Dezful:
Need for mechanical cooling and provision of shade, need for decreasing the speed of wind, need for mechanical heat in early hours of the day (during winter).
It should be noted that the maximum effective temperature of Abadan in absence of wind occurs during April to June as well as August and October. In Dezful, maximum effective temperature takes place with one month of delay compared to Abadan, namely from May until June and then in September and October.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 11-19
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Ramin Kiamehr
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 20-23
Abstract
Today, proper management of water resources without accurate information about them is impossible. On the other hand, utilization of existing traditional methods in estimating the amount of water resources in snow catchment areas (basins mostly filled with snowfall), in addition to practical problems ...
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Today, proper management of water resources without accurate information about them is impossible. On the other hand, utilization of existing traditional methods in estimating the amount of water resources in snow catchment areas (basins mostly filled with snowfall), in addition to practical problems and high costs, is unable to provide with sufficient precision due to hardships in access to areas difficult to pass. The news of surprising floods over the past decade are examples of this inability to estimate these resources and the consequent loss of human and agricultural resources. Considering the dynamic nature of snow basins, technology of remote sensing has been introduced as a much better tool compared to traditional methods in terms of up-to-date information, accessibility and reasonable cost, and has found vast applications in management of water resources. In this paper, the method of estimating the two important parameters of level and depth of snow basin through combination of information from remote sensing images and new aerial laser systems (airplane and helicopter) using GPS satellite positioning methods and new technique of DGPS are proposed and described.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 24-31
Abstract
Provision of any plan for redevelopment, improvement and expansion in natural environment requires preparations in order to determine the potentials and constraints of the area. Next, after considering and evaluating development models which have been prepared in compatibility with natural factors and ...
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Provision of any plan for redevelopment, improvement and expansion in natural environment requires preparations in order to determine the potentials and constraints of the area. Next, after considering and evaluating development models which have been prepared in compatibility with natural factors and activities, the proper model is selected with all cultural, social, economic and environmental aspects taken into account. Provision of maps based on each effective factor and comparing them with cultural, social and economic considerations make the conditions for scientific deduction possible. By comparing environmental maps, identification of natural potential is carried out and environmental design takes place according to a precise and proper knowledge of the area.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 32-38
Abstract
The developments of human knowledge and emergence of needs following advancement of technology and its domination over human societies require any person with a role in his/her society’s progress to investigate in all corners of the surrounding environment in order to fulfil the society’s ...
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The developments of human knowledge and emergence of needs following advancement of technology and its domination over human societies require any person with a role in his/her society’s progress to investigate in all corners of the surrounding environment in order to fulfil the society’s needs. Variety of natural forms and shapes is a prominent factor faced with in geomorphological studies that are conducted in the Valley of Abianeh, this small part of our vast country; any person who for the first time steps on this green space finds its position, surrounded by mountains, to be gloomy, but this is not the case for people who have lived in it for years and become attached to its natural environment and landscapes.
In general, what is to be noted regarding this research is that it is closely connected with concepts such as the land’s past, current state of equilibrium, type of process and probable future developments.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 39-41
Abstract
Stars consume all the energy existing in the nuclei. Stars with great masses reach this state earlier than those with smaller masses, because their fuel runs out rapidly. In this part, the next stages of a star’s life and the developments it experiences in future are studied.
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Stars consume all the energy existing in the nuclei. Stars with great masses reach this state earlier than those with smaller masses, because their fuel runs out rapidly. In this part, the next stages of a star’s life and the developments it experiences in future are studied.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 42-45
Abstract
Geographic information systems have gained increasing importance in environmental planning, examination of environment’s effects and landscape planning. The main reason for this fact is the need for environmental planning in order to perform comparison of different sets of data related to an area ...
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Geographic information systems have gained increasing importance in environmental planning, examination of environment’s effects and landscape planning. The main reason for this fact is the need for environmental planning in order to perform comparison of different sets of data related to an area with the aim of achieving a description of natural resources and their sensitivity to different effects, because it is possible to use GIS for adapting data produces about an area with its real characteristics. GIS is considered a very efficient tool for these types of planning.
Environmental studies require prediction of the environment’s effects. Consequently, risk analyses should be entered into the GIS technology.
This paper describes some methods of application of geographic information system. Application of GIS in connection with models of attitude are elaborated in this paper through mentioning the following examples:
The EIA Study of traffic increase issues in the Wurm Valley in southern Munich;
The impact of the new Munich II airport on the region, urban development issues and increase of traffic;
The environmental management in border areas of Bohmerwald (Sumava) forests in Muhlvertiel in northern Austria.
The selected examples have been obtained through landscape planning and study of environmental effects using GIS and its modeling potentials. Different topics have been raised and assessed for either project based on GIS system of project’s information.
Hamidreza Varesi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 46-53
Abstract
Among human’s primary needs (food, clothes and shelter), provision of housing is the most difficult. Fulfilment of such needs is very expensive. Even the rich consider house as the greatest family investment. Recently even the most optimistic planners have accepted that the least expensive house ...
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Among human’s primary needs (food, clothes and shelter), provision of housing is the most difficult. Fulfilment of such needs is very expensive. Even the rich consider house as the greatest family investment. Recently even the most optimistic planners have accepted that the least expensive house with plainest design cannot be afforded by at least a third of urban families in developing countries. One of the plans proposed for solving this problem is development of apartments. This plan, applied in Iran since not-so-distant past, has not yet been utilized in Isfahan. In spite of the city’s former comprehensive plans (with a “horizontal” attitude) which avoids vertical appearance except in limited areas in the city where this approach is not in conflict with the traditional and historical texture of the city, recently in new comprehensive plan and in creating new cities apartment-based plans have been considered and used as a course of action.
In this study, conducted with the aim of recognizing apartment-based residence, six districts with significant apartment residences within the area of implementation of comprehensive plans in Isfahan have been selected and examined using questionnaires. These six study areas have differences in terms of cultural and social textures and geographical positions whose study has revealed interesting facts. It is hoped that this investigation will help solve such residential problems.
The aims of this study include: examination of correct manners of apartment-residence and its development in Isfahan, the connection between type of occupation and apartment residence, apartment lifestyle problems, interest of people in living in apartments, and proposing solutions for related problems.
Saeed Sadeghian
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 54-61
Abstract
Tabari, in his important history book, refers to preparation of cadaster for whole lands of Iran during the reign of Kavad. It was so despite the fact that in those days Iran was a number of times vaster than its current area. Estakhri, living in tenth century A.D., has in his book, Sovar-al-Aghalim, ...
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Tabari, in his important history book, refers to preparation of cadaster for whole lands of Iran during the reign of Kavad. It was so despite the fact that in those days Iran was a number of times vaster than its current area. Estakhri, living in tenth century A.D., has in his book, Sovar-al-Aghalim, described lands, climates of earth, cities, seas, rivers and the distance between them in detail, and has displayed them on maps. These maps which amount to 19, are called Sovar. Taghvim-al-Boldan, written by Abolfada’, is one of the books written during the Middle Ages and a reference book in those times, and it has been translated since mid-sixteenth century into a number of European languages. a chapter of this book is about research on “area” and other chapter is about the areas of seven climates composed in line with the attitude of older times. Abolfada’ criticizes a number of former students because they hadn’t mentioned any data concerning the length and width of cities. Unfortunately, such activities did not continue in later times in an organize manner. Therefore, we must make double efforts to remove the shortages created by inaction.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, Pages 62-64
Abstract
Before emergence of GPS, the science of navigation couldn’t offer high accuracy in positioning during the day. But, at least it is comforting to remember that the Sun, stars and other celestial bodies are not controlled by super powers. Here, the author describes a system which always receives ...
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Before emergence of GPS, the science of navigation couldn’t offer high accuracy in positioning during the day. But, at least it is comforting to remember that the Sun, stars and other celestial bodies are not controlled by super powers. Here, the author describes a system which always receives its directions from Pentagon and military forces of the United States, and it is possible thanks to the great number of celestial bodies.
