Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 2-3
Abstract
Among advanced inventions and techniques, preparation and production of maps has undergone wonderful changes and transformations more than any other field. Computer progress and development of maps has reached a level that currently microcomputer programs have made users able to design and make a variety ...
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Among advanced inventions and techniques, preparation and production of maps has undergone wonderful changes and transformations more than any other field. Computer progress and development of maps has reached a level that currently microcomputer programs have made users able to design and make a variety of maps through interconnections.
Current programs of mapping are in alignment with hardware systems of general cartographic design and drawing; they produce different files of map and move the laser imaging devices to deliver positive and negative lithographic films for making gravure. In this regard, the computer technology has transformed reading and analysis of maps. Electronic display of virtual maps (without any “real” activity) allows users to utilize powerful systems of cartographic display such as electronic atlases for quick exploration and comparison of statistical data or preparation of value maps.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 4-7
Abstract
Soil and erosion information are among the most valuable data for environmentalists and supporters of development of agricultural activities. However, there are still no standards regarding data collection. Currently, a project is being conducted that is aimed at gaining data related to the world’s ...
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Soil and erosion information are among the most valuable data for environmentalists and supporters of development of agricultural activities. However, there are still no standards regarding data collection. Currently, a project is being conducted that is aimed at gaining data related to the world’s status. The Europe Hun Soter is also being under preparation and implementation.
Various efforts have been made over a period of one hundred fifty years to record soil data in Hungary. The Kreybig Project (1932-51) is one of the most prominent of such attempts. This project, which in practical terms is similar to other methods and especially to GIS, paved the way for launching the Soter in 1986. This international project, which has been conducted for presentation of main numerical data related to soil and land features on a scale of 1: 1,000,000, combines the data from common and modern technologies in order to make digital maps. The main Pilot Soter data are presented around the world with the hope that they will eventually lead to creation of stable and homogeneous soil erosion data that can be easily updated.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 8-17
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Ashraf Azimzadeh (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 18-19
Abstract
Our excessive attention to geographic data sometimes prevents us from utilizing the extraordinary power of analysis systems, preventing due progress in this regard.
In the recent Conference of Geographic Information, Prof. Stan Openshaw, during a free discussion over GIS, criticized all the people active ...
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Our excessive attention to geographic data sometimes prevents us from utilizing the extraordinary power of analysis systems, preventing due progress in this regard.
In the recent Conference of Geographic Information, Prof. Stan Openshaw, during a free discussion over GIS, criticized all the people active in GIS works for lack of progress in this field. He stated: “We don’t really have geographic information system. What we have is actually geographic data system… it will be harmful if we get busy with data all the time…”. According to him, we must achieve the due vision of GIS and create systems of geographic knowledge. Are these claims true? Unfortunately, I share his views. The myriad of useful or useless geographic data utilized today have challenged the most gigantic technology of our age, and have become increasingly easier to access today, so that the cost of their collection has become much less than what we imagine. Moreover, we still spend a great deal of time on geographic data.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 20-28
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted.
There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement.
The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 29-34
Abstract
Identification and analysis of natural phenomena and their scientific examination is one of the matters that every researcher in scientific and technical fields must consider. Today, considering development of global communications, establishment of computer systems and expansion of scientific publications, ...
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Identification and analysis of natural phenomena and their scientific examination is one of the matters that every researcher in scientific and technical fields must consider. Today, considering development of global communications, establishment of computer systems and expansion of scientific publications, the knowledge of researchers about the causes of natural phenomena has taken an increasing trend. Interaction of the material forming the earth’s crust with internal and external shape-changing processes creates various landforms whose identification and analysis is one of the main tasks of geomorphologists. Mud volcanos are one of the landforms that attract more attention. This article was written following the observations by author of mud volcanos at an area between Dasht-e Kahir and Tang in Chabahar County in March 1993. It has been tried to review many of the issues concerning these mud volcanos by explanations and pictures.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 35-38
Abstract
Examination of significant changes in environment due to human activities is the first step toward finding a solution for the problem of pollution in industrial societies. This problem is on the increase in St Petersburg area; an environmental information system is being developed that will facilitate ...
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Examination of significant changes in environment due to human activities is the first step toward finding a solution for the problem of pollution in industrial societies. This problem is on the increase in St Petersburg area; an environmental information system is being developed that will facilitate methods of identification and provide a valuable basis for regional decision-making and management.
St Petersburg, the second largest city of Russia, is now threatened by a great environmental danger by metal mining activities, thermal power stations and factories surrounding the city. The local government is trying to change the current situation. However, the limited financial resources of government and other problems have prevented investment in environmental research projects to be the foremost priority. Even when compensation for the government’s budget deficiencies and coordination of ecological priorities seem to be more reasonable courses of action, the instability of Russian economy will prevent such investments. Nevertheless, investments of smaller scales have been realized by the help of local officials and international organizations.
Hasan Ma'soumzadeh
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 39-44
Abstract
With the introduction of satellite technology into geodetic sciences, a great development has occurred regarding access to valuable information about the shape and size of lands. Although utilization of satellite images can be very helpful in preparation and revision of linear and thematic maps, but ...
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With the introduction of satellite technology into geodetic sciences, a great development has occurred regarding access to valuable information about the shape and size of lands. Although utilization of satellite images can be very helpful in preparation and revision of linear and thematic maps, but employment of these images is not limited to geodetic applications; from the geoscience experts’ point of view, the information extracted from satellite images can be very useful for identification of mineral resources on the surface of, and within, the earth.
The paper presented here indicates a part of major applications of interpretation of satellite images in exploration of mineral resources in Copper and Gold mines of Brazil; it is hoped that it will help those interested in remote sensing to acquire more acquaintance with applications of satellite images in mineral explorations.
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 45-50
Abstract
New methods of tunnel construction and its applications, especially in management and control, usually call for sufficient attention to tunnel’s directing process. New surveying equipment and technologies such as GPS and its long-standing rival, Gyro-theodolite, are able to fulfil this need. On ...
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New methods of tunnel construction and its applications, especially in management and control, usually call for sufficient attention to tunnel’s directing process. New surveying equipment and technologies such as GPS and its long-standing rival, Gyro-theodolite, are able to fulfil this need. On the whole, increase in precision of measurements indicates the necessity of special attention to difficulties of underground surveying.
Lohrasb Ja'fari Bibalan (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 51-55
Abstract
Technological advancements in recent years, along with utilization of information process and presentation systems, have led different sciences to make great process through effective use of these factors.
The paper presented here is an example of utilization of laser technology and computer systems ...
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Technological advancements in recent years, along with utilization of information process and presentation systems, have led different sciences to make great process through effective use of these factors.
The paper presented here is an example of utilization of laser technology and computer systems in geographic information research and cartographic maps. The experimental method studied in this paper is the combination of regular laser-based photogrammetric system of measuring points’ elevation with GPS. The reason for using this system is that there already exist large-scale maps of lands in many European countries (in some of these countries even maps of 1: 500 scale are available).
Therefore, there is no need for new surveying in the real sense in these areas. The only necessity is updating maps.
This issue is of great importance in Netherlands, considering its special topographic conditions which are always changing. However, utilization of ordinary surveying methods is time-consuming and costly, while application of Laser Sweep Method (studied in this paper), when combined with GPS, can lead to provision of planimetric and elevation information of points in the studied area.
This paper examines the works in this regard, with the hope that it will be useful for those interested in related fields.
Masoud Abedi Pashtiri (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, Pages 56-64
Abstract
CCD linear arrays have been used in the structure of most of advanced cameras. Stereo photos are taken while camera’s platform is moving. Mathematical model for measurement of photogrammetric points in aerial photography is based on polynomials, considering that in aerial photography the five orbit ...
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CCD linear arrays have been used in the structure of most of advanced cameras. Stereo photos are taken while camera’s platform is moving. Mathematical model for measurement of photogrammetric points in aerial photography is based on polynomials, considering that in aerial photography the five orbit conditions are also taken into account. The results of computer simulation for measurement of points in simultaneous block adjustment indicates that using more transverse coverage of bit strips as well as cross-strips will lead to better results. The advantages of using CCD cameras have been examined and proper mathematical models for measurement of points by the MEOSS airborne camera and the MOMS-02 space camera have been provided. The results for MEOSS and MOMS-02 cameras were obtained with a precision of 1 Pixel and less; this precision was confirmed by independent control points.
