Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 2-7
Abstract
In reproduction and printing of an image, it is not possible to create an image similar to the original one, and there is no need for it. In order to provide an acceptable image, what is necessary is a tonal display. In this operation, the eyes and brain assist to compensate for the difference in light ...
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In reproduction and printing of an image, it is not possible to create an image similar to the original one, and there is no need for it. In order to provide an acceptable image, what is necessary is a tonal display. In this operation, the eyes and brain assist to compensate for the difference in light between the tone and the colored backgrounds.
Before we obtain an acceptable tonal picture, we need to examine the image reproduction system and its features. There are two general categories of image reproduction systems: Systems that have the ability to provide acceptable tones and systems that cannot do this.
Hosein Hataminejad (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 8-18
Abstract
We are accustomed to looking at maps as political or certain units (for example states, countries, census districts) are plotted according to their relative size. So, for example, in the U.S. map the state of Texas appears larger than Rhode Island, Colorado larger than Massachusetts, and so on. The areas ...
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We are accustomed to looking at maps as political or certain units (for example states, countries, census districts) are plotted according to their relative size. So, for example, in the U.S. map the state of Texas appears larger than Rhode Island, Colorado larger than Massachusetts, and so on. The areas on the map are based on the geographical spaces of political units (it is only in non-equivalent area images where these relations are intensified), but it is quite possible that maps be produced on which the spaces of the political units are plotted according to parameters other than geographic space. For example, map areas that represent states may be plotted in proportion to their population, their income, or the number of their retailers, rather than being proportionate to their geographical size.
Maps that are presented in this way according to different quantities are referred to as Cartogram or "levels of value" or "spatial shape deformation " maps.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 19-24
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted. There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement. The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues. Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 25-29
Abstract
The time it takes for the Earth to travel around the sun, or its “orbital period”, is 365 days. The period of one rotation around its own axis is 23.93 hours, its largest distance from the sun 152 × 106 km and the smallest distance from the sun 147 × 106 km. Its diameter is 12,742 ...
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The time it takes for the Earth to travel around the sun, or its “orbital period”, is 365 days. The period of one rotation around its own axis is 23.93 hours, its largest distance from the sun 152 × 106 km and the smallest distance from the sun 147 × 106 km. Its diameter is 12,742 km, its mass 5.97 × 1024 kg and its density 5.5 × 103 kg / m3. The time of the orbital movement of the moon, or the time of its orbital period, is around 27.32 days. The radius of its orbit is 384 × 103 km, its diameter 3476 km, its mass 7.34 × 1022 kg, with a density of 3.3 × 103 kg / m3. The most interesting thing about the Earth is that it has been identified as the only place for intelligent life in the universe. Even without such a strange feature, the Earth still could have been magic (magic for those who might ask questions about it), but let's mention more facts about it.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 30-35
Abstract
By introducing GPS into the global arena and increase in its applications, the basic concepts of geodetic science and surveying have changed. GPS is capable of a relatively fast and accurate determination of position in any weather conditions. Working with it is economical and cost-effective. On the ...
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By introducing GPS into the global arena and increase in its applications, the basic concepts of geodetic science and surveying have changed. GPS is capable of a relatively fast and accurate determination of position in any weather conditions. Working with it is economical and cost-effective. On the other hand, the difference in coordinates taken from GPS is often more important than the equivalent coordinates extracted from drawn or digital maps. The map data contains the long-standing problems arising from determination of planimetric base-level, the image system, surveying operations and their common errors. But these are now better characterized by the coordinates derived from GPS. The GPS is relatively inexpensive, efficient and flexible and determines the three-dimensional position of points with high precision. This technique can be used effectively in navigation, surveying and geodesy. However, there are still some very important issues in combining GPS coordinates with positional information from other methods that are troublesome for us. These issues will become more apparent when the above-mentioned position information is extracted from a digital map database. In general, such information is derived from digitization of linear maps. Therefore, of such positions with the position of the GPS involves in a series of the resulting positions are affected by a variety of errors in the process. Any combination specified computational steps. These computational steps’ purpose is to determine the proper estimation and verification of data between two sets of position presented.
Hamid Bahira'ee
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 36-41
Abstract
Lorestan is a mountainous and vast region with many characteristics and customs, cultures and traditions, natural features and ancient and historical works. This province, with its lush valleys, numerous springs and landscapes and other potentials has not yet been as widely known as it deserves. Of course, ...
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Lorestan is a mountainous and vast region with many characteristics and customs, cultures and traditions, natural features and ancient and historical works. This province, with its lush valleys, numerous springs and landscapes and other potentials has not yet been as widely known as it deserves. Of course, in some textbooks information is provided (albeit brief) for students, but there are peoples living around this age-old country the study of whose culture, customs, monuments and environmental features of residences can have a great influence on understanding the manifestations of the culture and civilization of this country.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 42-46
Abstract
The planet's atmosphere is not a closed and independent physical system, but other spaces affect and transform it. Climate change is the result of complex and less well-known factors, some of which operate outside the Earth's atmosphere, and a number of them terrestrial systems, part of which are in ...
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The planet's atmosphere is not a closed and independent physical system, but other spaces affect and transform it. Climate change is the result of complex and less well-known factors, some of which operate outside the Earth's atmosphere, and a number of them terrestrial systems, part of which are in human control and change in trend by human actions.
In this paper, the effects of human activities on increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases and its effects on the ecosystems of desert and semi-desert regions have been studied, and, in addition to the study of the properties of these ecosystems, the mechanisms of climate transformation and reversal of ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions by greenhouse gases are examined.
Hasan Beikmohammadi
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 47-53
Abstract
In recent decades, Iran has undergone a number of changes and transformations due to migrations from rural areas and consequent increase in the number and size of cities, resulting in inconsistencies in distribution of urban centers, intense concentration of population in some cities, imbalance in urban ...
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In recent decades, Iran has undergone a number of changes and transformations due to migrations from rural areas and consequent increase in the number and size of cities, resulting in inconsistencies in distribution of urban centers, intense concentration of population in some cities, imbalance in urban system and network, and finally imbalance in the urban hierarchy system. Therefore, in order to prevent the many economic, social, hygienic and ecological problems of big cities, quantitative and qualitative study of these centers and the need to review their planning is of great importance. it is clear that while the role of environmental factors and natural conditions as the geographic context can not be neglected in the emergence of this imbalance and inconsistency, the impact of political and economic issues should be considered as well.
Ali Nuri Kermani (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 54-56
Abstract
The geography of welfare is an attitude in human geography that has been addressing socioeconomic problems as regards social inequalities in developed countries for about three decades. In developing countries such as Iran, the issue of "basic needs" such as employment, housing, health care, education, ...
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The geography of welfare is an attitude in human geography that has been addressing socioeconomic problems as regards social inequalities in developed countries for about three decades. In developing countries such as Iran, the issue of "basic needs" such as employment, housing, health care, education, social security and, in general, access to social services and their fair distribution are of particular importance. The attention of researchers in the field of geography to the above-mentioned affairs, applied research in this field and the presentation of the results from these efforts have particular priority.
In fact, human knowledge of geography gains its importance and real status in society provided this science is linked with the socio-economic and cultural life of the people.
The article “Geography of Welfare” whose translation is presented here belongs to the invaluable book The Dictionary of Human Geography, one of the richest human geography encyclopedias in English. More than 35 geographers, including thinkers such as Harvey, Johnston and Haggett have contributed to its compilation. Therefore, the book is a valuable source for those interested in geography and other social sciences. Of course, the translation of this book into Persian should be made by expert translators and professors in the field because it is not easy to carry out, considering the specialized language, the style of writing and compilation of the encyclopedia or, in other words, its telegraphic language by the removal of grammatical symbols.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 57-61
Abstract
The application of Russian satellite images with a precision of over 2m in order to review topographic maps up to a scale of 1: 25,000 was carried out within the framework of a joint project by Belgium and Poland. The KVR-1000 high-precision image on the scale of 1 : 220,000 on Zeiss / Intergraph photoscan ...
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The application of Russian satellite images with a precision of over 2m in order to review topographic maps up to a scale of 1: 25,000 was carried out within the framework of a joint project by Belgium and Poland. The KVR-1000 high-precision image on the scale of 1 : 220,000 on Zeiss / Intergraph photoscan has been scanned as a topographic map of the city of Warsaw in the large format of the Intergraph Scanner ANAT each 3640.
Both Raster images have been analyzed using digital image processing and digital cartography techniques in order to update the changes from 1983 (the date of topographic map revision) to 1992 (i.e. the date of acquiring satellite images). To achieve the result, I'S System 600 and Intergraph ISI-2 software systems installed in the SURFACES lab at the University of Liege, Belgium were utilized.
Like the previously used methods, samples from areas that had changed were introduced to improve the quality of the KVR-1000 digital topographic maps by the SPOT auxiliary data. The KVR-1000 satellite image can be used with acceptable accuracy in order to update the land features on topographic maps in digital form up to a scale of 1: 25,000.
Hosein Kamsari (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, Pages 62-64
Abstract
The satellites, which have revolutionized the transfer of information across the globe through their advanced technology, are unfortunately identified by those unfamiliar with the complexity of new technologies with only the television images, cinematic films and at most visual reports, while satellites ...
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The satellites, which have revolutionized the transfer of information across the globe through their advanced technology, are unfortunately identified by those unfamiliar with the complexity of new technologies with only the television images, cinematic films and at most visual reports, while satellites can scan the depths of the Earth, pull out news and facts from the oceans and observe the movements of the smallest creatures of the planet clearly. What you'll find in this article is a scientific and comprehensive look at satellite technology that can be one of the most effective commercial tools. A tool by which knowledge marches ahead, and unfolds newer areas of the world to the eyes of scholars and researchers. The term “geo-stationary satellites” in this article refers to communicational, spying, meteorological, and in general, satellites designed for specific purposes and placed in the orbit (36,000 kilometers from the surface of the ground).
