Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 2-3
Abstract
One of the important points in displaying the ground features on map is tone and tonal relationship. What sets up the provider-user connection in maps and conveys the message is a set of signs, symbols and colors.
The signs and symbols of each map can be divided into real and virtual symbols, each ...
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One of the important points in displaying the ground features on map is tone and tonal relationship. What sets up the provider-user connection in maps and conveys the message is a set of signs, symbols and colors.
The signs and symbols of each map can be divided into real and virtual symbols, each of which contains point (spatial), linear and surface marks.
• Real point signs include cases such as geodetic and levelling points, lighthouse, springs, mosques, stations, etc.; linear such as road networks, railways, watercourses, rivers and power lines; surface signs like forests , ranges, farms, salt pans (Kavir), parks and many more; • Virtual signs are also in the form of points, lines, and surfaces; virtual point signs such as magnetic north; linear sings such as international political, provincial, county, district and rural boundaries, aerial paths of aircrafts and ships’ sailing courses; surface signs including protected areas, climatic divisions, etc.
Saeed Movahedi; Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 4-18
Abstract
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is located at the heart of the Zagros Highlands between north latitudes of 31 degrees,14 minutes to 32 degrees, 47 minutes, and between eastern longitudes of 49 degrees,51 minutes to 51 degrees, 34 minutes (Refer to maps 1 and 2). The altitude of the province is very ...
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Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is located at the heart of the Zagros Highlands between north latitudes of 31 degrees,14 minutes to 32 degrees, 47 minutes, and between eastern longitudes of 49 degrees,51 minutes to 51 degrees, 34 minutes (Refer to maps 1 and 2). The altitude of the province is very high, so that Shahrekord is 2066 m, Zaman Khan bridge 2000 m and Hamgin 2150 m above the sea level. The temperature in the region increases from north to south, but in general it is one of the coldest parts of the country. For example, the annual temperature in Shahrekord is 12.1 ° C and the average minimum temperature in five months of year in this city is below zero degrees (See Figures 1 and 2). The average annual temperature of Adl Borujin station is 10.4 degrees and the average of the minimum temperature during the five coldest months of year is below zero. The rainfall in the region is high in comarison with the rest of the country; for example, the annual rainfall is 323 mm in Shahrekord, 469.5 mm in Borujen and 530 mm in Lordegan (see Figures 3 and 4).
In this paper, while identifying the climatic factors of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and their effects on the design of residential spaces, we tried to answer the following questions.
• What are the characteristics of the province’s climate and what is its condition in terms of temperature? • What is the impact of climatic conditions on residential space design? • What is the amount of cooling and heating energy required in different seasons, and under which conditions can energy requirements be brought to a minimum? • How can residential spaces, streets and alleys be arranged to receive maximum solar energy during cold season and the minimum of this energy during warm season?
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 19-27
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted.
There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement. The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues.
Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Hamidreza Varesi
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 28-37
Abstract
The tourism industry is a phenomenon that has been considered by human societies from distant past and has continued its march in time according to different economic, social, historical and other needs. This phenomenon, which has been dramatically developed since the Industrial Revolution, especially ...
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The tourism industry is a phenomenon that has been considered by human societies from distant past and has continued its march in time according to different economic, social, historical and other needs. This phenomenon, which has been dramatically developed since the Industrial Revolution, especially during the recent centuries, has been a source of important knowledge and technology in international relations and socio-economic development of countries. The tourism industry, which is essentially based on travel, contains comprehensive goals about globe-trotting, pilgrimage, etc. Therefore, its field of activity is greater than other economic activities and its investment costs is much lower than other economic activities, because many ancient discoveries, historical monuments and natural landscapes can, by little investment and proper observance of standards of the tourism industry, turn into valuable tourist attractions. Tourism has two forms: internal (Iran-touring) and international (glob-trotting). Iran-touring is a branch of tourism that is often a synonym for spending leisure time. The economic, social and cultural benefits of this branch of tourism can help employment situation, fair distribution of income, increase in the speed of the flow of money, familiarity and understanding among the peoples living in different parts of the country and consolidation of national unity.
Globe-trotting can also be a profitable activity concerning matters such as earning foreign currency, introducing domestic products to world markets and thus increasing production and expansion of exports. But in general, tourism is on the one hand a means of activity in production, distribution and creation of various services, and on the other hand a platform for understanding and friendship among nations. Today in many countries the tourism industry is an institution of cultural identity and one of the key sources of earning foreign currency. Iran, enjoying a variety of important tourist attractions, can also play a very important role both in terms of economic resources and in introducing itself as an independent culture in today's world. In addition to its unique natural landscapes, the land of Iran has important and valuable historical and religious monuments, both pre-Islamic and post-Islamic, many of which are unique in the world. In order to develop and expand tourism and help economic growth and development, increase national income, earn foreign exchange, raise the level of employment, help and develop Iran-touring in order to provide better facilities on the one hand, and o better and better understand the rich civilization and culture of Iran and Islam overseas on the other, the development and expansion of tourism and Iran tourism is inevitable, and inactivity in this regard will cause huge economic and non-economic damages.
Alireza Dowlatabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 38-40
Abstract
Non-invasive diagnosis is one of the medical disciplines that is daily rising in importance. In many methods in this field, the way of utilizing ultrasound, X-rays, magnetic resonance and exit of positrons depend on the use of objective and direct information, which indicates the powerful equipment used ...
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Non-invasive diagnosis is one of the medical disciplines that is daily rising in importance. In many methods in this field, the way of utilizing ultrasound, X-rays, magnetic resonance and exit of positrons depend on the use of objective and direct information, which indicates the powerful equipment used by physicians. In various fields of medical research, biology and applications stipulating imaging in the near range, remote sensing is considered a necessary method for data acquisition. Photogrammetry is the basis of technology and principles of the ways whose implementation requires spatial image information.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 41-42
Abstract
There is no need to take important and risky measures to obtain highly accurate geographic data using the GPS. Entry into this new technology requires careful observation during the examinations of the costs, and correction of errors. The main motive behind the development of the GPS (Global Positioning ...
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There is no need to take important and risky measures to obtain highly accurate geographic data using the GPS. Entry into this new technology requires careful observation during the examinations of the costs, and correction of errors. The main motive behind the development of the GPS (Global Positioning System) is the need for highly precise navigational tools, which in fact determine the location, speed and time with very high precision. The U.S. Ministry of Defense plays a major role in the development of the GPS system. The main motive behind the development of this system is the urgent need for equipment that can easily assist the deployment of military and war machine and determine the position of individuals, planes and long-range missiles during training and military operations. This system has caused a transformation in the science of positioning. The GPS technology easily determines extremely tiny points at very high precision regardless of weather conditions, during the day or the night. It is also used to collect and access a wide range of geographic data.
Hosein Azizi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 43-47
Abstract
In most of warm and humid regions’ soils, the kaolinite horizon covers most of the gibbsite horizon, but this cannot be due to a simple process of washing. By measuring the amount of chemical elements returned to the layer on organic matters in the ecosystem in forest cycle, this process has prevented ...
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In most of warm and humid regions’ soils, the kaolinite horizon covers most of the gibbsite horizon, but this cannot be due to a simple process of washing. By measuring the amount of chemical elements returned to the layer on organic matters in the ecosystem in forest cycle, this process has prevented the silica from being washed down to the lower parts, causing more kaolin stability in the upper parts. The combination of minerals in these soils is also affected by biological activity.
Abdolkarim Gharib (Writer); Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia (Report)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 48-49
Abstract
On October 13, 1995, we went to the province of Semnan to visit the caves there. At the Islamic Azad University of Shahrood we heard of a cave located in Zardabieh district, and, accompanied by Dr. Ahmad Nakhli (top advisor of Atomic Energy Organization) and Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia (professor of ...
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On October 13, 1995, we went to the province of Semnan to visit the caves there. At the Islamic Azad University of Shahrood we heard of a cave located in Zardabieh district, and, accompanied by Dr. Ahmad Nakhli (top advisor of Atomic Energy Organization) and Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia (professor of geology at Shahrood University), we went to study the cave but unfortunately we could not find this cave in our explorations. Fortunately, Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia later succeeded in discovering the Zardabieh Cave along with Dr. Hashem Fayyaz, a University professor and four geology students at Shahrood University, on the November 6, 1995. The following is a report from Mr. Seyyed Mohsen Kariminia.
Mostafa Mohajerati
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 50-57
Abstract
Turkmenistan is located in the southwestern part of Central Asia. It has common borders with the Republic of Kazakhstan on the northwest, the Republic of Uzbekistan on the north and east, Afghanistan on the southeast, and Iran on the south. Although the burnt and desert land and oases of the republic ...
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Turkmenistan is located in the southwestern part of Central Asia. It has common borders with the Republic of Kazakhstan on the northwest, the Republic of Uzbekistan on the north and east, Afghanistan on the southeast, and Iran on the south. Although the burnt and desert land and oases of the republic are at the same latitude as the Mediterranean, they are located deep in the continent of Asia. Its area is 488,100 square kilometers, 90 percent of which is the desert that covers from the center of this country as far as Kazakhstan. About 4/5 of the area is plain, and in its southern part are the great Balkhan mountain range, the small Balkhan, Kopet Dag and Kugitangtau.
Masoud Abedi Pashtiri (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, Pages 58-64
Abstract
The block adjustment is possible with a combination of photo and model observations. Multicolinear equations are used for photos, and 3D transformation equations are utilized for independent models. The photo and model observations jointly form a set of reduced normalized equations and are calculated ...
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The block adjustment is possible with a combination of photo and model observations. Multicolinear equations are used for photos, and 3D transformation equations are utilized for independent models. The photo and model observations jointly form a set of reduced normalized equations and are calculated simultaneously to obtain all the unknown parameters in the calculation block. Additional parameters may be used to remove systemic errors in adjustment.
