Mahdi Modiri
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 2-8
Abstract
Aerial photography can be carried out by any type of camera. Many of the utilized aerial photos are taken from a lightweight aircraft by thirty-five-mm cameras. Simplicity and low cost of taking photographs by thirty-five-mm cameras, especially for analyzing small areas, has made them an ideal sensor ...
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Aerial photography can be carried out by any type of camera. Many of the utilized aerial photos are taken from a lightweight aircraft by thirty-five-mm cameras. Simplicity and low cost of taking photographs by thirty-five-mm cameras, especially for analyzing small areas, has made them an ideal sensor (the actual size of the images taken by this system is 36 * 24 mm2). In some cases, seventy-millimeter cameras are also used (the actual size of images by such systems is 55 * 55mm2). On the whole, in most cases of aerial photography a camera is used that has a suitable precision. These cameras are designed to allow for taking a large number of photos in rapid succession with geometric homogeneity.
Currently more than one hundred different types of cameras are used that can be categorized into one of four main categories:1- Single-frame cameras2 – Cameras with multi-lens frames3. Strip cameras4 - Panoramic cameras
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 9-13
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Atusa Bigdeli
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 14-22
Abstract
Applied climatology has greatly participated in the implementation of scientific, economic and industrial projects in recent years through employing climate data. Climatic effects of the environment are also very important in medical fields. However, geographic aspects of climatology have become more ...
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Applied climatology has greatly participated in the implementation of scientific, economic and industrial projects in recent years through employing climate data. Climatic effects of the environment are also very important in medical fields. However, geographic aspects of climatology have become more commonly used, and development of applied climatology has a fundamentally geographical background.In this study, the relationship between climatic factors and pollution and the number of patients with myocardial infarction in Tehran during the 1990-94 statistical period was examined using descriptive statistical methods as well as by utilization of correlation coefficient between variables and the Student Test’s assumptions, and the following results were obtained.
Wherever there is an increase in the number of hospital patients, the level of some of the air pollution factors, especially CO, NO2, and SO2 show significant increase compared to standard values. The number of illnesses in the winter increases due to the frequency and variety of inversions, the length of nights and increased levels of contamination. The incidence of myocardial infarction depends on a variety of factors, one of which is the air pollution, as confirmed by this research.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 23-25
Abstract
Over the past decade the need for elevation information in the city has risen enormously. This includes controlling vertical deviations of buildings, recording the 3D status of service facilities such as water supply networks, sewage network and electricity transmission lines, as well as creating precise ...
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Over the past decade the need for elevation information in the city has risen enormously. This includes controlling vertical deviations of buildings, recording the 3D status of service facilities such as water supply networks, sewage network and electricity transmission lines, as well as creating precise urban 3D models for urban planning purposes. The question dealt with in this paper is how to expand the scattered 3D data by adopting an economical and cost-effective method. The author of this paper presents his examinations based on the experiences gained in Stockholm.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 26-29
Abstract
The Iranian plateau is a special geographic unit of the world's largest continent, Asia, comprising more than 30% of the land in the Eastern Hemisphere. This plateau is made up of high and mountainous lands that has been formed in Southwest Asia following the younger fold of the Third Age of Geology.
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The Iranian plateau is a special geographic unit of the world's largest continent, Asia, comprising more than 30% of the land in the Eastern Hemisphere. This plateau is made up of high and mountainous lands that has been formed in Southwest Asia following the younger fold of the Third Age of Geology.
Zoleikha Bagheri (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 30-40
Abstract
How old is the solar system? One thing is certain about the age of the solar system – it cannot be greater than the age of the Universe, whose expansion from a flash of light began about 12 to 18 billion years ago. We shall start our story from the childhood of the Universe. At first, the Universe ...
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How old is the solar system? One thing is certain about the age of the solar system – it cannot be greater than the age of the Universe, whose expansion from a flash of light began about 12 to 18 billion years ago. We shall start our story from the childhood of the Universe. At first, the Universe was pure energy; there was no solid matter. Quickly this energy condensed to make energetic particles which, in turn, formed into electrons and the nuclei of hydrogen and helium. As the young universe expanded and became rarified, it also cooled. The gas became clumpy and formed into swirling concentrations that gradually separated into isolated eddies that comprised primordial galaxies. Within these galaxies, smaller concentrations appeared, and these in turn fragmented, giving birth to clusters of stars.
Hosein Asakareh
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 41-48
Abstract
Biological responses to climate have led climatologists to recognize bio-evidence as one of the most appropriate patterns of studying past climatic developments. Biostatic evidence includes plant, animal and human evidence. Plant evidence includes plant remains and annual growth rings of trees. Animal ...
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Biological responses to climate have led climatologists to recognize bio-evidence as one of the most appropriate patterns of studying past climatic developments. Biostatic evidence includes plant, animal and human evidence. Plant evidence includes plant remains and annual growth rings of trees. Animal evidence can be studied and evaluated in aqueous and terrestrial areas, as well as in dry or humid regions. The habitations of the early humans, caves, agricultural lands remaining from ancient civilizations, types of livestock and livelihood of primitive human beings in every place indicate the climatic conditions of that place in each period.
Tracing and recreating climatic conditions of distant past based on evidence in the African Continent (Sahara), Europe, the United States and Asia have shown acceptable results with regard past climate changes. The findings from the study of past biological conditions have been confirmed by other methods. Therefore, biological methods of studying past developments are among the most useful methods for examining climate change. It should be noted that the methods of studying distant-past climates utilize the results of research in other scientific fields as well, and, along with other methods of study, provide with a more satisfactory image of the past climatic conditions.
Mahmud Jalali; Esmaeil Nasiri
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 49-50
Abstract
One of the most fundamental factors in the structure of the earth is the climate, and undoubtedly nature, man and all manifestations of life are greatly affected by climatic conditions.Climatologists have come to the conclusion that climate can change over time at every aspect. Climate change is the ...
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One of the most fundamental factors in the structure of the earth is the climate, and undoubtedly nature, man and all manifestations of life are greatly affected by climatic conditions.Climatologists have come to the conclusion that climate can change over time at every aspect. Climate change is the result of interaction of complex and less-known factors. Some of these factors act outside the earth's atmosphere, and some others are in human control. Increase in amount of pollutants in urban areas intensifies the instability of urban ecosystems Accumulation of pollution, together with interactions of processes, cause climate instability. In this paper, the impact of human activities on climate issues and urban warming is studied.
Alireza Taghian
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 51-55
Abstract
In this paper, while presenting a history of the studies conducted on the Zard river, the Jareh Dam and their characteristics, the hydrologic features, agricultural potentials and demographic qualities of the Zard River Basin have been considered and, after providing with a brief account of the conditions ...
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In this paper, while presenting a history of the studies conducted on the Zard river, the Jareh Dam and their characteristics, the hydrologic features, agricultural potentials and demographic qualities of the Zard River Basin have been considered and, after providing with a brief account of the conditions and the process of locating dams, the aims and process of locating the Jareh dam have been examined in terms of spatial planning, and the necessity of further studies and taking due measurements for reducing the negative effects of dam building in the upstream region have been emphasized.
Farid Alviri
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 56-57
Abstract
One of the most crucial administrative tasks is planning. Other administrative tasks, namely organization, leadership and control, follow the goals that have been determined in the process of planning. in other words, planning includes definition of organizational models of determining courses of action ...
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One of the most crucial administrative tasks is planning. Other administrative tasks, namely organization, leadership and control, follow the goals that have been determined in the process of planning. in other words, planning includes definition of organizational models of determining courses of action for achieving these goals and creation of a hierarchy of comprehensive plans for integration and coordination of activities.
The process of planning includes determination of the organization’s mission and goals as well as provision of plans. Planning tools are methods that managers can utilize for making plans. A group of these tools is “time control”. Time control is a process of compiling a list of details of activities that must be carried out to achieve goals. This process of listing details is a complementary part of organizational planning.
Susan Mesgari (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 58-59
Abstract
In recent decades the fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level has inflicted damages on the people and lands around it. Climate changes and inattention to ecosystem have certainly played role in this issue. However, this fact has remained much unrecognized.The Caspian Sea, the largest lake on the earth, ...
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In recent decades the fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level has inflicted damages on the people and lands around it. Climate changes and inattention to ecosystem have certainly played role in this issue. However, this fact has remained much unrecognized.The Caspian Sea, the largest lake on the earth, covers an area vaster than the country of Norway. Its geological structure has formed millions of years before, and over thousands of years its area has been increased or decreased. The Caspian Sea was once an open sea, and was connected to oceans via the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and the Azov Sea.This Sea, which was once possessed by Iran and the Soviet Union, has now attracted the attention of the five coastal countries surrounding it for its natural gas resources. In addition to Iran and Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have shares in these resources.
Hosein Sarami
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, Pages 60-64
Abstract
This research, as can be inferred from it, is a concise essay on the outlines of the broad rural issues of Iran which has considered the matter from a special point of view, and has emphasized on the unknown aspects of human qualities and the role of thoughts and ideology in rural growth and development.This ...
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This research, as can be inferred from it, is a concise essay on the outlines of the broad rural issues of Iran which has considered the matter from a special point of view, and has emphasized on the unknown aspects of human qualities and the role of thoughts and ideology in rural growth and development.This attitude, while facing the probability of superficiality, has the advantage of comprehensive view. This is the general quality of such topics in social sciences and geography that, contrary to many other sciences, especially pure ones, which practice a deep consideration of limited areas of studies, are superficial but comprehensive. This characteristic of social and human sciences is, in one sense, a great privilege that makes them always examine and plan for humans and their environment from a position of control and knowledge of all aspects and facts with a broad and comprehensive view, and in the other direction It seems to be negative and deterrent, because they have to refuse restricting themselves to a certain issue and thus avoid exploring the depths of any natural or human problem; instead of compensating for this defect, they utilize the results of research in other fields, especially geology, botany , ecology, oceanography, hydrology, soil science, astronomy, archeology, economics, statistics, mathematics, architecture, etc.
