Remote Sensing (RS)
Moslem Darvishi; Reza Shah-Hosseini
Abstract
Extended AbrtractIntroductionWith the expansion of the urban limits, some of the lands that were used for gardening years ago have been located within the urban limits. The difference between the value of garden land use and urban land use, such as residential and commercial, encourages gardeners to ...
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Extended AbrtractIntroductionWith the expansion of the urban limits, some of the lands that were used for gardening years ago have been located within the urban limits. The difference between the value of garden land use and urban land use, such as residential and commercial, encourages gardeners to change their land use. Urban managers try to prevent this change of use by enforcing strict rules.Assessing the success of such plans requires examining land-use change in the urban over a long periodof time. The main purpose of this study is to detect abandoned urban gardens using Landsat satellite imagery. The second goal is to determine the extent of changes in urban gardens in the study area over the past 30 years. In this study, based on Landsat satellite images in 2018 and 1988 for the northern slope of Alvand Mountain in Hamadan province and the city of Hamadan, the normalized differential index of vegetation (NDVI) along with land surface temperature (LST) in 9 time periods per year was extracted. The results indicated a 4/75 ° C increase in LSTfor the region over 30 years. Also, the inverse relationship of LST with NDVI is confirmed. Based on the separation of urban gardens, a comparison was made between 2018 and 1988, which showed a decrease of 175 hectares of urban gardens in the study area, which is equivalent to a 49% reduction in urban gardens. In the main part of the research, based on the behavioral evaluation of urban gardens, in these two characteristics, a differentiation index for active and abandoned gardens is presented. Examination of the results based on ground truth data including 25 active gardens and 25 abandoned gardens suggested that the proposed method had an overall accuracy of 82% and a Kappa coefficient of 0/64. Materials & MethodsThe study area includes a part of the northern slope of Alvand Mountain, which is limited to the southern part of Hamedan and has a latitude of 34 degrees and 45 minutes to 34 degrees and 48 minutes north and a longitude of 48 degrees and 27 minutes to 48 degrees and 31 minutes east. Ground truth data including 25 active gardens and 25 abandoned gardens were collected as field visits using a Garmin GPSMAP 62s handheld navigator so that coordinates were collected by attending the location of abandoned and active gardens. The satellite data used in this study concern the time series data of Landsat 8 satellite OLI and TIRS sensors for 2018 and Landsat 5 satellite TM sensor for 1988.To achieve the first objective and separate active and abandoned gardens in 2018, the land surface temperature (LST) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are calculated and the behavior pattern of these two components is examined during the year for active and abandoned gardens in nine periods according to the proposed method, a final index for separating active and abandoned gardens is presented based on the NDVI behavior pattern throughout the year. The time series of NDVI for each year is evaluated in 9 periods and garden maps are extracted in 1988 and 2018 to achieve the second objective and prepare the maps of 30-year changes in active gardens in the study area. The rate of change of area and the percentage of changes in the class of gardens are obtained by comparing the maps. Results & DiscussionSince this study is conducted mainly to identify abandoned gardens in urban space, two criteria for assessing user accuracy and errors of commission in the abandoned garden class are very important. In other words, in this problem, the number of gardens that are properly divided into the abandoned garden class is important, and the proposed method provides an accuracy of 86%. The most important issue is the number of abandoned gardens that the proposed method has mistakenly labeled as active gardens, which is 14% in this method. Both accuracies provided are evaluated as acceptable. The overall accuracy of the proposed method is estimated at 82%, which is acceptable, indicating the efficiency of the proposed method. ConclusionOne of the problems facing human societies today is the reduction of forests and gardens. Given the important role that trees play in improving the quality of human life, protecting them is one of the inherent duties of rulers. Various factors cause the destruction of trees, one of which is the development of urban areas in the vicinity of forests and gardens. Traditional methods of conserving natural resources and monitoring their changes have failed in practice. For example, in the study area, 49% of the tree-covered areas have declined over the past 30 years. However, the ban on construction in the area has always been emphasized by city managers in the years under study, and the inefficiency of the methods used has been proven by the statistics provided. New methods of monitoring changes based on satellite image processing can be alternatives to traditional methods due to their high accuracy and speed and significant cost reduction. The proposed index is recommended to be evaluated to separate active and abandoned gardens in other areas facing this problem using images with higher spatial resolution. In different cases of threshold limit, the overall accuracy of the proposed method is examined based on the ground truth data of the evaluator. At best, the separation of active and abandoned gardens is associated with an overall accuracy of 82%.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Hosein Nesari; Reza Shah-Hosseini; Amirreza Goodarzi; Soheil Sobhan Ardakani; Saeed Farzaneh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Atmospheric aerosols are a colloid of solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere. Their diameter is between 10-2 to 10-3 micrometers. They directly and indirectly affect the global climate by absorbing and scattering solar radiation, and they also ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Atmospheric aerosols are a colloid of solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere. Their diameter is between 10-2 to 10-3 micrometers. They directly and indirectly affect the global climate by absorbing and scattering solar radiation, and they also have a serious impact on human health by emitting harmful substances. In addition, high concentrations of aerosols on a local scale due to natural or human activities have adverse effects on human health, including cancers, pulmonary inflammation, and cardiopulmonary mortality. Monitoring the temporal and spatial variability of high concentrations of aerosols requires regular measurement of their optical properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD).
Materials & Methods
Algeria is a large country with little knowledge of the spatial and temporal diversity of AOD, and the low spatial resolution of existing products makes it very difficult to predict aerosols (airborne particles) at the local scale, especially in arid southern regions. As a result, AOD recovery with data with higher spatial resolution is crucial for determining air pollution and air quality information. Several AERONET stations have been installed in Algeria. The Tamanrasset_INM station has been selected based on its location and the availability of historical AOD data for the period (2015-2016).
In this study, Landsat-8 / OLI image from tile 192/44 was used for satellite images. To this end, 23 TOA-corrected L1G-level Landsat-8 / OLI cloudless scenes were downloaded from January 2015 to December 2016 in the study area. DN values are converted to TOA reflections using the scaling factor coefficients in the OLI Landsat-8 metadata file. In this study, the minimum monthly reflectance technique was used to recover AOD in this area. As a result, LSR images were used in the recovery process in different months of 2015 and 2016. The process of selecting reference LSRs was initially based on the selection of clear, foggy / cloudless sky images. The selected images were then used to construct artificial images in which each pixel corresponds to the second lowest surface reflection of all selected monthly images to be the LSR pixel for the respective month. The AOD retrieval method developed in this study is based on a LUT, using the 6S radiative transfer model. The advantage of using the 6S model is its ability to estimate direct components and scattering using a limited number of inputs for each spectral band in the entire solar domain. The effect of the viewing angle is limited because Landsat data are usually obtained with a fixed viewing angle. Surface reflectance can be estimated from a pre-calculated LSR database. The accuracy of AOD recovery depends on the use of the appropriate aerosol model. A continental model was selected from the available aerosol models. Other atmospheric parameters such as ozone, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water vapor are considered by default. The AOD values used to make LUT are set as follows: 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 1.5, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5. The zenith angles of the sun and the sensor range from 0 to 70 degrees with a step of 5 degrees and the range of azimuth angles from 0 to 180 degrees with a step of 12 degrees. Using these parameters, the radiative transfer equation was run in forward to obtain the TOA reflection. Different combinations of input and TOA output parameters are stored in LUT. AOD retrieval is based on a comparison between the TOAs estimated with the model and the observed items using the best fit approach. Using such an approach, the estimated AODs are simulated in accordance with those used in the production of TOAs, using a competency function that minimizes the distance.
Results & Discussion
In this study, the AODs recovered at 550 nm in a 5-by-5-pixel window around the AERONET site were averaged. The considered AERONET values are the average of all measurements taken within ± 30 minutes of image acquisition time. Observation regression results (AOD from Landsat 8 images and AERONET stations) showed that the correlation coefficient is about 84%. This study shows a good fit of the model on the research data and shows the high capability of the model. This study showed a strong recovery of AOD against AERONET data of more than 70% at . The differences can be attributed to a limited number of points or hypotheses related to the aerosol model used in this study. The assumption of using a pre-calculated LSR does not limit the accuracy of this method because we have shown that in arid regions where the change in land cover in different months of the year is small, a pre-calculated LSR image can be representation used the share of surface reflection in the radiative transfer model throughout the month.
Conclusion
In this study, an AOD derived from a high-resolution satellite at an urban scale was produced in the city of Tamanrasset, Algeria. The developed method assumes that the change in land cover is minimal and the temporal change in LSR is not significant. A pre-calculated LSR image is created to show the surface reflection in the retrieval process. Based on the 6S radiative transfer model, an LUT was constructed to simulate the TOA reflection of the built-in LSRs and a set of geometric and atmospheric parameters. The retrieved AODs were compared with the AERONET ground data. The results show that this approach can achieve reasonable accuracy in AOD recovery, which reaches about 70.9% at . In addition, this approach is suitable for estimating AOD in urban areas compared to existing AOD products with low spatial resolution. The results of this study show a 4% improvement compared to the results of Omari et al. (2019). The results of this study showed that ignoring the monthly changes in LSR values leads to good results in AOD recovery.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Somayeh Aslani Katouli; Reza Shah-Hosseini; Hamid Bagheri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
A flood is a widespread and dramatic natural disaster that affects the life, infrastructure, economy, and local ecosystems of the world. In this paper, a method for flood detection in urban (and suburban) environments using the intensity and coherence of SAR based on ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
A flood is a widespread and dramatic natural disaster that affects the life, infrastructure, economy, and local ecosystems of the world. In this paper, a method for flood detection in urban (and suburban) environments using the intensity and coherence of SAR based on a convolutional neural network is introduced, and from the time series of SAR intensity and coherence to draw flood without obstruction (e.g. Flooded bare soils and short vegetation) are used. Non-cohesive areas blocked by floods (e.g., flooded vegetation) and cohesive areas with flood-blocked areas (e.g., frequently constructed flooded areas) are distinguished.
This method is flexible according to the time period of the data sequences (at least one pair of pre-event and event intensities and one pair of pre-event and in-event coherence are required). The increasing number of SAR missions in orbit that have a fixed viewing scenario with a short retry time increases the chances of seeing a flood event, while also having a good pre-event scene achieved by the same sensor. This makes this method desirable for operational emergency responses.
Materials & Methods
CNN algorithm is a multilayer perceptron that is designed to identify two-dimensional information of images and includes: input layer, convolution layer, sample layer, and output layer. The CNN algorithm has two main processes: collection and sampling.
The convolution process involves the use of a trainable Fx filter, deconvolution of the input image (the first step of image input, input after image convolution, is the feature of each layer called Feature Map), then by adding bx can be hand convolution of the CX layer Found. Sampling process: n pixels are collected from each neighborhood to form a pixel, then weighted with a scalar weight of Wx + 1 and a bx + 1 bias is added, then a map of The Narrow n times feature map properties are generated.
Three images of Sentinel-1A VV polarization, wide width interference (IW), and mode (SLC) data were used in this study. Intensity images were pre-processed with radiometric calibration, noise reduced with a spell-filter (window size 5.5 pixels), and converted from linear units to decibels. Coherent images were obtained with a pair of consecutive images with a window of 7.28 (range _ azimuth). Validation data set due to the lack of other data in two separate sections of ground data in the urban area of GonbadKavous that have been collected to identify homes damaged by floods and terrestrial reality data from gamma image thresholds for output validation were extracted.
Results & Discussion
In this section, the results of the study are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Because the simultaneous display of SAR data over time in the form of RGB compounds is widely used in the qualitative interpretation of land cover and surface dynamics, RGB compounds are used to provide evidence of flood magnitude in terms of intensity and coherence. For both cases, the results of combining intensity and coherence and intensity alone and coherence alone are quantitatively analyzed. Overall accuracy (OA), kappa correlation coefficient, false-positive rate (FPR), precision (e.g., correctly predicted positive patterns out of the total predicted patterns in a positive class), recall (e.g., a fraction of properly classified positive patterns), and an F1 score (ie the harmonic mean between precision and recall). Flood reference and ground data are mentioned and reported based on the reference.
Conclusion
In this paper, a method for mapping floods in urban environments based on SAR intensity and interferometry coherence was introduced. A combination of intensity and coherence extracts flood information in different types of land cover and outlet. This method was tested on the KavousGonbad flood incident obtained by various SAR sensors and the flood maps were confirmed by the flood reference resulting from thresholding and ground harvesting and satisfactory results were shown in this case study. The findings of this experiment show that the shared use of SAR intensity and coherence provides more reliable information than the use of SAR intensity and coherence alone in urban areas with different landscapes. In particular, flood detection in less cohesive / non-cohesive areas (e.g., bare soils, vegetation, vegetated areas) relies heavily on multi-temporality, while multi-temporal coherence provides more comprehensive flood information in areas Create coherence (e.g., mostly built-up areas). However, some flood-specific situations, such as flooded parking lots and flooded dense building blocks, are still challenging in terms of intensity and coherence. Also, since the proposed method is sensor and scene independent, with very frequent and regular observations of SAR missions such as Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT (RCM), there are opportunities to map global floods on a global scale, especially in small countries. Provides income.
Geographic Data
Bahram Imani; Jafar Jafarzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Water quality studies have expanded according to recent developments and include issues related to surface and groundwater pollution. Currently, the permanent change in the quality of groundwater, especially in the field of drinking and salinization of water sources, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Water quality studies have expanded according to recent developments and include issues related to surface and groundwater pollution. Currently, the permanent change in the quality of groundwater, especially in the field of drinking and salinization of water sources, is a serious threat to the development of the country's villages. Unfortunately, many people do not have enough knowledge about their importance and the harmful effects of environmental pollution on groundwater resources due to the fact that groundwater cannot be seen. In this research, the quality of rural potable groundwater in the central part of Ardabil County has been investigated using multi-criteria decision-making models and geospatial statistics in the geographic information system environment. For this purpose, an overview of the quality of groundwater resources of Ardabil County in terms of drinking was investigated using the parameters of EC, PH, SO4-, Cl-, Na and TH (in terms of CaCo3), and finally, using the geographic information system, Zoning map of groundwater quality was produced. In this research, the kriging interpolation method is used to obtain the spatial distribution of the parameters and the simple collective weighting method is used to weight and rank the layers. Finally, according to the final quality map, it can be stated that approximately 36% equivalent to 88 square kilometers of underground water in the central part of Ardabil city in terms of drinking is optimally located, which is located in the southern part of this part. The low quality is related to the northern and northeastern part, which is equivalent to 46% of the area or 112 square kilometers. Also, there is a direct relationship between the population density and the density of deep and semi-deep wells in the city and the quality drop.
Materials and Methods
This research has been done in two forms, library and field, of applied type and data collection method. Also, Rstudio and Arc GIS 10 software were used to perform research analysis.
Study Area
The area studied in this research includes the central part of Ardabil city, which consists of three cities and nineteen villages and has an area of 243 square kilometers. Figure 1 shows the study area in Ardabil city and also in Iran.
The following methods were used in this research:
1-Direct rating
2- Kriging interpolation
3- Standardization method
4- Simple weighing method
5- Fuzzification of the final data
Also, in this research, the following parameters have been used to check the quality of drinking water:
1- Electrical conductivity(EC)
2- Chlorine level(Cl-)
3-The amount of sulfate(SO4+)
4- The amount of nitrate(Na)
5- Total water hardness(TH)
6- Water acidity level(PH)
Results & Discussion
The purpose of studying the chemical quality of groundwater is to investigate the number of dissolved salts in water, its changes, to recognize and determine the types of limitations in the field of various uses, especially drinking. Table 1 shows the different types of conventional kriging methods that were selected through the method test for the parameters. All these things can be obtained by the mutual evaluation method, which is based on the RMS error. Then ranking the factors affecting the quality of drinking water according to the opinion of experts. The purpose of ranking the factors is to give weight to them to prepare the final quality map. After ranking, weighting and standardization of the layers has been done according to the data description, and the results are given in Table 1. Also, in this table, the maximum permissible and desirable non-toxic chemicals in drinking water according to the Iranian Standards and Industrial Research Institute (ISIRI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, along with the maximum permissible mineral substances and the semi-variogram models used for interpolation using the kriging method are given. Table 2 shows the RMS and RMSE errors as well as the average standard error for the water quality parameters of the studied area. In the following, by implementing interpolation by Kriging method with various variogram models for parameters (Figure 2), the interpolated primary layers are shown in Figure 3. The final map of the quality of potable water in the study area of the central part of Ardabil County shows that the groundwater in the northern part and a little of the central part of this area have an unfavorable quality, which includes 46% equivalent to 112 square kilometers of the target area, which includes 8 villages in this area. are located 6 villages are located in the semi-optimal area and 5 villages are located in the optimal area. Accordingly, as we move towards the north and northeast of this area, the quality of potable groundwater decreases drastically, and the very low quality of groundwater is located in the extreme northern part, which covers 46% of the study area. According to Figure 4, which shows the density of deep and semi-deep wells as well as rural areas, the amount of annual harvest from flowing rivers in the central part of Ardabil (in thousand cubic meters per year), the population density and industrial areas in this region shows, it can be stated that there is a direct relationship between the population density, the density of existing wells, as well as the amount of extraction from rivers and the sharp drop in the quality of groundwater due to the high extraction of these sources, so that the very low quality of groundwater right in this According to the report of Ardabil Regional Water Organization, about 32 million cubic meters of water per year are needed to meet the drinking needs of urban and rural uses, and meeting this need can seriously damage the quality of underground water in this area.
Conclusion
According to the final map of drinking groundwater quality, about 36% of the area equal to 88 square kilometers has favorable quality, which seems to be the low level of this area compared to the area with unfavorable quality. Finally, it is suggested to use geostatistical methods and geographic information system as a useful tool to identify the quality of underground water and gradually replace the old methods in order to increase the efficiency of water projects due to the use of accurate statistics in addition to cost reduction.
Military and police geography
Aram Khezerlou; Reza Karimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Describing and evaluating the threats and vulnerability (weaknesses) of cities is a framework for analyzing and managing risks related to possible attacks against key infrastructures. In fact, the identification of threats in the field of passive defense, i.e. intentional ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Describing and evaluating the threats and vulnerability (weaknesses) of cities is a framework for analyzing and managing risks related to possible attacks against key infrastructures. In fact, the identification of threats in the field of passive defense, i.e. intentional man-made threats and possible damages, plays an important role in prevention and preparation for facing and dealing with the negative effects of man-made threats and natural hazards to urban areas, which by knowing the dimensions of risk and damages It is possible to define and develop the level and type of measures to deal with these damages up to the scale of neighborhoods and urban residents. In this research, vulnerability and threat assessment studies are carried out in the new city of Andisheh with a passive defense approach for reasons such as high population density, especially in the city center, proximity to Tehran, and the existence of a large workforce that is mainly employed in Tehran. The increasing and uneven development due to the saturation of Karaj and Tehran, the favorable climate that attracts the overflowing population of Tehran, the centrality between Tehran, Qazvin and Central provinces, the presence of many military and industrial centers around the city, etc.
Materials
The current research method is descriptive-analytical with a survey perspective (Delphi technique). In terms of nature, considering that the current research is not only about mere description and matters such as recognition and analysis, evaluation and formulation of principles are considered together, therefore it is also included in the category of analytical research. The method of collecting information includes questionnaires, observations and interviews, and the statistical sample of the research consisted of 30 experts and specialists in the field of city, security and safety from organizations and universities related to the subject of the research.
Methods
In this research, the methods of assessing the threats and vulnerability of the new city of Andisheh are as follows:
Threat Assessment Method:
In order to evaluate the threats of intentional man-made research, the combination of AHP (Analysis Hierarchy) and FEMA (Emergency Management Agency) techniques have been used to analyze information. After distributing the threat assessment questionnaire and completing it by the community of research experts, the arithmetic mean of the opinions of the community of experts was scored based on the Likert scale, which is common to the FEMA technique. In order for the scores provided in this way to evaluate the identified threats of the research to be effective; AHP method has been used for weighting the threat evaluation indicators.
Vulnerability Assessment Method:
Vulnerability estimation is surrounded by ambiguities and uncertainties; because calculating the amount of past vulnerability using the Boolean model does not allow the vulnerability criteria to be a continuous spectrum. For this reason, IHWP (inverse hierarchical analysis) fuzzy model has been used. The calculation of the score of the selected layers using the inverse hierarchical analysis method is in the form of the following mathematical relations:
Discussion
Threat Assessment of Case Study:
In the studied sample, hard threats including air and missile attacks and bombings and people-oriented threats, i.e. demonstrations and riots have the highest probability and biological threats have the lowest probability. The possibility of air and missile attacks on infrastructures such as New Andisheh New Development Company, Gas Department, Electricity Department, Phase II Telecommunications Department, Police Headquarters, Andisheh Grand Bazaar, electrical substations and petrol pumps especially in the city center and also There is a possibility of the threat of demonstrations and riots in the area of National Banks, Export, Housing in the central part of the city, Drekhri Street and Andisheh Big Bazaar, ABFA office. The possibility of bomb threat is also high in Andisheh Grand Bazaar, Basij Base, Andisheh Municipality, Telecommunication Department, two 230 KV substations in the southeast of the city.
Vulnerability Assessment of Case Study:
In order to evaluate the vulnerability of the studied area against hard attack such as rocket launchers, ten indicators including property sensitivity, distance from sensitive and important infrastructure, road width, number of floors, population density, building quality, facade materials, access to medical centers and access to fire stations has been selected. 23.06 percent of the city plots are very low vulnerability, 26.78 percent are low vulnerability, 16.75 percent are medium vulnerability, 21.4 percent are high vulnerability and 12.01 percent are very high vulnerability. They have dedicated themselves. It is obvious that the parts located in the north and center of the city, such as sand mines in the northeast, Petropal gasoline pump on Imam Khomeini Boulevard in the center of the city, 63Kv electrical substation on Ostad Forozanfar Street, Phase 2 Telecommunication Department and 3, 4 and 5, and the social security hospital in the city center, which has high building and population densities, the quality of the restored, destructive building, a long distance to medical centers, less road width, more building height, degree of confinement, and more... have been, it had a high vulnerability score.
Conclusion
In this research, firstly, the package of sample threats studied in three steps including documentary studies, threat records and experts' opinions were extracted, and then using the AHP-FEMA scoring method, the threat of air-missile attack was selected as the base threat. Then IHWP model was used in GIS software. The results of these studies indicate that nearly 34% of the studied sample has a high and very high level of vulnerability against the threat of air attack. By examining the maps of the spatial distribution of uses and population, the distribution and distribution of relief and structural services, it is observed that the central parts of the city, which have a high population, are more vulnerable. The presence of high importance uses, low population density and high road width, suitable structural quality and high compatibility of uses causes a low score of vulnerability, and at the end, the solutions to reduce vulnerability according to the situation of the sample A case was presented.
Geographic Data
Amir mohammad Salehabadi; Seyed Hadi Ghoddusifar; Ali Mohammadpour
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and the physical development of Iranian cities in recent decades has been the disintegration of the distribution system of urban service centers. Urban parks and green spaces played a special role ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and the physical development of Iranian cities in recent decades has been the disintegration of the distribution system of urban service centers. Urban parks and green spaces played a special role in creating this social inequality for citizens' access to city services. Park green spaces (PGS) are considered essential public infrastructure due to the benefits they have for urban residents. Such benefits include recreation, viewing natural landscapes, protecting the urban environment, preventing disasters, and improving the quality of life. According to the worrying consequences of the urban landscape planners regarding the imbalance in the spatial distribution of urban green spaces, it seems that the ideas and theories attributed to urban greening and universal access to desirability Green cities have the potential to act as a decisive force in the main agenda. Similar to the ideal of "public goods" and the diffuse benefits of access, green goals can serve as a means to de-emphasize asymmetric power relations and conflicts over competing resources, which risk re-creating unjust outcomes. In this article, the ASD index (Equation1) of Lee and Hong (2013) is used to measure the level of shortage or excess supply of urban park services. One of the innovative aspects of this research is the use of the distributive justice index to measure ASD, which is introduced as new ASD. With the help of this index, it is possible to find out how effective each park is based on the index received through the calculations made in the supply and demand model. In other words, this article measures the quality of locating parks in the supply and demand model with the effect of their spatial distribution justice. This causes that in addition to the longitudinal distance between parks and residential blocks, the factors affecting their public services will also be involved in the calculations to bring the findings closer to the current situation. Many studies have been conducted on the topic under discussion. Materials & MethodsThis study is an information modeling research. For that purpose, it's practical and developmental research to measure the degree of the supply shortage or demand excess for urban park facilities. In other words, the present study uses situational weight index and distributive justice for ASD. This research is mixed regarding data collection methods, relies on library methods to review resources, selects 50 points for field observations to collect location information, and extracts the required parameters to create a database based on reference land information. This research will be dependent on the modeling analysis method and using GIS analysis functions. The analysis of input data, including qualitative and quantitative information, is performed using standard coding and weighting methods. ASDi, which is the quantitative difference between supply and demand in park services per unit area ('area' hereafter), is defined as follows .This research was used by combining the positional weight index and distribution justice for ASD to explain the new ASD index(Equation2).Equation. #1 Equation2: Results and discussion To measure the spatial justice of an urban park, mathematical communications and formulas will be used in this study, which the authors optimize to suit the specific conditions of the parks. Indicators are:› Determining the share of each park in the population under the sphere of influence,› Measuring the efficiency of parks,› The distance of residential blocks from parks,› The population of residential blocks in the sphere of influence of parks. ConclusionThe findings of this study show that parks that have high park efficiency, the final branches of spatial justice of parks are also high, with the difference in areas where ِMetropolitan and Regional parks are adjacent to neighborhood parks. The final index of spatial justice improves and expands the parks relative to their efficiency.Based on the empirical analysis, the spatial disparities can be even greater when service availability and population demand are high. City planners should decide to build new parks by considering areas where demand is higher than the supply, not just based on whether there are many parks nearby because residents in the densely populated areas may suffer from a lack of services even though many parks are located nearby.The “new ASD” method has advantages for studying the parks of Region 1 of Tehran, which can be summarized as follows:New ASD can be interpreted intuitively because the results are measured in square meters, which should provide more parking spaces or the number of people at risk of park shortages. The per capita green space parameter allows the demand unit to be equated with supply, allowing planners to easily calculate the size of parks that should be more in priority and low supply areas.The results of the analysis can be obtained based on determining the geographical coverage of the park services. Based on the planning information drawn using legal criteria, planners can support their arguments about the location of other parks by recognizing spatial inequality.Although different social groups were not considered in the analysis, like other studies that looked at ethnic subclasses to highlight park service inequality among different ethnic groups, the methodological process of new ASD estimation can be easily extended to apply to different social groups. For example, some landscape planners In Tehran, they may be interested in studying spatial inequality, for example, people with disabilities, different age groups, or men and women separately.
Geodesy
Lida Koshki; Behzad Voosoghi; Seyyed Reza Ghaffari-Razin
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Earthquake every year in the world, especially in a seismic country like Iran, causes huge human and financial losses. Earthquake prediction has become one of the great challenges of scientists in recent decades. One of the new methods is the evaluation of anomalies ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Earthquake every year in the world, especially in a seismic country like Iran, causes huge human and financial losses. Earthquake prediction has become one of the great challenges of scientists in recent decades. One of the new methods is the evaluation of anomalies in the ionospheric parameters before the earthquake. The parameter investigated in this method is the total electron content (TEC). The study areas in this paper are the Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 and 6.3, the Sarpol Zahab earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3. In the Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake, the observations of 6 GPS stations and in the Sarpol Zahab earthquake, the observations of 5 GPS stations of the IGS network were used to calculate the ionosphere TEC. Short time Fourier transform (STFT) along with statistical parameters of mean and standard deviation have been used to detect of ionosphere time series anomalies. Also, geomagnetic and weather indicators KP, Dst, F10.7, Vsw (plasma velocity), Ey (magnetic field) and IMFBz (interplanetary magnetic field) have been investigated and analyzed to know the conditions of the days before the earthquake.
Materials & Methods
In recent years, the spectral analysis of ionospheric anomalies using the STFT method and its application in earthquake forecasting has become popular. The research results show that spectral methods can be a useful and reliable tool in further analysis, and the STFT method can be evaluated as a successful method for detecting ionosphere anomalies, which is also compatible with classical methods. Also, STFT is a powerful tool for processing a time series without the need for average and median values, so it can be used for other studies such as navigation, geophysics, geology and climatology. STFT is used as a modified version of the classical Fourier transform to obtain the frequency information of a signal in the time domain. This method provides the analysis of a small part of the signal at a certain time through windowing the signal. In STFT, the signal with a constant time-frequency resolution and with the same window length in all frequencies is divided into smaller parts, Fourier transform is applied on it and finally the output will be presented in two time-frequency dimensions. As a result, it is possible to obtain information about when and with what frequency each signal occurred.
Results & Discussion
In the Sarpol Zahab earthquake and in both classic and STFT methods, anomalies were observed on 309, 314 and 323 DOY, before the earthquake. The amount of these anomalies in the ionosphere time series was in the 0.058 to 5.44 TECU. The parameters related to solar and geomagnetic activities were also investigated in the days before and after the earthquake. Considering that the solar and geomagnetic activities (as an important factor in creating anomalies in the ionosphere time series) were calm in the days before the earthquake, these detected anomalies can be attributed to the earthquake. However, in the Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake and using both methods, in 5 to 15 days before the earthquake, anomalies of about 0.13 to 1.4 TECU were observed. In the days before the Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake, there were almost undisturbed conditions on most days, and therefore it cannot be said with certainty that the observed anomalies are completely related to the earthquake. The results of this paper showed that the STFT method is a powerful tool for spectral analysis without the need for values such as average or median. This feature of STFT is its strength compared to classical methods; because independence from these values minimizes the sources of error related to them (abnormalities, sudden variations in the ionosphere such as annual, semi-annual and seasonal variations). It is important to mention that the STFT method is more accurate in calm solar and geomagnetic conditions and provides high accuracy results.
Conclusion
The results show that for the Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake, there are anomalies on the 11, 12, 13 and 5 days before the earthquake. But for the Sarpol Zahab earthquake, anomalies can be seen 6, 7, 13 and 21 days before the earthquake. The analyzes of this paper show that if all the geomagnetic and weather parameters before the earthquake are investigated, the existing anomalies can be directly observed by analyzing the time series of the ionosphere with the STFT method. It is important that on days when geomagnetic conditions and calm weather are not prevailing, the occurrence of earthquake cannot be considered as the cause of anomalies detected in the ionosphere time series.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Mohammadhasan KorkiNezhad; Aliakbar Shamsipour; Kyoumars Habibi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The city is a living, dynamic and evolving being in the cycle of time and on the bed place; It consists of physical and human components and complex relationships between them and is the crystallization of the high role and thought of man and is influenced by social, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The city is a living, dynamic and evolving being in the cycle of time and on the bed place; It consists of physical and human components and complex relationships between them and is the crystallization of the high role and thought of man and is influenced by social, economic, political, cultural and geographical factors and conditions. Increasing population and building density have far-reaching consequences, such as increasing the occupation of natural resources, changing land-use change, climate change, and disrupting the exchange of material and energy. As a result, cities face many issues and problems, the most important of which are issues related to urban design. These issues include problems related to urban spaces, such as poor ventilation, high heat load, air pollution caused by the physical characteristics of cities, and insufficient attention to the capabilities and natural characteristics and climate of the region and the city.
Data and Methods
This study aims to prepare an urban climate analysis map to study and analyze Tehran's spatial and urban climate information. Urban Climate Map (UCMap) is an information and evaluation tool that combines urban climate factors with urban planning factors and some environmental conditions to provide a picture of urban climate issues in a two-dimensional space. The urban climate map consists of two urban climate analysis maps (UCAnMap) and an urban climate instruction map (UCReMap). To prepare an urban climate analysis map, heat load map including spatial information layers of building volume, city topography and green space and dynamic capacity map including spatial information layers of land cover, natural landscape, and proximity to open spaces, respectively. The method of this model is generally based on the evaluation and analysis of variables affecting climatic conditions. Based on six information layers, including building volume maps, land cover, topography, proximity to open spaces, green space, and natural landscape of Tehran were prepared and entered into Arc/GIS10.4.1 software. To eliminate the unit, comparability, and overlap, the layers were standardized and used to prepare two maps of ambient heat load and dynamic capacity.
Results and Discussion
So that the three layers of building volume, topography, and green space were weighted and combined, and their output was a heating load map. The other three layers, ground cover, natural landscape, and proximity to open spaces, were also combined to create a dynamic capacity map. Then the two-heat load and dynamic capacity maps were combined and the UC-AnMap map was obtained. The results of this map are very close to the ground realities. For example, the volume of the building harms the performance of the heat load and increases the amount of heat load in the city. Or green space reduces heat load and has a positive performance. The central areas and the southwestern strip of the city have a high heat load. As centralized heat cores in these areas have been calculated and obtained. The output map was classified into 8 categories and Tehran’s urban climate analysis map was obtained.
Conclusion
The results of combining the obtained layers and maps showed that 59% of the area of Tehran, which is mostly the northern part of the city, has good cooling and ventilation condition. 19% of it is facing heat stress and lack of air conditioning, which are mainly in the central, southern, and southwestern regions, and 22% are in the intermediate state, which is scattered in all levels of the city, but most of its concentration is in the northern, western and it is eastern. According to the calculated heat load map, the central, southern, and western regions (in region 21) have high and unfavourable ambient heat load statuses. And many parts of areas four, one, two, five, and 22 municipalities are characterized by low ambient heat load and favourable climatic conditions.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Seyedeh Kosar Hamidi; Asghar Fallah; Nastaran Nazaryani
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction:
Climate change has a consider impact on the environment and has led to different sensitivity of vegetation to weather factors at different spatial-temporal scales. Knowledge of the state of vegetation due to its use in micro and macro planning is currently one of the ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction:
Climate change has a consider impact on the environment and has led to different sensitivity of vegetation to weather factors at different spatial-temporal scales. Knowledge of the state of vegetation due to its use in micro and macro planning is currently one of the important pillars in the production of information, considering the high cost and time-consuming use of methods based on ground station observations for Estimating the relative heat of cities using air temperature measurement on the one hand. and providing data with relatively high spatial resolution and capable of measuring ground surface parameters on the other hand, nowadays remote sensing technology as a new solution It has been proposed to improve these methods. Quantitative relationship between vegetation pattern and climatic elements is one of the most important applications of remote sensing in the global and regional scale. Forecasting the amount of vegetation is necessary and essential for planning its exploitation and protection.
Materials & Methods:
In the present research, the aim is to investigate the effect of climatic factors on the vegetation trend of Frame forest using Sentinel 2 images and to determine the most suitable index for this area in Mazandaran province. In order to model the climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) related to the region obtained from the nearest weather station related to the city of Farim together with the climatic data of the city of Farim have been used in such a way that the changes in height from the surface The sea was used. After the pre-processing and processing of the Sentinel 2 images, the corresponding digital values were extracted from the spectral bands and consider as independent variables. ENVI software was used for image processing and STATISTICA and R software were used for modeling. The obtained data are divided randomly into training and testing data, so that 70% of the data was used for training and the rest was used for testing or evaluating the model. Mean square error, correlation, size of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were used to evaluate the presented models. The models with the highest correlation value and the lowest error value of the criterion, the mean square error, the Akaike information evaluation criterion and the Bayesian evaluation criterion were selected as the best models for evaluating the studied variables.
Results & Discussion:
The relationship between temperature and precipitation with vegetation indices was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.43 and 0.56 and AIC and BIC values (565 and 3209) and (739 and 3383) respectively. Also, the results showed that the most effective in relation to both temperature and precipitation factors is related to the Differential Vegetation Index (DVI), which indicates the high efficiency of this index in the region. The analysis of the effects of temperature on the vegetation index in the region indicated that with the increase in temperature, only the differential vegetation indices, the normalized green differential vegetation index and the green differential vegetation index increase, and there is a negative relationship with the vegetation index. It has been normalized. Precipitation is considered one of the most important factors affecting vegetation, the fluctuation and change of precipitation from year to year always affects vegetation. The results of the effects of precipitation on vegetation indices show that differential vegetation index, differential green vegetation index, normalized differential green vegetation index, non-linear vegetation index and normalized difference vegetation index have a greater impact on precipitation in have an area in forest ecosystems, changes in climatic factors may have different effects on forest trees.
Conclusion:
One of the solutions in this field is to investigate the relationship between climatic variables and tree characteristics. Obtaining information about the state of forest vegetation is very important, and this study tried to investigate its relationship with climatic variables in addition to investigating vegetation indicators. On the other hand, satellite data is a suitable tool for investigating forest ecosystems, because it has a good ability to investigate vegetation at a relatively low cost and provides the possibility of continuous monitoring of land surface coverage. According to the above results, it can be stated that climatic factors are among the influencing factors on vegetation indicators in the study area in this research. Vegetation, through the balance of environmental factors, causes the protection and stability of the environment. Due to the importance of vegetation, many researchers have taken steps to understand the growth and spatial patterns of vegetation in different regions; In line with the current research, it is suggested to investigate the effect of climatic factors on the vegetation of the studied areas in different geographical directions. In addition, if information is available, other climatic factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, evaporation, transpiration, and images with higher accuracy should be used in order to achieve results that are more accurate.
Geographic Data
Majid Goodarzi; Farkhondeh Hashemi Ghandali
Abstract
Extend Abstract
Introduction
Urbanization is a developing phenomenon, and the analysis of the appropriate location and the geographical distribution of urban green space plays a significant role in the development and future of the city. Although in the past, green spaces were primarily manifested ...
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Extend Abstract
Introduction
Urbanization is a developing phenomenon, and the analysis of the appropriate location and the geographical distribution of urban green space plays a significant role in the development and future of the city. Although in the past, green spaces were primarily manifested in the beautification and appearance of urban areas, nowadays, for several reasons, it is considered as a breathing space of the cities. The growth of industry and the increase in population in cities have led to speculative constructions that do not pay enough attention to health issues, provision of sufficient light and healthy air, and leisure spaces in buildings. Moreover, the necessity of creating new urban land use to meet the ever-increasing needs of urban dwellers has gradually reduced the share of urban green space, which is the consequence of limiting the access of urban dwellers to nature. But for some reason, at the beginning of the 20th century, the urban man showed a renewed attention to nature and green spaces, which manifests itself in creating functional gardens instead of recreational gardens that respond to the new needs of citizens. The present study aims to Rank the influencing factors to locate urban green spaces in Masjed Soleyman city.
Materials & Methods
The present applied study employed an analytical-descriptive method. Reliable internal and external sources related to the subject were reviewed, and in some cases, field studies and referrals to related organizations were conducted for data collection. In this research, the DEMATEL-ANP-integrated approach was employed, and the criteria weights were calculated. Then, the layer of each weight was entered into the Arc GIS software.
Results & Discussion
As the research findings show, 14 criteria are involved in the optimal location of urban green spaces in Masjid Suleiman, distance to commercial centers, distance to waste and empty lands, distance to administrative centers, distance to medical centers, distance to educational centers, distance to existing green spaces, distance to industrial centers, distance to urban facilities and equipment, distance to military centers, distance to religious centers, distance to communication paths, and density.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed the priority of the mentioned 14 indicators in order from low to high: proximity to residential centers (0.09263, rank 1), proximity to educational centers (0.07428, rank 2), proximity to cultural centers (0.07268, rank 3), population density (0.07154 and rank 4), proximity to communication ways (0.07092, rank 5), proximity to religious centers (0.06979, rank 6), proximity to existing green spaces (0.06967, rank 7), proximity to medical centers (0.06934, rank 8), proximity to commercial centers (0.06923, rank 9), proximity to urban facilities and equipment (0.06902, rank 10), proximity to military centers (0.06874, rank 11), proximity to administrative centers (0.06761, rank 12), proximity to industrial centers (0.06729, rank 13) and proximity to empty and barren land (0.06726, rank 14).
Remote Sensing (RS)
Heshmat Karami; Hadi Abdolazimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Wetlands are considered valuable resources of the environment. Despite the importance of wetlands, they are currently threatened by intensive water harvesting for irrigation, industrial development, deforestation, construction of dam reservoirs, and changing rainfall ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Wetlands are considered valuable resources of the environment. Despite the importance of wetlands, they are currently threatened by intensive water harvesting for irrigation, industrial development, deforestation, construction of dam reservoirs, and changing rainfall patterns. Monitoring can determine the changes in the location, extent, and quality of the wetland and therefore plays an important role in the maintenance and protection of the wetland. Ecosystem monitoring with remote sensing methods offers the advantage of difference, frequent and uniform coverage of large areas. The study of effective parameters or up-to-date maps that show spatial and temporal changes in the sub-basin of Horul Azim Wetland is not available. Therefore, considering that currently, this wetland is struggling with various problems to continue its survival, the purpose of this research is to use Google Earth Engine and satellite data to study the process of wetland changes.
Materials & Methods
This study was done on the platform of Google Earth Engine open source system. In this study, the data of water area, vegetation cover, precipitation, evaporation, and surface temperature were coded in the Google Earth Engine system in a standard way and their time series was obtained. Also, the NASA GRACE data analysis tool (DAT) was used for time series of groundwater levels. In this research, the Mann-Kendall test and Spearman's correlation were used in order to evaluate the changes in different parameters. In this research, the period from 2000 to 2022 was considered to investigate the trend of the data according to the available time range of the data. Finally, to check the fact that the changes in the zones were affected by floods, the data of the Global Surface Water of Water Occurrence (GSWE) probe was used.
Results, discussion, and conclusion
The results of the analysis graph of the water area data trend showed that from 2007 to 2019 the water area trend is increasing, with 2007 being the minimum year and 2019 being the maximum year, and the reason for this was the 90% water withdrawal of the Hor al-Azim wetland in the Iranian part. Also, the reason for the increase in the water area in 2017 is heavy rains that lead to floods and overflowing of the Karkheh dam in the sub-basin of the Hor al-Azim wetland. In 2017 and 2020, 2021, the water area shows a significant increase, which is due to the change in climatic behavior and the occurrence of floods in these years. Finally, the trend of the blue zone will be downward until July 2022. The results of a careful analysis of the data trend by the Mann-Kendall test showed that the trend of the available time period was observed. Kendall's tau value also confirms the increasing trend. It seems that the increasing trend of the water area in the years 2019 to 2021 in this study using the Google Earth Engine system is the result of the floods of the last few years, that Considering only this parameter and these data leads to errors in the study and investigation of the condition of Hor-al Azim wetland. No significant trend was observed in the time series of vegetation cover, but according to the positive Mann-Kendall vegetation cover statistic, one of the causes of the non-significant decrease in the groundwater level could be the increase of pastures and agricultural lands. Kendall's tau value for the surface temperature also showed a negative value (-0.24). According to this result and the sensitivity of the evaporation parameter to temperature, we can point to the role of this parameter in reducing evaporation in the sub-basin of the Hor al-Azim wetland. The northwest and southeast regions have the highest temperature up to a part of the central region of the sub-basin. The western part, which includes the border of the Hor al-Azim wetland, has the lowest temperature, and most of the central part has the lowest temperature, one of the causes of which can be the presence of vegetation and the development of agricultural lands. The time series graph of precipitation showed that the parameter of precipitation in the years 2017 to 2020 had an upward trend, which led to recent floods in the studied area. The results of the Mann-Kendall test for the general trend of evaporation and transpiration parameters, ground surface temperature, and precipitation in the sub-basin of the Hor al-Azim wetland did not show a significant trend. Using the Global Surface Water Explorer (GSWE) data, the occurrence of water, the intensity of water changes, and the seasonal change of water on the wetland were studied for the period of 1984-2021. The study of this dataset confirmed the human interference (creating the Karkheh Dam and draining its lake) and the occurrence and effects of the flood on the sub-basin of the Hor-al Azim wetland. The results of Spearman's correlation test also showed that climate changes such as changes in precipitation patterns and human activities can become factors that affect the surface of the water body of Hor al-Azim Wetland. The results of this research can be used in the management of Hor al-Azim wetland and wetlands with similar conditions.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Seyed Hossein Mirmousavi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) as the lowest part of the troposphere is the most dynamic part of the atmosphere that is directly affected by the interactions of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth (Stell, 2012 and Gert, 1992). These atmospheric surface interactions ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) as the lowest part of the troposphere is the most dynamic part of the atmosphere that is directly affected by the interactions of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth (Stell, 2012 and Gert, 1992). These atmospheric surface interactions occur in short periods of time and play an important role in the development of the boundary layer. The height of this layer is also influenced by atmospheric conditions, topography characteristics, and type of land cover, and is an important parameter for many meteorological phenomena that have various applications such as monitoring air quality, cloud formation and evolution, surface fluids, and atmospheric hydrological cycles (Garrett 1994). Since the height of the boundary layer indicates the depth of turbulent vertical mixing, it is very effective in increasing or decreasing the concentration of pollutants near the surface and is considered as an essential parameter in air quality monitoring (Su and Khan, 2018). In addition, the height of this layer is a key factor in numerical weather forecasts. Since the height of the base of clouds is usually close to the height of the boundary layer, this layer determines the extent of cloud development and causes the transition from shallow convection to deep in the clouds.
Materials
The data used in this study included re-analysis data on the monthly time scale of the planetary boundary layer height for the entire Iranian region with a resolution of 0.25×0.25 which was obtained from the ERA5 version of ECMWF site during the period 1959-2021. In order to analyze the relationship between different climatic variables (mean temperature, mean relative humidity and air pressure), the meteorological data of 187 synoptic weather stations during the statistical period 2000-2022 has been used.
Methods
In this study, in order to prepare the data using programming capabilities in MATLAB software, maps with an average of 62 years old have been prepared and then using ARC GIS software to map the monthly average height of the boundary layer in Iran. In the next step, spatial statistics index of Getis-Ord Gi* was used to analyze the spatial changes in the height of the boundary layer in different months. In order to analyze the effective variables in elevation changes in the boundary layer temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, etc. Multivariate standard regression method was used.
Conclusion and Discussion
The annual average elevation map of the boundary layer also shows that the maximum height of this layer in Iran is 1600 m which is located in the south of Iran in Kerman province and south of Sistan and Baluchestan province and in general, the southern half of Iran with the exception of a narrow strip of southern coasts is higher than the northern half. The lowest elevation between 520 and 1000 meters is mainly located in the northern half, the eastern part and a narrow strip of southern coast. The average height of the entire boundary layer of Iran during the year is 1131 meters. The height of the boundary layer in different months of the year has significant changes in Iran and in terms of spatial changes it follows severe cluster patterns. Analysis of hot and cold spots showed that the spatial distribution of the height of the boundary layer has completely homogeneous spatial patterns so that the northern half of the country, especially the northwest and northeastern regions of the country, have a high significance as cold spots in most months of the year.
Results
The results of this study showed that the elevation of the boundary layer in Iran during the year has a lot of spatial and temporal changes due to geographical diversity and climatic characteristics in different regions of the country. The existence of diverse topography, expansion in latitude, large differences in relative moisture content and soil moisture content are among the factors that have caused significant changes in the height of the boundary layer at different times and places. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that the height of this layer is mainly affected by six parameters in particular, temperature and relative humidity.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Misagh Sepehry amin; Hassan Emami
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1.Introduction
A digital orthophoto is a reliable, accurate, and low-cost map for acquiring knowledge, including geolocation, distance, area, and changes in imagery features. It is now considered one of the most widely used and sophisticated digital photogrammetry products. ...
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Extended Abstract
1.Introduction
A digital orthophoto is a reliable, accurate, and low-cost map for acquiring knowledge, including geolocation, distance, area, and changes in imagery features. It is now considered one of the most widely used and sophisticated digital photogrammetry products. Orthophoto map creation is substantially faster than traditional topographic map production because of the development of powerful algorithms for processing aerial, drone, ground, and satellite imagery. To begin, orthophoto is a result of photogrammetry processing that employs the Digital Terrain Model (DTM), which is commonly observed in classic aerial photogrammetry. In orthophotos, you will frequently notice an effect in which the terrain representation is very accurate, but there is a tilt in the buildings and other tall structures, which is caused by the use of DTM, which only maps the natural shape of the earth, excluding vegetation and all man-made objects and structures. A true orthophoto map provides a vertical view of the earth's surface, eliminating building tilting and providing access to practically any location on the ground. Traditionally, measuring digital surface models has been highly complex and costly. It is generally accomplished through the use of LiDAR or ground measurements. The end result of drone photogrammetry is known as an orthomosaic. In actuality, an orthomosaic is comparable to a true orthophoto (since it is formed using a digital surface model), but it is often not based on a metric camera with accurate focal length and internal dimensions, as they are expensive and not readily accessible for UAVs. Furthermore, orthomosaics may be generated using both nadir and oblique images. Drone-based orthomosaics are created based on the digital surface model rather than as a separate survey like traditional aerial photogrammetry. The DSM is produced by drone photogrammetry based on the 3D point cloud, which is the initial output of data processing.
Materials & Methods
The huge success of online services like Google Earth, Google Maps, Bing Maps, and so on increased demand for orthophotos, resulting in the development of new algorithms and sensors. It is commonly understood that orthophoto quality is determined by image resolution, camera calibration, orientation accuracy, and DTM accuracy. Because digital cameras produce high-resolution imagery, one of the most important consequences in orthophoto generation is the spatial resolution of the DTM: standing objects, such as buildings, plants, and so on, exhibit radial displacement in the final orthophoto. In practical applications, orthophotos are utilized as small and medium scale maps; updated earth surface maps; three-dimensional urban scene reconstruction; village surveying; land planning; precision agriculture; desertification monitoring; land use surveying; and other sectors. True orthophotos are orthophotos that have been improved to minimize tilt inaccuracy and projection discrepancies. The true orthophoto is exceedingly stringent with the original image; the heading overlap and side overlap are at least 80% and 60% overlap, respectively. Due to the reduction of displacements produced by camera tilt and height difference, the use of orthophoto as a spatial data format with high geometric accuracy has found growing applications in recent years. With the growing relevance of geographic information systems, particularly in metropolitan areas, the use of orthophoto in conjunction with spatial data has grown. Because orthophoto contains correct spatial and textural information about complications, it is feasible to produce virtual reality by integrating it with 3D models, where it is able to properly quantify the height and plane location of complications during 3D viewing. In this research, a novel approach for generating orthophotos from Google Earth imagery for specific purposes was developed and qualitatively and quantitatively compared to orthophotos created from UAV images.
Results and discussion
The result demonstrated the total error of orthomosaic generation from Google Earth imagery and UAV data to be 0.124 and 0.059 m/pixel, respectively. Moreover, the visual findings reveal that the edges of low-height barriers in the orthophoto generated from Google Earth images are superior to those in the orthophoto generated from drone imagery, but the edges of high-height obstacles, particularly those with noticeable shadows, are of poor quality. The findings of statistical parameters in quantitative surveys using randomly selected points in non-building regions revealed that the errors in the orthophoto derived from Google Earth data are 1.10 meters and 1.34 meters in terms of mean error and root mean square error (RMSE), respectively. In addition, the orthophoto generated from UAV data and Google Earth showed a 95% correlation and a 91% determination coefficient. In contrast, in building regions, the average height error and average square root error in the orthophoto generated from Google Earth data compared to UAV data were around 9 meters and 5 meters, respectively. Statistical metrics in these locations also revealed a low correlation of 80% and a determination coefficient of 65%.
Conclusions
In this research, a novel approach for generating orthophotos from Google Earth imagery for specific purposes was developed and qualitatively and quantitatively compared to orthophotos created from UAV images. As a result, as the height of the obstacles and the presence of lengthy shadows increase, so does the inaccuracy of the height component of the orthophoto derived from Google Earth imagery. Therefore, it is advised that orthophotos for special applications, flat regions, and hills be created using Google Earth images. Additionally, Google Earth data offers the following advantages: free of charge; the utilization of historical imagery to generate orthophotos; and nearly four times less processing time and volume.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Esmaeil Najafi; Mohammad Shali
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Environmental degradation and climate change are one of the most important challenges faced by all living organisms on earth today (Rafique et al., 2022). Human activities, urbanization, mining and industrialization accelerate environmental pollution (Etchie et ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Environmental degradation and climate change are one of the most important challenges faced by all living organisms on earth today (Rafique et al., 2022). Human activities, urbanization, mining and industrialization accelerate environmental pollution (Etchie et al, 2018, Rahman and Anser, 2020). The effects of climate change or environmental destruction include melting glaciers, increasing air and ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, decreasing agricultural production, extinction of wildlife, unpredictable precipitation and climate change, and destruction of the workforce (Danish et al., 2019). In addition, due to the depletion of forests and natural resources, environmental pollution is increasing rapidly in the world (Appannagari, 2006). The rapid development process on the one hand and environmental limitations on the other hand have caused that today the evaluation of the effects caused by development on the environment should be considered as a part of development activities. The existence of a gap between economic growth and a sustainable environment has made planning a big challenge, so thinking about environmental considerations at high levels of planning can prevent environmental problems and disturbances despite the destructive effects that economic growth indicators have on their own. They put it, reduce it. In the present study, the place of environmental considerations in Iran's spatial planning, such as the provincial planning plan and the regional physical development plan, and the relevant laws and regulations have been analyzed.
Materials & Methods
The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required data and information were extracted by using library studies and documents from the service description of provincial and regional physical plans, laws and regulations governing the urban and regional development of the country, prepared programs and plans, etc. The method of content analysis was to analyze the position of environmental and environmental studies in the spatial planning and development system of the country. In addition, the objectives, topics to be investigated and the process of environmental studies in regional physical plans and provincial plans have been compared in a comparative manner.
Results & Discussion
In this section, the necessity of environmental studies in land development and environmental management, the place of environmental studies in spatial planning, environmental studies in environmental and physical plans, and the process of combining natural environment studies in physical and physical plans have been investigated. The results of the research indicate the existence of many overlaps and similarities in the content and subjects of the study of the mentioned projects and differences in the objectives, the process of studies and the way of their integration.
Conclusion
The results of the research indicate that:
- The regional physical plans and the provincial training program in natural studies have many overlaps and similarities in terms of content, topics and subjects studied. In regional physical plans, studies of the natural environment are examined in detail and widely.
- The purpose of environmental studies in physical plans is to eliminate land (with priority for other uses and high cost) and to rank the remaining land according to their suitability for urban, rural and industrial development. In the research projects, the evaluation of the ecological power in the ecological units for the types of main uses, as well as the identification of the environment of the province (strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats).
- The process of unifying studies and merging layers of studies to achieve the goals and final output (suitability of land for the development of residence and activity, etc.) .) are different from each other.
- In the regional physical plans, the suitability of the land is checked only for the development of residence and activity. While the ecological model for all land uses is presented in the land use program, and in the table of biological units, the characteristics of each of the environmental units are given separately according to the studied parameters.
- In environmental studies, the investigated criteria and sub-criteria do not have the same weight. In the regional physical plans, during the final integration, each of the criteria and sub-criteria are compared two by two using the AHP model and weighted based on their importance in determining the suitable place for residence and activity. In the provincial planning program, parameters are prioritized based on the type of uses.
the type of uses.
- Although in the country's five-year development plans, especially in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth plans of economic, social and cultural development, in terms of law, only emphasis has been placed on conducting evaluation studies before implementation, but this approach was not enough and In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to have a special, independent and comprehensive law for the process of evaluating the environmental effects of projects and plans. In other words, there is currently no independent law specific to the environmental assessment process in the country. Today, environmental impact assessment has found a real place as one of the effective components in environmental planning and policies.
The following suggestions are made for reforming the spatial planning and management system with environmental considerations:
- The integration of physical plans and land preparation and the definition of strategic environmental assessment in the process of spatial planning in Iran;
- Paying attention to the strategic environmental assessment in the country's policies, programs and plans before implementation;
- Conducting applied research on the pathology of the country's environmental assessment process with an emphasis on explaining the status of land use, ecological capacity assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cumulative impact assessment and environmental impact assessment;
- the country's environmental assessment law in a specific and independent manner, in order to guarantee enforcement and strengthen deterrence;
- Paying attention to the environmental supervision and monitoring of the implementation of plans and projects after the issuance of environmental approvals by creating a monitoring system and environmental monitoring or control of plans and projects by increasing the quantity and quality of human resources in the environmental protection departments of the provinces and eliminating traditional monitoring and surveillance systems.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Heshmat Karami; Zahra Sayadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Environmental changes are one of the most critical challenges to achieving sustainable development. Wetlands are part of the earth's structure and as one of the important ecosystems consisting of water, vegetation, soil and microorganisms. Monitoring, management and assistance ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Environmental changes are one of the most critical challenges to achieving sustainable development. Wetlands are part of the earth's structure and as one of the important ecosystems consisting of water, vegetation, soil and microorganisms. Monitoring, management and assistance in decision-making and policy-making of surface water changes can be done according to the availability of satellite data. The availability of Landsat data helps a lot in preparing a high-quality map to show the land surface changes. Although remote sensing is superior to traditional methods in terms of time, speed, and cost, these methods require the use of powerful and practical systems that include complex analysis. The use of data and images on the web is a solution that can be used to solve the mentioned problem, which studies can be done with high accuracy and speed without the need for a strong hardware and software system. The Google Earth Engine system creates suitable conditions for processing satellite images for environmental monitoring and analysis. The purpose of this research is to monitor the dynamic changes in the Miangaran wetland sub-basin in the period (2013-2022).
Materials & Methods
Miangaran wetland with an average area of 2500 hectares is located at a distance of one and a half kilometers from Izeh city, in the northeast of Khuzestan province. Time series analysis is one of the most common operations in remote sensing that helps to understand and model seasonal patterns as well as monitor changes. In this research, 421 images from the ee.ImageCollection ("LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_L2") data set were used for the period from 2013 to 2022. The construction of a harmonic model was used in this research due to its flexibility in cyclic calculation with simple and repeatable forms. The normalized differential water index is an index for drawing and monitoring content changes in surface waters. Also, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is one of the most common remote sensing indices. Harmonic time series of water body and vegetation cover were extracted using NDWI and NDVI indices in Google Earth Engine platform, and Mann-Kendall's non-parametric test was performed using time series data output with XLSTAT extension in Excel software. Finally, global water data was used to confirm and complete the results of time series analysis.
Results, discussion and conclusion
The results of the harmonic time series of the water body showed a decreasing and negative trend and more changes in the sub-basin. Kendall's statistical test confirmed the decreasing and negative trend of the water body. Accordingly, since the calculated p-value (<0.0001) is lower than the alpha significance level (0.05), the null hypothesis should be rejected and its alternative hypothesis, the existence of a trend in the time series, should be accepted. The value of Kendall's tau also confirmed a negative value (-0.245) and a decrease. Due to the negative sen's slope statistic for the water area (-0.002), changes are more in the Miangaran Wetland sub-basin. The results of the Mann-Kendall test for the observed vegetation data showed the absence of a trend in the harmonic time series. Since the calculated p-value (0.064) is higher than the significance level of alpha (0.05), the null hypothesis (absence of trend) cannot be rejected. The risk of rejecting the null hypothesis (while true) is 43.6%. Kendall's tau statistic showed a negative value (-0.060) and a non-significant decrease. Therefore, accepting the null hypothesis (absence of trend) indicates that vegetation changes in the harmonic time series were not significantly different from each other. Also, the negative sen's slope statistic for vegetation (-0.026) indicates more changes in the sub-basin of Miangaran Wetland. By comparing with the results and analysis of other researches, it seems that human intervention and change of land use can be the cause of the lack of trend in the Miangaran Wetland sub-basin. Also, according to the negative value of Man-Kendall's vegetation cover which showed a non-significant decreasing trend, it seems that climate change and drought have also played a major role in the changes under the Miangaran wetland basin. The study of the global water data also showed that the water occurrence in terms of space-time is decreasing and the intensity of the change of water occurrence is critical under the basin of Miangaran wetland. The marginal parts of Miangaran Wetland show seasonal water loss, most of these changes occur during the period. This research confirmed the use of harmonic time series in monitoring wetland dynamic changes. Finally, the allocation of water rights, the establishment of laws and the determination of the limit of the ecological bed, and the use of Google Earth Engine capabilities to monitor environmental changes (use, temperature, precipitation, evaporation, etc.) of the Miangaran Wetland sub-basin were suggested.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Mahsa Jahanbakhsh; Ali Esmaeily
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction In recent years, we have seen the importance and high demand of lithium (Li) due to its many applications, for example in the production of rechargeable lithium batteries, which are mainly related to the global markets of electric vehicle manufacturing ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction In recent years, we have seen the importance and high demand of lithium (Li) due to its many applications, for example in the production of rechargeable lithium batteries, which are mainly related to the global markets of electric vehicle manufacturing to achieve a healthy environment and more suitable transportation. Due to this high demand, the identification of new lithium reserves is very important and the investigation of its identification and zoning methods has been the focus of many researchers, and the use of remote sensing data and image processing techniques in the detection of lithium due to cost reduction of earth exploration has increased, greatly.In this research, using modern methods, a general and intelligent approach was presented, so that with the least time and cost, after selecting the bands of the desired satellite images and zoning the area of Degh Ptergan, in Zirkoh city, South Khorasan province, as a possible area for the existence of lithium reserves, modeling was done by the supervised machine learning method, and the relative importance of the variables was determined using the trained model.Also, the relative importance of the variables was determined by the trained model, and the ability of each of the remote sensing techniques to achieve this goal has been challenged.Materials& Methods Here, 13 bands of Sentinel-2 images and the region of 12 known lithium mines around the world were used as lithium presence areas, so that, by going through steps, suitable data for modeling were produced. In this way, by using the boundaries of these mines, samples were produced that can be used as input for modeling algorithms. The maximum entropy algorithm was used to model the distribution of lithium samples. Since the correlation between the input variables reduces the performance of the model and makes it difficult to interpret the results of the modeling, first, the correlation between the input variables was calculated and those with a high correlation were discarded. So that, 16 variables were used as input in the maximum entropy algorithm and finally a suitable model was obtained with the AUC (Area Under the Curve) criterion of 0.706 and by it, the study area of Degh Patregan, located in the province South Khorasan, Iran was zoned and two possible areas containing lithium resources were identified.To determine the relative importance and contribution of the input variables in the prediction map of lithium minerals, the Jacknife method was implemented. According to this method, the variables B10, B06/B08, B06/B07 and B01/B10 have a high relative importance, which shows that they have more information than the other variables. Then classic remote sensing techniques including color composition, band ratio, principal component analysis and SAM was done to zone the study area, too. The results of maximum entropy modeling were compared with these techniques and the high ability of the maximum entropy algorithm was determined.Results & Discussion According to the results and prediction maps related to the classical methods, it showed that although some of these methods approximately identified the areas specified by the maximum entropy algorithm, but they had problems that is emphasized on the development of more suitable remote sensing algorithms to describe the changes associated with lithium minerals. The maximum entropy algorithm with its unique options is a powerful tool for extracting the features of satellite images and expresses their hidden information more clearly. The accuracy of this method was compared with classical techniques and it was able to provide a more appropriate classification with a low noise and with a Kappa coefficient of 0.8775 and an overall accuracy of 0.9435, and identified two areas with the possibility of the presence of lithium minerals in the study area.Conclusion & SuggestionsIn the present research, the study area of Degh Patergan, located in South Khorasan province, Iran, was zoned, whereby two possible areas containing lithium resources were identified and the ability of classical remote sensing methods and maximum entropy algorithm was challenged. The method discussed in the research may be used as a cost-effective and technological solution with priority over field mapping for mineral exploration in remote border areas with difficult access, also an automatic approach with the maximum entropy algorithm was presented for the exploration of different mineral resources, which can be used for other exploration as well. Therefore, it is suggested to be used in different areas and to explore different sources.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Mahdi Ebrahimi Boozani; Asghar Norouzi; Hengameh Khaksar
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction
Passive defense refers to a set of non-armed actions and activities which reduces the vulnerability of buildings, manpower, facilities, equipment, funds and vital arteries of the country against destructive and hostile operations of the enemy as well as natural disasters ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction
Passive defense refers to a set of non-armed actions and activities which reduces the vulnerability of buildings, manpower, facilities, equipment, funds and vital arteries of the country against destructive and hostile operations of the enemy as well as natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. The Including passive defense policies in most countries of world and especially Iran is Building public shelters to protect and maintain of Citizens' lives, also minimizing possible damages in the human domain. But what is important in Proportion with the proposed policy, location and choice of place is suitable for the construction of urban shelters. That People can take refuge to these shelters during enemy attacks or during natural crises. For this end, the aim of doing this study is locating potential areas of urban shelters based on passive defense principles in Ilam city.
Materials & Methods
Present research In terms of the purpose, is of the type applied research and in terms of the nature and method of investigation, is of the type descriptive-analytical. Also, in terms of the data collection method, is included in the category of documentary and field research. The statistical population studied is including experts, professors and experts working in academic centers and higher education institutions. Sample size for research based on pairwise comparisons it's limited According to Saati (2002) and are selected Minimum 5 and maximum 15 people for this type of studies. Therefore, in this research, 15 university professors and experts were selected by available sampling method. To weight to information layers used from Saati's 9-option spectrum (superiority of one criterion over another) in the form of a questionnaire and a plan of language expressions. In this Research selected 10 location index of urban shelters (Distance from densely populated places, Distance from the centers of population, Distance from the canal, river and surface water, slope of the land, Distance from vulnerable areas and worn tissue, Distance from main roads for access and movement, Distance from historical and cultural monuments, Distance from industrial centers and hazardous products, The distance from the target centers of enemy and Distance from centers with support functions in times of crisis) in the form of four general criteria (Demographic, functional, physical and natural-environmental). In the next step was determined Coefficients of importance of indicators and criteria using the network analysis process technique (ANP), Eventually has been identified the most preferred places In proportion to the purpose through overlapping layers of information and applying the obtained coefficients. Data analysis has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and Using Analytical Network Process (ANP) and also by using Excel, Super Decisions and GIS software.
Results & Discussion
The research results show that: Among the general criteria studied, two demographic and functional criteria in order with weights 0.427 and 0.305 and among the studied indicators, two indicators Proximity to densely populated places and Establishing at a suitable distance from the enemy's targets in order with weights 0.303 and 0.236 have been highest coefficients of importance. In the following Results of combined analysis GIS- ANP showed that: All four urban areas of Ilam (including Haniwan, Ostandari, Markazi, Banborz, Sabzi Abad, Nowruz Abad, Janbazan and Razmandegan districts) is prone to shelter construction, But is in priority Respectively Region 2 (Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts), Region 1 (Haniwan and Ostandari) and Region 3 (Nowruz Abad).
Conclusion
Examining the first question based on Current status of urban shelters in Ilam city show that, most urban shelters located in the average status from the aspect of spatial distribution. The result of second question based on identification most important indicators affecting on location of urban shelters show that, two demographic and natural-environmental criteria identified as the most important and least important effective criterion in Location of urban shelter respectively with weights of 0.427 and 0.056. Eventually the results of third question based on identification best places to build urban shelters in Ilam city show that, most suitable place to build urban shelter situated in Haniwan, Ostandari and central districts of region 1, Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts of region 2, Nowruz Abad district of region 3 and Janbazan and Razmandegan districts of region 4.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Ali Hasankhani; Mahdi Modiri; Ahmad Naghavi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Unfortunately, it is worth noting that the maximum of fifty years of record history around the world does not include all the wave propagation conditions in the environment, the type of construction, the rupture process on the fault, and the geometrical relationship between ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Unfortunately, it is worth noting that the maximum of fifty years of record history around the world does not include all the wave propagation conditions in the environment, the type of construction, the rupture process on the fault, and the geometrical relationship between the construction and the fault.
Especially in the areas close to the fault, this problem is more seen. Before the 1999 Chichi earthquake in Taiwan and the 1999 Izmit earthquake in Turkey, there were only about 20 records of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 7 at a distance of less than 20 kilometers from the fault.
The Turkish earthquake added 5 records and the Taiwan earthquake added 65 records to this collection, but only two fault rupture scenarios were added to our knowledge, while thousands of other possible scenarios may occur. This issue led seismologists and earthquake engineers to try to estimate the parameters related to the strong motion of the earth in the area near the fault with an acceptable confidence factor using various simulation methods, both experimental and theoretical.
Methods
In a general classification in engineering seismology, the methods of investigation and analysis of the earthquake phenomenon and the resulting movements are divided into two categories: dynamic and kinematic. Based on this, seismological models and problems are divided into two categories. Kinematic models are the ones based on slip distribution that do not take into account the state of stress on the fault. While in dynamic models, we deal with the physics of fault rupture and its causes.
On the other hand in another point of view, simulation methods are divided into three main categories: deterministic (low frequencies), stochastic (high frequencies) and hybrid (broad band) methods.
On the whole Simulation of strong ground motion, especially for regions where they are not available, plays an important role in estimating the parameters of the strong ground motions. One of the methods of examining earthquakes using the acceleration of mapping is to simulate the powerful earth movement. Introducing two decisive simulation models (Discrete Wave Number Finite Fault) and Finite Faults, which are investigated and validated, for close-up events (less than 20 km to a seismogenic fault.) And far away, how the simulated recording are produced, the supply of reduction relationships for the Zagros seismotectonics region, and consequently the forecast of the strong motions parameters.
Results & Discussion
Due to the special geological conditions and the existence of many active faults in Iran, our country is considered one of the earthquake-prone regions of the world. Not all places in Iran are equally prone to earthquakes. The most seismic region of Iran (which has the highest number of earthquakes) is the Zagros region. The modeling method based on finite fault combines the aspects of plane source with the ground motion model based on point source and since the mentioned limitations are not naturally present in the modeling method based on finite fault, this method takes into account the geometry of the failure and the directivity effect and good results are obtained. For simulation using finite fault, the method of time delay and acceleration summation of maps related to a two-dimensional network including elements is used.
In this method, the fault plane is divided into elements and a small event is simulated for each one, and finally at the recording station, the overall recording acceleration is obtained from the sum of the effects of small events. The strong ground motions in each micro-fault are calculated using the random point spring method and then summed at the desired point with an appropriate time delay to obtain the ground motion of the entire fault.
To determine the key parameters of the simulation input, valid geological and seismic studies are used in each state of seismic. To produce a comprehensive database of simulated records, a significant number of stations are taken into account with different hypotheses around the fault, and the acceleration of artificial mapping has been produced by the region’s seismological parameters. In the next step, with the selection of the appropriate functional , the appropriate reduction relationship is suitable. The results of the simulation as well as the resulting relationship are compared with the results extracted from the valid global attenuation relationships and the relationships provided for the area in question and their consistency (compliance percentage) is investigated.
Conclusion
In this research, we have produced a wide range of simulated records (about 20 thousand records) for the Zagros seismotectonics region. We hope that the relationships obtained will have sufficient accuracy and efficiency and be used in the design of structures and urban development. It is important to mention that the regression correlation coefficient (R-Square) was above 0.95 in all the fits.
These attenuation relationships can provide a new perspective on site location, the dynamic behavior of structures, and the development of various infrastructure in order to reduce the maximum and predict the damage caused by earthquakes.
Geographic Data
Mohsen Saghaei; Behruz Gharani Arani; MohammadReza Parsa
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Management in general is the art and knowledge of efficient and optimal use of resources to achieve the goal, and waste management or waste management is in fact all the planning and activities in the field of waste and in order to reduce, move, convert, Decontamination ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Management in general is the art and knowledge of efficient and optimal use of resources to achieve the goal, and waste management or waste management is in fact all the planning and activities in the field of waste and in order to reduce, move, convert, Decontamination or disposal of waste takes place. Waste management system consists of different parts. This system can be compared to a chain that in the absence of a loop, the chain will be broken, so the performance of each waste management will affect other parts. Although the waste problem has been solved in many cities of the country and may have become a source of prosperity for the city,In the metropolis of Ahvaz, due to the lack of a clear strategy and proper investment in recent years, it has not been able to bring prosperity to the city and always a lot of garbage in the people, has caused a huge amount of dissatisfaction of citizens. In Ghizaniyeh section of this city, since 1991, with the closure of the old landfill in the "Broumi" area, it has been set up Non-disposal of garbage in a principled manner and according to the rules in this garbage site, provides the conditions for garbage to burn in this site and the smoke from this fire will burn the residents of Sofireh village and most of the villages of Ghizaniyeh section of Ahvaz city and east of this city. Has encountered a problem. One thousand tons of city waste is transferred to the Ahvaz waste site daily. The per capita waste production in the country is 700 grams per person, this per capita in Ahvaz is more than the national average per person. According to the latest statistics, the amount of garbage collected in 24 hours is close to 800 tons, which has decreased despite the fact that garbage collectors and dry garbage collect by them.
Material & Methods
According to the research topic, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, first, using GIS software, the situation of waste landfill in Ahvaz city has been studied, then the geographical distribution of suitable places for waste landfill in this city has been studied. For analytical work, maps that have been in the form of polygons have been turned into rasters, and maps that have been in the form of point and linear features have been determined using the Euclidean distance to determine their importance in relation to the landfill. In order to determine all the maps, the importance of classification has been applied to them. Finally, using the FAHP method, the weights obtained from this method are multiplied in the obtained layers, and the final map, which includes the current location of the Ahvaz landfill and the proposed locations, is obtained. In the next stage, using the opinions of experts living in Ahvaz, managerial, economic, environmental and social indicators have been studied. In order to analyze the data, statistical and graphical analyzes in GIS and SPSS were used.
Results & Discussion
The results of the study showed that in terms of location and environment, the ambassador landfill site is in a good condition and the problems of Ahvaz city in relation to waste disposal are due to its proper management . The studies of this study show that in the spatial survey of Safireh landfill, environmental criteria have been relatively observed. Among the landfills around the city of Ahvaz, from 5 very unsuitable to very suitable conditions, Safireh site is in a good condition, which can be said that the location of this site is suitable in terms of environmental characteristics.
Conclusion
According to the studies and using the opinions of experts, it can be stated that the waste problems of Ahvaz city originate from the same source, ie its production and lack of management. Also, the studies of this study showed that the economic criterion has been the most important factor in the view of experts in locating landfills. The results for the study of proper waste management at the source indicate that the component of proper waste management at the source is significant and will have a direct impact by reducing environmental effects, and the component of proper waste management at the source as one of the main factors And is decisive in reducing the environmental impact of Ahvaz. Finally, based on the research findings, suggestions were made to control the pollution of the waste site in the metropolis of Ahvaz and in the study areas.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Hossein Etemadfard; Hamed Kharaghani; Mahdi Najjarian; Rouzbeh Shad
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction:
The increasing demand for sustainable food consumption as well as the change in the consumption pattern has led to efforts to improve the food distribution process. This is to speed up service delivery and prevent the spoilage of perishable materials. Among the most ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction:
The increasing demand for sustainable food consumption as well as the change in the consumption pattern has led to efforts to improve the food distribution process. This is to speed up service delivery and prevent the spoilage of perishable materials. Among the most significant topics in the food supply chain is perishability, a phenomenon that occurs in certain categories of products such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Perishability refers to the property in which a product loses its commercial value and usability after a certain period. However, meeting the general needs of citizens, especially the supply of food, is one of the most significant axes of urban service activities on the city's economic platform. In addition, the provision of comfort and well-being for residents depends on the proper establishment, optimal distribution, and sufficient variety of products offered in shopping centers. Day markets as well as fruit and vegetable fields provide fast and appropriate daily needs for residents. In addition, choosing fast and reliable routes for food distribution in the city is one of the other significant and influential factors in providing quality services. It should also be noted that in vehicle routing problems (VRP) related to food products, routes for vehicles must be created that match the schedules of some stores to deliver products.
Materials and Methods:
To optimize the fruit and vegetable distribution routes between the fruit and vegetable fields and Shahre-ma stores in Mashhad, this research will use genetic algorithms and particle swarm algorithms. This research will have the aim of optimizing distribution time, which was not addressed in previous research. This research presents its innovation by considering a three-hour time limit in the problem-solving algorithm. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a learning method based on biological evolution and influenced by the hypothesized mechanism of natural selection in which the fittest individuals in a generation survive longer and produce a new generation. And in this article, it is implemented in such a way that the algorithm itself determines the most appropriate number of vehicles. The number of vehicles should be such that distribution among all stores is done in less than three hours and five minutes in each store. There should be a stop. And if distribution among all stores is not done in less than 3 hours, a new vehicle will be added to the number of vehicles. Also, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a technique inspired by the behavior of birds when searching for food. In this research, the data collected include the location of Shahre-ma stores and the fruit and vegetable square in Mashhad city. These data were prepared from the information of Mashhad municipality. Also, to implement these algorithms, MATLAB software has been used. Network analysis has been done to determine the distance between Bar Square and Shahre-ma stores in ArcGIS software using network analysis.
Results and discussion:
This research proposes several hypotheses, including that the maximum optimal time is 3 hours and products should be distributed by 7 am in all places. Also, city traffic is uniform from 4 to 7 in the morning and the same product package is distributed in all stores. Comparing the results of two genetic algorithms and particle swarm shows that the genetic algorithm has a higher efficiency in optimizing the distribution path of fruits and vegetables. Because the time of the four routes derived from the genetic algorithm is approximately 92 minutes, 84 minutes, 80 minutes, and 82 minutes respectively. The total length of all routes is 127 km and 779 meters and the total time of all routes is 338 minutes. And the time of the four routes obtained from the particle swarm algorithm is approximately 102 minutes, 103 minutes, 89 minutes, and 91 minutes respectively. The total length of all routes is 175 km and 390 meters and the total time of all routes is 385 minutes. And in total, the times obtained for four vehicles in the genetic algorithm were 47 minutes less than the particle swarm algorithm. In addition, the total length of the paths in the genetic algorithm was 47 km and 611 meters less than the particle swarm algorithm.
Conclusion
The genetic algorithm was able to achieve the optimal solution by evaluating the objective function 12,000 times. This is 2,900,000 in the particle swarm algorithm. Accordingly, the time required to reach the optimal solution differs significantly between the two algorithms.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Qadir Ashournejad
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Remote sensing is considered as the most important source of spatial data in the current era, which we witness its increasing development in different dimensions. The release of global products of these data in recent years with the aim of easier access and use by experts ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Remote sensing is considered as the most important source of spatial data in the current era, which we witness its increasing development in different dimensions. The release of global products of these data in recent years with the aim of easier access and use by experts in geospatial science is one of the dimensions of this development. The land cover product is one of these products that is used more than other remote sensing products. When presenting these products, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, including their global accuracy, are also published. Expressing the accuracy of these products globally makes it necessary and necessary to re-evaluate their accuracy regionally for the users of these products in different regions of the world.
Materials & Methods
In this research, the accuracy of the European Space Agency's Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS), GlobeLand30 and Esri's land cover product were evaluated for regional use in the north of Iran - Mazandaran province. After calculating the area of the classes for each of the land cover products, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation between them. For quantitative evaluation, the error matrix was used as one of the most common ways to evaluate the accuracy of land cover products. This method is based on the comparison of classified data and ground reality data. Also, the categorized random sampling method was used to select 1329 evaluation samples in Mazandaran province. For visual evaluation, three areas with dimensions of 6 x 6 km were selected.
Results & Discussion
The regional accuracy evaluation of the studied products shows opposite results compared to the global accuracy of these products. Based on the global accuracy reported for the studied products, the highest accuracy is calculated for the Esri product at 86%, followed by GlobeLand30 and CGLS at 83-85 and 80%. Meanwhile, based on the regional accuracy obtained from the results of this research, the highest regional accuracy for the CGLS product has been calculated at 84% and then for GlobeLand30 and Esri products at 81 and 75%. In evaluating the regional accuracy of the classes, all three studied products (CGLS, GlobeLand30 and Esri) have acceptable accuracy (above 90%) in the classes of snow and ice (100, 100 and 100%), forest (90, 95 and 98 percent), water (96, 94 and 90 percent) and impervious surface (94, 91 and 90 percent). For the agricultural class, accuracy equal to 92, 69 and 84% was obtained for CGLS, GlobeLand30 and Esri land covers.In the 3 classes of shrubland, Impervious surface and wetland, the accuracy results are less than other classes for all three land cover products and in the amount of (29, 0 and 13 percent), (65, 66 and 42 percent) and (67, 38 and 0 percent).
Conclusion
By evaluating and comparing the regional accuracy of three CGLS products, GlobeLand30 and Esri, this research answered the question of whether the accuracy stated in global land cover products can be trusted for regional studies and planning. The results show that the regional accuracy of CGLS, GlobeLand30, and Esri are 84, 81, and 75 percent, respectively, compared to their global accuracy (80, 83, 85, and 86 percent). These results show the difference obtained for the Esri product more than the two products CGLS and GlobeLand30. Meanwhile, the remote sensing data used for the Esri product (Sentinel-2 data) and its pixel size (10 meters) are of higher quality and quantity than the other two products. In fact, these results show that only paying attention to the type of data used and the global accuracy is not enough to use products in regional scales and requires evaluations before using them.In addition, by evaluating the classes of each product and comparing them, the need for this evaluation before using these products seems necessary. The results showed that in the evaluation of the regional accuracy of the classes, all three studied products had an accuracy of over 90% in the classes of snow and ice, forest, water areas and human construction. For the agricultural land class, accuracy equal to 92, 69 and 84% was obtained for CGLS, GlobeLand30 and Esri land covers. In the 3 classes of shrubland, herbaceous cover and wetland, the results show lower accuracy than other classes for all three land cover products. Significant results were also obtained in the visual evaluation, and it seems necessary to pay attention to this evaluation before the applications where it is important to pay attention to a particular class.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Maryam Kouhani; Abbas Kiani; Yasser Ebrahimian Ghajari
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Vegetation has always been affected by various environmental and human factors that have directly or indirectly affected the conditions and performance of the environment over time. Consequently, monitoring and investigating the vegetation cover in the northern regions ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Vegetation has always been affected by various environmental and human factors that have directly or indirectly affected the conditions and performance of the environment over time. Consequently, monitoring and investigating the vegetation cover in the northern regions of Iran is also highly considered important. Research suggests that the destruction and change of vegetation cover and forests are among the most important factors influencing natural hazards such as floods, erosion, and earthquakes. In addition to processing and presenting well-known spatial data, remote sensing can also be used to improve human understanding of annual changes in vegetation cover, from a local to a global scale. In this regard, the anomaly evaluation criterion with high differentiation can separate and display anomalous areas in order to recognize the change process and reveal the areas with anomalies over time. Thus, medium-resolution images, vegetation indices, and anomaly criteria can be used to evaluate long-term vegetation changes. Therefore, a positive step in reducing the environmental effects of a region can be made by locating the urban areas that have experienced changes over time and making decisions related to future planning.
Material and methods
This study utilized a time series of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images downloaded from the Google Earth engine. To get the best representation of the vegetation in this study, spring and summer were chosen because vegetation at this time is at its greenest. The main focus of this study was on the evaluation of vegetation changes over time quantitatively and qualitatively, using remote sensing data from Google Earth Engine to prepare a map of vegetation changes over time. The general process of implementing this research can be summarized in 7 phases. The first phase involves taking Landsat images and preparing statistical meteorological data. In the second phase, the time series images were collected according to the specific period and in the third phase, the obtained images were corrected and pre-processed. As a next step, the EVI index is extracted from all Landsat images, and then to determine the anomaly of changes, a series of statistical analyses, including the mean and standard deviation, are applied. The next step involves generating the map of anomalous time series changes and extracting the map of vegetation changes to improve understanding. The end of the process also includes evaluating the results obtained from this research.
Results and Discussion
Since vegetation and drought changes are non-uniform depending on location and distance from the sea and humid areas, and vegetation is destroyed to build villas, residential areas, commercial areas, and towns, several study areas were divided into smaller pieces. Then each area was analyzed and evaluated separately for its changes. It has been observed in the first and third study areas that vegetation has generally been on the rise in the past 36 years, although sometimes there have been anomalies and fluctuations in EVI value. It was significant to see the reduced vegetation in 2008 in both regions. For example, 262.5 mm of precipitation in the first region fell this year, indicating a rain shortage. The results obtained from the second region, considered one of the coastal regions, indicate that the anomaly graph in the region during the period had a downward slope in the direction of decreasing vegetation, and EVI values reached 0.14 in 2005 and 0.09 in 2013. The 4th and 5th regions have shown a lot of fluctuations in anomalous changes and EVI values, although the trend has generally been downward. Results obtained in the 4th region show that vegetation cover peaked in 2004 and 2011. Rainfall in the 5th region, a highland region, in 2008 was deficient, with 259.8 mm reported by the meteorological station. The anomaly value in this year was -1.96. According to the Department of Meteorology in Mazandaran province, most droughts that have affected the underground water in the province have taken place in coastal and plain areas in the province's east and center, and in western cities, they have mostly affected mountainous areas.
Conclusion
Thirty-six years of EVI time series images obtained from Landsat images were utilized in this study to investigate the changes and identify anomalies. In order to conduct a more detailed investigation, the study area was divided into several different regions, and each region was evaluated separately. The results obtained with existing meteorological statistical data were analyzed because vegetation can be affected by climatic and environmental conditions such as weather conditions. According to the results from study area )4(, vegetation cover has consistently decreased over the last three decades due to various factors like tree cutting, landslides, or land use changes. As shown in the map showing the obtained changes, there appears to be an increase in the value of the vegetation index in some northern areas of Chalus city until around 2002, indicating an improvement in greenness. While In some areas close to the Caspian Sea and the coastline, because of the construction of villas and commercial areas, there has been a loss of vegetation, such as in area (2) based on the changed map, a major part of the vegetation in that area has been destroyed because of the establishment of a settlement and construction of a road. As a result of comparing the evaluation of two anomaly approaches, it has also been concluded that both modes show almost the same trend of changes, but the graphs in "Anomaly compared to the overall average" mode compared to "Anomaly compared to the average of each set" display the change process better.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Ebrahim Amou; Ahmad Pourahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Civilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Civilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also dropped on cities. In the eyes of policymakers and experts, urban safety and security is one of the most basic assumptions of the global community for human-centered planning. Humans have always faced threats in their lives and constructions and have experienced all kinds of accidents throughout history. One of the basic ways to prepare for crises is to be aware of the degree of vulnerability of the city, especially residential buildings, in case it occurs. Therefore, knowing the degree of vulnerability of urban buildings caused by threats, it is possible to increase the preparedness against any threat to a great extent by adopting strategies. Identifying the risk of possible damages plays an important role in prevention and preparation to face and deal with the negative effects of urban threats and is very important in terms of controlling human and financial damages.
Materials & Methods
In this research, considering the theoretical issues and the examination of global experiences regarding the vulnerability of residential areas against invasion, vulnerability criteria were extracted and completed using the Delphi method. After selecting the criteria and sub-criteria for weight calculation, using the Dematel method, factors that are effective in residential vulnerability have been used. The main goal of the Delphi method is to achieve the most reliable consensus of a group of experts' opinions through a series of focused questionnaires with controlled feedback. By obtaining the consensus of a group of experts through this process, researchers can identify and prioritize issues and develop a framework for their diagnosis. In this research, Delphi panel members were selected as non-probability and combination of targeted or judgmental and chain methods. In this research, Kendall's correlation coefficient was used to determine the level of consensus among panel members. The value of this scale is equal to one when there is complete coordination and zero when there is no complete coordination. Kendall's correlation coefficient for this research was equal to 0.67, which can be trusted as a relatively moderate to high value according to the order of its factors. Building a network analysis process model requires knowing the relationships and interactions between the criteria and sub-criteria of the problem in order to create the most realistic state of the network, which was extracted in the previous stage through Dematel and with the opinions of experts. ANP includes determining the final weights using the method of extracting weight vectors and forming hypermatrix.
Results & Discussion,
The way of distribution of buildings in terms of floors and especially high-rises has created a special spatial system that has overcome all other urban elements and has turned the city into a compact structure. In terms of the quality of the houses, it can be said that due to the presence of dilapidated structures in the central part of the city as well as informal settlements in the peripheral areas, these houses are not of good quality and are highly vulnerable.From the point of view of passive defense, the passageways and the ability of the network to access the space and the conditions of sheltering are of special importance. Examining the map of vulnerability caused by the access network and access to open spaces in the residential areas of Tabriz shows that the central areas have narrow roads and high density and have high vulnerability. In discussing the vulnerability of residential areas in this research, population density and building density have been considered. By increasing population density in vulnerable areas with specific dimensions, the number of vulnerable population increases. According to the vulnerability map caused by the density of residential areas in Tabriz city, the population distribution is not the same throughout the city and dense population tissues are often located in the central areas and in the range of peripheral tissues (northern parts of the city) and are of high vulnerability. Has Distance and proximity to danger centers is very important in terms of passive defense. The location of these risk centers in the vicinity of human settlements makes it necessary to respect the privacy of these centers. The map of the privacy of dangerous centers in Tabriz shows that the residential areas of Tabriz are not in a good condition in terms of respecting the privacy of high-risk centers and will be highly vulnerable in the event of an attack. The access map of residential areas to relief centers in Tabriz city shows that the distribution of these centers is not balanced in all parts of the city and is mostly concentrated in the central parts of the city, which causes many problems with the influx of people in the event of a crisis. will face these centers. After the occurrence of crises, especially air raids that destroy people's shelters, the temporary accommodation of people is very important. One of the temporary accommodation centers that are considered are educational centers. Also, nowadays spaces are considered as multi-purpose parks and sheds that are used in normal conditions and are considered as temporary accommodation centers in times of crisis. The map of temporary accommodation centers in the city of Tabriz shows that, firstly, these centers are not evenly distributed in all parts of the city, and secondly, they do not have enough numbers according to the existing population.
Conclusion
Maps and research findings show that the residential density criterion with a weight of 0.356 is in the first place among residential vulnerability factors in Tabriz city. The second rank is assigned to the criterion of residential context with a weight of 0.257. Access criteria, access to relief centers, privacy of danger centers and temporary accommodation are in the next ranks respectively.
Aerial photography
Alireza Afary
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
3D similar transformation is used in various applications such as photogrammetry, geodesy, robotics and machine vision. Calculating the parameters of this transformation using the least squares method requires determining the initial values as close as to the final ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
3D similar transformation is used in various applications such as photogrammetry, geodesy, robotics and machine vision. Calculating the parameters of this transformation using the least squares method requires determining the initial values as close as to the final values. If the initial values used are not close to the final values, especially in the case that the rotation angles related to this transformation have large values, the least squares method will either not converge or converge to a wrong solution. In this paper, a direct and new closed-form method for determining the parameters of this transformation is presented. This method is able to determine 3D similar transmission parameters by using at least three corresponding points in both model and ground coordinate systems. In general, direct and non-iterative methods are faster and have lower computational cost, and most importantly, they do not require initial values. In contrast to these advantages, these methods are sensitive to noise in observations and outliers and have less accuracy than iterative methods. Iterative methods, although they have better accuracy, on the other hand, have more computational cost and their speed is low. Most importantly, these methods require initial values and if the initial values used in these methods are not close enough to the final values of the parameters, these methods will either not converge to the correct solution or converge to a wrong solution.
Methods and Materials
The method presented in this article is based on one of the characteristics of 3D similar transformation, i.e., establishing the same 3D similar transformation relationship between the gravity centers of corresponding points. By transferring the origin of the coordinate systems of the corresponding points to the gravity center points, the 3D similar transformation parameters between these two sets of points can be calculated in a closed-form manner, with the presented method. Two datasets were used to show the effectiveness of the presented method. The first dataset was created by simulation with large rotation angles and four times scale factor and with the minimum number of required points, i.e., three points. To simulate the real state in this dataset, random errors with normal distribution were added to each set of the corresponding points. The second dataset was selected from the real data obtained from LiDAR operations.
Results and discussion
The results of the method presented in this article were compared and evaluated with the results of the least squares method and two other closed-form and direct methods, i.e., the SVD method and the dual quaternion method. The results of the method presented in this article are close to the final values of these parameters and the values obtained from other methods. Tables (6) and (8), respectively, show the difference values of 3D similar transmission parameters between the results of using direct and closed-form methods with the least squares method for simulated dataset and real LiDAR dataset.
The data in Tables (5) and (8) show that the presented closed-form method in this paper provides similar 3D transmission parameters for both simulated data sets and real data with a slight difference of about 0.02° for rotational parameters and with a slight difference of less than 0.2m in the displacement vector parameters and with a slight difference of less than 0.002 in the scale parameter.
Conclusions
As can be seen from the obtained results, the accuracy of the values calculated by the presented method in this article is to the extent that it can be used directly for most applications, especially in online applications. On the other hand, the lower volume of calculations of the method presented in this article, compared to the SVD and dual quaternion methods as well as the iterative least squares method, justifies the use of this method for online applications. Also, the results of this method can be used as accurate initial values for the least squares method, in Close-range and UAV photogrammetry applications, where the rotational angular parameters can have large values.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Hossein Asakereh; Fatemeh Motevali Meydanshah; Leila Ahadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Temperature is a significant atmospheric element that manifests climate change, specifically global warming resulting from an increase in greenhouse gas concentration. Atmospheric simulation is a critical tool in studying changes in atmospheric-climatic elements, particularly ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Temperature is a significant atmospheric element that manifests climate change, specifically global warming resulting from an increase in greenhouse gas concentration. Atmospheric simulation is a critical tool in studying changes in atmospheric-climatic elements, particularly temperature.
The most commonly used tool for simulating the responses of the climate to greenhouse gas increases and examining future temperature changes is the use of climate variables simulated by coupled atmosphere-ocean models (AOGCMs). General circulation models (GCMs) are powerful tools aimed at generating climate scenarios. However, GCMs cannot provide effective information on climate simulation at local and regional scales. Therefore, the downscaling method is used to bridge the gap between local and global scales.
The current research aims to simulate maximum temperature using an artificial neural network model that adopts data from the atmospheric general circulation model (HadCM3) under RCP8.5, RCP4.5, and RCP2.6 scenarios for the Yazd synoptic station from 2006 to 2095. The independent variable, as the input to the artificial neural network, was selected for statistical downscaling using four statistical criteria: Percentile Reduction, Backward Variable Elimination, Forward Variable Selection, and Stepwise Variable Entry. Finally, the maximum temperature of the Yazd synoptic station for the next century was simulated.
Data and Methodology
The present study aims to investigate the maximum temperature of Yazd's synoptic station in the context of climate change based on valid scenarios until 2095. To achieve this, three sets of data were used: average daily maximum temperature data from Yazd's synoptic station, observed atmospheric data for the period of 1961 to 2005 (NCEP data), and simulated data from 2006 to 2095 based on release RCP scenarios. The NCEP data from 1961 to 2005 included 26 atmospheric variables that will be used as independent or predictor variables.
Modeling, simulating, and forecasting temperature based on nonlinear and chaotic time series is a challenging task. Prior studies have shown that artificial neural networks (ANNs) are suitable for simulating and predicting basic processes that are not well known. It is crucial to select the correct input variables intelligently and according to the purpose of the artificial neural network's design for prediction and simulation. Accordingly, in this study, the most suitable atmospheric parameters as the input of the artificial neural network were selected by pre-processing and selecting the atmospheric variables for the base period (1961-2005) to simulate with four statistical criteria (Percentile Reduction, Backward Variable Elimination, Forward Variable Selection, and Stepwise Variable Entry). The resulting mean square error (MSE) obtained from the statistical criteria was compared, and the correlation coefficient and the similarity of the monthly time series trend of the simulated values with the target values were also analyzed. The best network architecture was selected to simulate the maximum temperature of Yazd's synoptic station from 2006 to 2095 under different RCP emission scenarios.
Discussion
The selection of explanatory variables for downscaling was based on four statistical methods: Percentile Reduction, Backward Variable Elimination, Forward Variable Selection, and Stepwise Variable Entry. After analyzing the mean square error (MSE), correlation coefficient, monthly average values of the maximum temperature of Yazd station, and estimated values from 1961 to 2005, the probability density function, cumulative probability function, and monthly time series trend obtained from all four methods, the explanatory variables were selected. These variables include mean sea level pressure, the divergence of 1000 hPa, zonal wind component, zonal wind intensity of 850 and 500 hPa, altitude and vorticity of 500 hPa, average temperature, and relative humidity at a 2 m height.
The structure and architecture of the neural network were designed based on these selected variables. The network consisted of a two-layer feedforward, with a sigmoid transfer function in the hidden layer, a linear function in the output layer, an input layer with eight variables, eight neurons, and the Lunberg-Marquardt training algorithm. This architecture was used to simulate the maximum temperature of Yazd's synoptic station under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios for two periods of 2050-2006 and 2095-2051.
Comparing the monthly average values of RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) in the first statistical period (2050-2006) with the base period (1961-2005), the maximum temperature of Yazd station indicates an increase in temperature in winter, spring, and summer, and a decrease in the autumn season under all three RCPs.
Comparing the monthly mean values of RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) of the second period (2051-1995) with measured mean maximum temperature (2005-1961) showed that temperature will increase the most in winter, spring, and summer, similar to the first period of the RCP8.5 scenario. In this scenario, unlike the other scenarios, the increase in temperature is evident in both subperiods for the autumn season. Finally, in the second period (2051-1995), the increase in the average maximum temperature of Yazd station in winter, spring, and summer, and the decrease in the average maximum temperature in autumn will be more significant.
Conclusion
The increase in greenhouse gas concentration resulting from human industrial activities is expected to cause global and regional warming in the future. The current study's findings indicate that the average maximum temperature of Yazd station will rise between 0.4 to 6.9 in winter, 0.2 to 8.1 in spring, and 1.1 to 7.7 in summer from 2006 to 2095. However, a decrease in the maximum temperature between 0.6 and 1.4 is expected in autumn. These results are consistent with those of other researchers.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Kolsoom Shokrilahizadeh; Hamed Naghavi; Morteza Ghobadi; Rahim Maleknia
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction:
Urban green spaces constitute a pivotal component of urban ecosystems, offering a plethora of ecological benefits and services to cities. Augmenting these green patches within urban landscapes and establishing interconnected ecological networks therein represent viable ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction:
Urban green spaces constitute a pivotal component of urban ecosystems, offering a plethora of ecological benefits and services to cities. Augmenting these green patches within urban landscapes and establishing interconnected ecological networks therein represent viable strategies to mitigate the adverse repercussions of inadequate urban development while bolstering urban environment resilience. In the past few decades, the landscape ecology paradigm has introduced innovative methodologies aimed at comprehending the intricacies of urban green space dynamics and how landscape configurations wield influence over the environmental processes within cities. This research, consequently, sets out with the intention of quantitatively assessing and dissecting the transformations transpiring within Khorramabad's urban green spaces. It does so by harnessing remote sensing data and leveraging landscape metrics to gain deeper insights into the urban landscape's evolution.
Materials & Methods:
The focus of this research centers on Khorramabad city, which serves as the capital of Lorestan province and holds the distinction of being the province's largest city in terms of both population and geographical expanse. Municipally zoned into three distinct regions, the study unfolds across two main phases. Initially, the endeavor involved the creation of comprehensive synoptic maps capturing Khorramabad city's green spaces. This process relied on satellite imagery, followed by a subsequent phase of scrutinizing these maps through the application of landscape metrics.
To execute this, satellite images from various sensors—namely TM, ETM+, and OLI on Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellites—were harnessed for the years 1987, 2003, and 2019, respectively. These images underwent meticulous preprocessing, culminating in their classification using the maximum likelihood method within the ENVI software environment. To validate the accuracy of the resultant maps, an error matrix was employed. In order to model the quantitative alterations and patterns within Khorramabad's urban green spaces, landscape metrics were harnessed. Notably, the Fragstat software facilitated the analysis of selected landscape metrics, which encompassed four key measures: class area (CA), number of patches (NP), percent of landscape (PLAND), and mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance (ENN-MN).
Results:
The analysis of spatial-temporal changes in Khorramabad city's green spaces reveals an evident declining trend in their overall pattern. The outcomes underscore a substantial reduction both in the quantity of green patches and the area they encompass, dwindling from 703.8 hectares in 1987 to 629.88 hectares in 2019. Additionally, the investigation into landscape metrics' composition and distribution underscores an absence of cohesive dispersion on the city-wide scale. Within Khorramabad city, regions 1 and 3 exhibit inadequate green space composition and distribution. The computed metric for Class Area (CA) reflects a decrease from 195.66 hectares in 1987 to 191.63 hectares in 2003, further diminishing to 170.145 hectares by 2019. Correspondingly, the metric for Number of Patches (NP) indicates the lowest count of patches (33) in 1987, which escalated to 122 patches in 2003, and ultimately reaching 183 patches by 2019. Moreover, Proportion of Landscape (PLAND) data highlights that regions 3 and 2 demonstrate the highest (19.45%) and lowest (7.18%) green area proportions, respectively. Notably, the PLAND metric underwent modification from 229.81 meters in 1987 to 88.47 meters in 2003, further diminishing to 78.65 meters in 2019. The findings underscore deficiencies in Khorramabad city's urban green spaces, indicating a lack of favorable conditions for their development.
Conclusion:
The research conducted an assessment of urban green spaces within the urban areas of Khorramabad, utilizing remote sensing data and landscape metrics. The findings indicated a consistent downward trend in the overall extent of green spaces in Khorramabad city over various years. The distribution of green patches within the city was deemed relatively inappropriate, lacking an optimal arrangement. To enhance the status of green spaces, there is a need to establish continuity between discrete green patches and smaller green areas. This study underscores the significance of prioritizing sustainable management for Khorramabad's urban green space, aiming to prevent its degradation. The study's limitation lies in its reliance on medium-resolution Landsat image data. Overcoming this constraint through the incorporation of high-resolution data holds promise, particularly for fragmented green spaces in urban areas.
Geodesy
Seyyed Reza Ghaffari-Razin; Navid Hooshangi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In geodesy, three levels are considered: the physical surface of the earth on which mapping measurements are made, the ellipsoidal reference surface (geometric datum) which is the basis of mathematical calculations, the geoid physical surface (physical datum) which is ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
In geodesy, three levels are considered: the physical surface of the earth on which mapping measurements are made, the ellipsoidal reference surface (geometric datum) which is the basis of mathematical calculations, the geoid physical surface (physical datum) which is the basis for measuring heights. Satellite positioning systems measure the height of points relative to the ellipsoid surface. The geoid is one of the equipotential surfaces of the earth's gravity field, which approximates the mean sea level (MSL) by least squares. Geoid is very important in geodesy as a representative of the physical space or the space of observations made on the earth and also as the base level of elevations. The separation between the geoid and the geocentric reference ellipse is called geoid height (N). Although there is only one equipotential surface called geoid, various methods are used to determine it. These methods include: geometric method, geoid determination by satellite method, Gravimetric methods and geoid determination using GPS/leveling.
Materials and Methods
In this paper, the aim is to estimate the height of the local geoid using machine learning models. To do this, artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference model (ANFIS), support vector regression (SVR) and general regression neural network (GRNN) models are used. The geodetic coordinates of 26 GPS stations in the north-west of Iran along with their orthometric height (H0) and normal height (h) were obtained from the national cartographic center of Iran. In all stations, the difference of orthometric height and normal height is considered as geoid height (N). Therefore, the geodetic longitude and latitude of the GPS stations are considered as the input of the machine learning models, and the corresponding geoid height was considered as the output. In order to test the results of machine learning models, two modes of 4 and 7 test stations are considered. Also, the output of the models is compared with the local geoid model IRG2016 presented by Saadat et al. for the Iranian region and also the global geoid model EGM2008.
Results and Discussion
Due to the availability of a complete set of observations of GPS stations along with orthometric height obtained from leveling in the north-west region of Iran, the study and evaluation of the models proposed in the paper has been carried out in this region. Observations of 26 GPS stations of North-west of Iran were prepared from the national cartographic center (https://www.ncc.gov.ir/). Two modes are considered for training and testing of ANN, ANFIS, SVR and GRNN models. In the first case, the number of training stations is 22 and the number of test stations is 4. But in the second case, by increasing the number of test stations to 7 stations, the error evaluation of the models has been done. It should be noted that the distribution of training and test stations is completely random.
After the training step of machine learning models and choosing the optimal structure, the test step is performed in two different modes (4 and 7 stations). At this step, the value of the geoid height in the test stations is estimated and compared with the value obtained from the difference of orthometric height and normal height as a basis. Two statistical indices of relative error in percentage and RMSE in centimeters were calculated for all models and presented in Table (1) for the first case.
Table 1. Relative error (%) of ANN, ANFIS, SVR, GRNN and IRG2016 models in the test stations considered for the first case
According to the results of Table (1) and comparing the relative error values of all models in the test stations, it shows that the ANFIS model was more accurate than other models. After ANFIS model, IRG2016 model has higher accuracy than ANN, SVR and GRNN models. It should be noted that the IRG2016 local model uses the observations of all Iranian plateau stations to model the local geoid, and therefore it is expected that this model will be more accurate in the study area than other models.
Conclusion
The evaluations show that in the case of 22 training stations and 4 test stations, the RMSE of ANN, ANFIS, SVR, GRNN and IRG2016 models in the test step are 37.32, 19.83, 49.34, 53.82 and 29.65 cm, respectively. However, in the case of 19 training stations and 7 test stations, the error values of the models are 36.63, 58.31, 39.64, 41.29 and 24.68 cm, respectively. Comparison of RMSE shows that ANN model with less number of training stations provides higher accuracy than ANFIS, SVR and GRNN models. The results of this paper show that by using ANN and ANFIS models, geoid height can be estimated and used with high accuracy locally in civil and surveying applications.
Issues of the border regions of the country
Mehdi Safari Namivandi; Seyed Ali Ebadinejad; Mehdi Kazemi; Yahya Ghobadi; Sadegh Yasami
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders to stabilize their country. In the past years, many ethnic, racial and religious groups have lived side by side in unstable political and social frameworks and have lived on the borders. Throughout history, the country's border strips have seen the most significant conflicts and confrontations between governments and nations; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments, so borders have a special place in every country. One of the most difficult tasks of any government is the control and security of political borders, and if this issue is not paid attention to and there are no appropriate plans and solutions, the country's political sovereignty will be threatened. In order to turn threats into opportunities and benefit from conditions and situations in order to maintain security and secure national interests, we must have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the level of border areas and its surrounding spaces. In the meantime, one of the most important measures is planning according to the geomorphological capabilities of the border areas. One of the measures that increase security in the border strip is to identify areas prone to establishing military bases and surveillance centers. Considering that the border strip of Kurdistan province, including Marivan city, has a sensitive location, therefore, in this research, the areas prone to the construction of military bases and observation centers in this city have been identified.
Materials and methods
In this research, according to the subject and objectives, library information, SRTM 30 meters high digital model and digital layers of information have been used as research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS (for the purpose of preparing necessary maps) and Expert Choice (for the implementation of the AHP model). In this research, in order to identify the vulnerable areas of Marivan city against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers, the integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, the parameters used are identified. In the second step, the used parameters are fuzzification. In the third step, using the Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP) and based on the opinions of experts, weight has been given to the information layers and then the obtained weight has been applied to the information layers. In the fourth stage, the layers of information are combined and finally, a map of areas prone to enemy infiltration and areas prone to establishing military bases and observation centers is prepared.
Discussion and results
In this research, in order to identify vulnerable areas against enemy infiltration, 6 parameters of height, slope, field of view, distance from the river, distance from urban areas and distance from military bases have been used. Also, considering that the study area corresponds to the border strip, therefore monitoring and controlling these areas is very important. One of the ways to control and monitor the border areas is to create military bases and observation centers, which has been addressed in this research using 6 parameters. Investigations have shown that Marivan city has a lot of diversity in terms of geomorphology, and this problem has caused its different parts to have different potentials for creating military objectives. Considering the importance of creating security in the border strip, it is necessary to pay attention to the geomorphological capabilities of this city in order to create security in the region. In this research, based on the geomorphological capabilities of Marivan city, vulnerable areas were identified against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers.
Conclusion
According to the results, due to the geomorphological situation of Marivan city, parts of this city lack sufficient visibility and are far from the monitoring and control of military bases, and this problem has caused these areas, which mainly include the southwestern and southern regions. Is a city, have a high vulnerability potential. Also, the results of this research have shown that parts of Marivan city, which mostly correspond to the central areas of the city, have a high potential for building military bases and observation centers. Due to high altitude, low slope, western directions, wide field of view, proximity to main roads and being far from military bases, these areas have high potential for the desired goals. The total results of this research have shown that in locating military bases in Marivan city, geomorphological factors have not been given much attention and it is necessary to establish security in this region, military bases and observation centers. He built a new building in accordance with the geomorphological strength of the region.
Geographic Data
Nargas Shokohi; Reza Zakerinejad
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income for developed countries and some developing countries and the countries of the world, especially the developing ones, are seeking to advance and develop their tourism industry with well-codified plans. One of the ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income for developed countries and some developing countries and the countries of the world, especially the developing ones, are seeking to advance and develop their tourism industry with well-codified plans. One of the types of tourism that has received more attention in recent decades is ecotourism or nature tourism. Iran has a very high potential in attracting tourists in terms of various ecological conditions and characteristics. The northern regions leading to the Caspian Sea are among the regions of Iran that at the same time, it has three important ecological zones (foothills, plains and coasts). Namka Abroud tourist town is one of the areas that has improved in recent years in attracting tourists and ecotourism. Studies on ecotourism and its development have been conducted. These studies can be divided into three main categories. Studies have identified ecological factors that determine ecotourism areas, most of which have focused on factors such as land slope, slope direction, altitude, water resources, access to roads, rainfall, and annual temperature. Other studies emphasize the methodological identification of ecotourism areas. The main methods emphasized are hierarchical analysis methods and geographical systems. The third group of studies focused on how regions were developed. Among the points emphasized by these studies measured to attract ecotourism to preserve its resources and its sustainability, and finally to develop the economic situation of the region.Materials and Methods Data and research method: The study data were collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran, the National Mapping Organization and the Road Engineering Company. Point temperature and precipitation data were obtained using the Kriging spatial interpolation method for the town surface. In this study, the ecological capabilities of Namak Abroud tourist town have been tried by AHP hierarchical analysis method and GIS geographical analysis system of eight layers of ecological slope and slope direction, altitude, annual rainfall, distance from road network, annual temperature, Land use and catchments should be investigated. The hierarchical analysis process is a flexible, simple, and robust method used to make decisions in situations where conflicting decision criteria make it difficult to select options. This method was developed in 1980 by El Thomas Saati. It has been proposed and has had several applications in various sciences. A basic method for testing the AHP method is the pairwise comparison method. This method significantly reduces the conceptual complexity of decision making. Because only two components are examined at a time.Results and discussion he results showed that the importance of land slope compared to the slope direction layer is quadruple, furthermore the importance of land slope compared to altitude is sextuple, the average annual rainfall triple, the distance from the road network five times, Moderate annual temperature Eight times, land use is sextuple, and the catchments of the region are double. In other words, the slope is the most influential factor in choosing the Eco-tourism locations of Namkabroud town. After that, three-factor of slope direction, altitude, and annual rainfall is influential in selecting and finding Ecotourism places in Namkabroud town, respectively. Then, using overlapping layers, the important Eco-tourism places of the town were identified, in which four places of Ecotourism importance could be trusted and studied. Two of these four places are parts of the coastal forests of violet and boxwood. Areas that remain almost intact. Therefore, codified management plans can be designed and implemented based on the preservation of Ecotourism attractions on them. But the important point is in a part of the important southern place of Banafsheh Park. Contradictory constructions have been carried out in this area while preserving Ecotourism areas. Most of these constructions are places of entertainment and tourism, including a flight site, restaurant, coffee shop, karting, and shooting club, each of which can cause damage to its Ecotourism features. Government places such as the municipality and the fire brigade are also located in this area, which has no justification for maintaining strategic Ecotourism sites. Important Ecotourism sites located in the east and southeast of the town have become inefficient with unprofessional and irresponsible constructions and have been turned into residential neighborhoods. The last important Ecotourism place in the town is Madoban base mountain, which is known as the cable car area. This place, which is located in the 5th residential neighborhood of town, has created several tourist entertainments sites, such as lines one and two, cable cars, sleds, a cinema, and a smashing machine. In addition, the construction of commercial and residential sites has caused irreparable damage to its Ecotourism importance.Conclusion The following results were obtained in the study of important places in Namakabroud town. Only the places located in the two coastal forests of Banafsheh and Shamshad are almost safe from the bite of unprofessional constructions, while other places have either been inhabited or government and recreational places have been created in them. It is not in line with the goals of preserving sustainable Ecotourism places. Therefore, the proper management of ecotourism areas was evaluated. To be able to properly manage the preservation and sustainability of Namak Abroud Ecotourism vulnerable places are to be proposed. The results of the studies in this section showed that the coastal and foothill areas of the town have the potential for extensive recreation and other important places can develop central recreation, which planners and investors in the tourism sector should implement and Consider constructing tourist sites.
