National Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220A Knowledge-based Approach to Inter-layer Weighting for Optimal Route Location using Geospatial Information System (GIS)
(Case study: Ilam-Homeil road)A Knowledge-based Approach to Inter-layer Weighting for Optimal Route Location using Geospatial Information System (GIS)
(Case study: Ilam-Homeil road)5191894010.22131/sepehr.2016.18940FAMeisamRostamiMSc student in civil engineering, civil engineering faculty, Islamic Azad University of ZanjanRaminKiamehrAssociate professor, civil engineering faculty, University of ZanjanRaminBayatMsc in civil engineering, college of engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityJournal Article20150707Considering theproper and comprehensive criteria at the route locating stage can play a major role in reducing economiccosts, increasing safety and accessibility to roads and preserving the environment. For this purpose,several parameters such as Ground Elevation Model, land cover, demographic and tourism information, how sunny the roads are during cold seasons, distribution of rivers and fault lines were considered for optimal routing of the Ilam-Homeil road in this research. In order to determine the inter-layer cost, a knowledge-based approach was proposed based on which, a cost function was considered for each of the layers in accordance with its characteristics and its way of influence on providing the goal. The main advantage of this approach isthat the cost variations are not merely linear for the existing data intervals in each one of the layers, and the characteristics of corresponding layer areincluded in the definition of relevant cost function. Next, the pair-wise comparison and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) wereused, taking advantage of the experts’ opinions, for inter-layer weighting. Accordingly, the shortest routewas implemented throughcombining layers and the method of overlapping index by providing the lowest cost with 3 variables or different variants. In the first variant, the common methods (linearly) were used for inter-layer weighting. In the second variant, the only criterion used for determining the route was the slope criterion. The proposed method of knowledge-based weighting was applied in the third variant, taking into account all the criteria. Based on the results, less attention has been paid to factors such as distance from the fault lines and the rivers, access to population centers and tourist area in determining the constructed route, and the main criterion in routing has been the topography of the region alone. Also, the length of the route in all of the three variants is less than the length of the constructed route. In general, the route resulted from the application of knowledge-based weighting has a better statusin providing different criteria than the constructed route, as well as the two other variants.Considering theproper and comprehensive criteria at the route locating stage can play a major role in reducing economiccosts, increasing safety and accessibility to roads and preserving the environment. For this purpose,several parameters such as Ground Elevation Model, land cover, demographic and tourism information, how sunny the roads are during cold seasons, distribution of rivers and fault lines were considered for optimal routing of the Ilam-Homeil road in this research. In order to determine the inter-layer cost, a knowledge-based approach was proposed based on which, a cost function was considered for each of the layers in accordance with its characteristics and its way of influence on providing the goal. The main advantage of this approach isthat the cost variations are not merely linear for the existing data intervals in each one of the layers, and the characteristics of corresponding layer areincluded in the definition of relevant cost function. Next, the pair-wise comparison and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) wereused, taking advantage of the experts’ opinions, for inter-layer weighting. Accordingly, the shortest routewas implemented throughcombining layers and the method of overlapping index by providing the lowest cost with 3 variables or different variants. In the first variant, the common methods (linearly) were used for inter-layer weighting. In the second variant, the only criterion used for determining the route was the slope criterion. The proposed method of knowledge-based weighting was applied in the third variant, taking into account all the criteria. Based on the results, less attention has been paid to factors such as distance from the fault lines and the rivers, access to population centers and tourist area in determining the constructed route, and the main criterion in routing has been the topography of the region alone. Also, the length of the route in all of the three variants is less than the length of the constructed route. In general, the route resulted from the application of knowledge-based weighting has a better statusin providing different criteria than the constructed route, as well as the two other variants.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18940_610ceeb94cb57c1d8f401397ebf7d67f.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Monitoring the dynamics of urbanization in contemporary Iran using the DMSP / OLS multi-temporal imagesMonitoring the dynamics of urbanization in contemporary Iran using the DMSP / OLS multi-temporal images21371894110.22131/sepehr.2016.18941FASayyed AhmadHosseiniPh.D condidate in geography and urban planning, University of Sistan and BaluchestanEisaEbrahimzadehAssociate professor of geography and urban planning, University of Sistan and BaluchestanMojtabaRafieianAssociate professor of art and planning, University of Tarbiat Modarres0000-0001-7371-7617MahdiModiriAssociate professor of urban planning, Malek-e-Ashtar University of TechnologyMohsenAhadnejad RoshtiAssociate professor of geography and urban planning, University of ZanjanJournal Article20151008Monitoring the expansion of urban areas on a macro scale is very important for planning urban development and prevention of catastrophic problems in metropolitan areas. However, in most cases, lack of basic information in this area, especially in developing countries, is one of the main obstacles to achieve this. Therefore, in order to investigate the balance in the urban system of Iran, the urban primacy index and the Rank-Sizedistribution of the cities in Iran were utilized from 1335 to 1390 using population data of urban areas in different census periods. Also, in order to monitor the dynamics of urbanization in contemporary Iran from the spatial-temporal view, the DMSP / OLS multi-temporal images of the years 1371 to 1391 were used.Considering all the indices in the urban system of Iran, the results of the research showed that the urbanprimacy phenomenon has existed in all these periods, and in general, the results derived from the Rank-size logarithmic distribution ofthe cities of Iranbetween the years of 1335 and 1390 indicate that inthe last 55 years, the distribution of the cities has tended towards imbalance over time, and indicate the most unbalanced distribution with an absolute slope of 1.142 in the year of 1385. Finally, the linear regression model was used to analyze the DMSP images in relation to urban areas and the gross national product (GDP).The results showed that there was a linear relationship between light at night and population, urban population and the GDP. The R2 value for the urban population is equal to 0.854 which shows that these images can be used as a factor for identifying the dynamics of the urban system in Iran.Monitoring the expansion of urban areas on a macro scale is very important for planning urban development and prevention of catastrophic problems in metropolitan areas. However, in most cases, lack of basic information in this area, especially in developing countries, is one of the main obstacles to achieve this. Therefore, in order to investigate the balance in the urban system of Iran, the urban primacy index and the Rank-Sizedistribution of the cities in Iran were utilized from 1335 to 1390 using population data of urban areas in different census periods. Also, in order to monitor the dynamics of urbanization in contemporary Iran from the spatial-temporal view, the DMSP / OLS multi-temporal images of the years 1371 to 1391 were used.Considering all the indices in the urban system of Iran, the results of the research showed that the urbanprimacy phenomenon has existed in all these periods, and in general, the results derived from the Rank-size logarithmic distribution ofthe cities of Iranbetween the years of 1335 and 1390 indicate that inthe last 55 years, the distribution of the cities has tended towards imbalance over time, and indicate the most unbalanced distribution with an absolute slope of 1.142 in the year of 1385. Finally, the linear regression model was used to analyze the DMSP images in relation to urban areas and the gross national product (GDP).The results showed that there was a linear relationship between light at night and population, urban population and the GDP. The R2 value for the urban population is equal to 0.854 which shows that these images can be used as a factor for identifying the dynamics of the urban system in Iran.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18941_6de7c6c7a4ed71264211cc8f1d893034.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220An Analysis on the Extent of Health Sector Developmentin the Cities of Kurdistan Province Using Linear TOPSIS MethodAn Analysis on the Extent of Health Sector Developmentin the Cities of Kurdistan Province Using Linear TOPSIS Method39491894210.22131/sepehr.2016.18942FARahmatollahBahramiAssistant professor of geography and rural planning, University of KordestanJournal Article20150907One of the important aspects of community development is the development of health, and in other words, the amount and quality of the community access to health services. Since the necessity of any planning to provide services to the needy areas is to assess the status quo, the purpose of this article is to examine more deeply the differences between the cities of Kurdistan province in order to access the health centers and determine the extent of development in this field, so that the authorities use the results of this research in their regional and local decision and policy-making practically.The method of study is descriptive-analytical and case-study, and the method of collecting is a library method by which 36 indicators were collected in three sectors including institutional, human forces and specialized sectors through the Statistical Yearbook of 1393 and the information from the Statistical Center of Iran. Data were calculated based on linear TOPSIS technique and through Excel software, and GIS software was used to draw the map. The results show that the cities of Sanandajand Saqez are prosperous and developed, Qurveh, Bijar, Marivan and Banehare semi-prosperous and developing, and Divandarreh,Kamyaran,Dehgolan and Sarvabad are undeveloped and deprived.The results of the research based on the population size indicate that, 36% of the population of Kurdistan province are deprived of health services, 0.2% have moderate access and 44% of the population have relative access to health care. The results clearly indicate that among the cities of the province, health services have not been distributed in accordance with the population’s abilities and needs. It is therefore suggested that the evaluation of the health development to be done in the scale of hierarchy of village, county, city and province simultaneously, so that, in addition to explaining the regional differences, the intra-regional differences are also clarified and obviated.One of the important aspects of community development is the development of health, and in other words, the amount and quality of the community access to health services. Since the necessity of any planning to provide services to the needy areas is to assess the status quo, the purpose of this article is to examine more deeply the differences between the cities of Kurdistan province in order to access the health centers and determine the extent of development in this field, so that the authorities use the results of this research in their regional and local decision and policy-making practically.The method of study is descriptive-analytical and case-study, and the method of collecting is a library method by which 36 indicators were collected in three sectors including institutional, human forces and specialized sectors through the Statistical Yearbook of 1393 and the information from the Statistical Center of Iran. Data were calculated based on linear TOPSIS technique and through Excel software, and GIS software was used to draw the map. The results show that the cities of Sanandajand Saqez are prosperous and developed, Qurveh, Bijar, Marivan and Banehare semi-prosperous and developing, and Divandarreh,Kamyaran,Dehgolan and Sarvabad are undeveloped and deprived.The results of the research based on the population size indicate that, 36% of the population of Kurdistan province are deprived of health services, 0.2% have moderate access and 44% of the population have relative access to health care. The results clearly indicate that among the cities of the province, health services have not been distributed in accordance with the population’s abilities and needs. It is therefore suggested that the evaluation of the health development to be done in the scale of hierarchy of village, county, city and province simultaneously, so that, in addition to explaining the regional differences, the intra-regional differences are also clarified and obviated.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18942_94febc12ef3e7fc6326a0a43d4f930c5.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Investigating theancient environmental conditions of ovoid Yardangsin Lut Desert using GranulometryInvestigating theancient environmental conditions of ovoid Yardangsin Lut Desert using Granulometry51641894310.22131/sepehr.2016.18943FAMehranMaghsoudiAssociate professor of geography, University of TehranAbdolhoseinHajizadehPh.D condidate of geomorphology, faculty of geography, University of TehranMohammad AliNezam MahalehPh.D condidate of geomorphology, faculty of geography, University ofZeinabBayati SedaghatPh.D condidate of geomorphology, faculty of geography, University of TehranJournal Article20150707The Lut Desert is in the southeast of Kerman province and one of the largest deserts of the world, which is one of the world’s driest and hottest places.Granulometric analysis of sediments can indicate the characteristics of the old formative processes and the morphology of landforms. Yardangs (Kaluts) ofthe Lutplain have a very interesting and unique morphology in Iran and in the world, and recognizing the relationship between their granulometric characteristics and their rough and uneven shape, which is a set of diagonal hills or more or less parallel strands, can provide useful information. In this study, two samples of yardang or kalutfrom the Lut plain in the northeast of Shahdadcity located in north of Kaluts were selected and a number of sediment samples from different heights were taken in accordance with sampling principles. The sediment samples were measured in laboratory using pipette method. This method was first designed and implemented by the authors at the Faculty of Geography in Tehran University. In these two Yardang samples, it was found that water and wind erosion are among the dominant processes forming the Yardang shapes of the North of the Lut plain. In this research,calcimetry test, determination of sediment color was performed, and statistical parameters such as the mean of grains, standard deviation (SD), kurtosis and skewness of data were also calculated. According to the results derived from the granulometry and its related parameters, it can be concluded that the Yardangs of the northern part of the Lut plain at all altitudes of this form of roughness contain mainly muddy deposits. The results have also showna higher amount of silty sediments at higher altitudes of these two Yardangs. This research indicates that, the studied morphology of ovoid yardangs is in relation with the upper part’ssilty sediments and the lower part’s clayey sediments of these forms of roughness. It should be noted that, this article was taken from a research project which was completed through financial support of the Faculty of Geography-University of Tehran.The Lut Desert is in the southeast of Kerman province and one of the largest deserts of the world, which is one of the world’s driest and hottest places.Granulometric analysis of sediments can indicate the characteristics of the old formative processes and the morphology of landforms. Yardangs (Kaluts) ofthe Lutplain have a very interesting and unique morphology in Iran and in the world, and recognizing the relationship between their granulometric characteristics and their rough and uneven shape, which is a set of diagonal hills or more or less parallel strands, can provide useful information. In this study, two samples of yardang or kalutfrom the Lut plain in the northeast of Shahdadcity located in north of Kaluts were selected and a number of sediment samples from different heights were taken in accordance with sampling principles. The sediment samples were measured in laboratory using pipette method. This method was first designed and implemented by the authors at the Faculty of Geography in Tehran University. In these two Yardang samples, it was found that water and wind erosion are among the dominant processes forming the Yardang shapes of the North of the Lut plain. In this research,calcimetry test, determination of sediment color was performed, and statistical parameters such as the mean of grains, standard deviation (SD), kurtosis and skewness of data were also calculated. According to the results derived from the granulometry and its related parameters, it can be concluded that the Yardangs of the northern part of the Lut plain at all altitudes of this form of roughness contain mainly muddy deposits. The results have also showna higher amount of silty sediments at higher altitudes of these two Yardangs. This research indicates that, the studied morphology of ovoid yardangs is in relation with the upper part’ssilty sediments and the lower part’s clayey sediments of these forms of roughness. It should be noted that, this article was taken from a research project which was completed through financial support of the Faculty of Geography-University of Tehran.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18943_09dbda0ec297f8e1fb8fa397efd0f70a.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Application of Normalized Spectral Mixture Analysis (NSMA) to extract urban built-up areas and utilize it in artificial neural network (MLP) to predict the future growth of the cityApplication of Normalized Spectral Mixture Analysis (NSMA) to extract urban built-up areas and utilize it in artificial neural network (MLP) to predict the future growth of the city65771894410.22131/sepehr.2016.18944FABahramJomeh ZadehMs student of remote sensing and GIS, faculty of geography, University of TehranSirusHashemiMs student of remote sensing and GIS, faculty of geography, University of TehranAliDarvishi BolouraniAssistant professor of remote sensing and GIS, faculty of geography, University of TehranMajidKiavarzAssistant professor of remote sensing and GIS, faculty of geography, University of TehranJournal Article20151008Using satellite images with a medium spatial resolution to detect, monitor and predict urban built-up areas, has developed in recent decades. The most important step in predicting of the urban areas growth is extracting the urban features with a high precision but the greatest challenge in this way is the complexity of urban components and the issue of mixed pixels. The purpose of this research is using sub-pixel analysis to extract the surface features of Rasht city to predict the future growth of the city’s built-up areas changes. To achieve this purpose, we used three Landsat images related to; 1990 (Landsat Sensor TM), 2002 (Landsat Sensor ETM +) and 2015 (sensor OLI / TIRS) years and Normalized Spectral Mixture Analysis (NSMA). In order to classify the images, the fraction layers were used as input layers, andend members were used as training samples and maximum likelihood algorithm was used as classifying algorithm. As a result, the overall accuracy of over99% and the kappa coefficient of over 89% were achieved for the images of three periods of study. In this research, however, in order to predict the urban growth by ANN model, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) with Back-Propagation learning algorithm (BP) were used. The results of comparison between the model’s output and the classification map of 2015 showed a 92% kappa coefficient, an 89% standard Kappa and a 93% classification Kappa (for classes), respectively. The used model in this research has been successful in predicting the growth of urban boundaries, but less accurate in predicting the individual built-up areas around the urban areas.Using satellite images with a medium spatial resolution to detect, monitor and predict urban built-up areas, has developed in recent decades. The most important step in predicting of the urban areas growth is extracting the urban features with a high precision but the greatest challenge in this way is the complexity of urban components and the issue of mixed pixels. The purpose of this research is using sub-pixel analysis to extract the surface features of Rasht city to predict the future growth of the city’s built-up areas changes. To achieve this purpose, we used three Landsat images related to; 1990 (Landsat Sensor TM), 2002 (Landsat Sensor ETM +) and 2015 (sensor OLI / TIRS) years and Normalized Spectral Mixture Analysis (NSMA). In order to classify the images, the fraction layers were used as input layers, andend members were used as training samples and maximum likelihood algorithm was used as classifying algorithm. As a result, the overall accuracy of over99% and the kappa coefficient of over 89% were achieved for the images of three periods of study. In this research, however, in order to predict the urban growth by ANN model, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) with Back-Propagation learning algorithm (BP) were used. The results of comparison between the model’s output and the classification map of 2015 showed a 92% kappa coefficient, an 89% standard Kappa and a 93% classification Kappa (for classes), respectively. The used model in this research has been successful in predicting the growth of urban boundaries, but less accurate in predicting the individual built-up areas around the urban areas.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18944_1a27f73decae937dc9b57be2d005992d.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Optimal Location of Landfill for Solid Waste in Hashtgerd area using Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS)Optimal Location of Landfill for Solid Waste in Hashtgerd area using Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS)79901894510.22131/sepehr.2016.18945FAMojtabaYamaniProfessor of physical geography(geomorphology), faculty of geography,University of Tehran0000-0002-2042-7365ShahnazAlizadehMs. degree in geomorphology, faculty of geography, University of TehranJournal Article20150606Landfill location is one of the most important aspects of municipal solid waste management. Geomorphology is of great importance in optimal location due to its nature, which relates to the origin and development of landforms and their formation processes. Hashtgerd region with an area of 398 km2 is located south of Savojbolagh city of Alborz province. Due to its location on the alluvial cones of permanent rivers (Kordan) and high permeability of lands, the presense of surface water and groundwater layers sometimes at a low depth (less than 50 meters), population areas (urban and rural) and abundant agricultural lands, optimal landfill location in this area in a way that does not damage the surrounding environment is of great importance and necessity.The purpose of this research is optimal location of landfill in Hashtgerd area using AHP method and considering the geomorphologic parameters. The research method is analytical-comparative method. In this research, topographic maps of 1:25000 and geological maps of 1: 100000, as well as data related to groundwater in the study area were used and ArcGIS software was also used for analysis. In the present article, based on four main criteria, namely geology, hydrology, topology and land use, five areas were obtained for locating the landfill. The result of the research shows that the areas are perfectly suitable for landfill in the eastern and southern parts of the area around Mohammad Abad Afshar village and the areas in the western parts of the region are entirely inappropriate for landfill because of the location of population and agricultural areas and the groundwater low depth (7 to 32 m) in this part of the region.Landfill location is one of the most important aspects of municipal solid waste management. Geomorphology is of great importance in optimal location due to its nature, which relates to the origin and development of landforms and their formation processes. Hashtgerd region with an area of 398 km2 is located south of Savojbolagh city of Alborz province. Due to its location on the alluvial cones of permanent rivers (Kordan) and high permeability of lands, the presense of surface water and groundwater layers sometimes at a low depth (less than 50 meters), population areas (urban and rural) and abundant agricultural lands, optimal landfill location in this area in a way that does not damage the surrounding environment is of great importance and necessity.The purpose of this research is optimal location of landfill in Hashtgerd area using AHP method and considering the geomorphologic parameters. The research method is analytical-comparative method. In this research, topographic maps of 1:25000 and geological maps of 1: 100000, as well as data related to groundwater in the study area were used and ArcGIS software was also used for analysis. In the present article, based on four main criteria, namely geology, hydrology, topology and land use, five areas were obtained for locating the landfill. The result of the research shows that the areas are perfectly suitable for landfill in the eastern and southern parts of the area around Mohammad Abad Afshar village and the areas in the western parts of the region are entirely inappropriate for landfill because of the location of population and agricultural areas and the groundwater low depth (7 to 32 m) in this part of the region.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18945_03cef8e7edda311c36b08c98bbb2f92f.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Organizing Urban Neighborhoods based on the Passive Defense Requirements
(Case study: 6th District Neighborhoods of Tehran’s Region 2)Organizing Urban Neighborhoods based on the Passive Defense Requirements
(Case study: 6th District Neighborhoods of Tehran’s Region 2)911121894610.22131/sepehr.2016.18946FAHosseinHatami NejadAssistant professor of geography and urban planning, University of TehranAshrafAzimzadeh IranyPh.D condidate of geography and urban planning, University of Tehran0009-0005-2545-1937Journal Article20150807Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood (as the smallest and most effective urban unit) based on the requirements of passive defense, in order to deal with the crises (natural and man-made) and minimizing the hazards using geographical techniques and urban planning, are the objectives of this research. Therefore, the sixth district’s neighborhoods of Tehran’s 2nd region were selected as a case study and the results of the research were presented so that the possibility of generalization of similar surveys and studies in other urban areas would be provided. The present research is an applied- type, and the method of the research is normative-analytical. The scientific foundations of this research are based on the concepts of urban crisis management with an emphasis on geography and urban planning knowledge. In this research, after the recognition and evaluation of the present situation, the dimensions of the vulnerability of neighborhoods at the time of the crisis, the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the threats and opportunities of each neighborhood have been investigated with the passive defense approach, and the relevant conclusions have been drawn on this basis. Data collection was done based on library method and field studies, and a comparative method was used to provide the conclusions. In this research, the SWOT analytical technique was used to determine the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities, as well as to provide strategies, policies and suggestions for necessary actions, and ArcGis software was used to display and analyze the descriptive data. The results of the research indicate that the attention to components such as city structure, urban texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense. The results of the research reflect the fact that paying attention to the components such as city structure, city texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of the residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense.Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood (as the smallest and most effective urban unit) based on the requirements of passive defense, in order to deal with the crises (natural and man-made) and minimizing the hazards using geographical techniques and urban planning, are the objectives of this research. Therefore, the sixth district’s neighborhoods of Tehran’s 2nd region were selected as a case study and the results of the research were presented so that the possibility of generalization of similar surveys and studies in other urban areas would be provided. The present research is an applied- type, and the method of the research is normative-analytical. The scientific foundations of this research are based on the concepts of urban crisis management with an emphasis on geography and urban planning knowledge. In this research, after the recognition and evaluation of the present situation, the dimensions of the vulnerability of neighborhoods at the time of the crisis, the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the threats and opportunities of each neighborhood have been investigated with the passive defense approach, and the relevant conclusions have been drawn on this basis. Data collection was done based on library method and field studies, and a comparative method was used to provide the conclusions. In this research, the SWOT analytical technique was used to determine the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities, as well as to provide strategies, policies and suggestions for necessary actions, and ArcGis software was used to display and analyze the descriptive data. The results of the research indicate that the attention to components such as city structure, urban texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense. The results of the research reflect the fact that paying attention to the components such as city structure, city texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of the residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18946_ed8f5668d1b31eb658208a6c8ffdd233.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Investigation and Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Relationship between Meteorological and Hydrological Drought in Tehran ProvinceInvestigation and Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Relationship between Meteorological and Hydrological Drought in Tehran Province1131201894710.22131/sepehr.2016.18947FAHamedEskandari DamanehMs student of combating desertification, faculty of natural resource, University ofGholam RezaZehtabianProfessor of faculty of natural resource, University of TehranHassanKhosraviAssistant professor of faculty of natural resource, University of Tehran0000-0002-2594-6199AlAzarehPh.D condidate combating desertification, faculty of natural resource, University of TehranJournal Article20150506Drought is a recurring and temporary natural event which leads to many damages to human life and natural ecosystems. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Stream flow Drought Index (SDI) were used to assess droughts. For this purpose, monthly statistics of 72 rain-gauge stations and 42 hydrometric stations were used in Tehran province and drought indices of SPI and SDI were calculated in the matlab software. In the next stage, their zoning maps of these indices were prepared using ArcGIS software in different periods and the relationship between the two drought indices was obtained using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this study showed that the drought trend has been increased over time in different parts of the province. Also, there was a significant relationship (at confidence level of 99%) between meteorological drought and hydrological drought in the area. The results show that the extent of drought has been increased over time and from north to south of the province. Based on rainfall and discharge data, the occurrence of meteorological drought, either as instantly or with a time delay of one month, has the highest impact on the hydrological drought. Also, the study of the spatial order showed that the highest correlation between meteorological drought and hydrological drought was found in Roudak station because of the small size of its upstream basin compared to position of its rain-gauge and hydrometric stations.Drought is a recurring and temporary natural event which leads to many damages to human life and natural ecosystems. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Stream flow Drought Index (SDI) were used to assess droughts. For this purpose, monthly statistics of 72 rain-gauge stations and 42 hydrometric stations were used in Tehran province and drought indices of SPI and SDI were calculated in the matlab software. In the next stage, their zoning maps of these indices were prepared using ArcGIS software in different periods and the relationship between the two drought indices was obtained using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this study showed that the drought trend has been increased over time in different parts of the province. Also, there was a significant relationship (at confidence level of 99%) between meteorological drought and hydrological drought in the area. The results show that the extent of drought has been increased over time and from north to south of the province. Based on rainfall and discharge data, the occurrence of meteorological drought, either as instantly or with a time delay of one month, has the highest impact on the hydrological drought. Also, the study of the spatial order showed that the highest correlation between meteorological drought and hydrological drought was found in Roudak station because of the small size of its upstream basin compared to position of its rain-gauge and hydrometric stations.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18947_523b9a212405e48323373c0fc36c4044.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Analyzing the Effects of the Elimination of Goods Smuggling on the Qualityof the Villagers’ Lives
(Case study: Border Villages of Marivancity)Analyzing the Effects of the Elimination of Goods Smuggling on the Qualityof the Villagers’ Lives
(Case study: Border Villages of Marivancity)1211341894810.22131/sepehr.2016.18948FASaeedAmanpourAssociate professor of geography and urban planning, University of Shahid ChamranSouranManoochehriMaster degree in geography and rural planning, University ofMahnazAkbariPh.d condidate in geography and urban planning, Islamic Azad University, SemnanZahraAbbassiMs student in geography and urban planning,University of Shahid ChamranJournal Article20150606Smuggling goods as an unofficial activity has a special place in the quality of life of the country’s border villages which are under stress and suffering from the marginalization of the planning system. Considering the necessity of eliminating goods smuggling for the economic dynamism of the country, it is undoubtedly necessary to reduce and eliminate this unofficial profitable economic activity at once and without any planning to prepare alternatives from border villages which are highly dependent on smuggling goods due to the weakness of economic structures, and brings major changes In the quality of the lives of the border villagers. Therefore, following the significant reduction in smuggling of goods and its elimination, the changes in the life quality of the villagers of Marivan city’s border villages have been studied, in order for the approach of this issue to be a comprehensive understanding of the status quo to provide practical solutions to improve the quality of the lives of the villagers in the area following the elimination of goods smuggling. This is an applied research, and in terms of method is a descriptive-analytical study in which, two library and field methods have been used for collecting information based on the distribution of questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population of this study is households residing in two border villages of Khav and Mirabad, and Zaryvar where 360 households were selected from among 5223 households as sample size using Cochran formula, and the questionnaires were distributedby stratified and then simple random methodamong selected villages and their villagers. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics indices (mean) and inferential statistics tests (paired, Friedman rankings, fit-square, Kruskal-Wallis and binomial tests) have been used. The results show that smuggling of goods has been eliminated as an unacceptable phenomenon, but instead, the quality of the lives of the villagers has decreased in social and economic aspects and we are only witnessing a rise in the quality of the lives of the villagers in the physical aspect. Also, there is a significant relationship between the level of satisfaction of people with their quality of life and distance from the border and occupational dependence on smuggling, and ultimately, the established border markets as the alternative solutions have not been able to raise the life quality of the villagers asmuch as smuggling goods.Smuggling goods as an unofficial activity has a special place in the quality of life of the country’s border villages which are under stress and suffering from the marginalization of the planning system. Considering the necessity of eliminating goods smuggling for the economic dynamism of the country, it is undoubtedly necessary to reduce and eliminate this unofficial profitable economic activity at once and without any planning to prepare alternatives from border villages which are highly dependent on smuggling goods due to the weakness of economic structures, and brings major changes In the quality of the lives of the border villagers. Therefore, following the significant reduction in smuggling of goods and its elimination, the changes in the life quality of the villagers of Marivan city’s border villages have been studied, in order for the approach of this issue to be a comprehensive understanding of the status quo to provide practical solutions to improve the quality of the lives of the villagers in the area following the elimination of goods smuggling. This is an applied research, and in terms of method is a descriptive-analytical study in which, two library and field methods have been used for collecting information based on the distribution of questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population of this study is households residing in two border villages of Khav and Mirabad, and Zaryvar where 360 households were selected from among 5223 households as sample size using Cochran formula, and the questionnaires were distributedby stratified and then simple random methodamong selected villages and their villagers. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics indices (mean) and inferential statistics tests (paired, Friedman rankings, fit-square, Kruskal-Wallis and binomial tests) have been used. The results show that smuggling of goods has been eliminated as an unacceptable phenomenon, but instead, the quality of the lives of the villagers has decreased in social and economic aspects and we are only witnessing a rise in the quality of the lives of the villagers in the physical aspect. Also, there is a significant relationship between the level of satisfaction of people with their quality of life and distance from the border and occupational dependence on smuggling, and ultimately, the established border markets as the alternative solutions have not been able to raise the life quality of the villagers asmuch as smuggling goods.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18948_83081f67725f97341e971f6d155803a9.pdfNational Geographical OrganizationScientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)2588-3860249620160220Improving changedetection in urban areas byselectingthe optimal spectral and spatial features based on genetic algorithmImproving changedetection in urban areas byselectingthe optimal spectral and spatial features based on genetic algorithm1351521894910.22131/sepehr.2016.18949FAVahidSadeghiPh.D condidate in photogrammetry,faculty of geodesy and geomatics engineering, K.N.Toosi University of
TechnologyHamidEnayatiMs degree in photogrammetry, K.N. Toosi University of TechnologyHamidEbadiAssociate professor, centre of excellency for geo spatial information technology, faculty of geodesy & geomatics
engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology0000-0002-7017-1927Journal Article20150506Analyzing multi-temporal remotelysensed images is an effective technique for detecting land useand land cover changes in urban areas. Apart from thetechnique used to detect the changes, the features space has an enormous impact on the accuracy of the results. Achieving satisfactory results in detecting changes inurban areasrequires the use of optimal spectral and spatial features (texture). Although global search is the only guarantees of achieving the optimal set of features, but it is a very timely and impractical process in practice. Data reduction techniquessuch as PCA considers the independence of the data tofind a smaller set of variables with less redundancy withoutintending to improve the CD accuracy. Difficulty in setting thebest threshold for JM distance in Separability Analysis Algorithm (SAA)reduces its efficiency. The main purpose of this paper is to select the optimaltextural and spectral features to enhance the CD accuracy usinggenetic algorithms (GA) and Bayesian classifier. To investigate the effectivenessof the proposed tecknique, a case study using IRS-P6and GeoEye1 satellite imagery taken from Sahand New Town (Northwest ofIran on July 15, 2006, andSeptember 1, 2013) was performed. All of the aforementioned methods of feature selection (PCA, SAA and proposed GA-based method) were implemented in MATLABR2013a. The results show that, textural features provides a complementary sourceof data for CD in urban areas. The results show thatfeature selection is an effective process fordetecting changes basedon textural and spectral features. Each of the techniques for selecting features has its own limitations and advantages, but in general, improve the CD accuracy. The proposed GA-based feature selectionapproach was found to be relatively effective when compared withPCA and SSA approaches. Overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient ofCD were increased from 53.66% to 88.49% and 58.94% to90.39%respectivelyusing proposed methods compared tothe use of spectral information.Analyzing multi-temporal remotelysensed images is an effective technique for detecting land useand land cover changes in urban areas. Apart from thetechnique used to detect the changes, the features space has an enormous impact on the accuracy of the results. Achieving satisfactory results in detecting changes inurban areasrequires the use of optimal spectral and spatial features (texture). Although global search is the only guarantees of achieving the optimal set of features, but it is a very timely and impractical process in practice. Data reduction techniquessuch as PCA considers the independence of the data tofind a smaller set of variables with less redundancy withoutintending to improve the CD accuracy. Difficulty in setting thebest threshold for JM distance in Separability Analysis Algorithm (SAA)reduces its efficiency. The main purpose of this paper is to select the optimaltextural and spectral features to enhance the CD accuracy usinggenetic algorithms (GA) and Bayesian classifier. To investigate the effectivenessof the proposed tecknique, a case study using IRS-P6and GeoEye1 satellite imagery taken from Sahand New Town (Northwest ofIran on July 15, 2006, andSeptember 1, 2013) was performed. All of the aforementioned methods of feature selection (PCA, SAA and proposed GA-based method) were implemented in MATLABR2013a. The results show that, textural features provides a complementary sourceof data for CD in urban areas. The results show thatfeature selection is an effective process fordetecting changes basedon textural and spectral features. Each of the techniques for selecting features has its own limitations and advantages, but in general, improve the CD accuracy. The proposed GA-based feature selectionapproach was found to be relatively effective when compared withPCA and SSA approaches. Overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient ofCD were increased from 53.66% to 88.49% and 58.94% to90.39%respectivelyusing proposed methods compared tothe use of spectral information.https://www.sepehr.org/article_18949_39a76364cb36b07fb24b9d1b320ccd8a.pdf