National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Inverse Numerical Transmission in Map Image Systems Inverse Numerical Transmission in Map Image Systems 2 8 27955 FA Mahdi Modiri Associate Professor of Urban planning, Malek-Ashtar University of Technolog 0000-0003-2739-9421 Journal Article 2005 10 16 In cartography, mapping systems are used to transfer geographic coordinates to planar coordinate network. This method is called "forward transmission". In many applications, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), maps are digitized using digitizers. Therefore, the data collected are integrated into another set of data, in which case the planar coordinates should be transmitted into the form of geographical coordinates; this is called “Inverse Transmission”. In this paper, two numerical methods for inverse transmission are discussed. In cartography, mapping systems are used to transfer geographic coordinates to planar coordinate network. This method is called "forward transmission". In many applications, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), maps are digitized using digitizers. Therefore, the data collected are integrated into another set of data, in which case the planar coordinates should be transmitted into the form of geographical coordinates; this is called “Inverse Transmission”. In this paper, two numerical methods for inverse transmission are discussed. https://www.sepehr.org/article_27955_6e57a30d42233829bb65aab0262e463b.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 A Study of Conditions of Isfahan's Urban Passages in Terms of The Disabled's Access According to Existing Criteria and Regulations A Study of Conditions of Isfahan's Urban Passages in Terms of The Disabled's Access According to Existing Criteria and Regulations 9 15 27956 FA Mas'oud Taghvaii Member of Faculty, University of Isfahan Golshan Moradi Graduate Student of Geography and Urban Planning Journal Article 2005 10 16 The suitability of physical framework to achieve equal opportunities for all individuals and sectors of the population in order to move around the city and have access to all urban spaces is one of the essential elements of a community’s growth and development. It is now fifteen years since the first set of rules and regulations for urban development and architecture concerning disabled people were prepared in Iran, but the current status of passages indicates the failure of these regulations in practice. The number of disabled people is increasing day by day due to the problems and obstacles in the city and the increase in accidents and other incidents in the country. But unfortunately, proper and adequate measures have not been taken to suit the urban environment, including passages that are among the most important urban areas for disabled people. The purpose of this study is to examine the passages of Isfahan city using regulations and criteria collected from different sources in order to improve the well-being of the disabled people in Isfahan city. In order to achieve this goal, using a secondary method as well as a combination of analytical methods, field surveys, questionnaires and interviews with the disabled and the visually impaired, the 78 main and secondary passages of Isfahan city have been examined and the results have been presented through tables, charts and maps. At the end, suggestions have been made to remove existing obstacles and problems and to organize the status of the passages. The suitability of physical framework to achieve equal opportunities for all individuals and sectors of the population in order to move around the city and have access to all urban spaces is one of the essential elements of a community’s growth and development. It is now fifteen years since the first set of rules and regulations for urban development and architecture concerning disabled people were prepared in Iran, but the current status of passages indicates the failure of these regulations in practice. The number of disabled people is increasing day by day due to the problems and obstacles in the city and the increase in accidents and other incidents in the country. But unfortunately, proper and adequate measures have not been taken to suit the urban environment, including passages that are among the most important urban areas for disabled people. The purpose of this study is to examine the passages of Isfahan city using regulations and criteria collected from different sources in order to improve the well-being of the disabled people in Isfahan city. In order to achieve this goal, using a secondary method as well as a combination of analytical methods, field surveys, questionnaires and interviews with the disabled and the visually impaired, the 78 main and secondary passages of Isfahan city have been examined and the results have been presented through tables, charts and maps. At the end, suggestions have been made to remove existing obstacles and problems and to organize the status of the passages.

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27956_4a3f8e93a3de2a2650a129d7fa060bb4.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Geomorphologic Characteristics of Mount. Erciyes Using DTM and RST Technologies Geomorphologic Characteristics of Mount. Erciyes Using DTM and RST Technologies 16 18 27957 FA Bahram Azadbakht (Translator) Member of Faculty, Department of Cartography, Islamic Azad University Journal Article 2005 10 16 Digital models of the Earth and satellite information through structural analysis of the Earth lead us to a new understanding of the relationship between volcano and the science of formation of the earth. A DTM was presented from the Mount Erciyes (3917m high), which is on the scale of 10 meters with transverse and longitudinal sections and with an area of about 3800 km2. The ETM satellite data is used to identify the morphological characteristics of the Erciyes mountain range. These observations and analyses are capable of analyzing, measuring and monitoring the behavior of the Earth's layers using the DTM satellite data. To make use of both RST and DTM simultaneously provides a new perspective for understanding the morphological characteristics of mountains and volcanoes in the Earth sciences. A 3D image of Mount Erciyes not only played a role in identifying its volcanic formation characteristics, but also in determining the location of the volcanic behavior. Several maps were provided using DTM at different slope levels. The morphological characteristics of the Erciyes volcano mountain include glacial masses and linear land marks, which are discussed separately in this paper using both RES and DTM methods. Digital models of the Earth and satellite information through structural analysis of the Earth lead us to a new understanding of the relationship between volcano and the science of formation of the earth. A DTM was presented from the Mount Erciyes (3917m high), which is on the scale of 10 meters with transverse and longitudinal sections and with an area of about 3800 km2. The ETM satellite data is used to identify the morphological characteristics of the Erciyes mountain range. These observations and analyses are capable of analyzing, measuring and monitoring the behavior of the Earth's layers using the DTM satellite data. To make use of both RST and DTM simultaneously provides a new perspective for understanding the morphological characteristics of mountains and volcanoes in the Earth sciences. A 3D image of Mount Erciyes not only played a role in identifying its volcanic formation characteristics, but also in determining the location of the volcanic behavior. Several maps were provided using DTM at different slope levels. The morphological characteristics of the Erciyes volcano mountain include glacial masses and linear land marks, which are discussed separately in this paper using both RES and DTM methods.

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27957_1fe37085233f04789c85afa0a8b3f7b3.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Neighborhood-Oriented Approach and Security Neighborhood-Oriented Approach and Security 19 25 27958 FA Bahman Kargar Member of Faculty at Police University, Ph.D. Student of Geography and Urban Planning Journal Article 2005 10 16 Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects and suffer from every kind of conflicts and irregularities have led to appearance of all-out damages, so that they seem unable to supervise and control irregular behaviors and make human environments safe for different social groups in any of social, cultural and economic aspects. This is why they are basically considered unsafe environments In this regard, urban security is one of the important scientific, technical, practical and official matters that is now examined as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive field in terms of urban sociology, laws, geography and police-security sciences, and deals with the destiny of the body of citizens, the totality of social and economic system of the country and the city, and specially the large-scale security issues. Tehran, the two-hundred-year-old capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has assumed a multi-lateral character in political, cultural and economic terms through various historical stages. This has led to heavy concentration of population and economic and cultural activities, as well as vast physical development. This situation has caused lack of coordination among activities, population, space, infrastructures and security equipment, so that Tehran has become the hotpot of urban crimes and insecurity among all the cities of Iran. The increasing growth and vertical and horizontal extension of Tehran, especially after the Revolution, as well as initial migrations after Iran-Iraq war, caused to the emergence of social, economic and housing issues that led to a major gap between the police’s limited potentials and the increase and breadth of crimes and new criminal equipment. Concentration of crimes is not the same at all twenty two districts of Tehran. In this paper, the city of Tehran and the security issues concerning the daily-increasing physical and demographic development of this city have been studied, and the Ozgol 164 police station and its area of activity, which includes districts 4, 5, 6, and 10, have been investigated as a case study. . Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects and suffer from every kind of conflicts and irregularities have led to appearance of all-out damages, so that they seem unable to supervise and control irregular behaviors and make human environments safe for different social groups in any of social, cultural and economic aspects. This is why they are basically considered unsafe environments In this regard, urban security is one of the important scientific, technical, practical and official matters that is now examined as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive field in terms of urban sociology, laws, geography and police-security sciences, and deals with the destiny of the body of citizens, the totality of social and economic system of the country and the city, and specially the large-scale security issues. Tehran, the two-hundred-year-old capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has assumed a multi-lateral character in political, cultural and economic terms through various historical stages. This has led to heavy concentration of population and economic and cultural activities, as well as vast physical development. This situation has caused lack of coordination among activities, population, space, infrastructures and security equipment, so that Tehran has become the hotpot of urban crimes and insecurity among all the cities of Iran. The increasing growth and vertical and horizontal extension of Tehran, especially after the Revolution, as well as initial migrations after Iran-Iraq war, caused to the emergence of social, economic and housing issues that led to a major gap between the police’s limited potentials and the increase and breadth of crimes and new criminal equipment. Concentration of crimes is not the same at all twenty two districts of Tehran. In this paper, the city of Tehran and the security issues concerning the daily-increasing physical and demographic development of this city have been studied, and the Ozgol 164 police station and its area of activity, which includes districts 4, 5, 6, and 10, have been investigated as a case study. .

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27958_352decc1e8f3d97fcdb53af60cbe1f53.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Formation of Azna's Urbanity on the Setting of an Old Lake Formation of Azna's Urbanity on the Setting of an Old Lake 26 29 27959 FA Mas'oud Mo'ayyeri Member of Faculty, Department of Geography, University of Isfahan Ebrahim Mahmoudi Graduate Student of Natural Geography Journal Article 2005 10 16 The city of Azna and the plain that has today taken the appearance of farmlands, has undergone many different conditions during its evolution, and it seems that the picture that we have from its activities today is different from its past situation; in other words, its structure and function has been transformed. Considering the fact that the area in question, which is a part of the Roode Dez basin and has been previously under the water, has now changed into green lands and farms that, and in addition to provision of foodstuff, presents a beautiful landscape, there is a question whether these great achievements will be as effective in future as today, or they will turn over time into destructive factors threatening the livelihood and life of this land’s people. The city of Azna and the plain that has today taken the appearance of farmlands, has undergone many different conditions during its evolution, and it seems that the picture that we have from its activities today is different from its past situation; in other words, its structure and function has been transformed. Considering the fact that the area in question, which is a part of the Roode Dez basin and has been previously under the water, has now changed into green lands and farms that, and in addition to provision of foodstuff, presents a beautiful landscape, there is a question whether these great achievements will be as effective in future as today, or they will turn over time into destructive factors threatening the livelihood and life of this land’s people.

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27959_57c2380d5c0be43f6c952835e58f7a55.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Retrieval of Land Use Changes in in Tehran Using Remote Sensing Technology Retrieval of Land Use Changes in in Tehran Using Remote Sensing Technology 30 33 27961 FA Abbas Alimohammadi Member of Faculty, Tarbiyyat Modarres University Hadi Akbari Master of Remote Sensing and GIS Journal Article 2005 10 17 All phenomena in the universe are undergoing change and transformation. Certainly, we can say that there is no phenomenon on the planet that does not undergo metamorphosis. The difference between the phenomena in terms of change is the difference in the rate of change. In studies on land and natural resources, phenomena in general can be classified in terms of the rate of change into three categories: high speed (flood, earthquake, storm, climate change), average speed (land use, urban development) and slow (topographic changes, etc.) phenomena. Remote sensing has made it possible to study average and high speed changes. With the availability of images for two different times, changes can be assessed. In this regard, using images of the years 1988 and 1998 from the city of Tehran, changes in land use in this city have been retrieved and determined. All phenomena in the universe are undergoing change and transformation. Certainly, we can say that there is no phenomenon on the planet that does not undergo metamorphosis. The difference between the phenomena in terms of change is the difference in the rate of change. In studies on land and natural resources, phenomena in general can be classified in terms of the rate of change into three categories: high speed (flood, earthquake, storm, climate change), average speed (land use, urban development) and slow (topographic changes, etc.) phenomena. Remote sensing has made it possible to study average and high speed changes. With the availability of images for two different times, changes can be assessed. In this regard, using images of the years 1988 and 1998 from the city of Tehran, changes in land use in this city have been retrieved and determined.

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27961_42b1394bf884c117a3acd38d2d91d13a.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 The Necessity of National Positioning Systems as Complementary to Foreign Satellite Positioning Systems during Peacetime and Substitute in Crisis The Necessity of National Positioning Systems as Complementary to Foreign Satellite Positioning Systems during Peacetime and Substitute in Crisis 34 41 27969 FA Alireza Azmoodeh Ardalan Associate Professor at the Department of Surveying Engineering, University of Tehran Mohammad Edrisian Master of Arts at Imam Hossein University Journal Article 2005 10 17 Considering the importance of position determination the and ease of using satellite methods in determining position, today global positioning systems such as GPS have become widely used in everyday life and military applications. The point that is generally forgotten when using these satellite systems is the military basis of such systems. In addition, the strategic quality of position requires that the makers of such systems reserve the selective and exclusive access to the system in times of emergency and war. Due to the huge cost of establishing and maintaining such systems, this policy is not to be blamed, but it is necessary for national applications and purposes to determine an alternative or complementary positioning system in order to ensure that it can be relied upon in an emergency to continue positioning service. In this paper, a complete overview of land and satellite position determination methods including GPS, Transit, Glonass, Doris, Lauren A, Loren C and Omega types have been carried out and finally, according to the country's facilities and various analyses, Lauren C's positioning method or a similar system has been proposed as a national positioning system, with complementary role in peacetime and as substitute in emergency situations. The Lauren C positioning system is currently the GPS’ reserve system. Considering the importance of position determination the and ease of using satellite methods in determining position, today global positioning systems such as GPS have become widely used in everyday life and military applications. The point that is generally forgotten when using these satellite systems is the military basis of such systems. In addition, the strategic quality of position requires that the makers of such systems reserve the selective and exclusive access to the system in times of emergency and war. Due to the huge cost of establishing and maintaining such systems, this policy is not to be blamed, but it is necessary for national applications and purposes to determine an alternative or complementary positioning system in order to ensure that it can be relied upon in an emergency to continue positioning service. In this paper, a complete overview of land and satellite position determination methods including GPS, Transit, Glonass, Doris, Lauren A, Loren C and Omega types have been carried out and finally, according to the country's facilities and various analyses, Lauren C's positioning method or a similar system has been proposed as a national positioning system, with complementary role in peacetime and as substitute in emergency situations. The Lauren C positioning system is currently the GPS’ reserve system.

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27969_dfd6d3e1cc00d58f69d8505479da0d6e.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Assessment of a Number of Cases of Drought Indexes at Three Stations of Fars Province Assessment of a Number of Cases of Drought Indexes at Three Stations of Fars Province 42 46 27976 FA Faramarz Khosh Akhlagh Member of Faculty at the University of Tehran Gholamreza Roshan Master of Climatology, University of Tehran Journal Article 2005 10 17 In this paper, drought in three stations in Fars province has been investigated based on the three indicators of SIAP, PNPI and RAI. After calculating the coefficients of drought indices for the three stations, considering the growth rate of the indices, the coefficient of variation, correlation and trend rate of the indices, each of the indices has been compared among the stations, and each of the indices is evaluated at the stations. The results of the growth rate showed that there is a close relationship between the growth rate of the SIAP and the PNPI indices in Shiraz station and between the PNPI and RAI indices in Abadeh station. Regarding the dispersion coefficient, it can be stated that the least dispersion is in the RAI index in the Abadeh station. But the lowest dispersion in the SIAP and PNPI indicators are in Shiraz Station. Regarding the coefficient of correlation among the indicators and the statistical period, the situation is the same, so that the highest correlation is between the RAI index and the years in question at Abadeh station. However, the highest correlation exists between SIAP and PNPI indices with the years of statistical period in Shiraz station. Finally, the results of the general trend of the indices in the three stations are relatively the same. In this paper, drought in three stations in Fars province has been investigated based on the three indicators of SIAP, PNPI and RAI. After calculating the coefficients of drought indices for the three stations, considering the growth rate of the indices, the coefficient of variation, correlation and trend rate of the indices, each of the indices has been compared among the stations, and each of the indices is evaluated at the stations. The results of the growth rate showed that there is a close relationship between the growth rate of the SIAP and the PNPI indices in Shiraz station and between the PNPI and RAI indices in Abadeh station. Regarding the dispersion coefficient, it can be stated that the least dispersion is in the RAI index in the Abadeh station. But the lowest dispersion in the SIAP and PNPI indicators are in Shiraz Station. Regarding the coefficient of correlation among the indicators and the statistical period, the situation is the same, so that the highest correlation is between the RAI index and the years in question at Abadeh station. However, the highest correlation exists between SIAP and PNPI indices with the years of statistical period in Shiraz station. Finally, the results of the general trend of the indices in the three stations are relatively the same.

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27976_8a39b5f5618c5f29cd29e10b4c15aadb.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 FUEGO: A dedicated Constellation Of Small Satellite to Detect and Monitor Forest Fires FUEGO: A dedicated Constellation Of Small Satellite to Detect and Monitor Forest Fires 47 51 27977 FA Majid Mokhtari (Translator) Master of Surveying (Remote Sensing) Journal Article 2005 10 17 The purpose of the FUEGO satellites program is to design and develop a spatial system that can detect and identify forest fires at the very least possible time. Research has shown that a system of low Earth orbit satellites (LEO) is the best solution for users’ demands. This directs us to the use of small-satellite structure’s service such as INTA-MINISAT, Particularly due to its relatively low technical complexity and cost. The system consists of a set of 12 Walker satellites system (constellation) with a 700-kilometer orbit altitude and an orbit inclination angle of 47.5 degree with a minimum time distance between repetitions in imaging as well as suitable power of spatial resolution. Its load is equipped with cameras capable of imaging in the mid-infrared band to identify fires in forests, complemented with cameras in the near-infrared (NIR), visible (VIS) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands to increase the resolution and identification of fires and to detect unrealistic warnings. The imaging geometry of this satellite is using the Pushbroom method. Using a controllable mirror, it can be maneuvered in the transverse direction of its path (Pitch) to increase the breadth of coverage. The purpose of the FUEGO satellites program is to design and develop a spatial system that can detect and identify forest fires at the very least possible time. Research has shown that a system of low Earth orbit satellites (LEO) is the best solution for users’ demands. This directs us to the use of small-satellite structure’s service such as INTA-MINISAT, Particularly due to its relatively low technical complexity and cost. The system consists of a set of 12 Walker satellites system (constellation) with a 700-kilometer orbit altitude and an orbit inclination angle of 47.5 degree with a minimum time distance between repetitions in imaging as well as suitable power of spatial resolution. Its load is equipped with cameras capable of imaging in the mid-infrared band to identify fires in forests, complemented with cameras in the near-infrared (NIR), visible (VIS) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands to increase the resolution and identification of fires and to detect unrealistic warnings. The imaging geometry of this satellite is using the Pushbroom method. Using a controllable mirror, it can be maneuvered in the transverse direction of its path (Pitch) to increase the breadth of coverage. https://www.sepehr.org/article_27977_2178a85d98105125bd097efba25a803b.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Qualitative Research on Intra-Urban Transportation Qualitative Research on Intra-Urban Transportation 52 59 27978 FA Mohammad Mireh Ph.D. Student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran Ahmad Pourahmad Associate Professor at the Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran Journal Article 2005 10 17 This paper discusses the qualitative approach in the study of intra-urban travel, and by criticizing the geography of traditional quantitative transportation along with the identification of the need for alternative approaches and attitudes, provides a new understanding of the experiences of daily intra-urban travel. The paper also describes an approach that seeks to discover and retell the temporal-spatial limitations experienced mentally in intra-urban travels through a practical-theoretical dialectical methodology, in order to help the understanding of how travelling habits of people in various structural environments are created and practiced. This paper discusses the qualitative approach in the study of intra-urban travel, and by criticizing the geography of traditional quantitative transportation along with the identification of the need for alternative approaches and attitudes, provides a new understanding of the experiences of daily intra-urban travel. The paper also describes an approach that seeks to discover and retell the temporal-spatial limitations experienced mentally in intra-urban travels through a practical-theoretical dialectical methodology, in order to help the understanding of how travelling habits of people in various structural environments are created and practiced.

https://www.sepehr.org/article_27978_e90a598324002f2bee63f39b95a52ff1.pdf

National Geographical Organization Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2588-3860 15 57 2006 04 21 Environmental Organization of Water Resources at the time Drought (A Path to Sustainable Development) Environmental Organization of Water Resources at the time Drought (A Path to Sustainable Development) 60 64 27979 FA Behrouz Dehzad Member of Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University Ali Didevar Asl Graduate Student of Climatology, Shahid Beheshti University Javad Zahmatkesh Momtaz Graduate Student of Climatology, Shahid Beheshti University Journal Article 2005 10 17 In today's world, if the proper structures and rules of life are not applied and the economic, social and environmental systems are not in agreement with standards adapted to the environmental, there will be great threat of harmful and irreparable damages. Today, human beings must learn that today's life should be based only on harmonization with the environment, and paying attention to this issue not only provides the conditions for creating a suitable environment for living, it also spreads its positive and innovative structures and make a bright future for tomorrow's generation. Of course, human beings should not always expect favorable behavior from the nature. It is possible that a disturbance appear in the life cycle and some natural disasters such as drought, flood, landslide and ... disturb the balance of human’s life. This is where the difference between the modern world and the traditional one becomes clear, and the way humans behave towards these disturbances is revealed. Drought portrays the face of this environmental disturbance. This is the case in the whole of our country as an environmental problem, and will continue into future. Now that we are faced with these conditions, it is better to find a principled approach to adapt to it, and this can not be done unless the organization and prioritization of water resources are based on environmental needs and the elimination of factors inconsistent with the environment. This paper seeks to express this issue in three forms of recognition, assessment and organization. In today's world, if the proper structures and rules of life are not applied and the economic, social and environmental systems are not in agreement with standards adapted to the environmental, there will be great threat of harmful and irreparable damages. Today, human beings must learn that today's life should be based only on harmonization with the environment, and paying attention to this issue not only provides the conditions for creating a suitable environment for living, it also spreads its positive and innovative structures and make a bright future for tomorrow's generation. Of course, human beings should not always expect favorable behavior from the nature. It is possible that a disturbance appear in the life cycle and some natural disasters such as drought, flood, landslide and ... disturb the balance of human’s life. This is where the difference between the modern world and the traditional one becomes clear, and the way humans behave towards these disturbances is revealed. Drought portrays the face of this environmental disturbance. This is the case in the whole of our country as an environmental problem, and will continue into future. Now that we are faced with these conditions, it is better to find a principled approach to adapt to it, and this can not be done unless the organization and prioritization of water resources are based on environmental needs and the elimination of factors inconsistent with the environment. This paper seeks to express this issue in three forms of recognition, assessment and organization. https://www.sepehr.org/article_27979_436c26abd464041efd354bc550f76482.pdf