Saadi Mohammadi; Mehdi Saidi; soran manoochehri
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing with these natural crises. Moreover, there should be a continuous emphasis on political and economic challenges. As an effective, efficient and precautionary strategy, passive defense explains related requirements and mechanisms, and thus can lead to a reduction of damages resulting from different crises. Materials and methods The present applied research takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method. With the aim of reducing vulnerability of rural border hazardous areas in Marivan County, it investigates passive defense indices from a spatial and comprehensive perspective. In this way, vulnerable areas are identified and appropriate strategies are selected in accordance with the situation of passive defense in villages of this county. Required information was collected using documentary resources, especially basic geological maps and land use of the region. Then, indices were weighed using binary comparison method and fuzzy logic, and a final compiled map was prepared for the situation of passive defense. In this regard, 14 security, social and natural indices were selected as passive defense indices in accordance with the regional conditions. Afterwards, indices were weighed using AHP method and a Fuzzy weight was assigned to each layer. Accordingly, specified indices were mapped and compiled using Arc GIS. Results and Conclusions The present study takes advantage of a comprehensive and spatial approach to investigate human and natural standards of passive defense in villages of Marivan region in Iranian border. Findings indicated that human standards, including population of villages, distance from main roads and village centers are the most effective and important parameters influencing the status of passive defense in the studied villages. Also, final zoning indicated that the region is mostly in an appropriate status regarding passive defense. But regarding the spatial zoning, most villages (89 villages) are classified as average (quite appropriate). Regarding passive defense, more than 65% of the villages in this county are classified in a quite appropriate (average) class, which indicates that short-term and applied programs must be rapidly adopted to improve the fragile condition of these villages and prevent from deterioration of their status in passive defense. Moreover, more than 75 percent of low populated villages (i.e. fewer than 150 people) are classified as average. Since services and facilities are also allocated based on the village population, it should be expected that low declining population of villages rapidly increases vulnerability and reduces the desirability of their passive defense status. On the other hand, among six rural district centers in the study area, five rural district centers are in an average condition and only one is in a good condition. In rural planning system of the country, rural district centers are considered to be the focal point of rural areas, and provide the most developed services. Thus, it is necessary to use these rural districts as communicational centers for crisis management. 84% of rural district centers in the study area are in an average or fragile state, which may increase vulnerability and result in serious concerns regarding the status of passive defense in these villages. Also, random and normal distribution of these villages is considered to be a relative advantage for passive defense situation. But based on this principle, similar actions must be carried out in all villages to improve passive defense status throughout the rural district. According to findings and field observations, following solutions are offered to improve the status of passive defense in villages of this county: - Considering principles of passive defense in planning of rural development in the county. - Moving toward human centered passive defense through people participation and their education. - Moving away from a purely military and structural viewpoint toward passive defense by officials responsible for city development and security. - Paying attention to standards of passive defense with the aim of determining the most appropriate rural centers or rural districts. - Detailed and accurate short term investigation of the status of passive defense in rural districts and elimination of deficiencies and weaknesses, especially regarding human standards, with the aim of improving the status of these centers. - Compliance with the principle of spatial justice in accessing and distributing services and economic and social facilities in villages of the county with an emphasis on low-populated and remote villages.
dr saadi mohammadi
Abstract
Extended abstract Introduction One of the new products, destinations and types of tourism that can be well utilized for the socio-economic reconstruction of the border areas, is war tourism. Almost after World War II, the war tourism idea which had no objectives except reviving the war zones and improving ...
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Extended abstract Introduction One of the new products, destinations and types of tourism that can be well utilized for the socio-economic reconstruction of the border areas, is war tourism. Almost after World War II, the war tourism idea which had no objectives except reviving the war zones and improving the economic conditions in these areas attractedthe attentions. War tourism is a type of black tourism, which is considered to be the most visited type of black tourism. Despite the public fear of death, the interest of tourists to visit the places which have experienced natural and human disasters is on the rise. The main issue addressed in this research is that, up until now, tourism activities related to the war have failed to gain a considerable place in economic and social sustainabilityin the city of Marivan considering its potentials in this city. The main objective of the present research is to identify and analyze the status of tourism in the region with a systematic approach, because tourism as a system composed of various elements can only play its role in the realization of developing war-torn areas, once all elements of the system in terms of quantity and quality are placed together in a coordinated set in such a way that includesall the players of the extensive scene of tourismso that the obstacles and problems of war tourism development in the city are detected in the first place and then, the practical solutions for the development of this type of tourism to create the bases for economic and social reconstruction of the war-torn region of Marivan are suggested. Methods and Materials The present applied research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method.Documentary resources were used to collect information in the theoretical part;and in the field part, a survey method based on interviews and questionnaires was used. The statistical population of this exploratory research includes two groups, officials, specialists, local experts in the field of development and tourism of the city, as well as those people who have travelled to the areasand war memorials of Marivan city in the form of Rahian-e-Nour camp. Discussion and Findings Analysis of interviews with tourists, informed people and experts in the field of tourism and development authorities of the cityidentified 43 indicators in 9 components (categories) and in two main dimensions of supply and demand. Meanwhile, 3 components of motivation and low willingness to visit the region, the lack of familiarity with the area and its attractions, and theexpensesof travelling to the region are related to the demand dimension, and 6 components of the lack of facilities, welfare and accommodation services,inappropriate quality of information, education and advertising, poor transportation structures, inappropriate quality of tourist attractions, the lack of attention, supervision and desirable performance of public institutions, and poor local participation are related to supply dimension of the region’s tourism. In the next step, the results of the factor analysis testwere used to confirm the extractedresults from the research findings, summarizationand determination of the factors (obstacles and problems) affecting the development of war tourism in the region. The results showed that the formed factors are capable of explaining 66 percent of the changes and shaping the present situation. Five main factors were formed. The highest factor load was related to the shortage of service, accommodation and welfare facilities, and the expenses of the trip; and the lowest was related to the motivation factor and low tendency to visit the region as well as the weakness of transportation structures. The results of the course analysis test showed that the undesirable conditions of the supply dimension had the greatest impact on the development of war tourism in the region. This dimension also affects the status of the demand dimension indirectly. The type of relationship and effectiveness were also calculated positive and direct so that it can be said that the more desirable the status of the components of the tourism supply dimensions of the region,the more will improve the status of demand dimension and its indicators which means that, by improvement of the conditions of supply dimension, more demands will be created for visiting the region and the war tourism will revive in the region. Conclusion Given the fact that the quality of demand is subject to the conditions of supply dimension, undoubtedly the undesirable conditions of war tourism of the Marivan city, have a significant role in the formation of the weakness in this demand dimension. Therefore, it is necessary to organize and improve the conditions of the war tourism supply dimension of the city at first, in order to increase the resultant of the issue and continue the demand for visiting the attractions of war. In the meantime,the role of responsible governmentalagencieswhich requires a great deal of coordination and efficiency with regard to the multidimensionality of tourismwill be very significant.
