Military and police geography
Aram Khezerlou; Reza Karimi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionDescribing and evaluating the threats and vulnerability (weaknesses) of cities is a framework for analyzing and managing risks related to possible attacks against key infrastructures. In fact, the identification of threats in the field of passive defense, i.e. intentional ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionDescribing and evaluating the threats and vulnerability (weaknesses) of cities is a framework for analyzing and managing risks related to possible attacks against key infrastructures. In fact, the identification of threats in the field of passive defense, i.e. intentional man-made threats and possible damages, plays an important role in prevention and preparation for facing and dealing with the negative effects of man-made threats and natural hazards to urban areas, which by knowing the dimensions of risk and damages It is possible to define and develop the level and type of measures to deal with these damages up to the scale of neighborhoods and urban residents. In this research, vulnerability and threat assessment studies are carried out in the new city of Andisheh with a passive defense approach for reasons such as high population density, especially in the city center, proximity to Tehran, and the existence of a large workforce that is mainly employed in Tehran. The increasing and uneven development due to the saturation of Karaj and Tehran, the favorable climate that attracts the overflowing population of Tehran, the centrality between Tehran, Qazvin and Central provinces, the presence of many military and industrial centers around the city, etc.MaterialsThe current research method is descriptive-analytical with a survey perspective (Delphi technique). In terms of nature, considering that the current research is not only about mere description and matters such as recognition and analysis, evaluation and formulation of principles are considered together, therefore it is also included in the category of analytical research. The method of collecting information includes questionnaires, observations and interviews, and the statistical sample of the research consisted of 30 experts and specialists in the field of city, security and safety from organizations and universities related to the subject of the research. MethodsIn this research, the methods of assessing the threats and vulnerability of the new city of Andisheh are as follows:Threat Assessment MethodIn order to evaluate the threats of intentional man-made research, the combination of AHP (Analysis Hierarchy) and FEMA (Emergency Management Agency) techniques have been used to analyze information. After distributing the threat assessment questionnaire and completing it by the community of research experts, the arithmetic mean of the opinions of the community of experts was scored based on the Likert scale, which is common to the FEMA technique. In order for the scores provided in this way to evaluate the identified threats of the research to be effective; AHP method has been used for weighting the threat evaluation indicators.Vulnerability Assessment MethodVulnerability estimation is surrounded by ambiguities and uncertainties; because calculating the amount of past vulnerability using the Boolean model does not allow the vulnerability criteria to be a continuous spectrum. For this reason, IHWP (inverse hierarchical analysis) fuzzy model has been used. The calculation of the score of the selected layers using the inverse hierarchical analysis method is in the form of the following mathematical relations:DiscussionThreat Assessment of Case StudyIn the studied sample, hard threats including air and missile attacks and bombings and people-oriented threats, i.e. demonstrations and riots have the highest probability and biological threats have the lowest probability. The possibility of air and missile attacks on infrastructures such as New Andisheh New Development Company, Gas Department, Electricity Department, Phase II Telecommunications Department, Police Headquarters, Andisheh Grand Bazaar, electrical substations and petrol pumps especially in the city center and also There is a possibility of the threat of demonstrations and riots in the area of National Banks, Export, Housing in the central part of the city, Drekhri Street and Andisheh Big Bazaar, ABFA office. The possibility of bomb threat is also high in Andisheh Grand Bazaar, Basij Base, Andisheh Municipality, Telecommunication Department, two 230 KV substations in the southeast of the city.Vulnerability Assessment of Case StudyIn order to evaluate the vulnerability of the studied area against hard attack such as rocket launchers, ten indicators including property sensitivity, distance from sensitive and important infrastructure, road width, number of floors, population density, building quality, facade materials, access to medical centers and access to fire stations has been selected. 23.06 percent of the city plots are very low vulnerability, 26.78 percent are low vulnerability, 16.75 percent are medium vulnerability, 21.4 percent are high vulnerability and 12.01 percent are very high vulnerability. They have dedicated themselves. It is obvious that the parts located in the north and center of the city, such as sand mines in the northeast, Petropal gasoline pump on Imam Khomeini Boulevard in the center of the city, 63Kv electrical substation on Ostad Forozanfar Street, Phase 2 Telecommunication Department and 3, 4 and 5, and the social security hospital in the city center, which has high building and population densities, the quality of the restored, destructive building, a long distance to medical centers, less road width, more building height, degree of confinement, and more... have been, it had a high vulnerability score. ConclusionIn this research, firstly, the package of sample threats studied in three steps including documentary studies, threat records and experts' opinions were extracted, and then using the AHP-FEMA scoring method, the threat of air-missile attack was selected as the base threat. Then IHWP model was used in GIS software. The results of these studies indicate that nearly 34% of the studied sample has a high and very high level of vulnerability against the threat of air attack. By examining the maps of the spatial distribution of uses and population, the distribution and distribution of relief and structural services, it is observed that the central parts of the city, which have a high population, are more vulnerable. The presence of high importance uses, low population density and high road width, suitable structural quality and high compatibility of uses causes a low score of vulnerability, and at the end, the solutions to reduce vulnerability according to the situation of the sample A case was presented.
Leila Eshrati; Amir Mahmoodzadeh; Masoud Taghvaei
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threats to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a ...
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Extended Abstract
Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threats to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention, although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator-based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. The resulting multi-hazard version of the PTVA consists of four steps: the identification of the study area and relevant hazards as well as the acquisition of hazard information, the determination of vulnerability indicators and collection of data, the weighting of factors and vulnerability assessment, and finally, the consideration of hazard vulnerability. After the introduction of the newly developed methodology, a pilot application is carried out in a part of Shiraz municipality located in the Iran. In this case study the vulnerability of buildings and humans is assessed. The implementation of the methodology leads to reasonable results indicating the vulnerable buildings and supporting the priority setting of different end-users according to their objectives. The constraints of the presented methodology are: a) the fact that the method is not hazard-intensity specific, thus, vulnerability is measured in a rather qualitative and relative way, b) the high amount of data required for its performance, and c) Indicator-based vulnerability approaches are flexible and can be adjusted to the different hazards as well as to specific user needs.
Introduction
Multi hazard pose a serious threat to human life. It can cause considerable damages. The evaluation of the expected losses due to multi hazard requires a risk assessment. Multi-hazard risk assessment allows the identification of the most endangered areas and suggests where further detailed studies have to be carried out.
Aim: This study aims to give a new methodology for Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment that makes the comparability analysis of vulnerability easier for different hazards and accounts for possible triggering (domino) effects.
Methodology
Methods used in this paper are based on theoretical approach and documentation. Two types of hazards will be assessed, namely earthquake and fire following earthquake.
Statistical Analysis: Semi-quantitative and quantitative approach would assess risk rates at both regional and local levels.
Results and discussion
In this study, representation of a new methodology for multi hazards risk assessment includes determination of a model with parameters, consideration of the indicator-based pattern of vulnerability assessment that selected all of the relevant indicators and presented new classification of indicators based on comparison to different hazards and possible triggering (domino) effects. This means that a potential multi-hazard indicator could be higher than the simple aggregation of single risk indicators calculation.
Conclusion
The focus is on establishing a general overview of the emerging issues, and indicating how hazard relations can be considered in multi-hazard studies. The hazard relations are identified and studied by means of a new method and the overlay of hazard areas to determine overlaps in final multi hazards map.