Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohamad Amin Daneshfar; Mehdi Ardjmand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionSuitable sites for waste disposal must leave the least environmental effects while being executable in various aspects. Combination of AHP and GIS is a popular approach used for selecting suitable waste disposal sites, since AHP classifies and prioritizes selected sites ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionSuitable sites for waste disposal must leave the least environmental effects while being executable in various aspects. Combination of AHP and GIS is a popular approach used for selecting suitable waste disposal sites, since AHP classifies and prioritizes selected sites based on different types of information layers and GIS provides an effective way for data management and display. Various studies have been recently conducted to select suitable sites for waste disposal using GIS and AHP. Rahimi et al. selected a sustainable site for urban solid waste disposal in Mahallat, Iran, using AHP and GIS. Fourteen environmental, economic and social parameters affecting sustainability of landfills were examined in this study and a site was selected in vicinity of this city as the most suitable landfill for solid waste disposal. Improper disposal of waste produced in oil-based drilling of oil and gas wells not only increases costs, but also cause the aforementioned problems. Thus to prevent these problems, it is necessary to select appropriate landfills for this kind of waste.Although, Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC) is responsible for most of oil and gas extraction from Iranian fields in the Persian Gulf, no specific solution has been provided for selection of suitable locations for drilling waste produced in these areas. The present study seeks to select suitable sites for disposal of drilling waste produced in east of the Persian Gulf Iranian oil and gas fields in Lavan Island using AHP method and GIS software. Material and methods Case study Oil and gas fields in Qeshm, Kish, Siri and Lavan operational areas are located in the eastern part of the Persian Gulf. Lavan is one of the islands of Hormozgan province in the Persian Gulf. It is about 2.5 kilometers long and 4.8 kilometers wide. Oil Based Drilling Fluid used in Iranian Oil and Gas Fields in the Persian GulfDue to the type and depth of formation (layers of shale and deep reservoirs), oil based drilling fluids are generally used in Iranian oil and gas fields in the eastern Persian Gulf (Qeshm, Kish, Siri and Lavan). The main component of oil based drilling fluid is petroleum hydrocarbons, especially those with high flashpoint. Usually diesel fuel is used as the main component, which may be added up to 90% to the fluid used in drilling operations. Drilling waste produced in Iranian oil and gas fields in the Persian GulfBased on the latest statistical information provided by IOOC, annually drilling waste is generated by this company in the Persian Gulf, which has declined in recent years due to a reduction in excavation activities. The volume fractions of humidity and oil in the drilling waste are 65% and 30%, which according to the standards of Iranian DOE and HSE unit of IOOC must be reduced to 15% and 1%, respectively after the recycling process. Analytic hierarchy processThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a logical framework that divides complex decisions into hierarchical structures and thus, simplifies their understanding and analysis. This process can be used when decision-making faces some alternatives. GIS Site selection in land-related sciences is an operation through which an expert presents needs, objectives, and information related to the current situation to find the best choice among available alternatives for the concerned land use. The main objective of site selection is to ensure that considering all limitations and available facilities, human activities in the selected site is consistent with the surrounding environment. Nowadays, GIS is used to reach a more scientific and realistic site selection. GIS is a coherent system of hardware, software, data, which allows the storage, analysis, transfer, and recovery of input data and makes it possible to publish the output data as maps, tables, and models of geographical zones. MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of its objectives and descriptive-analytical in terms of its methodology. The criteria and sub-criteria (layers) involved in site selection for drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island were chosen based on the specifications of the region, recommendations of experts, and related literature. Base data were collected from various sources such as IOOC, Iranian department of environment, and geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran. Accordingly, 15 information layers (sub-criterion) affecting waste disposal site selection in Lavan Island were introduced and classified into three indices. These information layers include industrial building, slope, elevation, gas lines, oil lines, oil storages, roads, population centres, industrial regions, land use, airport, fault line, vegetation, river, and geology which have been classified as technical-economic, social-cultural, and environmental indices (criteria). Figure 1 depicts the hierarchical tree of site selection for disposal of drilling waste produced in eastern Persian Gulf Iranian oil and gas fields in Lavan Island. Figure 1. The hierarchical tree of site selection for oil based drilling waste in Lavan Island Results and discussionProperties of each layer (layer values) were weighted in GIS environment based on al-saati method and experts’ opinions. Classification, weighting and normalization of effective layers used for selecting appropriate sites for oil drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island were performed and results were used to prepare a weighed map for each layer. These maps were combined in the final step to obtain the proposed map for waste disposal site. Figures 2 shows the weights assigned to information layers prepared for waste disposal in lavan Island. Figure 2. Weights assigned to information layers prepared for oil based waste disposal in lavan Island After the internal weighing of each layer, the AHP model was used to prepare the final map for the optimal site. Weighing each of these 15 layers is one of the most important stages of this model in which significance of each layer is expressed compared to other layers. The ultimate normalized weight of each layer was calculated by an AHP matrix with an inconsistency rate lower than 1.0. Chart 1 shows the ultimate normalized weight of each layer which will be used in overlapping operations to find appropriate sites for oil based drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island. Chart 1. Importance of weights assigned to layers in the selection of oil based waste disposal site in Lavan IslandResults indicate that distance from population centers, distance from roads, distance from rivers and distance from airport are the most important parameters used to select appropriate sites for oil based waste disposal in Lavan Island. Results confirm the sensitivity of environmental and socio-cultural criteria for oil based drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island.Then, information layers were integrated using weighted overlay method in AHP to obtain the final map of the appropriate region for waste disposal. In this stage, the layers were overlapped based on their level of effectiveness in GIS environment and the final site selection map was prepared for waste disposal in Lavan Island (see Figure 3). The appropriate sites for waste disposal were classified into 5 classes (from “very good” to “very poor”) and depicted in this map. Figure 3. Classification of selected sites for oil based waste disposal in Lavan Island Spatial analysis of final maps shows that some regions in the center of Lavan Island (sites number 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)are appropriate for drilling waste disposal due to their distance from population centers, roads, rivers, and the airport. These barren lands are the farthest sites from urban centers, roads, rivers, and the airport. Therefore, construction of waste disposal sites in these regions of Lavan Island is suggested in the final map to decision-makers. Figure 4 shows the prioritized waste disposal sites in Lavan Island. Figure 4. Prioritization of oil based waste disposal sites in Lavan Island ConclusionsThe present study was performed due to the lack of similar studies on waste disposal site selection in this region. GIS and AHP were used to select suitable sites for the disposal of drilling waste in Lavan Island. This drilling waste is produced in the Iranian oil and gas fields in the eastern parts of the Persian Gulf. Effective factors were weighted in different layers of GIS environment and weighted maps were prepared. Priorities were selected using the AHP, and site selection for drilling waste disposal was performed in GIS. Distance from rivers was recognized as the top priority parameter in environmental criteria due to the importance of environmental standards and avoiding surface water pollution. Moreover, distance from population centers, roads, and the airport were selected as top priorities in social-cultural sub-criteria due to the importance of the Island residents’ health and beauty of the landscape. Information layers were thus produced and combined using weighted overlay method in AHP to reach the final maps of suitable locations for oil based waste disposal in GIS. In accordance with effective criteria in the waste disposal site selection, suggested sites were classified into five classes ranging from “very good” to “very poor”. Accordingly, some sites located in the central part of Lavan Island were selected as appropriate sites for the disposal of drilling waste due to their distance from urban and population centers, roads, rivers, the airport, and so forth
Samad Shadfar
Abstract
One of the types of environmental hazards that causes the destruction of agricultural lands, rangelands and Infrastructure in many parts of the country is gully erosion. In this research, fuzzy logic operators were used with the aim of determining the different hazard zones,obtaining the area of each ...
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One of the types of environmental hazards that causes the destruction of agricultural lands, rangelands and Infrastructure in many parts of the country is gully erosion. In this research, fuzzy logic operators were used with the aim of determining the different hazard zones,obtaining the area of each one of them, and presenting the map of the gully erosion hazard in Troud watershed. In order to achieve this goal, satellite imagery, interpretation of 1:20000 scale aerial photos, 1:50000 scale topographic maps, 1:100000 scale geological maps, field studies and ArcGIS software have been used as the main research tools. To do this, at first, some of the effective variables which had more important roles in the formation and development of gully erosion, as well as the areas with gully erosion, were identified. In the next stage, the effective factor classes were weighted and the gully erosion map was prepared using fuzzy operators including fuzzy algebraic sum, fuzzy multiplication, fuzzy gamma 0.5 and fuzzy gamma 0.8 in the GIS environment.The results indicate that in the fuzzy algebraic summation method, 100% of the gully areas are located in very highclass, in the fuzzy algebraic multiplication, 83.29% of the gully areas are located in low class, in 0.8 fuzzy gamma method,60.93% of the gullies are located in low class and about 17 %are located in high and very high classesbut, in 0.5 fuzzy gamma method, around 1.5% of the gully areas are located in low class and about 62% are located in high and very high classes.
Yasser Ebrahimian GhaJary; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Mahdi Modiri; Reza Hosnavi; Morteza Abbasi
Abstract
Throughout the history, cities have neverbeen safe due to the damages caused by human and natural disasters. So that inthe past, the cities were the war’s last target, but now with the development of technology, those hindrances have turned into the first wartargets. In fact, what poses war andair ...
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Throughout the history, cities have neverbeen safe due to the damages caused by human and natural disasters. So that inthe past, the cities were the war’s last target, but now with the development of technology, those hindrances have turned into the first wartargets. In fact, what poses war andair raids as a threat, is just the problem ofencountering it and being. One major way to prepare facing such threats, is the knowledge about the degree of its vulnerability whenthey occur. So, it depends on taking up some methodsto diminish the vulnerability instability. Whatthe researchers were looking for, was the modelling the vulnerabilityof the city buildings (one of the most important urbancomponent) in one part of theTehran (region 6 of Tehran municipality). Since vulnerability is made upof various criteria, so the proposed model in this researchis a kind of multi-criteria model (multi attribute decisionmodel), and according to the spatial essence of the criteria, this model has been carried out in GIS (MCDM-GISmodel). Delphi method has been used to survey major vulnerabilityfactors with the help of urban passive defense, structure, andarchitecture experts. The modelling of the 9 criteria has resulted throughAnalytic Hierarchical Process (AHP), and it shows that about 38percent of building has low vulnerability, about 60 percent has mediumvulnerability and 2 percent has high vulnerability (over 60 percent of buildingshas plus-average vulnerability) which shows the necessity for taking actions in order todecrease vulnerability through passive defense.
Reza Aghataher; Soroush OjGH; Mohammad Fallah Zazuly; Mohsen Jafari
Abstract
Today the desire to create smart and electronic companions in the daily life of humans has been fulfilled with the production of mobile processing equipment. On the other hand, the integration of existing capabilities of these equipment with the features of the spatial information systems, has become ...
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Today the desire to create smart and electronic companions in the daily life of humans has been fulfilled with the production of mobile processing equipment. On the other hand, the integration of existing capabilities of these equipment with the features of the spatial information systems, has become the basis for the emergence of a new technology called spatial information system. Simply put, displaying the spatial information can be considered as the most vital part of a mobile spatial information system. On the other hand, allocating a major part of the commercial market of mobile equipment to devices running with Android operating system encouraged the authors to explore different visual techniques in such equipment. The analysis can be considered as one of the most important studies required to develop a sample of a mobile spatial information system. But unfortunately, despite the great importance of this issue, no comprehensive and technical studies have yet been conducted to evaluate the performance of different methods of displaying spatial information in the context of this operating system. The methods used in this study include the use of Google Map API, ArcGIS Runtime SDK, OSMDroid, MapsFroge and Nutiteq libraries. To compare these methods and express the use cases of each of them, services were developed using each one of these methods and the Java programming language. Finally, after analyzing the results of various experimental experiments, the quality of performance, capabilities, strengths and weaknesses of each method were clearly expressed. In general, the results of this study can be considered as an appropriate starting point for selecting an appropriate library for displaying spatial information in any instance of a mobile spatial information system.
Ahmad Pourahmad; Hossein Najafi; Roghayyeh Shamsi; Mohammad Fe'li
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
Land and its usage have always been the main theme and context in urban planning and actually it is the land which ultimately determine the destiny of urban development plan, mediating and supervising land use. This has always been one of social, economic and physical issues in recent urbanization. The ...
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Land and its usage have always been the main theme and context in urban planning and actually it is the land which ultimately determine the destiny of urban development plan, mediating and supervising land use. This has always been one of social, economic and physical issues in recent urbanization. The present article considers land use in Sa’d Abad city. First, present situation of the land uses are investigated, then future plans are mentioned. Descriptive-analytic method is used. Theoretical framework is prepared using secondary research and other information are collected in a field study. To perform qualitative analysis, SWOT method is applied. GIS and AUTO CAD are used for drawing and analyzing information. Results indicate that we face shortage of most present land uses and surplus of some others which signifies lack of balance in land use which should be directed towards balance with concise planning.
Parviz Abdi; Mohaamad Reza Hassanlou
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 40-43
Abstract
One of the biggest problems concerning natural resources is the issue of soil erosion. With loss of soil, the most important source of human production is eliminated, a disaster which is impossible to compensate for. In order to accurately identify the factors of soil degradation, exact basic information ...
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One of the biggest problems concerning natural resources is the issue of soil erosion. With loss of soil, the most important source of human production is eliminated, a disaster which is impossible to compensate for. In order to accurately identify the factors of soil degradation, exact basic information is needed. Today the existence of instrumentation systems and different models have enabled human being to store and, if necessary, recover basic information. In this paper, using the P.S.I.A.C model and capabilities of the GIS system, the lands belonging to Taham Chay basin are evaluated for erosion and sedimentation. For this purpose, the combination of PSIAC and GIS models can estimate the erosion severity and the amount of sediment produced in basins. Considering that topographic maps, slopes, directions and geology are all instrumental in determination of homogeneous units, these data were entered into the system's environment (GIS) as information layers, and after processing and organizing them, the classification and scoring of each of the effective factors in the intensity of erosion and sedimentation were carried out according to the P.S.I.A.C model. Finally, by summing up the scores of each of these layers, the final score is extracted, and based on this the intensity of erosion and sedimentation of the studied area is determined. According to the results of this research and previous experiments, this method can be used in areas where the erosion and sedimentation intensities are “low” to “very low”. Furthermore, in comparison to the amount of sediment obtained through the method in question with the actual amount measured in the hydrometric station set in the outlet of the basin, it was observed that the estimated result is in acceptable consistency with the measured values.
Parviz Abdi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 36-41
Abstract
Since Quaternary organizations form the basis of human society's life, the Quaternary study is the study of the enormous and potential natural reserves of each country, which should be the study-basis of sustainable development. High-resolution satellite digital images with different wavelengths, along ...
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Since Quaternary organizations form the basis of human society's life, the Quaternary study is the study of the enormous and potential natural reserves of each country, which should be the study-basis of sustainable development. High-resolution satellite digital images with different wavelengths, along with utilization of GIS systems and special data processing software, have provided commentators with the possibility to study various issues related to natural resources with very high accuracy and speed. Accordingly, in this paper, using ETM Landsat satellite images, a method for the preparation of Quaternary alluvial maps has been proposed. In order to carry out this research, after collecting required data and ETM Landsat satellite images, these data were processed and a Quaternary map was prepared in the GIS program environment. By summing up the results, we can say that from a combination of 6 bands (bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7) out of the seven information bands of ETM in the range of visible to thermal near-infrared wavelengths, different color composites for the purpose of separation of lithological units were fabricated, the best of which being a combination of three bands of 5, 3 and 1. In this image, various lithological units are well separated, and by carrying out the necessary examinations, its accuracy was estimated to be about 90%, which indicates a very satisfactory coefficient of reliability. Using the results of these studies, we can identify and exploit the potentials of this system according to their visual characteristics.
Ali Akbar Sabzi Parvar; Zohreh Merianji; Abbas Karami
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution of drought in Hamadan province, statistics of eleven of province stations for a period of 27 years was used, and after performing validation and homogeneity tests, it was normalized with drought by the Gibbs and Mohr method, and SPI index for years ...
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In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution of drought in Hamadan province, statistics of eleven of province stations for a period of 27 years was used, and after performing validation and homogeneity tests, it was normalized with drought by the Gibbs and Mohr method, and SPI index for years of drought occurrence in the province was determined. According to this, in the years 1996 and 1999 the most severe drought has occurred. After the dry years were determined based on the Gibbs and Mohr method, the related maps were drawn up to determine its dispersion across the province, and finally, using the ranking of these indices, the final map was drawn according to which the intensity of droughts decreases from east to west, namely, the eastern and central regions have been more susceptible to drought in comparison with other parts of the province.
