Geographic Data
Elham Forootan
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, the population growth, the increase in irrigated land and economic development have caused the increase in the demand for groundwater resources all over the world. In arid and semi-arid regions where surface water does not have a significant amount ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, the population growth, the increase in irrigated land and economic development have caused the increase in the demand for groundwater resources all over the world. In arid and semi-arid regions where surface water does not have a significant amount due to low rainfall and high evapotranspiration, people lives mainly depend on groundwater. As a result, it is necessary to identify the groundwater potential areas and determine its recharge areas using accurate technologies. So, the aim of this research is to compare the method of multi- influencing factors with the fuzzy method for determining the potential of groundwater in a part of Kebar-Fordo watershed, Qom city, Iran.
Materials & Methods. For this purpose, a part of Kebar-Fordo watershed located in Qom province was selected. Six factors layer, viz. slope, annual rainfall, distance from river, geology, soil, and landuse were considered and classified based on groundwater potential susceptibility in different scales. Multi-influencing factor method can determine the groundwater potential of the region by assigning appropriate weight to different effective factors. In this approach, the layers were combined in Arc-GIS after determining the weight of the layers. In the fuzzy method, the layers of six factors were converted to fuzzy based on the linear function, and then the layers were incorporated using the gamma function. Finally, the statistics of observation points and accuracy index were used in order to evaluate the models,
Results & Discussion. The slope map represents that most part of the studied area (78.56%) has a "0-1" class while "1-3", "3-9" and "9-25" slope classes could be observed in 19.97, 1.29 and 0.18% of the total area, respectively. The soil texture has a significant effect on the infiltration and percolation of the surface water movement towards the groundwater. Therefore, in this research, the soil factor has been investigated as one of the input factors to the models. Soils with high permeability are more suitable for groundwater recharge and vice versa. The soil texture of the area consists of sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam textures, which cover 3.73, 90.72, 0.23, and 5.32% of the total area, respectively, with a rank of four to one for groundwater potential. In this study, geology map showed that Qft2 formation has the largest area (88.98%) and Plc formation is in the second rank (4.9%). Qft1, Qs.d and Mur units have an area of 2.22, 2.12 and 1.10% and the smallest area belongs to OMq formation (0.68%). Also, different types of land use in the study area were agriculture, garden, rangeland, bareland, and resendential area. The land use map showed that the largest area of this area was ariculture landuse (77.18%), while garden and rangeland covered 0.07 and 6.5% of the total area, respectively. Bareland and residential area comprise 2.94%, 13.31% of the total area, respectively. Among the different landuses, agriculture and residential area have the highest and lowest ranks in groundwater recharge. The rainfall map was categorized with four classes. The classes of 140-156, 156-168, 168-182, and 182-203 mm layers include 14.15, 48.92, 21.84 and 15.09% of the total area with the rank of one to four for groundwater recharge, respectively. The map of distance from the stream was divided into four categories: "0-659", "659-1480", "1480-2675" and "2675-4939" meters, which comprise 46.33%, 34.15%, 15.72% and 3.8% of the total area, respectively. In the method of multi influencing factor, the distance from the stream (8.33%) and the geological factor (25%) were the lowest and highest weights. In this regard, the factors of rainfall, slope, soil, landuse have 20.83%, 16.67%, 16.67% and 12.5% weights, respectively. Then, the groundwater potential map was prepared through overlaying in ArcGIS and the studied area was classified into suitable and unsuitable classes. The suitable class covers 75.15% of the studied area and the unsuitable class covers 24.85% of the total area. In the fuzzy method, the unsuitable class comprises 43.63% and suitable class covers 56.37% of the area. In order to evaluate the models, the statistics of the observation points were applied which the accuracy of the multi- influencing factor and fuzzy models was calculated as 71.42 and 78.57%, respectively.
Conclusion. Preparation of groundwater potential map is necessary to adopt management measures of rainfall storage and groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid regions and it can be used for sustainable management of groundwater resources. The findings of this research revealed both model's accuracy in the studied area.
Geographic Data
Hadiseh Sabzi Sorkhani; Abdollah Faraji; Hossein Asakereh
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionClimatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionClimatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One of the most important measures in identifying a comfortable climate is to assess the conditions of the human living environment. Which determines the level of human comfort in the environment. Meteorological variables and bioclimatic indicators are needed to assess the conditions of human comfort in the environment.. Therefore, urban planners and regional planners need useful and at the same time practical indicators in order to optimize the environment and determine the best time for human comfort. Human comfort conditions provide very good information for planners by evaluating bioclimatic indicators. The information obtained from this research provides appropriate suggestions and strategies for improving the situation in each region. To know the range of comfort climate (optimal and optimal climate) can not be enough to describe the climatic elements of the region, including temperature, humidity, wind and radiation. Rather, the type of climate in terms of comfort or lack of thermal and climatic comfort should be determined quantitatively in the form of a general indicator and a combination of all these climatic elements. Many factors affect the tourism industry, one of the most important of which is the climate. Climate plays a role as one of the most important local resources in the tourism industry. Awareness of climatic comfort plays an important role in human life and activities, and physiological comfort is closely related to climatic factors. Therefore, the study of climatic parameters affecting the climatic comfort of work seems necessary.Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country and ranks first in the country in terms of population density. In addition to various economic activities, this province hosts millions of people from all over the country every year due to the existence of various attractions (especially the Caspian Sea). And it is one of the touristic provinces of the country And studying the climate comfort of this province can be an important step in planning for tourist reception and its requirements. In this study, the climatic comfort of Gilan province has been studied.Materals and methodsFor this purpose, climatic data from 11 synoptic stations (Rasht, Astara, Anzali, Deilman, Kiashahr, Lahijan, Manjil, Masouleh, Jirandeh, Talesh and Rudsar) including monthly average temperature, average maximum and minimum temperature in degrees Celsius, The monthly average of relative humidity as a percentage, the average of sunny hours and the number of rainy days during the statistical period of 1995 to 2020 have been received from the Meteorological Organization of the country. Then in SPSS software, Excel database was created And processed the data and calculated the average of all the mentioned parameters on a monthly basis And deficiencies were corrected And through the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), the calculations are performed And after sorting and analyzing the climatic conditions, the study area has been studied Thus, based on the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), zoning maps of the province were drawn in GIS software . Finally, the results are analyzed and interpreted as maps.Results and discussionApril, south of the province (Manjil), May, center, Caspian Sea coast, part of the northeast and south of the province (Rasht, Anzali, Lahijan, Deilman, Jirandeh), August, east of the province (Rudsar), September, center , East and part of the south of the province (Rasht, Rudsar, Deilman) and October, south of the province (Jirandeh) has pleasant and favorable conditions. All tourism activities are recommended to tourists.ConclusionThe results of the conducted investigations show the existence of various types of comfortable weather conditions for tourism in Gilan province. The months of May and June in most parts of the province have very favorable and pleasant conditions and the climatic conditions are suitable for all kinds of tourism activities. In the cold season of the year (January, February and December) in all parts of the province (especially the high areas such as Dilman and Masuleh, etc.), very unfavorable (cold) conditions prevail, and in the hot season of the year (July and August) the conditions are It is very unfavorable (heat) in most of the studied areas (especially coastal areas due to high humidity). All in all, in this research, all kinds of tourism activities have been targeted according to each season and each region
Saeid Hamzeh; Afshin Amiri
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction As a type of mass movement involving slow or rapid movement of soil, rock material or both on the lower hillsides, landslide is under the effect of gravity.Landslide is recognized as one of the most common geological disasters causing worldwide damages and casualties.Landslide ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction As a type of mass movement involving slow or rapid movement of soil, rock material or both on the lower hillsides, landslide is under the effect of gravity.Landslide is recognized as one of the most common geological disasters causing worldwide damages and casualties.Landslide susceptibility maps provide important and valuable information,including time scale of possible future landslides, which are usedfor predicting landslide hazards. Since predicting the time of landslide occurrence is beyond the capability of science and knowledge, identifying areas susceptible to landslide and ranking them can extensively restrict the damages caused by landslide. Therefore, it is essential to zone landslide risk and identify factors affecting it. Analytic Network Process(ANP) is aGIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis(GIS MCDA) method successfully applied to many decision-making systems. The present study seeks to evaluate landslide risk and achieve a zoning map for the sub-basin under study using ANP and Weighted Overlaymethods. Materials and Methods Based on the literature and using different experts’ viewpoint, criteria affecting landslide risk were identified and five major criteria including topography, land use and land cover, geology, hydrometry and infrastructure were selected. The selected criteria include the following sub-criteria: slope, slope direction, curvature, elevation, lithology, soil type, land use, vegetation density, distance from roads, distance from habitat, river and drainage density and precipitation. The effective factor layers were standardized and a specific scale was defined for their units.Then, each layer was assigned a weight based on its role and importanceusing Analytic Network Process.Proposed to modify Analytic Hierarchical Process(AHP), this method (ANP) relies on the analyses of the human brain for complex and fuzzy problems.Network Analysis Process generally includes the following steps: determining indicators, criteria and options;classifying identified criteria into clusters and elements; determining the relationship between clusters, elements and options; performing pairwise comparisons between clusters, elements and options, and finally calculating the final weight of elements and options. UsingWeightedOverlaymethod, these elements were then integrated with their related coefficients and the final landslide risk map was obtained. Results and discussion Each criteria and sub-criteria were weighted using Analytic Network Processmethod.Topographic and land cover criteria had the most and hydrographic criteria had the least impact on the landslide occurrence. According to the final map, most landslides have occurred in eastern and southern slopes at an altitude of 500 to 2,200 meters. Moreover, 17/31% of the study area was located in the very high-risk class and 33% in the high risk class (about half of the area has high potential of landslide). Previous landslide data were used to assess the landslide zoning map results. Results indicate that most landslides have occurred in the high risk class (about 35% of landslides) and only about 4% of landslides have occurred in the very low risk class. Conclusion Landslide is one of the natural hazards causing serious harms and problems for human life. Identifying the factors affecting landslide and zoning its hazard is especially important for the identification of risky and susceptible areas.So, landslides were selected as one of the main topics of the study with the aim of controlling and managing its hazards.The ANP network analysis method was used to model and predict landslide risk in this research.Each criteria and sub-criteria were weighted and overlapped to producethe map of relative landsliderisk.The lowest risk was observed in the northern parts of the region, and the highest landslide risk was observed in the northern hillsides with higher humidity.WeightedOverlaymethod and network analysis model were effective in predicting landslide susceptibility and producing landslide zoning map.
Reza Aminataei; Sahar Akhavan; Amirhooshang Nezamivand chegini
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially susceptibleof landslides, rock falls, and other events associated with seismichillsides. Landslide results in severe erosions and sometimes leads to financial losses or loss of lives. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causes behind this phenomenon and determinezones prone to land sliding. Materials and methods In this study, we tried to usea sample of trenches and boundaries offaultslocated inRoudbar sliding slopes in order to characterize the sliding soils. Following this field investigatation,soil samples were obtained from 10 landslide zones. Then, factors affecting the sliding slopes were identified and a digital map was produced for each factor. Nine data layers including direction and degree of slopes, geology, landuse, precipitation, relative changes in elevation, distance from roads, rivers and faults were used in GIS environment to prepare the weighted maps. Afterwards, LNSF statistical method was used for data analysis in GIS environment and the study area was divided into 5 zones with very low (1), low (2), moderate (3), high (4), and very high (5) sliding susceptibility. Following the integration and analysis of layers using LNSF model, 26 zonation mapswere calculated, and the best map was selected using success rate curves. Then, the zone with highest potentiality for landslide occurrence was selected for further studies from the five zones mentioned before. Hydrometry, Atterberg limits and direct shear tests were performedin the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Gilan University with the aim of identifying physical and mechanical properties of soil samples. Results and discussion Results indicate that with LNSF method, it is possible tozone a vast area (12814.2 hectaresin this research) based on landslide potentiality and then focus on the most critical area (very high landslide potentiality) toinvestigate factors and conditions resulting in the occurrence of landslides or prevention strategies. Success rate charts helps us to determine the most optimal landslide zoning map (i.e. a map inwhich the highest percentage of landslide pixels occur in the “very high potentiality” zone). Following the selection of final zonebased on success rate graphs, from the 26 zoning maps, it was concluded that the landslide zone with very high potentiality encompasses 282.6825 hectares or 2.2% of the total area under study.At the weighting stage, the highest weight was allocated to the seventh category of the land use layer, which at the final zoning stage covers nearly the whole area with very high potantiality of landslides. Therefore, there is a direct relation between the allocated weight in the subject categories and the percentage of its occupancy level in the final zoning.Zoning the results of granulation experiments by Thiessen Polygon, it was concluded that CL type soil coversnearly half of the area with very high landslide potentiality. Determining the static reliability coefficient of the area with very high landslide potentiality, we found that in case soil reaches saturation, unstability of hillsidesin a large part of the study areacanbe expected. Conclusion Dispersion of landslides in Iran is mainly concentrated in Southern Gilan Province. Based on the investigation of the situations in the study area,geology, landuse, distance from highway are identified as the most affective factors in theoccurance of landslides.Following the weighting stage with LNSF method, rated layers were prepared in GIS enviornment, final overlapping was performed, and landslide zoning map of the study area was produced. Based on the landslide risk zonning map, the study area was divided into 5 subsections: 2.21% of the study area had very high sensetivity, 26.43% high sensetivity, 42.28% avarage sensetivity, 25.25% low sensetivity, and 3.83% very low sensetivity. Considering the zonning map produced, it properly overlaps with identified landslides in the area, and help governmental policy makings. It specifically helps Organization of Roads in construction of new roads.
Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei; Mohammad Rahmani Asl
Abstract
Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban ...
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Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban waste disposal, but their burial is more important and there has not been a perfect alternative to that so far. Choosing a suitable landfill site for waste is the most important step in waste management. It is a complicated matter that requires a vast evaluation process and the environmental, economic, social & tectonic standards should be taken into consideration. With regard to the fact that most of effective factors in determining the suitability of lands for special purposes such as waste burial, are not of the same significance, they must be weighed for more accurate evaluation. The analysis of the layers and numerous factors which are effective in the site location process will only be possible in the framework of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) systems and the use of GIS technology. Due to the importance of the subject matter, the present research has sought to locate the landfill site in the city of Ghaleh Ganj in order to take a step towards environmental protection and achieving sustainable development in this city. To achieve this goal, Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making systems have been used. Materials and methods The present research is an applied one in terms of the goal, and its approach dominating the research space is exploratory with regard to the nature of the subject. To develop the theoretical framework of the research and review the previous researches and extract the indices being used as well, the library method (documentary) was used. Field information was provided through questionnaire and field observations. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used for weighting the indices and its calculations were carried out in Excel software. The Fuzzy method was used for location and zonation that was implemented in GIS environment, which, according to many researchers, is the most accurate and the best method of site location. The study area of this research is the city of Ghaleh Ganj in the province of Kerman located at 440 km from the capital of the province with a population of 12663 in 3034 families according to the general census of population and housing in the year 1390 (2011). Results and discussion AHP model was used to weight the landfill site location indices in the city of Ghaleh Ganj. In this regard, a questionnaire was edited based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and pair-wise comparison matrix, which was completed by 10 experts. The experts ranked the indices from 1 to 9, whose weights were calculated after entering the weights of indexes in Excel software. Then, landfill site location in the city of Ghaleh Ganj was carried out using GIS-Fuzzy model. The stages are as the following: Preparing the shape files of the layers. Forming the spatial matrix of the layers (Rasterising the layers). Fuzzification of the layers by special methods of each layer. Multiplying fuzzy maps by the weights obtained from AHP model. Designing fuzzy inference network and integrating the layers to extract the final map. 15 layers were used to locate the landfills of the city of Ghaleh Ganj which are: Distance from agricultural lands and gardens, land cover, distance from flood zones, distance from floodways, distance from drinking water wells, wind direction, distance from the city of Ghaleh Ganj, distance from rural centers and residential areas, distance from communication lines, distance from industrial park, distance from facilities, distance from the fault, type of soil, slope and finally, the material of bedrock. After preparing the shape file related to each layer, the layers were grouped into 3 groups, each of which had its own method in rasterisation and fuzzification of the maps. The layers of the first and second groups were programmed using Python programming language and were modeled in GIS environment, and the layers of the third group were fuzzified by the “Raster Calculator” tool. In the next step, the fuzzy maps were multiplied by the weights obtained from the AHP model. Finally, in order to identify the appropriate zones for burying waste materials in the city of Galeh Ganj, the weighted fuzzy maps were combined with each other using “Fuzzy AND” operator, which is a subset of the Fuzzy Overlay tool operators, and the final map was obtained. The obtained map was reclassified and the lands of the city were classified into three classes of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Finally, the land capability map for waste burial in Ghaleh Ganj was presented. Conclusion Based on the results of the research, the lands of the city were classified into three groups of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Lands with very suitable capability are 1451.5 Hectares and lands with relatively suitable capability are2425.2 Hectares. The results also showed that the current location of the landfill in the city of Ghaleh Ganj is in the lands with unsuitable capability and it is imperative that the municipality abandon the current location as soon as possible and select a site from the lands with very suitable capability for waste disposal of the city, and if this is not possible, the lands with relatively suitable capability can be used. Finally, the results showed that the application of the AHP-FUZZY method in the GIS environment for locating the uses, including landfill sites, has a high efficiency and the method used in this research can be generalized to different cities of the country.
Gholamreza Latifi; Sina Shahidi
Abstract
Extended abstract Introduction Over the past 3 decades,major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the ...
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Extended abstract Introduction Over the past 3 decades,major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the Zionist regime (2006), the 22-day, 8-day and 40-day wars of the Zionist regime against the people of Gaza, the war of the ISIS terrorist group against Syria over the past 7 years and against Iraq over the past 3 years, and the war in Yemenover the past 3 years. The war of Yemen and the fight against ISIS are still going on, and it has become more difficult to resolve these conflicts due to the formation of a controversial coalition led by the United States of America. Due to its prominent position in its geopolitical and anti-arrogance policy, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been subjected to threats by the United States of America, the Zionist and othertotalitarian regimes in recent years.The expedients and guidelines of the Supreme leader of revolution are based on strengthening all infrastructure of the country against theenemy’s threats. In this regard, passive defense is considered as a complementary part for active or armed defense,which includes unarmed measures to increase deterrence and decrease vulnerability, sustaining vital activities, promoting national sustainability and favorable effectiveness of crisis management against threats and armed actions by the enemy.CivilDefense planning (Spatial organization) is a process which leads to the reduction of vulnerability and the increase of defensive reversibility, sustainability and tolerability against enemy’s attacks through reorganizing and rearranging spatial elements of a city.This research examines the passive defense indices in land use, urban texture and structure by taking the passive defense principles and requirements into consideration and then, zones the metropolis of Tehran from the civil defense planning perspective in an analytical manner,specifies its vulnerable and secure areas and providessolutions to increase its defensive sustainability. In this Regard, this research tries to zone different geographical regions of Tehran metropolis in the form of homogeneous classes based on their vulnerability conditions from the passive defense. For this purpose, 8 criteria were extracted after studying the literature and the history of the subject in the field ofnatural and man-made crisis management. Then, 48 indices or sub-criteria were determined, and classified under 8 predefined criteria in order to make these criteria measurable, based on accessible data. Afterward, using experts’ opinions, the criteria and sub-criteria were weighed by ANP method through paired comparisons in the form of questionnaire and then adjustedand modified in the Super Decision software (in order to maintain inconsistency rate of the comparisons within the acceptable limits). In addition to that, each indicator was categorized into 5 classes of desirability in order to achieve a result withgreater accuracy of comprehensiveness and more flexibility. Then, the maps related to each index were producedby inserting the indices into ArcGIS 10.5 and applying them to the city domain. By integrating and combining the sub-criteria maps related to each criterion, the zoning map based on that specific criterion, and finally, by combining the maps of these 8 criteria, the ultimate zoning map of civil defense spatial organizing was generated qualitatively (in 5 desirability classes). Materials & Methods Since this research seeks to discover causal relationships between indices and their effects on the city,based on the basic sources of research method, it is an exploratory research which uses an analytical-descriptive method with an applied goal to study and interpret the data. This research uses both qualitative and quantitative procedures that means using quantitative methods along with qualitative approach in data analysisto facilitate classifications, calculations, and deductions. The study area involves all 22 regions of Tehran municipality. Regarding the collection of data and information, this research is a documentary study that uses Persian and English books and articles, related maps, internet portals and other documents. In addition, questionnaires and interviews with experts have been used. Finally, the integration and classificationof the exploratory and documentary findings and research analyses are carried out using inferential statistics, then,research suggestions are presented. M.S. Excel, ArcGIS 10.5 and Super Decision were the software used to prepare tables, maps and to analyze data. Making use ofthe experts’ opinions to weighthe indices, these indices were inserted into M.S. Excel the elimination of the scale differences and normalization as well. Then, they were categorized into 5 distinct classes of desirability. In order to obtainthe final weight and priority of indices considering ANP method, theirpairwise comparisons were inserted into Super Decision software. Finally, the results in ArcGIS 10.5 environmentwere assigned to different areas of Tehran metropolis, and the final zoning map of the defensive vulnerabilitywas generated as a Likert spectrum based on 8 criteria and their 48 sub-criteria on 5 levels, through the combination and integration of the weighted indices layers. Results & Discussion, Conclusion According to the surveys, only 10% of the city of Tehran is in perfect, 27% is in moderate and appropriate,and about 63% is in completely inappropriate conditions. These numbers represent the critical state of passive defense in this metropolis, a densely populated city which is the capital city of a sensitive country in the geopolitics of the region and still has a centralizedmanagement method and has a serious and urgent need for attention and reorganization in this regard. Therefore, suggestions and solutions are proposed to increase the defensive tolerability and reducethe damages and losses following the occurrence of a possible attack. Some of the results of the research are as follows: - Providing the context to identify the vulnerable zones and to invest in order to increase their level of defensive tolerability. - Making use of secure zones in order to locate temporary habitation sites at the time of a possible attack and to copy the patterns of their defensive space organization in future developments. - Thinking ofimmediate measures to promote the level of defensive tolerability in inappropriate zones by building shelters, developing public safe havens, and developing permanent relief and rescue centers or temporary relief and rescue sites. - Locating important, sensitive and vital useswith regard to the performed zoning and determining the security effects resulting from them on the surrounding areas.
Mojtaba Yamani; Fatemeh Yusefi; Anvar Moradi; Musa Abbasi; mohsen barzkar
Abstract
Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In ...
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Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In this research, different maps with different scales, ARC GIS10 software, and ‘Super Decisions’ software were used. In the next step, variables were evaluated using ANP and AHP models and according to experts’ opinions. Then, using the spatial analyzers in the GIS environment, the outputs were derived from the reference maps, and while overlapping these maps in GIS environment using algebraic sum operator, the final output was obtained as land use zoning for spatial zonation of tourism.The results were calculated in three qualitative classes, forbidden, contingent and permitted, and showed that about 21% of the region is eligible for development of tourism and about 42% of the region has the potential to develop only conditionally with the ecological aspects observation. About 37% of the region shows the prohibition of tourism development as well. In areas that are permitted for tourism development, in case of favorableuse and provision of facilities and welfare services and appropriate promotion, their potential can be used to develop sustainable tourism and to establish the economic balance of different regions especially in underdeveloped and rural areas. The results of this research can be used as an index for the development of appropriate and optimal applications within the framework of economic plans in the region.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Elham Ghasemifar; Somayyeh Naserpoor
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 54-60
Abstract
Zoning by climatic elements and factors is one of the most crucial issues which is of interest due to its importance in agriculture and architecture. Climate is the result and function of dominant elements and factors in the area. In this article, zoning is performed based on monthly temperature and ...
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Zoning by climatic elements and factors is one of the most crucial issues which is of interest due to its importance in agriculture and architecture. Climate is the result and function of dominant elements and factors in the area. In this article, zoning is performed based on monthly temperature and precipitation average in 16 synoptic stations of Zagros area using 4 analytical methods - analyzing the main component, seasonal Z-score of temperature and precipitation, standard deviation of monthly and seasonal temperature, and climatic coefficients (De Martonne’s aridity index and Peggy climogram). These selected stations possess the most complete statistics since establishment in 2005. Z score results were verified using variance analysis. In the first 3 methods, zoning was performed using Ward’s method. 3 main components and 5 areas were identified which justify 91.84 percent of variable variances. Z score shows 5 areas in spring and autumn, and 4 areas in summer and winter for rainfall, and 4 areas in summer and 3 areas in other seasons for temperature. Variance analysis test proved the hypothesis (inequality of the areas). 5 main areas were reached based on the temperature data. Applying De Martonne aridity index and Peggy climogram, 3 and 4 areas were verified respectively. Finally, maps of precipitation and temperature areas of Zagros were produced by Inverse Distance Weighted method in GIS environment.
Ali Hanafi; Iraj Hatami
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 24-28
Abstract
Climatic zoning and identifying influential factors and elements in each zone are considered to be the most important factor in environmental planning. Climatic research and climate map can be used in large, medium, small and local scales. Related researches in Kurdistan have been very limited. The present ...
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Climatic zoning and identifying influential factors and elements in each zone are considered to be the most important factor in environmental planning. Climatic research and climate map can be used in large, medium, small and local scales. Related researches in Kurdistan have been very limited. The present article investigates climatic features of Kurdistan province in a 30 year statistical period using weather stations and Information Technology System software. After qualitative and quantitate control of meteorological data and elimination of statistical deficiencies, two important climatic elements (temperature and precipitation) were investigated across the province. Afterwards, isothermal and isohyetal maps and the correlation between temperature and rainfall with altitude were produced using inverse distance weighting method. Conformity of temperature and rainfall with digital elevation model shows a significant inverse correlation between temperature, rainfall and altitude. So that with an increase in altitude, temperature and rainfall decreases. De Martonne and Embergent methods were used for climatic classification of the province. In De Martonne classification, Kurdistan province was divided into four climates, i.e. arid, Mediterranean, humid and very humid. Embergent method classified the area into four climates, i.e. cold semi-arid, highland climate, cold semi-humid and cold humid. Finally, zoning process was performed in GIS environment and inverse distance weighting method was used for spatial interpolation and spatial data analysis to produce Kurdistan climate map. Resulting zoning maps indicates that semi-arid and Mediterranean climate are dominant and only a small zone in the western parts has humid and semi-humid climate.
Ali Mohammadpour; Kheder Faraji Rad
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 5-26
Abstract
Tehran as a political and economic capital city of Iran has an unsafe structure and the safety issue have not been considered until now. However, Tehran is faced several natural disasters, including earthquikes and it is essential to identifying and addressing the specific framework of urban spatial ...
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Tehran as a political and economic capital city of Iran has an unsafe structure and the safety issue have not been considered until now. However, Tehran is faced several natural disasters, including earthquikes and it is essential to identifying and addressing the specific framework of urban spatial divisions for the efficient management during crisis in Tehran. This article try to answer therefore, aims to answer this fundamental question that what the appropriate zoning of the Tehran city is, with emphasis on crisis management.
The GIS and AHP combined and qualitative method were used to answer the above question. The results demonstrated that many parts of Tehran are in the areas with high vulnerability (16446.75) hectares.
The results, also showed that (10004.25) hectares of Tehran are among the areas With medium vulnerability. In addition the above results, the article conclude that the administrative divisions of Tehran is not corresponded With the determined activites and tasks of the professional committees of organization of prevention and crisis management of Tehran city, therefore, is necessary to redefine the administrative divisions of Tehran in relation to crisis management.
Gholam Reza Barati; Fatemeh Soleimani
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 39-43
Abstract
Since the frequency of rainy days is one of the decisive factors in determining the climatic conditions of a land, the issue of determining the seasonal share of the annual frequency of precipitation days was considered in a 31-year interval (1973-2003) in the western zone of Iran enjoying high rates ...
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Since the frequency of rainy days is one of the decisive factors in determining the climatic conditions of a land, the issue of determining the seasonal share of the annual frequency of precipitation days was considered in a 31-year interval (1973-2003) in the western zone of Iran enjoying high rates of precipitation (in this research including Zanjan, Qazvin, Markazi, Lorestan, Kordestan, Ilam, Kermanshah and Hamedan), in order to help better utilization of valuable soil and water resources. This important task was accomplished by collecting the frequency figures of monthly rainy days from 16 meteorological stations in the above mentioned provinces. Comparison of mean values between seasons and year of land zoning based on the coefficients determined by regressive equations showed that winter season, in comparison with other seasons in most regions, has the highest coordination and also the highest spatial equilibrium in terms of precipitation amounts and number of precipitation days. . This finding may indicate an increase in the frequency of precipitation days in other seasons in the years when winter has less rainy days. Only 5 in cities, including Khorramabad, spring has replaced winter as the reliable season in terms of precipitation.
