Territorial conditions and security of border areas
Sayed Mehdi Mousavi Shahidi; Bahador Zarei; Mehdi Oriya
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionHydropolitics is the exploration of the role of water in the relations between countries on four scales: local, national, regional and global. With 26 border rivers and the dependence of about 30% of the country's population on the water of common watersheds, Iran is among ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionHydropolitics is the exploration of the role of water in the relations between countries on four scales: local, national, regional and global. With 26 border rivers and the dependence of about 30% of the country's population on the water of common watersheds, Iran is among the countries that are heavily affected by hydropolitical developments and changes in the world. Additionally, the security of the country's border areas is greatly impacted due to their peripheral location and strong reliance on water from border rivers. Hence, this research investigates the hydropolitics of Iran's border rivers, the indicators and components that influence it, and the security consequences on the border areas. The research utilizes Qualitative method and descriptive-analytic approach, employing Delphi methods, cross-matrix analysis (MICMAC), and ArcGIS software to produce maps.Materials & MethodsBased on the purpose, this research is among the applied research and based on the method, it is among the qualitative research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the Delphi technique and the cross-matrix analysis method. In this research, the authors will analyze the issue by using library resources and written documents related to the topic, while describing and explaining the event, and then while studying the library resources from the questionnaire in order to identify and screen the most important Dimensions and hydropolitical indicators of Iran's border rivers, as well as the effectiveness of the indicators will be used. The statistical population of this research includes experts, custodians and elites of the country in the field of water. In this regard, due to the unlimited statistical population and the lack of official information on the number of experts and elites, it is not possible to use Cochran's formula, and the number of 20 people is considered as the statistical population in this research and they are questioned. . Due to the type of research and not knowing the full number of the statistical population, the sampling method is "targeted sampling" and the snowball sampling method. In order to analyze and analyze data and information, since this research is one of qualitative researches, in addition to the use of library sources and analysis with a descriptive-analytical approach, methods such as Delphi in order to identify dimensions and indicators, as well as the method Cross-matrix analysis will be used in future research of effective hydropolitical strategies. In this research, Arc GIS software is used for map preparation and Micmac software is used for data analysis.Results & DiscussionThe research findings reveal that more than 50 indicators affecting the hydropolitics of border rivers were identified through the use of library resources, the Delphi technique, and a questionnaire. Ultimately, 31 factors were confirmed in the second and third stages of the Delphi process. These 31 factors were categorized into five dimensions: natural factors, human factors, geopolitical factors, military factors, and geo-economic factors by forming an expert team and consulting with professors.The results of the cross-matrix analysis in MICMAC software have shown the indicators of influential, influenceable, target, independent, result indicators, and especially risk indicators in the hydropolitics of Iran's border rivers. Among these, target indicators and especially risk indicators are important strategic indicators. The indicators of the need for drinking water from the border rivers, unemployment, and migration due to water shortage in the areas of the common catchment basins, the relations of the surrounding countries affected by the catchment basins, the existence of a large population of people in the common catchment basins, the construction of dams and mines in the upstream countries, the defense and military situation of Iran's border rivers, the political and geopolitical exploitation of water by the upstream countries, and the activities of evil and terrorist groups in the upstream countries are the most important risk indicators in the hydropolitics of border rivers of Iran.ConclusionFinally, the results show that the most important security consequences of the hydropolitics of border rivers on border areas are in environmental, economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions. The most important of these include ethnic tensions on both sides of the border, smuggling of goods and drugs in the border areas, joining terrorist groups and striving for independence, migration from border areas, reduction of agriculture in border areas, growth of poverty in border areas, and as a result, the growth of crime and the increase in the cost of providing security. Other consequences include ethnic crises due to spatial and ethnic ties, conflicts over water, marginalization and increase in crime, air pollution, drying up of border wetlands, respiratory problems in border areas, the emptying of borders, and the destruction of the environment in border areas.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Asieh Sepahvand; Ali Amiri; Alireaza Sepahvand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an important role in the process of providing security and fighting against the country's threats. In this context, identification of appropriate natural and human factors and criteria in defense-security positioning are important issues in this regard. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study is to analyze the defense-security locating of military bases with emphasis on the Holy Defense period in Kermanshah province. Materials and methodsThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. The tools for collecting data and information are questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population is various military and security experts and experts in specialized fields related to security and political-military issues. Using targeted sampling, 50 experts were selected as samples. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, the exploratory unlimited cointegration rank test and the time series modeler method were used.Results and discussionsIn order to investigate this, the factors and criteria for the defense - security locating of military bases, emphasizing the period of sacred defense, investigated two general categories of natural factors, which included 12 natural criteria, and human factors with 13 human criteria. The results of the research in the field of natural criteria affecting the locating of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that out of the 12 indicators considered for this, six criteria of faulting and seismicity of the region, geographical conditions of the region, topography of the region, unstable lands and occurrence The problems of creep and subsidence, land slope and land type have played an important role in the locating of military bases. In general, the results of the identification of natural criteria showed that the highest level of influence was related to the fault index and seismicity of the region and the lowest level of influence were related to the index of the number of frost days. The results of the research in the field of human criteria affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the 13 indicators considered for human criteria; Six criteria of political and security considerations, the presence of transportation security in the region, distance from urban and rural centers, distance from international borders, lack of settlement in the vicinity of infrastructure and distance from the communication network of main roads play an important role in locating of the military bases. The results showed that the highest level of influence was related to the index of considering military-security considerations in the locating of military centers and the lowest level of influence was related to the index of distance from gas transmission stations and highways.ConclusionFinally, the results of the investigation of the general natural and human factors affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the two groups, the role of the human factor is greater than the natural factor, and the human factors and And human factors and its indicators have been more important in locating military bases in Kermanshah province. Therefore, for the proper locating of military bases, it is necessary to pay attention to the natural and human factors and their criteria so that during the crisis or military attacks, the military bases will suffer the least damage And in order to ensure the security of military equipment and bases and to ensure the security of the entire country, less damage should be done to military equipment and bases. since Kermanshah province is a border province in the west of Iran And the country of Iran has been attacked many times from the region of the western borders, and the most recent one was the war imposed by Iraq against Iran, which is known as the period of sacred defense, Compliance with the principles of defense-security planning is one of the necessities that should be considered more than other non-border provinces.
