Issues of the border regions of the country
Mehdi Safari Namivandi; Seyed Ali Ebadinejad; Mehdi Kazemi; Yahya Ghobadi; Sadegh Yasami
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders to stabilize their country. In the past years, many ethnic, racial and religious groups have lived side by side in unstable political and social frameworks and have lived on the borders. Throughout history, the country's border strips have seen the most significant conflicts and confrontations between governments and nations; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments, so borders have a special place in every country. One of the most difficult tasks of any government is the control and security of political borders, and if this issue is not paid attention to and there are no appropriate plans and solutions, the country's political sovereignty will be threatened. In order to turn threats into opportunities and benefit from conditions and situations in order to maintain security and secure national interests, we must have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the level of border areas and its surrounding spaces. In the meantime, one of the most important measures is planning according to the geomorphological capabilities of the border areas. One of the measures that increase security in the border strip is to identify areas prone to establishing military bases and surveillance centers. Considering that the border strip of Kurdistan province, including Marivan city, has a sensitive location, therefore, in this research, the areas prone to the construction of military bases and observation centers in this city have been identified.
Materials and methods
In this research, according to the subject and objectives, library information, SRTM 30 meters high digital model and digital layers of information have been used as research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS (for the purpose of preparing necessary maps) and Expert Choice (for the implementation of the AHP model). In this research, in order to identify the vulnerable areas of Marivan city against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers, the integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, the parameters used are identified. In the second step, the used parameters are fuzzification. In the third step, using the Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP) and based on the opinions of experts, weight has been given to the information layers and then the obtained weight has been applied to the information layers. In the fourth stage, the layers of information are combined and finally, a map of areas prone to enemy infiltration and areas prone to establishing military bases and observation centers is prepared.
Discussion and results
In this research, in order to identify vulnerable areas against enemy infiltration, 6 parameters of height, slope, field of view, distance from the river, distance from urban areas and distance from military bases have been used. Also, considering that the study area corresponds to the border strip, therefore monitoring and controlling these areas is very important. One of the ways to control and monitor the border areas is to create military bases and observation centers, which has been addressed in this research using 6 parameters. Investigations have shown that Marivan city has a lot of diversity in terms of geomorphology, and this problem has caused its different parts to have different potentials for creating military objectives. Considering the importance of creating security in the border strip, it is necessary to pay attention to the geomorphological capabilities of this city in order to create security in the region. In this research, based on the geomorphological capabilities of Marivan city, vulnerable areas were identified against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers.
Conclusion
According to the results, due to the geomorphological situation of Marivan city, parts of this city lack sufficient visibility and are far from the monitoring and control of military bases, and this problem has caused these areas, which mainly include the southwestern and southern regions. Is a city, have a high vulnerability potential. Also, the results of this research have shown that parts of Marivan city, which mostly correspond to the central areas of the city, have a high potential for building military bases and observation centers. Due to high altitude, low slope, western directions, wide field of view, proximity to main roads and being far from military bases, these areas have high potential for the desired goals. The total results of this research have shown that in locating military bases in Marivan city, geomorphological factors have not been given much attention and it is necessary to establish security in this region, military bases and observation centers. He built a new building in accordance with the geomorphological strength of the region.
Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Asieh Sepahvand; Ali Amiri; Alireaza Sepahvand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionDefense - security issues are always one of the most important factors in planning, and neglecting this important issue can have dire consequences in the national security of a country. So, Choosing the best location and defense-security locating of military bases has an important role in the process of providing security and fighting against the country's threats. In this context, identification of appropriate natural and human factors and criteria in defense-security positioning are important issues in this regard. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study is to analyze the defense-security locating of military bases with emphasis on the Holy Defense period in Kermanshah province. Materials and methodsThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. The tools for collecting data and information are questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population is various military and security experts and experts in specialized fields related to security and political-military issues. Using targeted sampling, 50 experts were selected as samples. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, the exploratory unlimited cointegration rank test and the time series modeler method were used.Results and discussionsIn order to investigate this, the factors and criteria for the defense - security locating of military bases, emphasizing the period of sacred defense, investigated two general categories of natural factors, which included 12 natural criteria, and human factors with 13 human criteria. The results of the research in the field of natural criteria affecting the locating of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that out of the 12 indicators considered for this, six criteria of faulting and seismicity of the region, geographical conditions of the region, topography of the region, unstable lands and occurrence The problems of creep and subsidence, land slope and land type have played an important role in the locating of military bases. In general, the results of the identification of natural criteria showed that the highest level of influence was related to the fault index and seismicity of the region and the lowest level of influence were related to the index of the number of frost days. The results of the research in the field of human criteria affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the 13 indicators considered for human criteria; Six criteria of political and security considerations, the presence of transportation security in the region, distance from urban and rural centers, distance from international borders, lack of settlement in the vicinity of infrastructure and distance from the communication network of main roads play an important role in locating of the military bases. The results showed that the highest level of influence was related to the index of considering military-security considerations in the locating of military centers and the lowest level of influence was related to the index of distance from gas transmission stations and highways.ConclusionFinally, the results of the investigation of the general natural and human factors affecting the location of military bases in Kermanshah province showed that among the two groups, the role of the human factor is greater than the natural factor, and the human factors and And human factors and its indicators have been more important in locating military bases in Kermanshah province. Therefore, for the proper locating of military bases, it is necessary to pay attention to the natural and human factors and their criteria so that during the crisis or military attacks, the military bases will suffer the least damage And in order to ensure the security of military equipment and bases and to ensure the security of the entire country, less damage should be done to military equipment and bases. since Kermanshah province is a border province in the west of Iran And the country of Iran has been attacked many times from the region of the western borders, and the most recent one was the war imposed by Iraq against Iran, which is known as the period of sacred defense, Compliance with the principles of defense-security planning is one of the necessities that should be considered more than other non-border provinces.
Territorial conditions and security of border areas
kamyar Emami; Hamid Ganjaeian
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe importance of the issue of security has caused the protection of borders and the defense of border areas to be considered by the rulers in all historical periods, and in a way, the protection of borders means the continuation of the governance system of each country. ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionThe importance of the issue of security has caused the protection of borders and the defense of border areas to be considered by the rulers in all historical periods, and in a way, the protection of borders means the continuation of the governance system of each country. Throughout history, all countries have faced some degree of insecurity, chaos, crisis and border wars to stabilize their country. Many ethnic, racial, and religious groups have coexisted in turbulent political and social contexts in recent years and have lived on borders. Iran has been one of the countries whose borders have been in turmoil in recent years. In fact, Iran's borders have historically seen the most tangible state-nation conflicts; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments. Iran's geographical location and the political situation of neighboring countries, along with the intervention of foreigners, have caused us to witness various tensions in the country's border strip in recent years, including Iran's eastern borders. One of the eastern border areas of the country that has faced tension in recent years is the borders of Khorasan Razavi province. In view of the above, the development of military infrastructure in the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province is very important. Due to the fact that the border strip of this province is not uniform in terms of environmental conditions, so the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure, including military bases and observation posts, is very important in this study. Been paid.Materials and methodsIn this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, descriptive-analytical methods as well as an integrated model of fuzzy logic and network analysis (ANP) have been used. The research data include a 30 m high SRTM digital model, 1: 50000 topographic maps and information layer related to the population points located in the study area. The most important tool used in this research is ArcGIS software. In this research, fuzzy logic and ANP models have been used to identify areas prone to military infrastructure development. According to the objectives, this research has been done in two stages. In this first stage, in order to analyze the role of geomorphological factors in the security of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province, a map of elevation status and geomorphological units of this region has been prepared. In the second stage, using 8 parameters including slope, slope direction, field of view, altitude, distance from the river, distance from the communication road, distance from the border and distance from population points, as well as a combined model of fuzzy logic and ANP to identify areas prone to development. Military infrastructure (including military bases and reconnaissance) is discussed.Discussion and resultsThe study of the geomorphological status of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province indicates that the border strip of this province has a high geomorphological diversity. The border strip of Khorasan Razavi province consists of 4 units of mountains, slopes, plains and alluvial fans, as well as hills. The mountain unit mostly includes the northern border strip of this province, which leads to the border of Turkmenistan. Due to its high altitude as well as being difficult to cross, this unit can play an important role in controlling the border strip as well as monitoring other areas. Therefore, one of the strengths of the northern borders of Khorasan Razavi province is the existence of a high mountain range and difficult to cross. Mahour hill unit is scattered in the border strip of this province, which has a lower height and slope than the mountain unit. Due to fewer obstacles and more visibility, this unit has a high potential for the establishment of military facilities, including military bases. The slope unit is located between the mountains and the plain, which has a high potential for military purposes, including various defense sites, because a large part of these slopes have eastern slope directions. However, the plain and alluvial fan unit, which is mostly located on the border with Afghanistan, can be vulnerable due to fewer geomorphological obstacles. Although this unit has a high potential for military transport and other military purposes, it is more vulnerable than other units. According to the mentioned cases, the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province has a great variety of geomorphology and each of its parts has different potential for different purposes.ConclusionThe results of the study of the geomorphology of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have shown that this province has a high geomorphological diversity and this issue has caused the defense capability in different areas of the border strip of this province is not the same. Also, based on the results, the border strip of this province has a big difference in terms of environmental parameters, so the potential of each region for different military and civilian activities is different. Considering that in this research, the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure has been considered with emphasis on military bases and observation posts, so the desired parameters have been defined in accordance with the objectives of the research and based on these parameters have been identified as areas prone to the development of military infrastructure. Based on the results, parts of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for the development of military infrastructure and parts of it have a high vulnerability. According to the results, the northern regions of the border strip of this province, due to having a wide field of view, high altitude, the presence of slopes and directions of the eastern slope, have the highest potential to establish military bases and observation posts, as well as middle areas. Due to the lack of a wide field of view, low altitude and being located in the plain unit, this province has little potential for the development of military infrastructure (military bases and observation posts). Due to the above, the middle areas of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for vulnerability, so it is necessary to make the necessary plans to control and monitor these areas.
Alireza Soleimani; Ahmad Aftab; Ali Majnoony Tootakhaneh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, as well as the flourishing of talents, and social development. Creativity and valuable activity are not possible without security. The negative effects of border areas’ insecurity in the villages are more than cities. Because, rural areas are more vulnerable due to the developmental gap between villages and cities. Due to the vulnerability of the border villages, it is necessary to ensure the security of the villages through passive defense measures. West Azerbaijan Province with 980 km of common land border with Iraq, Turkey and the Republic of Azerbaijan and possessing ethnic cultural diversities has not been an exception to this rule. The conditions of the eight years of the imposed war, the crises of the neighboring countries of Iraq, Azerbaijan and ethnic conflicts in Turkey have caused insecurity in the geographical boundaries of the West Azerbaijani province. In this regard, the present research investigates the spatial structure and assessment of the vulnerability of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with an emphasis on passive defense approach. Materials & Methods The study area includes parts of West Azerbaijan province which is bordered by Turkey and includes the cities of Maku, Chaldoran, Khoy, Salmas and Urmia, and 1259 villages with a population of 568843. The main method of this research is descriptive-analytical. In order to carry out the spatial analysis of the rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with regard to the passive defense approach, the eight major criteria (water resources, natural hazards, landforms, security considerations, climate, demographic considerations, access to facilities, land quality) were selected with 17 sub-criteria based on internal and external sources investigation. Then, using the network analysis process, the amount of importance coefficients of the criteria have been determined. In the next stage, the information layers were produced by the GIS in proportion to the indicators, and were integrated with regard to the capabilities of the GIS, and the extent of the vulnerability of settlements was extracted through the overlapping of the information layers. Results & Discussion Based on the results, security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest effect and significance. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border has the highest role with the rate of 0.1021. Demographic considerations with a score of 0.232, and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand next with respect to the importance. In the cluster of demographic considerations, population density with a score of 0.0231, and in the cluster of environmental hazards, the distance from the flood-prone areas with a score of 0.0078 have had the highest effect. Among the main criteria examined, the quality of land and water resources are the least important with the importance rate of 0.019 and 0.026, respectively. Based on the results obtained, 17.9% of the study area was found to be a highly vulnerable zone. 123 villages with 8.3% of the population of the study area are located in this zone. The zone with the high vulnerability covers 17.5% of the area. 243 villages with 18% of the population are located in this zone. Conclusion The overall results of this research showed that by adopting a passive defense approach, the natural and human threats of border rural areas could be reduced. In this regard, in this research, in order to analyze the spatial structure of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with a passive defense approach, eight major criteria were identified. Security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest significance and impact on analyzing the rural settlements of the border areas of Iran and Turkey in terms of passive defense. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border with the rate of 0.1021 has the highest role with respect to the passive defense approach. In the next stage, demographic considerations with a score of 0.232 and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand in terms of importance. Given these findings, the following solutions are proposed: • Identifying and eliminating the damages caused by the proximity of villages to the border point and the observation of the transboundary threats. • Creating job diversification among the border villages to reduce rural dependency on land. • Promoting the role and functions of border cities, including mid-range cities, in comprehensive rural development. • Encouraging people to stay in villages through investing in rural infrastructure. • Enhancement of the presence of military and law enforcement forces at the border level.
Esmail Shieh; Shaghayegh Sharafi
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
Today with the development of urbanism and evolution of the citizen’s residential patterns, the quality of children presence in public arenas and recreational areas, their interaction with groups of children of the same age in these areas have been effected due to security problems and increasing ...
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Today with the development of urbanism and evolution of the citizen’s residential patterns, the quality of children presence in public arenas and recreational areas, their interaction with groups of children of the same age in these areas have been effected due to security problems and increasing level of vulnerability in these areas. This has resulted in the confinement of children to the house environment, and children have limited opportunity for exploring themselves and experiencing the natural environment.
The present article seeks to investigate effective factors in the security of children recreational areas. Study is performed in Niavaran district and Niavaran Park. Statistical group consists of 9591 residents of Niavaran district. Statistical sample were analyzed using standard deviation, sampling methods, and by distributing questionnaires between 95 people (about 1 percent of statistical group).
Three research questions were proposed: How much does the design of playgrounds, equipment in the play grounds, and its environmental features influence the children security? Variables were included in the questionnaires with Likert spectrum.
Results indicate that the design of play grounds plays an important role in children safety. Variables like hidden and insecure corners, playground distinction, how the playground is equipped, lighting and material used in playground floor are more effective. Moreover, the equipment used in playground and the security of equipment have an important role in children security. Environmental features are also somehow important in children security. In this regard, trusting playground, increasing visibility, and marginal and active land usages have a more significant role.
Hojjat Mahkuei; Shahla Hasani
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 14-23
Abstract
Regarding the level of technological development industrial and postindustrial countries have reached, it is hard to believe that once in this planet human beings could not even satisfy their basic needs, such as building a safe shelter. In the third millennium, access to information has resulted in ...
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Regarding the level of technological development industrial and postindustrial countries have reached, it is hard to believe that once in this planet human beings could not even satisfy their basic needs, such as building a safe shelter. In the third millennium, access to information has resulted in the development of technology and has changed human life to a large degree. Nowadays, international power is a consequence of countries capabilities in exploiting their geographical environments; the way countries exploit their geopolitical situation creates an opportunity to appear powerfully in international realms. Superior technology is an important factor in securing countries against attacks or threatening other countries in preemptive wars. Superpowers such as USA possesses technologies and developed systems such as HARP. HARP is a research project apparently used for investigating and exploring ionosphere layer and underground mines (using ELF/ULF/VLF radio waves). But in reality, “a project with star war technology” has been launched to complete building a new weapon.
The present article takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method and investigates HARP system using library and internet resources. This article aims to explore HARP system as a superior technology United States of America possesses and can use as a destructive or constructive weapon. Results indicate that the system has not been used for constructive purposes.
Hossein HatamiNejad; Baber Mansoori; Mohammad Feli
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 68-76
Abstract
With the increasing urbanism in many regions of the world, the insufficiencies and problems of urban life have increased especially in developing countries. Increasing crime and insecurity in cities can be identified as one of these problems. Many sociologists and urban planners agree on the role of ...
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With the increasing urbanism in many regions of the world, the insufficiencies and problems of urban life have increased especially in developing countries. Increasing crime and insecurity in cities can be identified as one of these problems. Many sociologists and urban planners agree on the role of urban texture and urban environments in preventing and decreasing crimes and have proposed related designing principles and necessary guidelines. The present article clarifies the role of urban spaces in crime prevention and in creating a secure environment for citizens, using a descriptive-analytic method, secondary resources and different theories proposed by sociologists and urban planners.
Ali Jozi Khamselooei; Hoda Javaheran
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 87-92
Abstract
The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, ...
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The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, designing a defensible urban space is one of the most important topics in securing metropolises. These spaces may include designing secure residential spaces, integrating public spaces with different land uses (commercial centers, governmental offices and other important organizations), controlling population density in important urban areas in different time periods and improving transportation systems and crisis management. With access to comprehensive information and general data, we can prepare a map of urban crisis and improve urban security and safety by implementation of optimal solutions. The pattern of spatial changes in cities and the framework of urban land use are among the most important issues in urban security and safety which indicate the importance of passive defense planning. Urban spatial planning is among the most important leverages which shows the vulnerability of different urban areas in the case of natural and human crisis in different time and locations. Urban security and safety depends on very complex patterns of density related causes and multiple effects. The complexity of these patterns suggests that providing simple commentaries and describing specific causes have a limited value in optimizing urban security and safety. The present article seeks to evaluate the role of passive defense in providing and optimizing security of metropolises, and suggests fundamental strategies for decreasing secondary crisis (after the occurrence of primary crisis such as flood, earthquake, fire and urban chaos. It seems that the passive defense approach is a new strategic view in establishing the security of metropolises and building a healthy and secure city.
Seyyed Ali Ebadinejad; Ali Osanlou
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 57-59
Abstract
The lack of active participation of the police in the urban planning process is one of the problems that the country's police now face, and this itself leads to a series of problems, including inappropriate location of police stations and offices, regardless of the three basic factors of geography, population ...
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The lack of active participation of the police in the urban planning process is one of the problems that the country's police now face, and this itself leads to a series of problems, including inappropriate location of police stations and offices, regardless of the three basic factors of geography, population and crimes. This problem is rooted in the attitude of the top managers of the Naja (Iran’s police force) and the country, while the city is the most important venue for police missions. The purpose of this article is to study the causes of the emergence of this problem, and further provide and mention grounds for police involvement in urban planning, so that a suitable solution can be devised to end this situation.
Bahman Kargar
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 19-25
Abstract
Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects ...
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Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects and suffer from every kind of conflicts and irregularities have led to appearance of all-out damages, so that they seem unable to supervise and control irregular behaviors and make human environments safe for different social groups in any of social, cultural and economic aspects. This is why they are basically considered unsafe environments
In this regard, urban security is one of the important scientific, technical, practical and official matters that is now examined as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive field in terms of urban sociology, laws, geography and police-security sciences, and deals with the destiny of the body of citizens, the totality of social and economic system of the country and the city, and specially the large-scale security issues.
Tehran, the two-hundred-year-old capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has assumed a multi-lateral character in political, cultural and economic terms through various historical stages. This has led to heavy concentration of population and economic and cultural activities, as well as vast physical development.
This situation has caused lack of coordination among activities, population, space, infrastructures and security equipment, so that Tehran has become the hotpot of urban crimes and insecurity among all the cities of Iran. The increasing growth and vertical and horizontal extension of Tehran, especially after the Revolution, as well as initial migrations after Iran-Iraq war, caused to the emergence of social, economic and housing issues that led to a major gap between the police’s limited potentials and the increase and breadth of crimes and new criminal equipment.
Concentration of crimes is not the same at all twenty two districts of Tehran. In this paper, the city of Tehran and the security issues concerning the daily-increasing physical and demographic development of this city have been studied, and the Ozgol 164 police station and its area of activity, which includes districts 4, 5, 6, and 10, have been investigated as a case study.
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