Madjid Montazeri; Leyla Dadkhah
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 89-91
Abstract
Dust has always been one of the most important environmental hazards and it leaves adverse environmental consequences. The present article seeks to identify and analyze dusty days’ trend in Bushehr station during the last 55 years.
In this regard, monthly and annual statistical data of dusty days ...
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Dust has always been one of the most important environmental hazards and it leaves adverse environmental consequences. The present article seeks to identify and analyze dusty days’ trend in Bushehr station during the last 55 years.
In this regard, monthly and annual statistical data of dusty days in Bushehr station between 1951 and 2005 was applied. First, normality test was performed using Ncss and homogeneity test was performed using Runs Test. After proving data abnormality, nonparametric test of Mann-Kendall was chosen.
Findings indicate that except for June, other months show an increasing trend of dusty days even in annual scale. Noteworthy, the increasing trend in cold months is more obvious than warm months of the year so that March and November with respectively 3.71 and 4.4 show an increasing trend in 99.9 percent significant level.
Bahman Kargar; Hamid Bahira'ii; Mohammad Ali Rajaee Rizi
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 91-93
Abstract
The current situation in realms of economy, society, culture or in the area of assessing social influences may be considered inappropriate and thus different actions have been performed to improve the situation. Accordingly, different forms of development, like economic development, social development ...
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The current situation in realms of economy, society, culture or in the area of assessing social influences may be considered inappropriate and thus different actions have been performed to improve the situation. Accordingly, different forms of development, like economic development, social development and/or political development occur.
But, people generally only recognize economic development. Societies take 3 types of actions to reach economic development:
Policy making, designing plans and implementing projects
Policies have a general and software-like nature. They are usually holistic. All developmental policies, plans and projects are generally called developmental action.
Annually, multiple policies, tens and hundreds of plans and thousands of projects are designed and implemented with the aim of realizing development-i.e. improving the current situations which are considered inappropriate. Developmental actions seem to have a technological nature and up to 3 decades ago experts ignored the social nature of development and its diverse influences on people’s life.
It has been proven for about 3 decades that developmental actions do not simply have technical dimensions and apart from the negative influences they have on people’s lives, their success in reaching their goals depends on some social variables. Nowadays, we know that the success of developmental actions usually requires considering social preconditions.
Every year, many dames are constructed and people living in the dam reservoir area will be forced to leave the area. Many irrigation channels are built and their rural applicant complain about construction charges and the fact that they cannot efficiently use them. Governments plan and implement diverse policies to appropriately control fuel consumption, targeting subsidies, giving financial and credit facilities, transferring natural resources, building refineries and oil/gas facilities, developing tourism, constructing roads and performing projects like railroad, pipe lines and many other actions which all affect people’s lives.
Hossein Hataminejad; Mehrdad Karami; Fariad Parhiz
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 91-97
Abstract
Growing urban population, unpreparedness of urban areas to respond to the needs of community and partial views and trends of planning have led to serious economic, social, environmental and physical problems in the cities. Hundreds of millions of poor people today have very few options for their lives ...
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Growing urban population, unpreparedness of urban areas to respond to the needs of community and partial views and trends of planning have led to serious economic, social, environmental and physical problems in the cities. Hundreds of millions of poor people today have very few options for their lives in unsafe, unsanitary towns lacking basic facilities. Based on this, City Development Strategy (CDS) was developed by the Coalition for Cities to resolve some of these issues.The urban development strategy is an effective approach to create collective decision-making processes in developing countries and to reduce the overall poverty level and ensure sustainable development. This paper uses descriptive-analytical method to examine first the attitudes of the Coalition for Cities and then the practical experiences of city development strategy (CDS) in the world. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the CDS experiences in the world in order to help urban planners to improve the quality of life and residence of citizens. In this research, the practical experiences of CDS in Phnom Penh, Shen Yang, Amman and Urada, Santo Andre have been analyzed.
Jamal Mohammadi; Hamid Reza Rakhshani Nasab
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 91-95
Abstract
The paths of three urban amusement parks in different locations in Istanbul were evaluated by students of the University of Istanbul in three separate sites for examination of security, landscape quality, or both. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of personal safety in urban recreational ...
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The paths of three urban amusement parks in different locations in Istanbul were evaluated by students of the University of Istanbul in three separate sites for examination of security, landscape quality, or both. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of personal safety in urban recreational parks and indicates whether there is a sufficient assurance through useful studies of using such a judgment in recognizing the effect of the feeling of safety in the park's designed areas to see the relationship between the sense of safety and the appearance and visual charms of the urban parks? The results of the research show that there is a strong relationship between visible parts, aesthetics and observed security in the three studied parks. Other research findings show that there is a weak correlation between visible safety and beauty.
Hamid Reza Varesi; Maryam Askari
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 92-98
Abstract
Recently, city services have faced many problems and issues due to rapid increase in urbanism and lack of a codified system of planning and management in different cities. Irregular and hasty population growth results in heterogeneous constructions without correct urban planning and distribution of facilities ...
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Recently, city services have faced many problems and issues due to rapid increase in urbanism and lack of a codified system of planning and management in different cities. Irregular and hasty population growth results in heterogeneous constructions without correct urban planning and distribution of facilities and services in a way that makes it impossible for everyone to take advantage of economic, environmental facilities. This results in the centralization of specific institutional-political and economic land use in specific urban areas. Residential areas are also an important part of urban land use and the largest area in most cities is allocated to them. They also face problems like shortage and lack of clear standards in buildings, disregard of quantitative and qualitative household indexes, shortage and costliness of urban lands, materials, establishment in inappropriate places and etc. Thus considering issues and problems facing urban household, an analysis and evaluation of the present house hold situation in different neighborhoods of Ilam was necessary for appropriate planning, qualitative and quantitative improvement of households and preventing irreparable damages.
In order to identify different insufficiencies in neighborhoods, it was necessary to collect information using questionnaire and analyze them using SPSS and Excel.
Results indicate that different urban neighborhoods have different qualitative and quantitative indexes, they have different level of access to urban facilities and services and their appearance is completely different. So that among 16 neighborhoods, suburban areas including 3 neighborhoods do not have access to the least household possibilities and standards. It is assumed that other neighborhoods have better situations and there is a significant relation between income level and the household quality.
Hossein Asakareh; Mohammad Savari
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 92-96
Abstract
According to statistics thousands of people die or become disabled in road accidents every year. Several factors may play a role in the occurrence of accidents, among which are road geometric design, environmental conditions and human factors. Among the environmental factors that affect the safety and ...
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According to statistics thousands of people die or become disabled in road accidents every year. Several factors may play a role in the occurrence of accidents, among which are road geometric design, environmental conditions and human factors. Among the environmental factors that affect the safety and sustainability of transportation, we can mention the role of climatic phenomena such as precipitation, wind, temperature, fog, dust and humidity. The axis of Ahwaz-Susangerd, 55 km long, is among the main roads linking to Hamidieh, Susangerd, Hoveizeh and Bostan through Ahwaz. In this study, the analysis of road accidents has been conducted with climatic attitude and in order to investigate the relationship between spatial distribution of accidents and elements-climatic phenomena such as precipitation, fog and dust, temperature, humidity and wind. In order to investigate the role of climatic phenomena in the occurrence of accidents, the hourly meteorological data of Ahwaz, Abadan, Bostan and Hamidieh weather stations have been used and the meteorological situation of the moment of accident has been extracted through interpolation of these data. Also, police information of road accidents has been used. The road map of Southwest of Khuzestan with a scale of 250,000: 1 has been selected as the base map. Using these data for a three-year period (2005-2007), a map of dispersion of accidents in different atmospheric conditions is provided. Based on the results from the maps of accident risk, the highest probability of accident risk during rain falls is in 9, 16, 21, 22 and 25, fog and dust in 10, 29, 35 and 49, the maximum temperature in 20, 25, 35, 43 and 49, wind in 10, 21, 22 and 43, and humidity in 9, 35, 45 and 50 kilometers of the road.
Arman Gheisvandi
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 95-96
Abstract
Today, we are facing with the ever-increasing advances in remote sensing and aerial photography and satellite imagery, with the increasing use of remote sensing and GIS in environmental planning, especially in various branches of natural sciences and earth sciences. In this paper, we have tried to examine ...
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Today, we are facing with the ever-increasing advances in remote sensing and aerial photography and satellite imagery, with the increasing use of remote sensing and GIS in environmental planning, especially in various branches of natural sciences and earth sciences. In this paper, we have tried to examine the role and application of satellite imagery in environmental studies. GIS can be considered a high-level mapping product. The term "GIS" has been used in recent years as synonymous with the rapidly emerging technology for the processing of spatial data. GIS can be defined as a powerful set of computer tools for collecting, storing, restoring, transmitting and displaying spatial data from the real world for specific purposes.
Iman Ghalandarian Golekhatmi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 102-105
Abstract
Different elements are involved in user’s transportation choice. Land use is one of these influential elements. The present article investigates the impact of different urban land use factors (like density, local access, street connections, composition of the land uses, pedestrian-center) on traveling ...
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Different elements are involved in user’s transportation choice. Land use is one of these influential elements. The present article investigates the impact of different urban land use factors (like density, local access, street connections, composition of the land uses, pedestrian-center) on traveling behaviors (like using personal car, transportation without car). This information is especially appropriate for evaluating transportation policies and their influences. Policies like intelligent growth, new urbanism and access management help in realizing plans of transportation planning.
Mohammad Khoshniyyat
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 102-109
Abstract
Human beings have always sought to find ways for coping with their routine life issues and predict future plans which guarantee their future and enable them to exploit surrounding space in the best possible way. Therefore, they innovated and created new things to accomplish their goals and realize their ...
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Human beings have always sought to find ways for coping with their routine life issues and predict future plans which guarantee their future and enable them to exploit surrounding space in the best possible way. Therefore, they innovated and created new things to accomplish their goals and realize their fantasies.
We can refer to the invention of computer and subsequently Internet as some of the instances which have caused a wonderful change in the world.
Now, we face a situation in which different countries, even the small and unimportant ones, have passed traditional and old methods and reached towards planning large-scale economic goals with a special emphasis on information technology and e-tourism to attract customers and exploit its enormous benefits for the economic development of their countries.
Due to rich cultural, artistic, historical and climatic resources, our country possesses a huge potential in attracting tourists which with a purposeful planning and appropriate introduction of potentials in tourism, can provide the requirements for employment and economic flourishing.
The present article considers nature and concept of electronic tourism and focuses on different dimensions of this kind of tourism. Results indicate that regarding abundant potentials in tourism and numerous technical, technological and human force possibilities, Iran must use tourism development, especially electronic tourism, to reach economic and social sustainable development.
Seyyed Hossein Mousavi; Zahra Heydari Monfared; Shahab Shafie
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Identifying the patterns and synoptic models that create instability and precipitation in the region is necessary. If the systems that come into the area, contain the appropriate thermodynamic structure, i.e. of high volatility, with appropriate heat and humidity, make ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Identifying the patterns and synoptic models that create instability and precipitation in the region is necessary. If the systems that come into the area, contain the appropriate thermodynamic structure, i.e. of high volatility, with appropriate heat and humidity, make good rainfall in the region. Thunder storms along with subsidiary phenomena arising from them, such as hailstones, are one of the violent manifestations of nature. In the North West of the country due to geographical conditions in addition to synoptic systems (front cold low pressure systems), instability of local causes urinals (in this instability rising moist air causes rain too) and sometimes because of both the (synoptic system and local instability) heavy showers and hail occur. Thus, in the present research, in order to obtain hailstone risk management in north western part of the country and to reduce damages deriving from it, the evaluation of this destructive phenomenon has been taken into consideration using instability indices.
Materials and methods
The data used in this study included daily information related to hail of the country's North West region from 25 synoptic stations. Codes of hail (27, 90, 87, 93, 94, 96 and 99) of 100 Codes of Group VII (ww air now) were extracted from the data of the listed stations. In order to detect thermodynamic conditions of the occurrence of this phenomenon during a 18 year statistical period (1992-2009), instability indices, 230 cases of the occurrence of Skew T log P, and glacial levels of PWC, T.T, V.T, C.T, KI, SW, LI, SI hailstone atmospheric climatic diagrams of Tabriz and Kermanshah provinces’ stations to thorough covering of the region were extracted from the Wyoming University website of the United States of America and were studied.
Findings
Evaluating and comparing the instability indices of days of hail in the North West with the above table, the following conclusions emerged: the values of SI on all days of sampling except on 22 April 1994, 22 April and 29 May 2003, 27 January 2004, 19 May 2005 and 21 November 2009, about 9/73% of the days selected are larger than 4. LI values greater than zero on all days have been evaluated. It means the observed figures on the proposed figure of 100% are contrary to international indicators. SW values in all the days to the days of April 22, 1994, February 11, 2003, April 27, 2005 and November 21, 2009, about 6/82 are less than 150% of study days. Index values are less than 43 days T.T on December 18, 1993, February 11, 1997, January 16 and 6 March and 4 May 1998, 18 February 1998, 23 January and 27 April 2005, respectively. In other words, it can be noted that about 8/34% of observation days is contrary to the global indices. Days of less than 15, KI includes 30.4% of the studied days. it means on December 18, 1993, February 11 and March 8, 1997, January 16 and 6 March and 4 May 1998 and 23 January 2005, CT values of about 39% of studied days on December 18, 1993, April 22, 1994, February 11 and 3, 1997, January 16 and 6 March and 4 may 1998, 8 February 1999 and 29 may 2003 were lower. V.T index also includes amounts less than 25 days of December 18, 1993, February 11, 1997, January 16, 6 March 4, 1998, February 8, 1999, is April 4, 2002 and January 23, 2005. In other words, about 8/34% of studied days are incompatible with global indices figures.
Conclusion
The results obtained from all of the aforementioned indices were compared with the atmospheric instability standards and were evaluated. In this study, some contradictions between observatory and predicted values were discerned and finally, instability indices of the region were determined as follows:
SI ≤ 20.71, LI ≤ 16.63, SW≤ 19.99, KI ≤ 14.30, CT ≤ 11.50, V.T≤ 24.70 and T.T ≤ 41.80
Moreover, it was observed that atmospheric instability of the region has aggravated in recent years, so that SI and LI indices have approached zero in the past few years and other indices have each ascended one millimeter towards their maximum thresholds. Additionally, glacial level in the hailstone days under study fluctuates between 850 to 650 Hectopascal, i.e. between the altitude of 1393 and 3788 meters. This level increases in the hot months of the year.
Fakhraldin Shaikhi; Zabihallah Masoudinia; Mahdi Gholamalifard; Mohsen Mirzaii; Rasoul Mousavi Bidli
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Information on archeology and the distribution of ancient sites for the possibility of analyzing the past societies and the remaining remnants of them is of particular importance. But unfortunately, our information about ancient sites and their pattern of distribution is often accompanied ...
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Abstract[1]
Information on archeology and the distribution of ancient sites for the possibility of analyzing the past societies and the remaining remnants of them is of particular importance. But unfortunately, our information about ancient sites and their pattern of distribution is often accompanied by flaws and uncertainty.In the present study, statistical techniques and geographic information systems have been used to obtain the relationship between environmental variables (including: distance from springs, distance from permanent rivers, distance from aqueducts and wells, distance from bridle paths and distance from cemeteries) which have decisive and influential on the pattern of human population distribution in different ages.Among the statistical techniques, the weight-evidence functions are able to use the knowns and the unknowns of the user about the occurrence of a phenomenon (ancient locations and sites) and by processing hypotheses from the knowns and limiting the hypotheses cases where there is no accurate knowledge and finally the weight composition of the inputs, display the information defect in the final results.ROC statistics were used to assess the accuracy of modeling.To evaluate the accuracy of modeling, ROC statistics have been used and the results of the research indicate that this model has the ability to predict favorable areas of unknown ancient locations and sites in Boroujen and Lordegan in provinces of ChaharmahalvaBakhtiari province (ROC=0.89).This approach is an appropriate solution for decision making and management in the field of archaeological research and the results of this research can be used for the management and planning of surveys, and archaeological excavations, prioritizing the existing susceptible areas in terms of ancient importance and ultimately saving on time and economic costs.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Kamal Omidvar; Reza Ebrahimi; Ahmad Mazidi; Teymur Alizadeh
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Increasing demand for energy against the reduction of comprehensive energy resources along with the consequences of global warming, make the importance of a quantitative review of changes in the need for cooling, heating of the country in the past and in the future decades essential. First, ...
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Abstract[1]
Increasing demand for energy against the reduction of comprehensive energy resources along with the consequences of global warming, make the importance of a quantitative review of changes in the need for cooling, heating of the country in the past and in the future decades essential. First, the overall atmospheric circulation data was extracted from the EH5OM database. These data were under the A1B scenario of the International Climate Change Board and were downscaled with regional climate model data of average daily temperature of 0.27 x 0.27 degree, which covers approximately 30 x30 kilometer dimensions of Iran in the time interval of (2015-2050). The average daily temperature data of the past period were extracted from the ISFZARI databases during the statistical period of (1970-1970) on cells measuring 15 x 15 km. throughout the country. The temperature threshold of 11 degrees was used to calculate the heating degree day and the threshold of 18.3 to calculate the cooling degree day. The monthly average of these parameters was obtained on a matrix of 12 × 2140 (future) and 7187 * 12 (past), in which the rows represent the time (month of the year) and the columns represent the locations of the cells. Then the monthly average map of both periods was drawn and interpreted. The results indicate that the cooling of the air in the coming decades compared to the previous period in January and December in most parts of the country except for the coastal areas and the hinterlands, and the warming of the air in most parts of the country in the warm months of the year (June, July, August) will have significant effects on the amount of energy used for heating and cooling.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mostafa Karampoor; Zahra ZareiCheghabaleki; Mansour Halimi; Mostafa Nouroozi Mirza
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Many ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over tens to thousands of years. In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Human activities have led to carbon dioxide concentrations above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century, the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for the lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in the highest emissions scenario. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.
Climate change is one of the main challenges that human being has faced since the 19th century. Anthropogenic changes in climate which leads to global warming and various side effects occurred and affected human life. The global warming leads to some significant changes in environmental, ecological and economic conditions. The spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation colony and various biodiversity dynamics are also related to global warming. One of the main signal of global warming is the significant trends and changes in some climatic factors such as monthly, daily and annual temperature and rainfall. The spatial dynamics of climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall could also be related to global warming. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rainfall variations in different altitude ranges in Iran.
Precipitation varies from year to year and over decades, and changes in amount, intensity, frequency, and type (e.g. snow vs. rain) affect the environment and society. Steady moderate rains soak into the soil and benefit plants, while the same amounts of rainfall in a short period of time may cause local flooding and runoff, leaving soils much drier at the end of the day. Snow may remain on the ground for some months before it melts and runs off. Even with identical amounts, the climate can be very different if the frequency and intensity of precipitation differ, as illustrated, and in general the climate is changing from being more like that at Station (Stn) to that at Stn A. These examples highlight the fact that the characteristics of precipitation are just as vital as the amount, in terms of the effects on the soil moisture and stream flow. Hydrological extreme events are typically defined as floods and droughts. Floods are associated with extremes in rainfall (from tropical storms, thunderstorms, orographic rainfall, widespread extra-tropical cyclones, etc.), while droughts are associated with a lack of precipitation and often extremely high temperatures that contribute to drying. Floods are often fairly local and develop on short time scales, while droughts are extensive and develop over months or years. Both can be mitigated; floods by good drainage systems and drought by irrigation, for instance. Nonetheless, daily newspaper headlines of floods and droughts reflect the critical importance of the water cycle, in particular precipitation, in human affairs. World flood damage estimates are in the billions of U.S. dollars annually, with 1000s of lives lost; while drought costs are of similar magnitude and often lead to devastating wildfires and heat waves. The loss of life and property from extreme hydrological events has therefore caused society to focus on the causes and predictability of these events. Tropical cyclones typically have the highest property damage loss of any extreme event, and are therefore of great interest to state and local disaster preparedness organizations, as well as to the insurance industry.
Materials & Methods
The data of annual rainfall of 22 synoptic stations has been investigated during 1992 to 2012. First, we sorted these stations based on the altitude ranges into 4 classes, namely: Less than 500 meter, 500 to 1000 meters, 1000 to 1500 and more than 1500 meter above sea level. We used Man-Kendal’s nonparametric trend analysis test to detect any significant trend at 95 and 99 confidence levels (P value= 0.05 and 0.01, respectively).
Discussion and Results
The results indicated that the highest rainfall decrease was observed at the elevations below 500 meters, especially in March and in the annual scale. The highest precipitation at the elevations of 500 to 1000 meters was observed in the months of March, May and October, with the highest drop in rainfall at 1000 to 1500 meters in February and June. On the annual scale, all stations showed a negative trend in rainfall. Many stations, including Maragheh, Maku, Mahabad, Urmia and Birjand, showed a significant decrease in annual scale. The results of this study showed that elevations above 1000 meters have a higher relative stability in rainfall, while rainfall at stations below 500 meter elevations have a more time variability.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the monthly and annual rainfall of stations located at elevations below 1000 meters have had greater and more significant changes than the rest of the stations. Thus, it can be said that the climate change has been more noticeable in the stations of this class.
Nafiseh Rezapour Andabili; Marzieh Alikhah Asl
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Evaluation of ecological potential is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. Aqdagh protected area with a total area of 93889 hectares is located south of Ardebil province (south of Khalkhal ...
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Abstract[1]
Evaluation of ecological potential is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. Aqdagh protected area with a total area of 93889 hectares is located south of Ardebil province (south of Khalkhal city) and north of Zanjan province. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of forestry use in the protected area of Aqdagh and to assess the current adaptation of forestry use to the ecological potential of the area for the above mentioned uses. The process of ecological potential assessment in this study consists of three main parts that after ecological resource identification, analyzing and aggregating the data, ecological potential has been determined in the study area. The information layers used in this study are: soil, climate, vegetation, landform, hydrology and land use. Studies show that the forestry potential has been with a total area of 11293.5 hectares and the results indicate that forestry classes 1, 2 and 7 are absent due to the biophysical status and especially the altitudes and climate of the region, so that only forestry classes 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present in the study basin. Use patterns of the identified forest classes are consistent with the assessment of their potentials in the region and they also have forest uses in the current situation,however, the forest class 6 currently has pasture use and of the four forestry classes in the region,the share of the forest class 6 is the most. Findings indicate that this area has many limitations for the growth of commercial forest.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
parviz panjehkoobi; Abolfazl Masoudian; Abdolazim Qangherme
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Runoff is considered to be an effective variable in the formation and intensity of floods, and water balance. It is also considered to be a very important parameter in water resources management. Surface runoff is formed due to a combination of different parameters, such ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Runoff is considered to be an effective variable in the formation and intensity of floods, and water balance. It is also considered to be a very important parameter in water resources management. Surface runoff is formed due to a combination of different parameters, such as severe precipitation, a sloping ground, and saturated soils. It is especially important to predict and determine the amount of runoff produced and transferred to the basin outlet. Generally, different parts of large basins may experience a higher or lower than average precipitation, and thus different spatial distribution of precipitation. Empirical formulas may sometimes give us an inaccurate estimation of the surface runoff volume. Radar and rain gauges are the most common tool used for collecting rainfall data. Together, they can be useful for estimation of rainfall volume and its distribution in a wide area. Integrating high resolution radar based rainfall estimation with hydrological models makes a highly efficient tool for flood prediction. Materials and Data Baghu Basin is considered to be one of Gorgan Gulf sub basins. It covers an area of 24.4 square kilometers. Its perimeter is 23.2 kilometers. The length of its main river is 10 kilometers. The maximum altitude of the main river is 2080 m and its minimum altitude is 80 m. The river channel has an average slope of 20%. Data used in this research includes: 1-data received from east Caspian radar; 2- precipitation and daily evaporation data received from different weather stations around the basin, including Bandar Gaz, Bandar-Torkman, Hashem-Abad and Gorgan stations; 3- discharge value in previous floods of Baghu basin. Geographic coordinates of the basin were obtained using GIS. Geographical coordinates of the basin perimeter were also extracted by radar and the basin area was defined for the radar. Then using the radar software, total amount of precipitation and runoff were measured in the basin. These were used in (1) to calculate runoff coefficient, as a percentage of rainfall: (1) Where C is runoff coefficient, P is precipitation elevation and R is direct runoff. Discussion and Results It is important to consider the effect of climatic and meteorological factors on runoff formation in basins. Severity of precipitation is the first factor. Radar based rainfall estimates indicated that increased rainfall intensity results in increased hourly runoff in the basin. The same phenomenon has been observed in some of previous floods in Baghu basin. In these cases, a sudden increase in precipitation resulted in a severe runoff increase. These floods exhibited long sharp-crested hydrographs. Spatial/temporal distribution of rainfall intensity was the second factor with a significant effect on the amount of runoff produced. Thus, the effect of rainfall distribution was also analyzed. Results indicate that rainfall distribution has affected the amount of runoff produced in different parts of the basin in different ways. Rainfall continuity was the third climatic factor with a significant role in the production of increased runoff. This factor was investigated in winter (cold seasons) floods. Apart from the intensity and volume of precipitation in these floods, precipitation continuity was the most influential factor in the production of a large amount of runoff. This shows the effect of rainfall continuity on runoff increase. Temporal distribution of rainfalls was the fourth factor influencing runoff production, and thus soil moisture. In winter, soil moisture is usually high and there is little evaporation. So soil maintains its moisture and remains wet for a longer time. In this way, a moderate and low amount of rainfall over a short period of time results in soil saturation, and runoff increase. This was investigated in Baghu basin precipitations. According to the findings of this study, increased soil moisture has resulted in runoff increase. Several climatic factors contribute to increased runoff coefficient. In high intensity floods which occur due to large volume of precipitation over a longer period of time, a huge amount of runoff would form. And if as a result of successive precipitation these factors combine with soil moisture, runoff coefficient would be even larger. In cold seasons, three factors - rainfall continuity, soil moisture and poor vegetation- results in increased runoff. However, dry soil and vegetation during warm seasons reduce the effect of intense precipitation on increasing runoff volume. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, it is not possible to consider a single constant runoff coefficient for the total area of a basin. Thus, it is better to determine a range of runoff coefficients for each basin. It should also be noted that each flood has its own runoff coefficient, which depends on precipitation severity, temporal/spatial distribution, rainfall duration, intensity variations during precipitation, time intervals between each rainfall occurrence and season rainfall coefficient. Respective severity or weakness of different factors, combination of various factors affecting runoff, and the amount of runoff in similar precipitation may also vary. The present study indicated that due to severe and sudden rainfalls, warm season floods had long sharp-crested hydrographs. In winter, rainfalls were continuous, but with lower intensity. Thus, their hydrograph was wider than warm season floods. In small areas with less than an hour concentration time, the effect of spatial/temporal dispersion of rainfall on the amount of runoff is important. In Baghu basin, 8 to 25 percent variation was observed in runoff coefficient of eight different floods.
Reza Lahmian
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Statistics show that more than half of the world's population (54% in 2014) live in urban areas, although there are many differences between countries in terms of urbanization levels. For the first time in history, the urban population exceeded the rural population of ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Statistics show that more than half of the world's population (54% in 2014) live in urban areas, although there are many differences between countries in terms of urbanization levels. For the first time in history, the urban population exceeded the rural population of the world in 2007. One of the most important problems of urban and environmental development is the shortage or lack of natural-regional parks in the center of the cities and in suburbs. Natural and regional parks have social, economic and ecological impacts in terms of the coherent structure which, is considered as a significant criterion for the betterment of the quality of living space and development of the community, with lots of benefits such as obtaining a suitable environment to develop the social coherence, maintain comfort and treat psychological and mental illnesses.Identifying the suitable locations for the natural-regional parks is one of the cases that should be taken into consideration regarding any type of development, including comprehensive plans, civil plans or regional plans. The purpose of this paper is to achieve the spatial organization of Mazandaran province in order to construct and allocate natural and regional parks in the regions of this province using the new scientific methods of spatial analysis in the GIS environment and applying multi-criteria decision-making techniques.
Research Method
The process of this study is descriptive and analytical. Accordingly, the necessary data and criteria, including maps and information layers and satellite imagery were analyzed using ARC GIS 10 and ENVI 5.1 software. In order to weigh,in addition to taking the experts point to the criteria into account, the Marinoni extension in Arc GIS software was used with regard to the hierarchical decision-making process. The main criteria used in this study are natural vegetation, transportation network, welfare and service centers, cultural-educational centers, commercial-residential areas, population centers, industrial areas. As it was mentioned, the information layers were provided for each of the influential factors, and a weight was assigned to each of the layers, and then, appropriate weights were assigned to each of the information layers based on their significance using hierarchical analyzing model to provide the spatial modeling, and the information layers were integrated, and the optimal regions were identified using the provided model.
Results and Discussion
Identifying and selecting the factors influencing the location, are among the significant stages of the study. The more compatible are the identified factors with the land reality, the more satisfactory will be the outcomes of the location. Accordingly, in this study, weights have been assigned to each one of the weights based on the opinions of the experts, using the hierarchical model, and the criterion of the transportation network with relative normalized weight (0.311) has had the most importance among the main criteria.Natural vegetation (with a normalized score of 0.277), population centers (with a normalized score of 0.271), and travelling facilities and services (with a normalized score of 0.120) have been placed in the subsequent ranks, respectively. Accordingly, in this research, with regard to the opinions of the experts, four main criteria of industrial, population centers, commercial-residential, cultural-educational, welfare and services, transportation network and natural vegetation, each one of which includes sub-criteria as well,were taken into consideration .A combination of the AHP process and Fuzzy set was used for analyzing the spatial data, in order to evaluate the selected factors and the Geographic Information System (GIS) as well. As it is seen, areas with a very good desirability in Kalastan have accounted for 6.6%, and areas with the lowest potential for the construction of natural-regional parks in Kalastan constitute 5.5%. Similarly, areas with medium potential and regions with relatively appropriate potential in Kalastan of Mazandaran show an average of 12.4% and 10.1%, respectively. Estimates show that about 129817 hectares of the area of the province are susceptible to creating regional parks, i.e. the area No. 1, which will be a significant amount for the decision-makers and planners in the urban and regional areas in pursuit of achieving sustainable development and protecting the natural environment of this province. In the next regions, the priority of the selection will be with the experts and decision-makers of this field.
Conclusion
The purpose of this research was to identify the areas susceptible to the creation of regional parks in the province of Mazandaran, in order to provide the sustainable financial resources for the management of the province while, protecting the natural resources of the province.
Alireza Soleimani; Ahmad Aftab; Ali Majnoony Tootakhaneh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, as well as the flourishing of talents, and social development. Creativity and valuable activity are not possible without security. The negative effects of border areas’ insecurity in the villages are more than cities. Because, rural areas are more vulnerable due to the developmental gap between villages and cities. Due to the vulnerability of the border villages, it is necessary to ensure the security of the villages through passive defense measures. West Azerbaijan Province with 980 km of common land border with Iraq, Turkey and the Republic of Azerbaijan and possessing ethnic cultural diversities has not been an exception to this rule. The conditions of the eight years of the imposed war, the crises of the neighboring countries of Iraq, Azerbaijan and ethnic conflicts in Turkey have caused insecurity in the geographical boundaries of the West Azerbaijani province. In this regard, the present research investigates the spatial structure and assessment of the vulnerability of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with an emphasis on passive defense approach. Materials & Methods The study area includes parts of West Azerbaijan province which is bordered by Turkey and includes the cities of Maku, Chaldoran, Khoy, Salmas and Urmia, and 1259 villages with a population of 568843. The main method of this research is descriptive-analytical. In order to carry out the spatial analysis of the rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with regard to the passive defense approach, the eight major criteria (water resources, natural hazards, landforms, security considerations, climate, demographic considerations, access to facilities, land quality) were selected with 17 sub-criteria based on internal and external sources investigation. Then, using the network analysis process, the amount of importance coefficients of the criteria have been determined. In the next stage, the information layers were produced by the GIS in proportion to the indicators, and were integrated with regard to the capabilities of the GIS, and the extent of the vulnerability of settlements was extracted through the overlapping of the information layers. Results & Discussion Based on the results, security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest effect and significance. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border has the highest role with the rate of 0.1021. Demographic considerations with a score of 0.232, and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand next with respect to the importance. In the cluster of demographic considerations, population density with a score of 0.0231, and in the cluster of environmental hazards, the distance from the flood-prone areas with a score of 0.0078 have had the highest effect. Among the main criteria examined, the quality of land and water resources are the least important with the importance rate of 0.019 and 0.026, respectively. Based on the results obtained, 17.9% of the study area was found to be a highly vulnerable zone. 123 villages with 8.3% of the population of the study area are located in this zone. The zone with the high vulnerability covers 17.5% of the area. 243 villages with 18% of the population are located in this zone. Conclusion The overall results of this research showed that by adopting a passive defense approach, the natural and human threats of border rural areas could be reduced. In this regard, in this research, in order to analyze the spatial structure of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with a passive defense approach, eight major criteria were identified. Security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest significance and impact on analyzing the rural settlements of the border areas of Iran and Turkey in terms of passive defense. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border with the rate of 0.1021 has the highest role with respect to the passive defense approach. In the next stage, demographic considerations with a score of 0.232 and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand in terms of importance. Given these findings, the following solutions are proposed: • Identifying and eliminating the damages caused by the proximity of villages to the border point and the observation of the transboundary threats. • Creating job diversification among the border villages to reduce rural dependency on land. • Promoting the role and functions of border cities, including mid-range cities, in comprehensive rural development. • Encouraging people to stay in villages through investing in rural infrastructure. • Enhancement of the presence of military and law enforcement forces at the border level.
Marziyeh Deiravi pour; Hossein mohammadasgari; saeid Farhadi; Iman Najafi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction One of the important features of desert areas (arid and semi-arid) is dust phenomena that occurs in most days of the year. Dust phenomena occur especially in tropical areas. In some parts of the world, including Africa, Australia and the Middle East, the annual sediment ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction One of the important features of desert areas (arid and semi-arid) is dust phenomena that occurs in most days of the year. Dust phenomena occur especially in tropical areas. In some parts of the world, including Africa, Australia and the Middle East, the annual sediment volume carried by the flow of the wind is greater than the sediment volume carried by the rivers. Today, the dust phenomena are among the most important environmental hazards which have put human and environmental health at serious risk. Based on the country’s comprehensive water plan, the size of the real deserts of Iran has increased to 4.7 million hectares or 35.5 percent of the country’s land area. Materials & Methods The study area was the southwest of Iran including Khuzestan and the Persian Gulf regions. In recent years, these regions have strongly been affected by the dust with internal source and especially with external sources such as dust sources in Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia. In this research, we employed the library method and also determined the days of the dust storm using the weather data of the province. We used satellite data, MODIS sensor data and several algorithms based on the image processing to detect dust. In order to evaluate the different methods of dust detection, it is necessary to compare the results of the algorithms with another independent source. This source can be a natural color images, aerosol sensor products, MODIS dust indicators or other sensors products. In this research, we first introduced the HDF file of MOD021k MODIS images into the ENVI5.2 software to visualize the dust. After preprocessing the satellite images, we employed different methods such as creating False Color images, BTD and NDDI algorithms, and the neural network method to detect dust on satellite imagery. In this regard, we stored the required bands for the NDDI and BTD algorithms as a single band in the ENVI software, and entered it into MATLAB software to apply the detection algorithms. Due to the importance of remote sensing and satellite images and also the efficiency of the artificial neural networks method we decided to classify the images of the MODIS sensor by using the methods of the Artificial Neural Network and dust detection indexes. In general, the bands 20, 23, 31 and 32 of MODIS sensor and the infrared thermal bands were used more to detect dust storms. The Brightness Temperature Difference between these bands can detect dust storms from other phenomena. In this study, a Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) was used to detect dust storm in Khuzestan and the north of the Persian Gulf, using 20 data sets for the day and 11 data sets for the night. To categorize different pixels in the neural network based on BTD values, BTD of the bands 20-31, BTD of the bands 23-31, BTD of the bands 31-32 and bands 1, 3 and 4 were used. MODIS bands 1, 3 and 4 were used to create realistic color images to for the better detection of the Earth’s surface phenomena. These three bands were used only for MODIS’s daily images. Discussion The results show that the emissivity of sand in band 31 (0.96) is slightly lower than the band 32 (0.98), while the soil emissivity for these two bands was (0.97) and water emissivity (0.99). Also, the emissivity value of band 31 for the cloud was (0.98) and for band 32 was (0.95). There was a difference between the emissivity value of bands 23 and 31 for soil, sand, and water, which can be used to distinguish dust from other surfaces. The brightness temperature of dust storm (K298/4) and cloud (K276) in the band 23 (4.6 µm) was higher than the brightness temperature of dust storm (K287) and cloud (K271) in the band 31 (11.02 micrometers), while the brightness temperature of water (K285), ground (K310) and vegetation (K295) in the band 23 was lower than that in band 31 for the same items (Water (286K), ground (310K) and vegetation (296K). For these reasons, the difference in brightness temperature between bands 23 and 31 is useful for detecting dust from the ground, vegetation, cloud and water. In the artificial neural network, the correlation coefficient of the training, evaluation, test and total data was equal to R = 0.996, R = 0.99505, R = 0.99559 and R = 0.9958, respectively. These results show the good capability of the neural network in detecting dust. The data was divided into two classes of dust (0.9) and no dust (0.1). In fact, various inputs entered the network and were divided into two classes of dust and no dust. The results showed that the error started from a large amount and gradually decreased. Epoch is referred to as every step of the data correction. In other words, when an input passes through the network and generates an overall error, the weight factors are corrected with the help of that error, a process which is called the number of repetitions or the Epoch. Thus, as itis shown in the figure, the training ends after 151 repetitions. Given the results of the neural network output images, it is observed that dust is well distinguished in both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and a better differentiation will be done with higher dust concentration. The ACC parameter indicates that the neural network method has had a good accuracy and performance. Results show that neural network is a more appropriate method than the BTD index in dust detection, and the neural network does not need to determine the threshold for examining each image. Conclusions The results of the NDDI index show that this parameter alone, is not able to distinguish dust pixels existing in the atmosphere from the pixels of sand and other than dust, and has poor accuracy in images with cloud or water. It seems that this low efficiency is related to the features of the earth’s surface such as land use, land cover, topographical differences, as well as chemical properties of dust minerals in the region. According to the results of this study, the results of applying the BTD index have suitable performance for the detection of dust. In the present research, the artificial neural network shows a fairly good accuracy and performance for the daytime images with an accuracy of 60%.
Habib Sahami; Sodabeh Papi; Nahid Khosravi
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Urban old fabrics are supposed to be one of the most vulnerable parts, which are affected in natural disasters mostly earthquakes. The buildings in such areas have no sufficient resistance because of long age and life span and in case of earthquake they are collapsed ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Urban old fabrics are supposed to be one of the most vulnerable parts, which are affected in natural disasters mostly earthquakes. The buildings in such areas have no sufficient resistance because of long age and life span and in case of earthquake they are collapsed and may follow the losses of life and property. The main purpose of this article is to analyze and investigate the vulnerability of old fabrics in the downtown Boroujerd city to countermeasure the earthquake and to manage the crisis after the occurrence. The nature of this research is theoretical and practical and the research method is descriptive-analytial. The required data have been collected from library and through field work. In this study, AHP method is used to analyze the area under investigation. The extracted indices are analyzed with the help of GIS and Arcmap. The results indicate high and intensive vulnerability of buildings, if an earthquake occurs. The majority of buildings are suffering from low quality materials, high population density and the establishment of organic tissue and narrow alleys, which results in the rise of destruction and therefore, causes heavy losses of life and property. The readiness to counter the crisis can mitigate the earthquake effects and by knowing the special dimensions of vulnerable buildings , population and also road networks , can speed up the process, and by using time, reduce the casualties which is possible only when parameters are available for making geospatial data basis
Materials & Methods
The research method was applied in terms of the aim, and descriptive-exploratory in terms of conduct. The pivotal principles of this investigation is based on vulnerable points in order to countermeasure the earthquake hazards. The collection of data is accomplished through library noting and field survey. In this study, the evaluation criteria and their weights were determined with acceptable accuracy by reviewing the literature, experts and paired in the form of AHP. The AHP method is used in this study to determine the vulnerability of old fabrics of the central Boroujerd city. This consists of six parameters and indices which include population density, passages width, building material ages, quality and the number and finally the number of floors. Weighing such parameters is carried out with the help of Expert Choice 2000 software and the weights are logged in the GIS software and in an Arcmap environment. The required analyses are observed on them. The area of this investigation is the old fabrics in downtown Boroojerd. The focus on this area is mainly due to old ages and the presence of significant historical places. The vulnerability factors are numerous, which are either natural, physical, social, economical, fundamental, rules and regulations , etc., but the most important boosting factors of the cities risk probabilities and their vulnerability enhancement can be summarized as Placement and locating of the city on various faults, Population concentration , failure to comply with retrofit rules and regulations, the lack of people’s knowledge of local citizen in facing emergency conditions and unexpected crises.
Results & Discussion
The results of the research show that in order to find the most suitable pattern of intervention to countermeasure the vulnerability of old fabrics in the city downtown is to reduce the time laps after every local crisis like an earthquake, to reduce the effective factors by creating a spatial data basis for vulnerable buildings, congested population in buildings and a proper knowledge about the communication networks in the old fabrics to minimize the Consequences. Weighing of these parameter, are carried out with the help of Expert Choice 2000 software and the weights are logged in the GIS software and in an Arcmapenvironment. The required analyses are plotted and observed on them.
Conclusion
It is concluded that, in the southern, western and central parts of old fabrics in Boroojerd city, the relief operations and crisis management efforts should be extended and the precautionary measures and preparedness must be augmented. Several suggestions have been proposed in order to minimize the casualties and damages in case of any probable threats and crisis, which include the renovation and reconstruction of structures with high ages and the improvement along with strengthening the old fabrics and their reinforcement. It has also been concluded that the majority of buildings are suffering from low quality materials, high population density and the establishment of organic tissues and narrow alleys, which results in the rise of destruction and therefore, causes heavy losses of life and property.
Seyed Hojjat Mousavi
Abstract
Introduction About one quarter of world’s deserts are covered with quick sands, whereby, sand fields are the most common landforms. The movements of the sand fields are considered as a threat to the roads, natural resources, urban areas, agriculture and infrastructure.Factors such aspoverty of ...
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Introduction About one quarter of world’s deserts are covered with quick sands, whereby, sand fields are the most common landforms. The movements of the sand fields are considered as a threat to the roads, natural resources, urban areas, agriculture and infrastructure.Factors such aspoverty of vegetation, increasing of drought due to global warming have led to the dynamic of sand fields with different speeds in manydirections that threat the transportation, health, economic and human activities. Thus, the spatial-temporal monitoring of sand fields dynamic behavior and identifying their directions of development are of great importancein the management of dry regions and conservation of natural resources. Therefore, the aim of this research is the Multi-temporal monitoring of sand field dynamic behavior in the west of Damghanplaya from 1972 to 2016, in the form of three 15-year period through data and remote sensing methods. Materials and Methods Damghanplaya Basin with an area of 18070.918 km2issituated between Toroud-ChahShirin Horst and the Alborz Mountains with an elevation of 2319 and 3884 meters respectively. Its general slope is towards the center of Damghan desert with an elevation of 1028m. Damghan playa is a tectonic-sedimentary hole, which is presently influenced by different geomorphic and climatic morphogenetic processes. Because of the vegetation and precipitation shortage,the wind morphogenetic systems dominate other processes. Thus, several types of wind erosion landforms can be observed in this region. The study area is the western erg of Damghanplaya with an area of 71.155 Km2 which is situated in Damghan Basin in the north of Iran’s great central desert. The region is located between latitudes 35° 51´ to 35° 58´ N and longitudes 54° 13´ to 54° 25´ E. This is an applied research and its methodology is a combination of remote sensing analyses. In this regard, topographic maps with a scale of 1: 25,000, geological maps with a scale of 1: 100,000 and Google Earth’s satellite images were used first to determine the position of the study area. Then, spatial database was completed through receiving Landsat satellite images during the period 1972 to 2016. Sinceseveral series of remote sensing satellite images belonging to multiple time periods are needed for monitoring the dynamic behavior of the sand field, four series of Landsat satellite images, MSS, TM , ETM+ and OLI sensors related to three 15 year periods of 1972,1987, 2002 and 2016 respectively, were used in this research. The aforementioned images were obtained from the Landsat satellite archive on the American geological organization website (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). Then,color combinations, IHS transformation, and supervised classification of Maximum Likelihood methods were used to enhance the spatial area of the sand field, and the method of images difference and the calculation of the changing classes level were used to examine the type and trend of the changes.. Findings and Results The results show that the maximum and minimum area of the sand filed are observed in 2002 and 2016 with an area of 92.2641 and 49.2803 km2 respectively. The results of change detection show that there are three types of changes including increasing, decreasing, and no-changes. As it can be observed,the maximum area of the classes of change belongs to the no change class that the periods of 1972 to 1987 and 2002 to 2016 with the amounts of 58.3506 and 48.2841 km2 respectively,have the highest and lowest areas, while, the minimum area of the classes of change belongs to the class of incremental changes that the periods of 1987 to 2002 and 2002 to 2016 have the highest and lowest areas with the amounts of 38.2833 and 1.0359 km2 respectively. The maximum and minimum areas of decreasing class of changes belong to the periods of 2002 to 2016 and 1987 to 2002 with the amounts of 43.9829 and 14.2693 km2 respectively. In this regard, the no-change and increasing change classes with the standard deviation of 5.0445 and 19.4699 respectively, have the minimum and maximum range of changes during the entire period of 44 years. The results obtained fromstudying thetemporal trend of changes indicate the existence of a decreasing trend in the no-change and increasing change classes, and also the existence of an increasing trend in the class of decreasing changes.Descending trend of no-change class is uniform and continuous. In contrast, the trend ofincreasing and decreasing classes of changehas a periodic jump in the second time period (1987-2002), but their overall trend is almost uniform. Discussion and Conclusion Western erg of Damghanplaya has decreased by approximately 6.7225 km2 in 1987 compared to 1972. Most of this reduction has occurred in the southwestern and eastern parts of the sand field. The southwestern contraction of the erg is in accordance with the pediment and the sand harvesting area, the causes ofwhich are the sand transfer by local winds blowing from the southwest to the northeast, as well as the formation of the desert pavementfacies. In contrast, the eastern contraction of the erg is due to the increase in moisture content from the Haj Aligholiplaya and the increase in humidity caused by agricultural lands adjacent to the erg. In the second period, the trend was completely reversed and the sand field was expanded in 2002 by approximately 17.3659 and 24.0885 km2in 2002 compared to the years 1972 and 1987 respectively. This period is considered to be the most risky periods in terms of environmental hazards. In this period, major spatial expansion of the erg has taken place to the east and especially to the northeast. This expansion can be due to the increased drought severity and the continuation of dry periods and the release ofthe agricultural lands in some cases. In the third period, the situation has improved and the dynamic of sand has reduced, so that the extent of sand field has decreased in 2016 by 25.6178, 18.8952 and 42.9837 km2compared to the years 1972, 1987 and 2002 respectively, which represents the negative balance in the erg. In other words, the amount of the sand entering the erg is far less than that of the sand going out. In terms of location, the contraction of this period on the margins of the ergextends continuously and almost uniformly, but the largest contraction isobserved in the eastern, northeastern and southwestern parts. This decrease is due to the implementation of desert greening plans in the form of quick sands stabilization projects by planting Haloxylon. This indicates the positive and successfulfunction and role of desert greening projects. Also, due to the favorable natural and climatic conditions, the species of Haloxylon has been able to regenerate naturally in the area under cultivation. This has had a positive impact on the stabilization of quick sands and the reduction of erg changes.
Ali Dastranj; Maryam Jafari Aghdam
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction After United States of America, China and Turkey,Iran has the highest karst percentage, and karst formations cover more than 11%of our country. The volume of water stored in these areas can supply the water demand of many cities and villages. Characteristics of karst aquifers’feeding ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction After United States of America, China and Turkey,Iran has the highest karst percentage, and karst formations cover more than 11%of our country. The volume of water stored in these areas can supply the water demand of many cities and villages. Characteristics of karst aquifers’feeding area determine the type of feed, flow andvulnerability of the aquifer tocontamination.Therefore, identification of feeding areas in karst aquifers plays a key role in understanding their hydrodynamic and hydrochemical characteristics, along with management and optimal scientific exploitation of them. Given the critical impact of karst water resources on human life and limited number of researcheson karst, any fundamental, applied, and developmental research performed with the aim of modelingkarst landforms and investigating the potential of karst water resources in these areas seems necessary. In order to assess andevaluatethe potential of karst water resources from a qualitativeand quantitative perspective, understand pollution, and vulnerability and also assessrisks facing aquifers,the present study models feeding areas of Dalahoowasaquifer using KARSTLOP model. Methodology The present applied-developmental study is based on library research, field observation, and evaluation methods and seeks to prepare the map of karst water resourcesfeeding Dalahookarst aquifer. Fuzzy logic and gamma operator model were used to produce a zoning map for surface karst development. And finally, a map was produced for the feeding areas of Dalahoowaskarst aquifer using KARSTLOP model. Result Using Natural Breaks method, the zoning map of Dalahoo’ssurface karst development divides the study area are into four classes: areas without karst formations (0-0.224), karst formations with low development (0.224-0.558), karst formations with moderate development (0.588-0.777) and developed karstformations(0.777-0.982).The final map of Dalahoo’sfeeding areas indicates that Bistoon karst aquifer has anannual charge rate of 37 to 81 percent. Discussion and conclusion Systematic study of karst aquifer’s water tables is very important, especially for drinking and agricultural purposes. The final mapof feeding areas, as well as the layers obtained from KARSTLOP method can be used as inputs for modeling groundwater. They may also be used to address practical issues of karst in relation to water management, including water supply, spatial distribution of watersheds, transboundary management of water, and initial assessment of groundwater vulnerability. Results obtained from zoning of feeding areas are consistent with the results obtained from zoning of surface karst development. High feeding values as well as spatial distribution of the aquifer’s feeding zones indicate that the aquifer has a high potential to store groundwater resources.This potentialityshould be properly managed to makeharvestingand protecting groundwaterpossible.
Geographic Data
Taraneh Karimi; Ali Mohammad Safania; Rahim Sarvar; Salaheddin Naghshbandi
Abstract
Extended Abstract IntroductionThe tourism industry is the world's largest industry in terms of income and cultural exchanges. Progress in the field of sports is one of the strategic priorities of planners in countries. Sports tourism is one of the most important developed sectors of the tourism ...
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Extended Abstract IntroductionThe tourism industry is the world's largest industry in terms of income and cultural exchanges. Progress in the field of sports is one of the strategic priorities of planners in countries. Sports tourism is one of the most important developed sectors of the tourism industry. In this regard, the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the National Olympic and Paralympic Committee, the National Olympic and Paralympic Academy, sports federations, physical education, the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology Sports and Education Federation, Ministry of Education and Culture, Sports and Youth Fraction of the Islamic Council, Provincial Sports and Youth Departments, Sports Associations, each of which is a decision-making body in the field are sports The existence of multiple, as well as the simultaneous existence of policy-making and implementation in the Ministry of Sports and Youth, have created inadequacies in these sectors, which, of course, have denied the possibility of competition from the private sector. It seems that the general spirit governing the constitution of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, like the provisions related to tourism in the country's five-year development laws, is a reductionist attitude towards the tourism industry. Due to the uncertainty of the coordination authority in the field of sports tourism decision-making and policy-making, the lack of legal commitment and the need for coordination between sports executive bodies, the multiplicity and diversity of sports tourism tasks. Institutions in charge, the emphasis and clarity of Article 100 of the Law of the Sixth Five-Year Development Plan, based on integrated management, the lack of attention of upstream laws and documents to the priority of sports tourism, the lack of cooperation and the establishment of coherent relations between the government, government and private institutions in the sports tourism industry, preparation An integrated model is important in the sports tourism industry in the country. Considering the number of related organizations in sports tourism and the lack of clarity about the interaction of these organizations with each other, the present research aims to investigate the integrated management of related institutions in the sports tourism industry. This research can play an important role in optimizing management planning in the tourism industry by identifying the effective factors of integrated management of Iran's sports tourism industry. Therefore, the current research aims to provide an integrated management model in Iran's sports tourism industry and seeks to answer this question: What are the effective factors of integrated management in Iran's sports tourism industry?Research methodology and FndingsThe current research has a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach based on data search. In the qualitative part, the foundational data approach (Glaser method) has been used to present and develop the theory in the study area of the research. The statistical (qualitative) community includes all the experts in the field of tourism, sports management as well as sports tourism. In this research, the purposeful sampling method was used. Sampling continued until reaching a point where adding a new sample no longer has an effect on the development of research theory, theoretical saturation was achieved after the 20th interview. The main method of data collection was semi-structured in-depth interviews. In the process of qualitative data analysis and performing three stages of coding (open, central and selective), a number of 1167 open codes were obtained, which were reduced to 377 unique open codes after merging and removing commonalities, then the open codes were categorized into 29 central codes and finally In selective coding, they were divided into 8 groups: program policy, task, management, legal, institutional, structural, beneficiaries, tools and resources. In this way, a questionnaire based on the main factors and sub-criteria was compiled on a five-point Likert scale with 119 questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was checked with exploratory confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha (96%). The statistical population of the quantitative part included 600 experts and managers of the ministries of cultural heritage, sports and youth, as well as the Environmental Protection Organization, the Civil Aviation Organization, the National Olympic and Paralympic Committee. , travel service offices and private sector activists as well as sports management doctoral students and professors. Frequency, mean and standard deviation methods were used to analyze the information in the descriptive part. The normality of the data was checked with the Kolomogorov-Spirov test (<0.05). In the inferential statistics section of the structural equation modeling test, Friedman's test (P=0.001) and Pearson's correlation coefficient, which showed a significant correlation at the 99% level between the main research criteria; It was used with the help of AMOS and SPSS software.DiscussionUndoubtedly, the existence of various institutional, legal, structural and managerial differences and the involvement of various organizations and institutions in the tourism cause create complicated problems. The current research by observing the situation of sports tourism in Iran, as a strategy for development; He also carefully specified documents and strategic plans at the macro levels; What is observed in the sports tourism industry is the presence of various actors with unequal powers, which has become a fundamental issue in this field of tourism. Despite the emphasis in the general policies of the sixth development plan and the importance of various aspects of development, the laws of some ministries and organizations related to sports tourism do not have the necessary overlap. In this way, it is necessary for the officials and legislators to act transparently, to remove the dispersal of the same laws and the uniform and unsavory implementation of the laws. It should also be noted that; Among the different components of the sports tourism system, management activities and tasks are distributed disproportionately and have led to functional, institutional and managerial differences. The use of tasteful management instead of scientific management and the incompatibility of the actions taken by the previous managers with the attitude of the new managers are among the many problems in the division of the field of sports tourism. It is included in the development of the country.Therefore, integrated management in this field, taking into account the indicators of the current research, is a balance between barriers and facilitating factors of costs and benefits. Considering the participation of various elements to play a role in sports tourism; This integration leads to the creation of a network of actors with different powers, the imbalance in the power of the beneficiaries in the field of sports tourism will lead to forward movement if there is inter-sectoral coordination and systematic dialogue between the relevant institutions. According to the obtained results, in order to achieve the integrated management of sports tourism in Iran, the following solutions can be presented to lay the groundwork and facilitate the implementation of integrated management.Revision of the rules and regulations proposed for tourism-sports in terms of having a guarantee of implementation.Formation of the tourism-sports executive committee with the aim of strengthening the monitoring and control approach.Creating the capacity to plan and manage sports tourism resources, in order to participate and improve local incomes.Establishing an efficient and transparent tax system for the benefit of sports tourism.
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 61-62
Abstract
Introducing the book " Cartography and the Internet".
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Introducing the book " Cartography and the Internet".
Mohammad Sadegh Talebi; Hosein Abarghou'ei
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
Since drought is a very complicated phenomenon, it is very difficult to understand all aspects of this phenomenon and all the problems arising from it. On this basis, there is still no comprehensive definition or a single type of examination of drought unanimously accepted by experts in the field. In ...
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Since drought is a very complicated phenomenon, it is very difficult to understand all aspects of this phenomenon and all the problems arising from it. On this basis, there is still no comprehensive definition or a single type of examination of drought unanimously accepted by experts in the field. In this study, drought trend of Yazd province was examined in terms of frequency of dry and rainy months using standard deviation index (compared to the monthly average rainfall) during a statistical period of 30 years in 26 stations, and it was shown that in the Abarkuh, , Dehshir, Khuyrak, Saghand and Mazra’e-no stations 54% of the time examined was without rain, and in the Abarkuh, , Dehshir, Khuyrak, Saghand and Yazd stations in almost 77% of the statistical period the precipitation was less than the normal monthly precipitation.
Seyyed Hojjat Mousavi
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 70-76
Abstract
Limited and polluted fresh water resources are among the main problems and crisis the world and especially Iran face now and in future. Many natural and human related factors make Iran limited water resources polluted and unusable. One of the main problems of fresh water resources is that different natural ...
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Limited and polluted fresh water resources are among the main problems and crisis the world and especially Iran face now and in future. Many natural and human related factors make Iran limited water resources polluted and unusable. One of the main problems of fresh water resources is that different natural factors make them polluted and salty. Many rivers in Iran have a satisfying water quality at the source of river, but they deteriorate due to some factors in their course or at the estuary. Many natural factors, like salty geological structures, salt domes, long distance and washing sediments of different formations, very high temperature and evaporation, etc. are involved in salinization of these rivers. Because of geological and geographical situations, salt domes are observed in many parts of the country, especially in center, South and North West of Iran, and they can be considered one of the most important factors. Hable rud in Garmsar, Aji Chay (Talkhe rud) in Azarbaijan, Dehrom (One of Rudmand tributary) in Fars, Dalaki and many other rivers face this problem. Every year, tons of salt and sedimentations are being washed from salt domes and formations and enter these rivers, changing the water quality. Implementing some practices, like changing the course of salty water or fresh water, preventing confluence of salty and fresh water rivers, canalizing fresh water rivers, etc. it is possible to revive and restructure these important and rare resources, so that the water will be at least usable for agricultural, industrial and construction projects in upstream and midstream.
Mina Babazadeh; Fatemeh Narges Zar
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 74-79
Abstract
Tourism is an economic sector sensitive to the weather, and in some cases the dependence on climatological characteristics of the demand for tourism is both the source of its emergence and its limiting factor. Climate has an impact on the recreation and tourist sector and in some areas represents a natural ...
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Tourism is an economic sector sensitive to the weather, and in some cases the dependence on climatological characteristics of the demand for tourism is both the source of its emergence and its limiting factor. Climate has an impact on the recreation and tourist sector and in some areas represents a natural source based on which the tourism industry is predicted. All climatic elements play a role in the health, comfort and recreation of the people, and in attracting tourists, but the role of some elements including temperature, relative humidity, sunshine and wind are more important, which are consequently considered in this article. The impact of climatic attractions and obstacles on tourism is very important. In this paper, using the method of the Tourism Climate Index (TCI), the comfort and convenience of people in different months of the year has been calculated, using the statistics of the synoptic station of Shiraz in a 54-year statistical period, In such a way that it can determine the effect of comfort in attracting tourism in Shiraz. The TCI, which is the combined effect of climatic parameters, shows that the cool and very cool comfort coefficient is associated in most months of the year with temperatures below 20 ° C, and the months of May and September have excellent degrees of comfort, and through the rest of the months the degree of comfort is good or very good, that is within the acceptable conditions in terms of the tourists comfort. The seasonal distribution of tourist weather indicates that Shiraz has a spring peak of distribution, and it has almost the best distribution of tourist weather throughout the year, except for the cold months of the year. In general, climate has a strong impact on tourism, to a degree that it is shown that in many areas, the tourism industry is prosperous without required natural resources, due to the good weather there, and sometimes it can change the destinations of tourism through the competition among travel agencies .
Iraj Maghfuri Moghaddam; Mahmud Jalali
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 76-80
Abstract
Extinction is one of the important phenomena in the evolution of organisms. Extinction of a species occurs when organisms cannot adapt to sudden changes in the environment. The Earth is a very dynamic planet and resists many external changes leading to the stability of biological conditions. But in some ...
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Extinction is one of the important phenomena in the evolution of organisms. Extinction of a species occurs when organisms cannot adapt to sudden changes in the environment. The Earth is a very dynamic planet and resists many external changes leading to the stability of biological conditions. But in some cases environmental changes are very severe. Among the most important factors of environmental changes is the collision of Meteorites to the surface of the Earth. In the early Cretaceous and the Late Eocene, the Earth was exposed to several Meteorites, which resulted in destruction of many creatures. In all Meteorites, the amount of iridium element is much higher than that of land deposits.Therefore, by finding more than the usual quantities of iridium on the Earth's layers, it can be held as possible that a Meteorite has hit the ground. Of course, it should be noted that in some cases the element of iodine accumulates in some sediments due to diagenetic factors.
Jamal Mohammadi; Younos Gholami
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 88-94
Abstract
Authentication refers to a change in the structure, including that of social and demographic changes in the state of the area within the city's general layer. This theory is an important theory in changes in social groups in recent decades. In fact, the physical and economic changes of metropolitan and ...
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Authentication refers to a change in the structure, including that of social and demographic changes in the state of the area within the city's general layer. This theory is an important theory in changes in social groups in recent decades. In fact, the physical and economic changes of metropolitan and suburban centers, especially in the major cities of the Western countries, have led to demographic changes. Given the importance of this issue, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role of authentication in social class changes in cities, especially urban centers. To investigate, we have tried to analyze and analyze these changes using various sources of internal and external resources and available secondary resources. The results of this study show that by imposing policies such as rent control, establishment of public institutions and tax rebates, the negative effects of authentication can be reduced.
Kiomarth Maleki; Farhad Barandkam
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 91-103
Taghi Tavousi; Mahmood Hoseynzadeh Kermani
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 92-95
Abstract
In recent years, fequency of dust storms has increased. Dust storms can influence and change the environment, result in huge damages for human societies. Correct monitoring of disasters is an essential need. The present article monitor dust storm processes in April, 2006. The dust storm zone was extracted ...
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In recent years, fequency of dust storms has increased. Dust storms can influence and change the environment, result in huge damages for human societies. Correct monitoring of disasters is an essential need. The present article monitor dust storm processes in April, 2006. The dust storm zone was extracted concisely based on reflection features and dust storm absorption. Their intensity levels were estimated. Then, their moving directions were monitored using multi temporal data. Results indicate high consistency with the monitoring performed by meteorological group. To sum up, dynamic monitoring of dust storm processes with multi temporal data will be very useful in future.
Seyyed Mohammad Zamanzadeh; Mona Anoosheh
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 93-98
Abstract
Arid and semi-arid areas of the world are located between 20 to 45 degrees north and south latitude. Iran is also located in this area which is referred to as the world’s desert belt. Identifying these zones is the most fundamental and basic thing to do. In Iran’s arid zones, huge masses ...
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Arid and semi-arid areas of the world are located between 20 to 45 degrees north and south latitude. Iran is also located in this area which is referred to as the world’s desert belt. Identifying these zones is the most fundamental and basic thing to do. In Iran’s arid zones, huge masses of running sand are compacted in different places.
In local language, these sand masses are called pebbles. The study area includes Band-e rig Kashan sand dunes, located in Chale Masile, south of Namak Lake. In the present article, we try to study wind environments by exploring the geomorphology, sampling and grading the elements of sand dunes. Surveys include local data collection and sampling of sand dunes. Statistical factors and sedimentology were calculated by GRADISTAT software and deposit grading curves were created. Deposit grading indicates that deposits in 4 points of the sand dune have a sorting difference of 0.327 φ and this difference is due to the position of deposit withdrawal and wind power.
Atiyye Sadat Saberi
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 94-96
Abstract
The present article considers specific challenges modern, postmodern and electronic cities cause from a spatial perspective and finds that virtual space of electronic city aid real urban space, prepare a plan for it and reduce its dimension in accordance with the scale, size and need for focus and variety. ...
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The present article considers specific challenges modern, postmodern and electronic cities cause from a spatial perspective and finds that virtual space of electronic city aid real urban space, prepare a plan for it and reduce its dimension in accordance with the scale, size and need for focus and variety. People’s specific attitude transform the real and virtual space in every geographic space and create a specific geography in each of these spaces.
Hossein Haddadi; Hassan Heydari
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 99-103
Abstract
Heavy rainfalls with thunder is an environmental phenomenon in Western part of the country. Western areas of the country are potentially prone to heavy thunder stones, since they face the direction of Western Winds and Mediterranean humidity and also because of the Zagros Elevations. Upper atmosphere ...
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Heavy rainfalls with thunder is an environmental phenomenon in Western part of the country. Western areas of the country are potentially prone to heavy thunder stones, since they face the direction of Western Winds and Mediterranean humidity and also because of the Zagros Elevations. Upper atmosphere data in the National Center of Environmental Prediction was used for synoptic study of the heavy rainfall on May 2nd, 2010. The condition of atmosphere during the heavy rainfall was analyzed by computational and graphical methods. Results of the synoptic analysis indicates that factors like blocking and twist in 500, 600 and 700 hPa, instability, convection in all atmospheric levels from 500 to 1000 hPa and positive vorticity in 500, 600, 700, 850 hPa were among affective factors in the occurrence of heavy rainfall on May 2nd 2010. According to the humidity-wind maps, the humidity resources of this heavy rainfall were located in 1000 to 850 Persian Gulf alignments and 700, 600, and 500 hPa of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
Farhad Azizpour; Roghayyeh Shamsi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 106-112
Abstract
Factors of the natural-ecologic, social, economic, historical and political environment affects formation, establishment and organization of rural environments. Thus, the present article seeks to clarify the influence of natural elements (natural-ecologic environments) in transformability of spatial ...
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Factors of the natural-ecologic, social, economic, historical and political environment affects formation, establishment and organization of rural environments. Thus, the present article seeks to clarify the influence of natural elements (natural-ecologic environments) in transformability of spatial organization in 11 rural districts of Lavasan-e Kuchak village. Descriptive-analytic methods and secondary-research methods are used for collecting information. Moreover, models like Gatman institutional measurement, value of centrality, total minimum distance, number of direct links, number of communicative nodes and demographic capacity are also considered. Results indicate that natural elements, especially topography, water resources and slope have influenced the position of rural settlements. This has resulted in the spatial organization of the study area possessing a two-level hierarchical structure. Moreover, based on the results it is suggested to form spatial organization of the area with three rural areas of Afje, Kantiya and Bujan villages and a rural complex of Lavasan city.
Shabnam Mahmoodi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 110-112
Abstract
In the present article, uniformitarianism is discussed as one of the theories related to the changes in geology phenomena. Furthermore, its contrast with neo-catastrophism, catastrophism and evolution will be presented using a documentary method.
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In the present article, uniformitarianism is discussed as one of the theories related to the changes in geology phenomena. Furthermore, its contrast with neo-catastrophism, catastrophism and evolution will be presented using a documentary method.
Fatemeh Mohammadyari; Hossein Aghdar; Reza Basiri
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Groundwater is of particular importance in arid and semi-arid areas.In this research, chemical properties of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions of Mehran and Dehloran were studied using geo-statistical methods.Sodium, chlorine, sulfate, TDS and TH were evaluated variables.The ...
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Abstract[1]
Groundwater is of particular importance in arid and semi-arid areas.In this research, chemical properties of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions of Mehran and Dehloran were studied using geo-statistical methods.Sodium, chlorine, sulfate, TDS and TH were evaluated variables.The semi-variogram of each parameters were calculated using GS + software and different models were fitted.After the normalization of the data, the variogram was plotted, and the interpolation was carried out by the method ofIDW and kriging in GIS software. The criterion for choosing an appropriate interpolation model was a lowerRMSE and a stronger spatial structure. The results show that the Kriging method is superior to the IDW method.Therefore maps were prepared using this method. The results show a strong correlation of the qualitative data of the region's water and the spatial structure is a Gaussian model function.Finally, by using fuzzy logic and Shouler classification, a zoning map of the area for drinking was prepared.According to the final map, 37% of the area is suitable for drinking, 13% is relatively suitable and 50% is inappropriate.As a result, the water quality of the area studied,is not desirable for drinking. Overlaying of the zoning map and the map resulted from the analysis of the obvious points showed that the points with high concentrations and on the threshold of the alert are placed side by side and in the wrong category of the zoning map.High levels of hardness rate and other elements in parts of the region are increasing.This is due to the substitution of alluvial deposits with Gachsaran Formation.Therefore, the main factor for the reductionof the water’s quality can be Gachsaran formation.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Ehsan Yari; Vahid Abdalipour
Abstract
Extended Abstract 1. Introduction From the ancient times, border disputes and territorial expansionism have always existed between countries and states and they have been the main factors for creation of conflicts and wars among them. The first step towards fixing boundaries was taken in Europe ...
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Extended Abstract 1. Introduction From the ancient times, border disputes and territorial expansionism have always existed between countries and states and they have been the main factors for creation of conflicts and wars among them. The first step towards fixing boundaries was taken in Europe by Westphalia treaty. Fixing boundaries and resolving border disputes in Europe were not completed even after the Second World War and continued untilthe collapse of theSoviet Union. But, in most regions of the world such as the Persian Gulf, we can observe countless conflicts in the field of territorial and border issues. These regions from the advent of its southern margin countries, have always been the scene of many conflicts and disputes, and approximately all Arab countries of this region have border disputes with each other and most of these disputes have remained stable so far. In this article, we try to answer this question that: what is the main reasonfor Arab countries' disappointment in the Persian Gulf region to settle the border disputes among themselves? 2. Research methodology The Research methodology is analytical- descriptive and library method was used in collecting the required information and data. 3. Results & Discussion 3-1.the procedure of creating region's borders The collapse of Turkish Empire and decades after that is a very important era for Middle East. What happened in these decisive decades is the apparent sovereignty of European on the region that changed and redraw the international borders and led to the advent of new countries. In the central Middle East, the intervention of European powers had the most influence on political map of the region. In the Persian Gulf, by undertaking contracts that Britain imposed on the sheikhdoms in the South coast of the Persian Gulf from the early nineteenth century, the region was completely under British rule. So, this colonial power determined the region's borders in order to gain its goals. 3-2. border- territorial disputes among Arab countries of the region The borders of this region consist of sea and land borders. In this writing, we stress specially on the land borders and then deliberate the discrepancies between them. The disputes between Saudi Arabia – Oman and Abu Dhabi about Buraimi Oasis: Buraimi Oasis includes nine villages that have a mixture of tribal descents. By using the tribal nationalities, Abu Dhabi – Oman and Saudi Arabia could claim all or a part of Buraimi Oasis. In 1955, on behalf of Abu Dhabi, Britainset up a border without Saudi approval. In 1974 United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia compromised on the 1955 ridge. The border between Oman and Abu Dhabi was drawn; so that the six villages of Buraimi remained in Abu Dhabi and three villages remained in Oman. But in 2005, the border disputes between Saudi Arabia and the UAE on the Buraimi Oasis restarted again. Territorial disputes between Iraq and Kuwait: With the independence of Kuwait from Britain, Iraq has consistently claimed the sovereignty over the Sheikhdom on the basis that Kuwait was part of Basra in the Turkish era. Iraq also has some claims about Warbah and Bubiyan islands. Indeed, the most important reason for Iraq to attack Kuwait was her lack of free access of to the Persian Gulf. Another factor that had influenced Iraq policy towards Kuwait wasits access to the oil fields. The territorial disputes between Saudi Arabia and Qatar: In 1992, Saudi Arabia and Qatar had long border disagreements. Riyadh and Doha concealed their disputestemporarily by signing an agreement. In July 2008, Saudi Arabia and Qatar agreed to resolve the Khawr al Udayddisputes between the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. But, the State of the UAE besides protesting to Qatar, associated any determination of the borders in the Khawr al Udayd region to the agreement with this country. The procedure of foresaid disputes has been continued practically. Saudi Arabia tries to access the Persian Gulf's coastlines in Qatar peninsula and then access the largestin operation gas fields in the world. The territorial disputes between Saudi Arabia and Yemen: The first border agreement between Saudi Arabia and Yemen which is known as 'Taif', was signed in 1934. In 2000, Yemen signed the Jeddah agreement with Saudi Arabia and recognized Taif agreement state in order to reduce tensions and Saudi Arabia's interventions. But, the tensions between the two countries did not end by this agreement. Indeed, the disputes between the two countries include vast areas. Yemen has territorial claims on three oil rich provinces such as:Asir- Najran and Jizan currently handled by Saudi Arabia; on the other side, the territorial claims of Saudi Arabia on Yemen are broader and include the oil rich province of Hadhramautin Yemen which has strategic importance due to its location near the Indian ocean. The territorial disputes between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait: The disputes between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia dates back to the early twentieth century and the claims of Ibn Saud on Kuwait. The last border agreement between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait took place in 2000. Iran and Iraq are opposed to this agreement. Iran protests to this agreement because this agreement virtually violated the agreement of Iran and England (Arab's foreign policy officer) in 1965. Also, by regarding the agreement of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia on commonly use of stratum and substratum resources on the two sides of the border, Saudi Arabia practically enters to the shared oil and gas resources between Kuwait and Iran. The disputes between Saudi Arabia and Iraq: In January 1991, Western allied forces led by the US, attacked Iraq from the Northeast of Saudi Arabia. Iraq canceled all its international agreements with Saudi Arabia signed since 1968. This action included the border agreements of 1975 and 1981. In the summer of 1991,Saudi Arabia submitted all its border treatydocuments with Iraq to the United Nations. While Saudi is not willing to settle its border disputes with its neighbors because of its land claims on the Persian Gulf's sheikhdoms due to its territorial expansionism, the fear of Saddam Hossein made Saudis to recognize the past treaties. The disputes between Qatar and Bahrain: Mutual claims of Bahrain and Qatar over the possession of Hawarislands is the greatest dispute that put the two States on the threshold of a perfect war in 1986. Finally the issue was referred to the International Court of Justice. The court eventually gave its verdict on the territorial disputes between the two States in 2001. But, border disputes was heated upagain in 2010. In this dispute although territorial expansionism trends between the two neighbors towards some parts of each other's soil were clear, the strategic situation of tourist islands of Hawar that have oil resources, have had the most influence in creation of disputes between the two States. 4. Conclusion The border and territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf are being seenin a high level. The presence of European colonialists especially the British that handled the region from the early nineteenth century and appointed all the borders of the region in line with their imperialist benefits, has a great influence on the creation of these disputes. After 1971 when Britain left the Persian Gulf, border and territorial disputes among the region's states started and led to numerous conflicts. Most of these disputes have remained up to now. There are some factors that impede consensus among the countries of the region to form an eventual and stable solution for settling the border disputes. But, the reason for this article is stressing on the two important and effective factors in this context one of which is expansionism trend among the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf's zone and the other is the strategic situation of the conflict areas in terms of oil discovery and military situations. Saudi Arabia and Iraq and partly less, other sheikhdoms are the objective examples in this field. So, aggression of Saudi Arabia against Yemen and occupation of Asir area, military aggression against Abu Dhabi and Oman and occupation of Buraimi area, transgression against Qatar and occupation of the southern part of this State and its territorial greed towards Kuwait are arisen from this policy. Although Saudi Arabia prefers to actualize its policy by regional convergence, but in several cases, using vigor and military force shows its powerful expansionism leanings. Iraq's aggression against its neighbors in the Saddam era can also be evaluated in the form of Baghdad's expansionism policies because of queering in geopolitical – strategic straits and economic profits such as seizing the oil income of Kuwait and Iran's Khuzestan. These two factors with low and high intensity can be generalized to the otherPersian Gulf's sheikhdoms.
Leila Eshrati; Amir Mahmoodzadeh; Masoud Taghvaei
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threats to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a ...
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Extended Abstract
Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threats to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention, although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator-based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. The resulting multi-hazard version of the PTVA consists of four steps: the identification of the study area and relevant hazards as well as the acquisition of hazard information, the determination of vulnerability indicators and collection of data, the weighting of factors and vulnerability assessment, and finally, the consideration of hazard vulnerability. After the introduction of the newly developed methodology, a pilot application is carried out in a part of Shiraz municipality located in the Iran. In this case study the vulnerability of buildings and humans is assessed. The implementation of the methodology leads to reasonable results indicating the vulnerable buildings and supporting the priority setting of different end-users according to their objectives. The constraints of the presented methodology are: a) the fact that the method is not hazard-intensity specific, thus, vulnerability is measured in a rather qualitative and relative way, b) the high amount of data required for its performance, and c) Indicator-based vulnerability approaches are flexible and can be adjusted to the different hazards as well as to specific user needs.
Introduction
Multi hazard pose a serious threat to human life. It can cause considerable damages. The evaluation of the expected losses due to multi hazard requires a risk assessment. Multi-hazard risk assessment allows the identification of the most endangered areas and suggests where further detailed studies have to be carried out.
Aim: This study aims to give a new methodology for Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment that makes the comparability analysis of vulnerability easier for different hazards and accounts for possible triggering (domino) effects.
Methodology
Methods used in this paper are based on theoretical approach and documentation. Two types of hazards will be assessed, namely earthquake and fire following earthquake.
Statistical Analysis: Semi-quantitative and quantitative approach would assess risk rates at both regional and local levels.
Results and discussion
In this study, representation of a new methodology for multi hazards risk assessment includes determination of a model with parameters, consideration of the indicator-based pattern of vulnerability assessment that selected all of the relevant indicators and presented new classification of indicators based on comparison to different hazards and possible triggering (domino) effects. This means that a potential multi-hazard indicator could be higher than the simple aggregation of single risk indicators calculation.
Conclusion
The focus is on establishing a general overview of the emerging issues, and indicating how hazard relations can be considered in multi-hazard studies. The hazard relations are identified and studied by means of a new method and the overlay of hazard areas to determine overlaps in final multi hazards map.
Sedighe Kianisalmi; Seyyed Hojjat Musavi; Parisah Yeganeh Dastgerdi
Abstract
1- Introduction
One-sided, unbalanced and unplanned development of cities, population and activity in the area, has left a great deal of the country's capacity useless, and has imposed a lot of problems on planners at different levels (ahmadi et.al,1389: 94). In order to achieve sustainable development, ...
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1- Introduction
One-sided, unbalanced and unplanned development of cities, population and activity in the area, has left a great deal of the country's capacity useless, and has imposed a lot of problems on planners at different levels (ahmadi et.al,1389: 94). In order to achieve sustainable development, describing and assessment of the state of the environment and resources is necessary before any planning (movahhed, 1385: 11). Tourism, especially ecotourism is also no exception. Ecological potential assessment of tourism areas to use have been identified as a tool to achieve sustainable development (jowzi et al. 1388:71). In order to achieve sustainable development, land planning is essential and the infrastructure of this planning is environmental assessment, ecological potential assessment, measurement and potential of land with clear and pre-planned criteria. In this regard, from the 1960s, the geographic information system was established with a tangible progress in the spatial planning of land use to accelerate the development of various methods for determination of land ability for different uses.
In this study we have tried to define ecotourism potential, using assessment of Environmental Ecological potential in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province to provide a dynamic setting for the development of the region. Therefore, because of an abundance of natural attractions such as wetlands, lakes, waterfalls, springs, rivers, mountains and peaks, caves, plains and forests, as well as historical- cultural attractions, such as bridges, villages and castles, there is a great potential to attract many visitors. In this study,it is attempted that with the use of GIS and ecological potential assessment model for establishment of tourism in the region, the potential can be investigated. The necessity and importance of this research is the factthat despite the unique characteristics of the province, especially in terms of nature, which can play a more active role in the economic, social and cultural area, and despite these diverse and valuable attractions, unfortunately less attention has been paid to this attractions so with a good planning and suitable using of available resources, the region can be developed sustainably.
2- Material and Methods
In Makhdoom systemic approach, ecological tourism model is provided for intensive and extensive outing (firoozi et al, 1392: 159). At this stage, by using collected data in the phases of analysis and conclusions in the environmental units with ecological models built for the user, the most appropriate activities are selected. Based on the results of investigations in Iran and the countries that are ecologically similar to Iran, a set of ecological models have been produced inIran which can be compared and measure ecological information about the model and determine the type of actions which should be taken. The model was used to determine the usages of the ecological models of agriculture - pasture, forestry, rural-, urban-industrial development, ecotourism, intensive tourism and aquaculture (Makhdoom, 1385: 185-212). This study seeks to find areas suitable for ecotourism (suitable Class A, suitable Class B and inappropriate). Therefore, suitable areas for loading the proposed activities appropriate to the potential of the region's stability have been identified, taking into account variables such as slope, rock and soil, aspect, water, plants, climate and weather and also preparation of needed maps.
3-Result and Discussion
In order to determine the ecological potential for ecotourism development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, according to the preference of parameters in terms of importance in Makhdoom model (makhdoom, 1380: 203), first, slope map was developed in 9 classes using digital elevation model map and using the capabilities of ArcGIS. In the next stage, soil and rock condition was evaluated and the map was prepared. After determining the soil groups in the province, suitable areas for ecotourism class A, with suitable soil which is placed in Inceptisoils category, was separated. Climate is another factor considered in the assessment of ecological potential. In this context, the average temperature in warm period in the provinceis calculated. Since proper temperature during warm period for extensive recreation class A is 21-25 degrees Celsius, this feature was introduced in the attribute table. The next parameter is the number of sunny days. For extensive recreation class A for spring and summer seasons, the number of sunny days have to be more than 15 days per month. The last parameter is water. For extensive recreation class A, water level must be 5-12 liters per person. Citing the fact that the province, in terms of water resources is rich and has good precipitation, water levels parameter in the province was considered desirable.
In the last stage, all obtained maps, are mutually overlaid and finally a map is obtained,in which all the necessary conditions for an extensive recreation class A are introduced and shows all the suitable areas for extensive tourism.
4-Conclusion
After overlaying Maps and finishing ecological potential assessment process, it was found that a rather wide region of the province is suitable for developing ecotourism. According to the calculations done, about 32.1961square kilometers of the province is found suitable for extensive recreation (class A), the city of LORDEGAN has the largest share of the relevant regions and the city of BOROUJEN has the lowest share, respectively.
bahare hajizade vadeghani; jahanbakhsh balist; saeed karimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Paying attention to sustainable urban physical development in urban development programs indicates the importance of this issue in strengthening the cultural, social and physical aspects of the city. Developers in developing countries have deeply realized that infrastructure ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Paying attention to sustainable urban physical development in urban development programs indicates the importance of this issue in strengthening the cultural, social and physical aspects of the city. Developers in developing countries have deeply realized that infrastructure services and facilities have also played a major role in improving the development of urban and rural areas in these countries, and emphasizes this. Finding out that improving the access of urban and rural communities to basic services is an important tool in accelerating regional development, and accepts that location-based services, in addition to impacting costs in Efficiency and utilization and their quality are also effective. A lot of research has been done in the field of location, including the study of Sin et al. (2002) aimed at evaluating urban land use structures with an eye to sustainable development. Simpleiara et al. (2004) examined the dynamics and modeling of urban expansion with the help of GIS in the city of Manglor, India, and predicted the type of future expansion of the city. Vanakata Subways (2007) completed the article entitled "Analysis of Places for Urban Development using GIS" (Chang, 2008) using GIS and Land Multi-Fuzzy Decision-Making Model Has identified susceptible people for the establishment of an urban forest in Harlingen. The importance and necessity of this research in the lack of methods are suitable models for locating human settlements. In decision-making for the development of human settlements, all the criteria and parameters required and involved in structured and structured models should be considered in the form of up-to-date models. The purpose of the research is to develop a suitable model for determining the appropriate sites for the development of human settlements. In this research, we have been asked to answer the following question. Is the city of Kashan capable of urban development and, if so, what is its potential and in what districts? Materials and methods The city of Kashan with an area of 20,000 square kilometers (2100 hectares) and a population of 500,000, facing the mountains on one side with its back to the desert on the other side, is located in the central region of Iran. The geographical coordinates of Kashan with an altitude of 945 meters above the sea level are 51 degrees and 27 minutes East longitude and 33 degrees and 59 minutes North latitude. In this research, at first, data were collected and the criteria were defined and weighted by FANP. Then, using the Arc Gis software, the criterion map was created and standardized. To create the final map, the layers were combined and overlaid by the weighted linear combination method and Gamma function in fuzzy logic. Finally, the attraction map of Kashan City for urban development was created and analyzed. The GIS-based linear weighting method (WLC) includes the following steps: 1. Defining a set of evaluation criteria and options 2. Standardize the mapping layer of each level 3. Define the weight for each criterion: meaning that a relative weight is assigned directly to each criterion map. 4. Generating the layers of standardized layer with weight: This means that we multiply the standardized layers of the weight in the respective weights. 5. Add the final score to each option using the "Gamma" for the layout of the standard weighted map. 6. Sorting options based on ratings (the best option is the option with the highest score). Result and discussion To determine the weight and prioritization of the FUZZY ANP software criteria, the purpose of the research which is suitable for urban development, is at the highest level of decision-making, and at the next level, the criteria Includes (environmental, socioeconomic and physical), and at the last level are the following criteria which are mentioned in the article 13 at the beginning of the article, and according to experts, regarding the recognition of the region the weight loss study is carried out for each of the following criteria. After weighting and performing calculations in the software, the final weight is obtained. In urban development, the highest weights are taken to the slope index and the lowest weight is considered as the index of slope (Table 2). After fuzzying and multiplying the weights by the fuzzy layers, the GAMA operator with three suffixes (0.9, 0.5, 0.1), is applied to the fuzzy layers which is shown in Fig. 7. The 0.9 gamma fuzzy operator shows the most compatible among the urban areas of Kashan with appropriate lands for urban development. Therefore, a 0.9 gamma is referred to as the final layer of appropriate land for urban use. The second coexistence method is, using the WLC linear gravity combination. In this section, all cabinet layers were classified instead of fuzzy layers, and their class values were determined. Then, in the RASTER CALCULATOR, the classified layers were multiplied by the weight of the FANP, and finally, the total layers were plotted, as shown in Fig. 8. Conclusion Based on the results of this research and the previous studies, the optimal result is the time taken by the 0.5 gamma operator, in which case its function is a combination of two operators Sam and Product. According to the final map obtained from the WLC method, urban development is more possible in the southwestern part of the city of Kashan. In the fuzzy method, the results indicate that the current location of Kashan city and its southern regions have good potential. The results of the linear weight combination method are similar to the fuzzy combination method of the current location of Kashan and its southern and southwestern regions. About 15% of the total area of the city of Kashan is suitable for urban development. Therefore, according to the obtained results, the aforementioned model including two methods and the use of the decision-making techniques, can be used as an appropriate model for studying the power of other similar regions (central regions of Iran). The development of the cities of Kashan and Qasr is more oriented towards the south and southwest.
Nasser Rezaei; Farzad Mirzaee; Rahmatollah Monshizadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction The development of tourism throughout the world, and its ever-increasing economic importance has paved the way for the development of rural tourism and its impact on the rural development. Initially, this concept took shape by the development of urbanization, the rapid ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction The development of tourism throughout the world, and its ever-increasing economic importance has paved the way for the development of rural tourism and its impact on the rural development. Initially, this concept took shape by the development of urbanization, the rapid growth of transportation system, rising families’ incomes, and more attention paid to the way of spending leisure time in the country in the big cities and villages around them. First, Iran enjoys a great variety of cultural, historical and natural attractions, and is ranked high among the countries of the world in terms of capabilities. Furthermore villagers account for 30% of the total population of the country, and the revenues from the agricultural sector are not sufficient for creating the job opportunities and the income needed for the villagers. Therefore, working on is essential to provide the ground for social and economic development in rural areas. In order to explain the role of tourism in rural development, a comprehensive study has been carried out on the Moridan area and the factors contributing to this development have been evaluated. Finally, considering the capabilities, facilities and limitations in the region, an appropriate method was proposed. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytic and the information was collected through library studies. The information and statistics related to the government departments were obtained from them and the field studies were carried out through questionnaires and interviews. People needed for selecting the target population of the research were chosen for interview, using the Cochran’s formula (with 95% of sample volume n=38) and from among 318 habitants of 11 villages and 20 families in order to increase its capability of generalizability using the descriptive and inferential statistics obtained from the research. Therefore, the collected data were entered into the periodic table and the standard deviation was determined using descriptive statistics, for all cases. Discussion The village of Moridan is located near the county of Langroud. The study on the social, economic and natural structure of the region shows that agriculture, gardening and stock raising are among the most fundamental economic activities in the region, which is not able to meet the needs of local people on its own. Concerning the geography of the region and taking different aspects into account, tourism is considered to be the safest and most effective economic activity for the villages of the region. The following process was pursued in performing this research regarding the economic impacts of tourism in the region and to realize its objectives: 318 people were asked to fill out the questionnaires. 148 of those people had an average age of 45-65, which is considered the largest group, accounting for 46.7% of the total number of interviewees. Interviewees over the age of 65 account for the least number among the different groups. 33% of the interviewees were government’s employees, and 58% were self-employed. The education level of most of the interviewees was under high school diploma and about 35% of them had university degrees. Two significant economic variables were considered in performing the research, namely, the creation of job opportunities and the amount of income. In the studies done on the created job opportunities, directly or indirectly, as the result of tourism industry growth, the number of the region’s tourists and the number of the jobs created were directly proportional to each other and, regarding the impact of tourism development on the number of the jobs in the region, the opinions of the majority of the interviewees were positive (x=4.8) (very high). This issue was quite obvious, especially due to the number of villas and towns in the region (x=4.7) and, has also had a significant impact relating the role of development. 4.49% of respondents had positive opinions on the creation of new jobs and its impact on preventing the migration of young people to large cities, which is a remarkable percentage. Results Regarding the increase in the average family income, the interviewees confirmed its positive impact (x=4.42). Considering the increase in the average family income due to investing in construction, as well as the provision and distribution of construction materials in the region, and finally, tourism development, families have emphasized on the positive and key role of tourism in mass construction and consequently, the job opportunities. These opportunities include engineers, construction workers, masons, construction material workers, architects, etc. Considering the increase in family income, the provision of some rural items and handicrafts for tourists, tourists have emphasized the sale of rural products, handicrafts and dairy products to tourists, which represent the increase in the families’ income (x=4.41). Regarding the positive role of tourism, most respondents have also emphasized on the increase of the families’ income (x=4.55). The results also indicate that the growth of the capital owned by families is through the sale of their lands (x 4.55). Overall, the findings of the research show that, tourism has a positive economic impact on the rural regions of interest and are also the basis for the proper growth of agriculture and stock raising in the region, and this is in close relation with the rapid growth of the activities related to tourism in the villages. Tourism has proven to be an appropriate means of growth and can help improve the quality of life, create job opportunities and increase the income of families. Planning for performing tourism activities through enacting rules and regulations can help promote the region’s economy. The realization of the aforementioned objectives is subject to the provision of proposals in the form of short and long-term plans.
Saadi Mohammadi; Mehdi Saidi; soran manoochehri
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing with these natural crises. Moreover, there should be a continuous emphasis on political and economic challenges. As an effective, efficient and precautionary strategy, passive defense explains related requirements and mechanisms, and thus can lead to a reduction of damages resulting from different crises. Materials and methods The present applied research takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method. With the aim of reducing vulnerability of rural border hazardous areas in Marivan County, it investigates passive defense indices from a spatial and comprehensive perspective. In this way, vulnerable areas are identified and appropriate strategies are selected in accordance with the situation of passive defense in villages of this county. Required information was collected using documentary resources, especially basic geological maps and land use of the region. Then, indices were weighed using binary comparison method and fuzzy logic, and a final compiled map was prepared for the situation of passive defense. In this regard, 14 security, social and natural indices were selected as passive defense indices in accordance with the regional conditions. Afterwards, indices were weighed using AHP method and a Fuzzy weight was assigned to each layer. Accordingly, specified indices were mapped and compiled using Arc GIS. Results and Conclusions The present study takes advantage of a comprehensive and spatial approach to investigate human and natural standards of passive defense in villages of Marivan region in Iranian border. Findings indicated that human standards, including population of villages, distance from main roads and village centers are the most effective and important parameters influencing the status of passive defense in the studied villages. Also, final zoning indicated that the region is mostly in an appropriate status regarding passive defense. But regarding the spatial zoning, most villages (89 villages) are classified as average (quite appropriate). Regarding passive defense, more than 65% of the villages in this county are classified in a quite appropriate (average) class, which indicates that short-term and applied programs must be rapidly adopted to improve the fragile condition of these villages and prevent from deterioration of their status in passive defense. Moreover, more than 75 percent of low populated villages (i.e. fewer than 150 people) are classified as average. Since services and facilities are also allocated based on the village population, it should be expected that low declining population of villages rapidly increases vulnerability and reduces the desirability of their passive defense status. On the other hand, among six rural district centers in the study area, five rural district centers are in an average condition and only one is in a good condition. In rural planning system of the country, rural district centers are considered to be the focal point of rural areas, and provide the most developed services. Thus, it is necessary to use these rural districts as communicational centers for crisis management. 84% of rural district centers in the study area are in an average or fragile state, which may increase vulnerability and result in serious concerns regarding the status of passive defense in these villages. Also, random and normal distribution of these villages is considered to be a relative advantage for passive defense situation. But based on this principle, similar actions must be carried out in all villages to improve passive defense status throughout the rural district. According to findings and field observations, following solutions are offered to improve the status of passive defense in villages of this county: - Considering principles of passive defense in planning of rural development in the county. - Moving toward human centered passive defense through people participation and their education. - Moving away from a purely military and structural viewpoint toward passive defense by officials responsible for city development and security. - Paying attention to standards of passive defense with the aim of determining the most appropriate rural centers or rural districts. - Detailed and accurate short term investigation of the status of passive defense in rural districts and elimination of deficiencies and weaknesses, especially regarding human standards, with the aim of improving the status of these centers. - Compliance with the principle of spatial justice in accessing and distributing services and economic and social facilities in villages of the county with an emphasis on low-populated and remote villages.
Alireaza Darbane Astaneh; sajad ferdowsi; Hamid Reza Shahmohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Marine tourism is one of the most attractive and most popular tourist branches that has flourished much in recent decades and has attracted a significant part of tourism economy. In the meantime, despite having extensive coastal borders in the north and south, Iran has ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Marine tourism is one of the most attractive and most popular tourist branches that has flourished much in recent decades and has attracted a significant part of tourism economy. In the meantime, despite having extensive coastal borders in the north and south, Iran has not yet been able to provide tourists with desirable services in relation to marine tourism. The constructing of marine tourism sites in coastal areas is one of the measures that can be taken in this regard. In order to locate such sites, it is needed to take the following criteria into consideration: distance from the sea, view of the sea, exposing to the sun, land use, distance from natural hazards such as faults, floods, erosion, distance from the residential areas, distance from the rivers and lakes, distance from road networks, distance from protected areas and percentage of slope. In this regard, the present paper aims to determine the most appropriate places for the construction of marine tourism sites in the city of Tonekabon, considering the importance of quantitative and qualitative identification and assessment of the characteristics of the areas. It is hoped that managers and planners can provide the ground for developing marine tourism on the southern margin of the Caspian Sea in accordance with the available capacities, by assessing and analyzing this process in the coastal areas of this Sea. The present research seeks to answer the following question: Where are the most suitable places to build a marine tourism site in the city of Tonekabon? Materials & Methods The present research with descriptive-analytical method aims to identify the most desirable locations for the construction of marine tourism sites. The required information was collected by a library method. In order to weight the criteria under study, the opinions of 32 experts were surveyed and the AHP method was used. After determining the weight of each criterion, the information layers of each of the criteria were prepared in the GIS environment and finally, with overlaying of the information layers, the most suitable locations for the marine tourism sites were introduced. Results & Discussion According to the experts, the criteria of exposing to the sun, slope percentage, sea view, land use, severity of erosion in the area, and the criteria of distance from the sea, distance from the road networks, distance from the faults, distance from the protected areas, distance from the rivers, distance from the residential areas and distance from the areas subject to flood, were scored based on the distance (Table-1). Then, the information layers were created based on each of the criteria in the GIS environment and rated according to the weight of each criterion. Accordingly, four areas in the city of Tonekabon have been identified as more desirable compared to other points in order to locate the marine tourism sites. Conclusion The correct location of the various land uses by using tools, techniques, and scientific models and in accordance with the principles and rules of planning can be efficient in solving land use problems. Therefore, proper planning for the creation of marine tourism sites in the proposed places, in order of priority, will provide sustainable tourism development and mutually the economic development of the region. Accordingly, based on the analyses and the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented for the construction of a marine tourism site in general: - Accurate and complete identification of facilities and services available in neighboring settlements with the proposed location. - A detailed study of the proposed location for the construction of a marine tourism site - Investigation and feasibility of the deployment of activities related to the marine tourism in the proposed location. - Studying and identifying the facilities needed by tourists visiting the sea within the desired range. - Advertising and introducing the capabilities of marine tourism at national and regional levels. - Encouraging investors and local people to invest in the construction of tourism sites. - Allocating sufficient funds and credits to build the primary infrastructure. - Strengthening and improving roads and communication paths to the proposed location - Familiarizing people and authorities with the benefits of marine tourism and trying to attract their participation - Improving and enhancing the safety and security conditions within areas of interest.
Mohsen Shaterian; Seyed Hojjat Mousavi; Zahra Momenbeik
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Knowing type and percentage of each land use and land cover are considered to be a fundamental need for understanding and managing an area. Given the ever-increasing changes in land use, managers and experts need to be aware of past changes and developments. This is because, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Knowing type and percentage of each land use and land cover are considered to be a fundamental need for understanding and managing an area. Given the ever-increasing changes in land use, managers and experts need to be aware of past changes and developments. This is because, policy making and solving existing problems require detecting changes and determining the trend of changes over time. Satellite data is one of the quickest and least expensive methods available based on which researchers can produce different land use map. In this regard, Landsat Satellite imageries are one of the most important data sources used to study different types of land use and land cover changes, such as deforestation, agricultural expansion and urban growth. Extracting information from satellite imagery through classification is one of the most widely used methods. One of the most important applications of remote sensing data is for investigating and discovering changes in phenomena with a spatial-temporal nature (i.e. phenomena whose position and status changes over time). In fact, change detection is the process of identifying and determining the type and extent of land cover or land use in a given period of time based on remote sensing images. The present study seeks to monitor land use changes in Shahr-e Kord during the period of 1985 to 2017, and to prepare land use maps of the area using Landsat satellite imageries. Materials & Methods In the present study, satellite imageries received from TM, ETM+, and OLI sensors of Landsat satellites in 1985, 2000, 2015, and 2017 were extracted from the United States Geological Survey (www.usgs.gov) and analyzed using different remote sensing software and geographical information systems like ENVI 4.7 and ArcGIS 10.4. In order to produce land use changes map, error correction was first performed. Then, images were processed using supervised classification method and maximum likelihood algorithm, which based on previous studies have a higher accuracy compared to other algorithms. In order to classify land use/land covers, a training sample was produced for each land use based on field observations, topographic maps (1:25000) produced by Iran National Cartographic Center, Google Earth imageries, and visual study of the imageries. Then, classification results were corrected using auxiliary data, visual interpretation, experiential knowledge, and GIS techniques. Prior familiarity with the region, visual study of imageries, previous experience and field operations revealed that following land uses exist in the region and are detachable on the images as well: a) urban, b) agricultural, c) industrial, d) meadow, e) airport, and c) other land uses (including pasture, rocky areas and areas without any specific land cover). Confusion or error matrix –including overall accuracy, producer’s accuracy, user accuracy and kappa coefficient- was also used to evaluate the accuracy of the classification. Also, urban land use changes were monitored using image differentiation functions. Results & Discussion After production of land use maps based on imageries received in 1985, 2000, 2015, and 2017, area of the six land cover classes was obtained. Results indicate that during these four periods (1985 to 2000), urban, industrial, agricultural and airport land uses have increased to 13, 111.7, 5.2 and 3.4 km2 (1.26, 10.16, 0.51 and 0.4 % increase) respectively, while meadows and other land uses have faced a decreasing trend. In other words, it can be concluded that most changes during this 15-year period occurred in meadows and other land uses. Since development of the airport have resulted in destruction of a large part of meadows, this land use have faced more severe changes. Land use changes from 1985 to 2017 indicate that 7.8 km2 of agricultural lands were transformed into urban land use, 1.4 km2 to industrial land use, 1.08 km2 to airport and 7.7 km2 to other land uses. Also, 20.5 km2 of other land uses were transformed into urban land use, 203.1 km2 to agricultural land use, 0.03 km2 to dried meadows, 0.17 km2 to airport and 14.5 km2 to industrial land use. 2.8 km2 of meadows were also transformed into agricultural land use, 0.05 km2 to industrial land use and 2.04 km2 to airport. During this period, urban and industrial land uses have remained unchanged. Conclusion Generally, results indicate that urban, industrial and agricultural land uses have developed over time, and these land uses have always had a positive increasing trend. While meadows and other land uses have had a decreasing and negative trend. This is due to the construction of Shahr-e Kord Airport, uncontrolled exploitations, digging wells and drought phenomena, which have led to a decrease in the level of water in aquifers and destruction of natural ecosystem in this region. In this way, previous meadows have turned into the source of intense dust generation in the city, which is a sign of desertification and ecosystem destruction. Due to drought and water scarcity in recent years, new deep wells have been dug with the aim of supplying water. This have occurred despite the critical condition of the meadows, and thus, have resulted in repeated protests by farmers and livestock farmers. Dramatic decrease in other land uses, including pastures, can also be attributed to recent droughts in Iran and intense dust generation. Increased population, increased human pressure on natural resources and also development of agricultural lands are among other causes of the present situation. Based on existing maps and satellite imageries, Shahr-e Kord is developing towards North and North West. In some areas, this development has occurred in pastures. Therefore, due to very high population density in the region which is still increasing, and also ongoing migration of villagers to the city, supplying appropriate accommodation and occupation for this population requires finding new suitable locations for urban and industrial development of the city. This development process should happen with correct management and according to the goals of sustainable development.
Kamal Omidvar; Nesa Sepandar; Shahab Shafiee
Abstract
Extended abstract
Among the natural disasters, floods involve the highesthuman casualties. The economic damages of flood in developing countries, including Iran, is much more, and its occurrence is very high particularly in the cold months of the year in the west of the country. By studying the synoptic ...
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Extended abstract
Among the natural disasters, floods involve the highesthuman casualties. The economic damages of flood in developing countries, including Iran, is much more, and its occurrence is very high particularly in the cold months of the year in the west of the country. By studying the synoptic maps of the Earth’s surface and the middle and upper levels of the atmosphere, many Earth-surface phenomena such as flood, based on the spatial arrangement of the pressurecurves or the height and the location of patterns on these maps, the pattern of daily weather conditions can be controlled and the origin of many of these phenomena can eventually be determined. Precipitation is the major climate phenomenon resulting from the complex interactions of the climate system and it has a complex behavior due to the bond with various components of the climate system. The occurrence of precipitation requires the provision of several conditions. The availability of moisture, deep instability and cooling, are the prerequisites for the occurrence of precipitation. All of these conditions must appear in its strongest state for the occurrence of super heavy rainfalls.The western region of Iran is a suitable area for exacerbating and extending rainfall and sometimes flooding due to the presence of mountains. This is because the role of mountains in in capturing air humidity plays a significant role in increasing the atmospheric precipitations.There are two types of approaches in synoptic studies: circulatory to environmental, and environmental to circulatory. In the study of precipitation, the environmental to circulatory classification and approach are used. The reason for thisis that, the temporal and spatial variations of rainfall are severe,and the environmental to circulatory method allows the researchers to concentrate on the precipitation and, consequently, on the synoptic patterns whichtheyintendtostudy.In this study, the heavy and pervasive rainfall in the province of Kermanshah on October 27-30, 2015, was selected and it was attempted to analyze the synoptic and thermodynamic conditions of the occurrence of this torrential rain. In this research, the environmental to circulatory approachwas used. To conduct such studies, two databases are required. In this paper, which was conducted with the aim of analyzing the heavy rainfall synoptic situation in Kermanshah province (on October 27-30, 2015), two databases have been used. First, the daily rainfall data from October 25 to 31, 2015 were extractedby referring directly to digital files sent by the stations to the Iranian Meteorological Organization, and then, the high atmospheric variables on the same date were used for synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of the aforementioned precipitation and to see how the synoptic systems entered the region. Data related to the station’s level pressure, geopotential height, orbital and meridional components of wind and moisture at different levels of the atmosphere from the database related to high atmosphere data were obtained from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Center for Environmental Prediction, and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP / NCAR) with a spatial resolution of 2.5 by 2.5 arc degrees. Then, for the synoptic analysis of the aforementioned rainfall, daily maps of the Earth’s surface and the levels of 850 and 500 hPa were plotted in the GrADS software. Drawings of these maps were carried out 48 hours prior to the start of the rainfall until the day of full stop. The instability indices KI, LI, SW and SI were also usedfor the thermodynamic analysis of the high atmosphere data of Kermanshah and obtaining the extent of instability in the study days. In the analysis of the Earth’s surface synoptic mapson the day of torrential rains, the southern system appearsas a low-pressure field and has the highest power in the Red Sea and Sudan region, and the low-pressurecurrent has been drawn to the center of Iran, and extends over a vast areafrom the east and south of the European high pressure to the west and center of Iran and the conditions of instability are dominant in these areas. The ascending currents have increased because of the intensity of pressure reduction. It seems that the intense pressure gradient between the Sudan’s low-pressure and the European high-pressure current is one of the causes of the occurrence of torrential rains during the studied period in the province of Kermanshah. All stations in Kermanshah province have reported rainfalls under this very strong pressure and moisture from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Enhancement of the low level system of the Earth’s surface and the downfall of cold weatherin high latitudes by polar troughat the level of 500 hpa contributes to the occurrence of atmospheric instability and the onset of rainfall in the west of the country. The trough is located on the eastern Mediterranean in such a way that, its axis at the end of the Mediterranean trough passes over the Red Sea. on the eastern part of this trough’s axis (Red Sea descent), there is air turbulence from the west of the Red Sea to the north of the Caspian sea, which causes low pressure of the Earth’s surface to be raised to high latitudes. If this trough is strengthened while moving eastward, it will contain thunderstorm, rain and snow, in case of having enough moisture on its way, which is from southwest to the northeast, while passing over the heights. At the beginning of the heavy rainfall, the subtropical jet stream is onNorth Africa and the polar jet stream is on the areas located on the north of the Caspian and Black Sea. The amount of precipitation increase dramatically as these two jet streams get closer to each other, the polar jet stream changes position to the lower latitudes, and the subtropical jet stream moves towards the northeast. In the study of instability indices, there has been dispersed thunderstorm according to the LI instability index.The probability of dispersed shower on October 28 is very low according to the S1 index and the study area will witness very storms with low intensity on this day according to SW index. According to the KI index, this probability reaches to 60-80% in Kermanshah province on October 28 (peak day of precipitation).
Morteza Karimi; Somayeh Sadat Shahzeidi; Ebrahim Jafare
Abstract
Introduction
Iran is a rugged landscape with varied morphologies. Kermanshah Province is a mountainous region which lies between the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia at Zagros Mountain Range. This area has geopolitical military value and importance. Past experiences have shown that large military units ...
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Introduction
Iran is a rugged landscape with varied morphologies. Kermanshah Province is a mountainous region which lies between the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia at Zagros Mountain Range. This area has geopolitical military value and importance. Past experiences have shown that large military units are not suitable for operations in this area. This is a problematic area for opposing forces, because natural geographical conditions make coordination difficult. During the Imposed War, the area has been continuously attacked by the enemy, due to its prevailing geographic conditions. After the war, the presence of US forces and more recently ISIS terrorists in Iraq have increased the sensitivity of the region. Now, despite the presence of a Shi'a government in Iraq, the region is continuously provoked and made insecure by transborder forces. Considering the policy of our enemies (America, terrorists, etc.) in the region, the vicinity of Iranian city of Qasar-e Shirin to the city of Khanqin in Iraq has made it possible to use the region as a source for offensive operations against Iran or conducting any operation in the region. Regarding military threats from the west, this axis is the best place to advance and dominate the western regions. It is also used by armed insurgents seeking to threaten and perform ruinous operations in the region. In this regard, it is necessary to examine and analyze topographical phenomena and defensive capabilities of this axis from a natural and human geographic perspective. Qasr-e-Shirin axis in Kermanshah has several capabilities for territorial defense of the province. One of the most important capabilities is the use of geographic topographic factors affecting widespread military regular and irregular operations. These factors result in channeling and delaying of operations and show the effects of topography on the implementation of military movements, disrupting the order of operations and loss of commanders’ concentration. Few researches have considered this important issue and geographical capabilities of this axis, as a means for defending the western region, have not been investigated scientifically and systematically.
Materials & Methods
The research method is descriptive-analytic. Thus, the following process was predicted to achieve the objectives of the plan.
-Secondary research
-Investigating natural factors in the studied area considering 1: 50000 and 1: 250000topographic maps, data and indexes are recorded on digital model of the region.
- Digital capturing and 3D reconstruction of the region by Surfer Software.
- Field observations, photographing and filming geographical phenomena in the region, adapting to documentary data and using the comments of military experts and senior commanders in the region and province.
-Analyzing the morphology and studying topographic phenomena and defense capabilities of this axis from a geographic perspective.
Results & Discussion
The axis extends from Khosravi to the entrance of Kermanshah city with a length of 188 km.This road was previously called Iran's security corridor. Now, it is called Karbala Highway and has a significant and strategic role in the relationship between the two countries, Iran and Iraq, and other countries with similar religious interests. The new and old route connecting Tehran to Karbala or Baghdad cross this region. The geographic location of the region and the direction of these elevations are parallel to the border. The ground slope gradually decreases from east to west, and the elevations continue up to the Mesopotamia.
In the eight years of Iranian Sacred Defense, Qasr-e-Shirin, Diyala, Khanqinin, Dehliz-e patag were considered to be operational axes. Therefore, due to being mountainous; ethnic, racial, religious convergence and divergence of indigenous inhabitants with the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, this axis was studied and analyzed with the aim of protecting territorial zones of the Islamic Republic of Iran and creating a defensive plan for the region.
Perhaps, it can be claimed that the most appropriate axis for advancing toward the central parts of Iran is the western region of the country (Qasr-e Shirin axis, Eslamabad-e Gharb, Kermanshah). Therefore, it is necessary to study the defensive features and identify its strengths and weaknesses. Also, recognizing natural landscapes, identifying passages, routes, and important defensible bridges makes it possible to use natural and topographical features and prevent the enemy from advancing toward the center of the country.
Conclusion
Kermanshah Province and the city of Qasr-e-Shirin are bordered by Iraq. They are also located near the centers of Takfiri, ISIS, and terrorist crisis, which can cause insecurity on local, regional and national levels. In order to ensure security, some aspects need to be investigated, which to some extent rely on natural and human factors and the presentation of a territorial defense plan in the region. Regarding the geographic location of the region, natural factors are a positive point. By taking control of sensitive areas, it is possible to control and stop military movements. Examining geographic factors, we can mention the following issues:
(A) Elevations in the Kermanshah province: going from east to west, the ground elevation decreases, and Kermanshah highlands overshadow the Mesopotamian plain, which provides the possibility of performing any offensive and defensive operation for Iran.
(B) Studying communication pathways in border regions of Kermanshah province, it can be concluded that communication pathways have an important role in achieving military, political, economic goals. Routes connecting Qasr-e-Shirin to Sar-e Pol Zahab, Eslamabad-e Gharb and Kermanshah have strategic military, political, and economic value. During Iran-Iraq war, these road was used for military and political purposes, but today they are used for economic purposes.
C) By examining the geometric features of the border between Kermanshah province and Iraq, it can be concluded that the convex form of Qasar-e Shirin border is of military importance for Iran and thus, Iraq first occupied this area during Iran-Iraq war. Finally, this axis passes through mountainous narrow areas, and thus it is the best place to delay, stop, and channel enemy's ground movements.
Mehrdad Hadipour; Hamid Darabi; Aliakbar Davudirad
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction With the development of urbanization, a large part of agricultural areas and forests have been replaced by residential areas, industrial centers, and other infrastructures. This is due to human life style and his endeavor to reach sustainable urbanization. A series of changes ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction With the development of urbanization, a large part of agricultural areas and forests have been replaced by residential areas, industrial centers, and other infrastructures. This is due to human life style and his endeavor to reach sustainable urbanization. A series of changes in the reflection of light from different material’s surface, heat storage and heat transfer, have changednatural and artificial landscape orsignificantly affected local climate. Therefore, public concerns about urban sprawl, increasing urban population and quality of urban environmental have motivated planners to seek better perspectives for development of urban areas. Increasing temperature of urban areas is considered to be one of the most important environmental problem in cities. This increasing temperature results in creation of Urban Heat Islands (UHI) in some parts of urban areas, which are significantly warmer than surrounding urban environment. Therefore,a new and successful method of urban planning should be introduced with respect to spatial distribution of land surface temperature (LST) to achieve better urbanization and reduce environmental impacts on cities. Materials & Methods The present study takes advantage of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) thematic maps to investigate therelationship between air pollution, and two indexes of NDBI and NDVI with land surface temperature (LST) and Urban Heat Islands (UHI) in urban areas. Satellite imageries of Arak (an industrial city in Iran) has been chosen for the case study. Urban and natural areas and impermeable surfaces such as roads, buildings and other constructions are rapidly developing in this city. In the first step of research methodology, necessary pre-processing programs such as radiometric corrections were performed on the satellite imageries. Then satellite imageries were transformed toatmospheric images to produce NDBI and NDVI indexes. Finally,land surface temperature maps wereproduced using the method of Landsat Project Science Institute in Arc GIS 10.3. To classify satellite images, seven land use classes were identified as poor pastures, averagepastures, rich pastures, bare lands, Lake’s Shore, agricultural lands and residential lands.Then, training images classification method was used to collect samples from the study area and classification was performed using maximum likelihood method for monitoring. In order to analyze LST parameter using NDBI and NDVI indexes, air quality data,and statistical methods like Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired t test and Pearson correlation test were used. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated that data used in this study was normally distributed. The results of t test, temperature recorded by synoptic stations in Arak and remotely sensed data indicated that the accuracy of the test is more than 5%. Thus, the difference between residential land use and other urban land uses was not statistically significant. Moreover, results indicate that there is a more than 99 percent correlation between temperature recorded by the synoptic stations in Arak and data collected from satellite imageries. Results of correlation with remotely sensed data indicatedthatthere is a significant correlation between99 percent of results and less than 5 micron particles. Results & Discussion Correlation between air pollution data andremotely sensed data (LST) indicated that LST and less than 5.2 micronparticlesare significantly correlated with 99% accuracy. Urban heat island usually occurs in metropolitan area and its surroundings. Due to climate changes, urban heat islands are constantly developing. This results in increased energy consumption for air conditioning systems. Thus, reducing the effects of urban heat islands has become an important global issue. The present study has successfully explained the effects of urban heat islands and their environmental problems on normal life. Detailed program of related measures and policies should reduce the intensityof urban heat island. Final development of the cities should be based on land surface temperatures in surrounding areas in a way that cities can reach a lower surface temperature as compared to the temperature before urban development. Conclusion Following strategies are suggested for a more comprehensive consideration of urban green spaces in urban planning and future development of cities: Paying attention to architecturalcriteria and urban land use, and alsopaying attention to soil and water management parametersbased on the principles of green architecture, paying attention to standards of anthropogenic temperature rise caused by human activities, and the problem of urban heat islands. Moreover, it is crucially important to prepare the necessary situation for the community to reach a good physical and mental health.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Hossein Asakereh; Somayeh Taheri Alam; Nosrat Farhadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Climate changes manifested in different ways and time scales (short-term fluctuations and long-term changes) effects. The consequences of such changes can be traced to various parts of the environment. One of the climate change manifestations is the change in biological ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Climate changes manifested in different ways and time scales (short-term fluctuations and long-term changes) effects. The consequences of such changes can be traced to various parts of the environment. One of the climate change manifestations is the change in biological phenomena, primarily vegetation, which reflects an intricate pattern of changes in climatic elements, particularly temperature, and precipitation. Although the substantial role of climatic elements on the density and geographical distribution of vegetation has been confirmed, it is arduous to estimate the relationship between climate changes and vegetation due to the complexity of the mechanism of different characteristics of climatic elements (such as the amount, type, intensity, season, continuity, etc.), feedback processes, and also the response time of the vegetation to climatic changes.
Materials and Methods
In the current research, the gridded data of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a product of the MODIS terra, was used from 2001 through 2016. The data were extracted from a GIOVANNI website. In the present study, Iran's vegetation density classes were determined based on quantitative methods, and the geographical distribution of two-half parts of the understudy periods was compared.
Results and Discussion
The long-term average and changes in Iran's NDVI were examined using NDVI grid data. The finding revealed that the NDVI has a direct relationship with the precipitation. Accordingly, the northern, northwestern, and western regions, as wet regions in Iran and comprise proper soil, included high NDVI.
Dividing NDVI data into two 8-year periods revealed that in the first 8 - year, despite the high amount of precipitation, the NDVI was lower approximated to the second 8 - years. This difference can be attributed to the lag - time in reactions of NDVI to climate changes. It takes several decades for most tree species to react to climate change. In addition, the increase in cultivated area and, consequently, the excessive use of underground water has a noticeable role in increasing trends of the NDVI values.
Conclusion
The long-term average and changes in Iran's NDVI were examined using NDVI grid data. Our finding showed that the spatial distribution of NDVI has a direct relationship with the precipitation. Comparing two - half of understudy data showed despite the high amount of precipitation, the NDVI in the first half was lower approximated to the second 8 - years. This difference can be attributed to the lag - time in reactions of NDVI to climate changes. It takes several decades for most tree species to react to climate change. In addition, the increase in cultivated area and, consequently, the excessive use of underground water has a noticeable role in increasing trends of the NDVI values.
Mohammad Rauf Heydarifar
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 77-89
Abstract
Globalization is happening and an ambiguous future is approaching. There are controversial perspectives regarding the influence of this process on geographic space. Some try to prove the importance of geography and its influence and sustainability in social life, while others do not predict a bright ...
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Globalization is happening and an ambiguous future is approaching. There are controversial perspectives regarding the influence of this process on geographic space. Some try to prove the importance of geography and its influence and sustainability in social life, while others do not predict a bright future for geography and the concept of territory. Movements unbound to a space, non-territorial entities, organizations and companies bespeak of a new kind of social relation. An emerging phenomena is evolving which will eliminate concepts like space, boundary, territory, district, area, diversity and difference and implies the death or end of geography. Therefore, fundamental investigation in the nature and reality of geography is one of the main critical responsibility of geographers, to which this article seeks to contribute. Neorealism and future studies approach are applied.
Hossein Mohammadi; Ommolbanin E'temad
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 79-89
Abstract
Today, air pollution is considered a very important international issue. Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. Geographic location, topography, climate, and industrial concentration cause pollutants to accumulate in the city. One of the diseases that is increasing due to air pollution ...
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Today, air pollution is considered a very important international issue. Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. Geographic location, topography, climate, and industrial concentration cause pollutants to accumulate in the city. One of the diseases that is increasing due to air pollution is lung cancer. In this study, the relationship between atmospheric elements such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity and sight less than 2 km, and atmospheric pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), Ozone, (O3) airborne particles (PM-10) and dust during a 10-year statistical period, (1999-1999), was investigated using descriptive statistical methods and correlations and regression relationships, and the analysis of the effects of monthly and annual means of variables on the mortality of lung cancer in Tehran were studied. The results show that there is a high correlation between lung cancer and atmospheric elements. There is a meaningful relationship between the smaller mean number of days with weaker sight and the monthly mean number of lung cancer incidence. With increase of dust in a month, mortality has also increased, as dust is found in the city air more than other pollutants. There is a significant relationship between the monthly variables of contaminants with lung cancer, and there is a strong correlation between the annual mean of pollutants and lung cancer. The association between the annual average of dust and lung cancer is 99%.
