Amir Saeed Homaiinejad
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 12-18
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a practical automatic three-dimensional matching project. It consists of two major parts.
The first part is related to the automatic three-dimensional matching project implemented for a digital close range photography test. The components of this test include two CCD ...
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This paper presents the results of a practical automatic three-dimensional matching project. It consists of two major parts.
The first part is related to the automatic three-dimensional matching project implemented for a digital close range photography test. The components of this test include two CCD cameras with a resolution of 758×580 Pixels set on a 70cm horizontal bar. These cameras are set at a distance of 3m from the object. A new type of signs which have been devised for identification and extraction of control points from photos have been set on an around the area under examination. A computer program was prepared for automatic identification and extraction of these signs by computer.
The program is able to create a three-dimensional spatial shape (a model) from two images with cover automatically. The practical method is based on the Bundle Block Adjustment.
The second test was carried out with the aim of working with digitalized aerial photos. These signs have been set in place of fiducial marks and at ground control points. This test is somehow different from the first test, because in this case the program must first carry out the internal justification and then the relative and absolute adjustments.
In general, this paper discusses a method which is used for achievement of automatic matching in digital photography.
Asghar Zarrabi; Maryam Rezaei
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 13-17
Abstract
In recent years, rapid development of urbanism and dramatic increase in urban population have resulted in numerous problems like devastating urban environment, lack of appropriate access to public urban services, incompatibility of urban land uses, lack of social justice, etc. Thus, the necessity of ...
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In recent years, rapid development of urbanism and dramatic increase in urban population have resulted in numerous problems like devastating urban environment, lack of appropriate access to public urban services, incompatibility of urban land uses, lack of social justice, etc. Thus, the necessity of urban planning and management were introduced. So that, new patterns of planning, different social, economic, ecologic and management aspects are reviewed and sustainable development strategies for decreasing problems are proposed. The present article seeks to investigate the importance and role of development in decreasing urban problems, appropriate application of social justice resources and consequently improving the quality of urban life. The study is applied in nature, documentary investigation and standard ranking methods are used.
Finally, it is concluded that applying sustainable development prevents environmental devastation, social injustice, destroying and changing land uses, incompatibility with other land uses. This will in turn provide the necessary context for appropriate urban development and citizen comfort. Planning based on the urban environment is the first step for the implementation of this goal.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 13-18
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 13-17
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 13-16
Abstract
An earthquake with magnitude of 6.2 on the scale of Richter (6.2 MW) occurred on May 28, 2004 in central Alborz in northern Iran (Firozabad-Kojour) at 17:08:46 local time. Most earthquake research centers reported the epicenter of this earthquake near Firozabad (latitude of 36.283 and longitude of 51.616) ...
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An earthquake with magnitude of 6.2 on the scale of Richter (6.2 MW) occurred on May 28, 2004 in central Alborz in northern Iran (Firozabad-Kojour) at 17:08:46 local time. Most earthquake research centers reported the epicenter of this earthquake near Firozabad (latitude of 36.283 and longitude of 51.616) at a depth of 28.3 km. Firozabad-Tovir is a small part of the central Alborz Mountains and is actually one of the highly active zones in the region in tectonic terms and the boundary zone of the region. There are two sides of this zone by which the Saudi Arabia zone (considering Eurasia zone) every year moves about 20 millimeters northwards. According to the Eurasian zone. This region of Iran is a unique region on the surface of the earth for studying the reaction of the upper crust against continental collision during the late Miocene, considering that it includes the continental shortening due to the north-south collision of the Saudi Arabia and Eurasia zones. Most of the metamorphosis in the Zagros, Alborz, and Kopet-Day areas is consistent in terms of the direction and length of the horizontally-moving faults. The northernmost part of the Alborz Mountains laterally extends 900 kilometers around the Caspian Sea and 200- 500 kilometers north of the Neo-Tethyan cleavage. (Figure 1)
Hojjat Mahkuei; Shahla Hasani
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 14-23
Abstract
Regarding the level of technological development industrial and postindustrial countries have reached, it is hard to believe that once in this planet human beings could not even satisfy their basic needs, such as building a safe shelter. In the third millennium, access to information has resulted in ...
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Regarding the level of technological development industrial and postindustrial countries have reached, it is hard to believe that once in this planet human beings could not even satisfy their basic needs, such as building a safe shelter. In the third millennium, access to information has resulted in the development of technology and has changed human life to a large degree. Nowadays, international power is a consequence of countries capabilities in exploiting their geographical environments; the way countries exploit their geopolitical situation creates an opportunity to appear powerfully in international realms. Superior technology is an important factor in securing countries against attacks or threatening other countries in preemptive wars. Superpowers such as USA possesses technologies and developed systems such as HARP. HARP is a research project apparently used for investigating and exploring ionosphere layer and underground mines (using ELF/ULF/VLF radio waves). But in reality, “a project with star war technology” has been launched to complete building a new weapon.
The present article takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method and investigates HARP system using library and internet resources. This article aims to explore HARP system as a superior technology United States of America possesses and can use as a destructive or constructive weapon. Results indicate that the system has not been used for constructive purposes.
Zahra Hejazizadeh; Mohammad Hossein Naserzadeh
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 14-18
Abstract
Tsunami is a natural phenomenon that can not be prevented from occurring and is considered as one of the most important oceanic disasters in the world. In this collection, along with providing a definition of it, the types and causes of its occurrence are presented and, according to its geographical ...
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Tsunami is a natural phenomenon that can not be prevented from occurring and is considered as one of the most important oceanic disasters in the world. In this collection, along with providing a definition of it, the types and causes of its occurrence are presented and, according to its geographical distribution in the oceans and places affected by the subduction, some special sites are introduced and, according to its destructive results, it has been attempted, through making suggestions, to take measurements for places that are located along the coastline of the subduction by the way of presenting information about its effects, in order to anticipate the potential risks and possible damages. Considering that in the southern part of Iran, there is the coastline subduction of the Oman Sea and the tectonic of the Indian Ocean, there are potentials for such an incident.
Hasan Ali Faraji Sabokbar; Mahdi Mahdi; Reza Aghataher; Siamak Taghizadeh Ghalejuqi; Saeed Rahimi
Abstract
Disaster, crisis and then the search, rescue and reliefis a cycle frequently repeated in a country like Iran. In this cycle, commonly known as the crisis management cycle, we are constantly faced with a variety of data and outputs from the early stages, namely, determining the risk of areas to the post-crisis ...
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Disaster, crisis and then the search, rescue and reliefis a cycle frequently repeated in a country like Iran. In this cycle, commonly known as the crisis management cycle, we are constantly faced with a variety of data and outputs from the early stages, namely, determining the risk of areas to the post-crisis stages and retrieval, which are somehow related to the location. Collectinginformation both in the pre and post-crisis stages will notbe a very difficult task, as the damaged society is then almost relieved from panic and therefore resources permit the authorities in charge to gather information as requiredHowever, during the crisis andas long as the society is suffering from critical conditions, collecting information such as the depth of damages, damaged areas, risk-prone areas, dispersion of damages, resources, facilities and … will be very useful and obviously difficult. Thus, considering the lack of tools andappropriate technology in the country for gathering information during crisis conditions, this research has focused on gathering information in the crisis management response phase. In this regard, concepts of Telegeoinformatics (TGI) and its various architectures were presented and continued with designing a system for gathering information during earthquake crisis. Finally, an emergency response system was designed and was presented as a software package. Moreover, the model and software of this system was presented in UML for further development by other researchers who are studying in the same fields, which resulted in presentation of suggestions for development of this system using other technologies.
Alireza Safdarinezhad; Mahdi Mokhtarzadeh; Mohammadjavad Valadanzouj
Abstract
Abstract
3D point clouds obtained by Airborne Laser Scanner Systems provide a varied and unique geometric information of the physical terrain surfaces due to advantages such as relatively high geometric accuracy and high spatial density of the points. Classification ...
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Abstract
3D point clouds obtained by Airborne Laser Scanner Systems provide a varied and unique geometric information of the physical terrain surfaces due to advantages such as relatively high geometric accuracy and high spatial density of the points. Classification and separation of cloud point data to environmental constructive terrains plays an important role in the process of 3D modeling of terrains. In this procedure, point cloud clustering is a fundamental step in the procedure of information extraction form LiDAR's data. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for supervised classification of LiDAR cloud of points based on contextual analysis of LiDAR points. The proposed method consists of three main steps. In the first step, a set of features based on contextual analyses are produced for each point in LiDAR data. In the second step, the optimum feature selection is done in the modified prototype space using a new strategy. The last step is conducted by a simple k-means clustering in the feature space spanned by optimum contextual clusters. An urban area with the residential texture has been used as the case study to evaluate the proposed method. The results indicate proper classification accuracies. The overall accuracies and kappa coefficients were 93.15% and 0.89 respectively.
Mir Najaf Mousavi; Mahdi Modiri
Abstract
Development plans are the most important mechanism of government for the realization of justice in society. For this reason, focusing on ecological, economic, physical, social and cultural justice in programming and setting it within the framework of Islamic justice leads to the formation of an equitable ...
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Development plans are the most important mechanism of government for the realization of justice in society. For this reason, focusing on ecological, economic, physical, social and cultural justice in programming and setting it within the framework of Islamic justice leads to the formation of an equitable society and the balanced promotion and progress in all dimensions, areas, strata and various geographical regions of the country. In this regard, land use planning programs are considered as important framework forthe balanced development of the society in all aspects and organizing regional disparities. The purpose of this research is to prioritize the indices of Islamic-Iranian justice in realizing land use planning and balanced development in Iran. The type of research is applied-fundamental, and the applied method is descriptive-analytical. Evaluation Indicators of Islamic-Iranian justice are 35 ecological, physical, economic, social, and cultural justice indexes. The statistical population is 31 provinces of the country. The data collection tool is the study of documents and information of general population and housing censuses in various indicators.Network analysis model and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data.. The results of the network analysis model show that economic justice indexes with the highest value of 0.282have the greatest role in regional inequalities among the provinces of the country, because in most of the indicators studied, there are differences in terms of wealth and income distribution, the spread of poverty, the income of households per capita, which lead to the lack of justice realization in the society. Also, the analytical findings of structural equation modeling show that the components of economic justice in different regions of the country are very different. Based on the estimated standardized coefficients of the structural model of the research, the level of significance is equal to 0.079 which indicates the effects of economic factorson regional inequalities in the country with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.86 (9.51). It can be said that these inequalities are due to disregarding the balance in the country, and imbalances areevident in resources, activities, facilities, population, services or accumulation in some population areas including metropolises which arein contradiction with the Islamic justice and fair distribution of services and facilities and leads to questioning social justice. Finally, strategies for organizing regional inequalities within the framework of Islamic justice and the realization of territorial justice have been presented.
Mohammad Hasan Yazdani; Afshar saidain
Abstract
Abstract
Regarding the geopolitical and strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region and the continuing threats of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, unfortunately, economic and infrastructure installations and projects have been established in the cities without security and defense ...
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Abstract
Regarding the geopolitical and strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region and the continuing threats of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, unfortunately, economic and infrastructure installations and projects have been established in the cities without security and defense considerations which have become an accessible threat to the enemy and any aggression available. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of cities from the passive defense perspective with the case of Ardabil city. This research is an applied- developmental research in terms of goal, and a descriptive- analytical one in terms of nature.Within the framework of the passive defense issues, 18 indicators were provided in the form of five components of critical arteries, crisis management centers, military and police centers, urban equipment and support centers with three strategic, mental and support destruction priorities. The collected data were weighted in ‘SuperDecision’ software (network analysis), then mapped in the GIS environment. The results of the surveys show that, in the situation of crisis and vulnerability, there are six major hazardous areas at Ardabil level, the most important of which: the northeastern exit of Ardabil (Jihad Square leading to the gate of Astara), Southwest of Ardabil (From Sar-ein Station leading to Basij Square and towards Shamasbi Village) and eventually parts of the North and northwest of Ardabil (Vahdat Square) with the sum of 17% of the total areas of land uses in the city, have the highest vulnerability. This is due to the inappropriate situation of physical characteristics and the concentration of administrative, organizational, military and provincial institutions in these areas of Ardabil.
Naser Soltani
Volume 22, Issue 86 , June 2013, , Pages 17-27
Abstract
The environmental crisis of Lake Urmia is considered to be one of the most important environmental, geological, and human dangers of the country. This condition makes it more necessary to study the main processes that influence the level of the water in Lake Urmia so that the suitable directional strategies ...
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The environmental crisis of Lake Urmia is considered to be one of the most important environmental, geological, and human dangers of the country. This condition makes it more necessary to study the main processes that influence the level of the water in Lake Urmia so that the suitable directional strategies and plans are applied to stop the decrease in the level of the sea. Taking this into consideration and indicating the impact of natural causes in this crisis’ accession and its augmentation, the study tried to Study the impact of human as well as population variables in this environmental issue. Six significant effective factors in human consumption were chosen to be studied and relating to the official data and statistics, it was found that the consumption patterns, both concerning the people and activities, are in poor condition. In almost all the factors studied, the capitation of water consumption was higher than the average of that value in the country which has resulted in an imbalance in the consumption patterns of the region. Accordingly, it seems essential to develop appropriate plans and strategies to control and manage the consumption patterns in both aspects of population and activities.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 17-20
Abstract
Military geography discusses special areas of military missions and, depending on scale and application, falls into the following four levels:1- Analysis of the battlefield (local-national scale)2. Analysis of war “scene” or context (on regional-continental scale)3. Political-military geography ...
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Military geography discusses special areas of military missions and, depending on scale and application, falls into the following four levels:1- Analysis of the battlefield (local-national scale)2. Analysis of war “scene” or context (on regional-continental scale)3. Political-military geography (on global and international scale)4. Thematic military geography
Seyyed Mohsen Musavi
Abstract
ExtendedAbstract Today, ubiquitous Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) has been growing to become the recent generation of GIS. In this generation of GIS, servicing capabilities to any user, at any time, in any location, using any devices, andin any conditions, are provided. Advances in Information ...
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ExtendedAbstract Today, ubiquitous Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) has been growing to become the recent generation of GIS. In this generation of GIS, servicing capabilities to any user, at any time, in any location, using any devices, andin any conditions, are provided. Advances in Information Technology (IT)industry have led to the advent of low-cost threedimensional data acquisition technologies (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) that changesthe approaches of current generation of GIS. One of theimportant matters in different generation of GIS is 3D spatialrelations extraction. 3D topological extraction used more in GIS, isdone based on the data models in different generations ofGIS. There are some deficiencies and limitations in current datamodels such as the lack of high interoperability between the userand the environment, lack of visualizing 3D objects relationships witheach other and inconsistency between 3D objects and their primitives,while in ubiquitous generation of GIS by using different sensorsand infrastructures in the environment, these deficiencies are improved. Inthis article, for extracting 3D topological relations in current GISdata models, the methodology of object-oriented procedure and simulationof different objects like sphere and pyramid are done. Bythe way, for the ubiquitous generation of GIS, by usingsmart Kinect sensor, extraction of 3D topological relations is donefor a building prototype. Information Technology (IT) has faced achange in its earliest style of merely making an interactionbetween the users and the environment within a computer. Nowadays, a new era has arrived at which people can communicatewith their environment through embedded sensors on the basis ofubiquitous computing. With the advent of novel technologies of threedimensional information acquisition from the environment, a revolution in theubiquitous computing has occurred which remarkably broadens its capabilities. Oneof these technologies is the use of Microsoft Kinect smartsensor to acquire the depth information in any location andat any time. One of the requirements of Ubiquitous GISis the use of these sensors capabilities in the extractionof spatial relations that empower us with some spatial analysis. The purpose of this article is the comparison of approachesto extracting 3D topological relations based on the data modelsused in different generations of GIS. The use of anappropriate spatial data model for ubiquitous computing makes the extractionof spatial relations at any time and in any locationpossible as a service for the users. Topological relations areconsidered an important property of spatial objects, and are fundamentalto spatial analyses and query-based processing. As the informationcollected by Kinect is in the form of 3D pointclouds, the extraction of three dimensional topological relations is feasible. The spatial analyses describe the topological relations based on somepredefined models which are generated at the same time withthe process of modeling the objects. In this study, basedon a ubiquitous data model and using Kinect as asensor utilized in ubiquitous computing to enhance the interactivity betweenusers and the environment and to acquire 3D information andto extract topological relations. The proposed data model, termed UbiquitousGIS Data Model (UGDM), is able to support various spatialrelations in a metric or non-metric manner. UGDM wellsupports various spatial relations, including directional, distance-based, projection, andtopological relations. The extraction of eight topological relations via differentsensors is among the capabilities of this data model. Theresults of this article for provided data indicate the differencebetween the generations of GIS to extract topological relations, andmore interactions between user and environment in ubiquitous generation ofGIS by different sensors. The extraction of spatial relations betweenobjects provides us with substantial information about their surrounding environment. Directional, distance based and also topological relations are some instancesof spatial relations. The used methodology in this paper accordingto the ubiquitous GIS generation starts with the acquisition ofinformation in the form of point clouds. Then topological informationlike algebraic topology and point set topology are extracted. Providinga ubiquitous data model for extracting 3D topological relations basedon different sensors and infrastructure enhances the interaction between theuser and the environment. This capability in the presented datamodel shows the lack of interoperability in the current datamodels. Providing a language for presented data model in thisarticle is the paper future goal.
Esmail Shieh; Shaghayegh Sharafi
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
Today with the development of urbanism and evolution of the citizen’s residential patterns, the quality of children presence in public arenas and recreational areas, their interaction with groups of children of the same age in these areas have been effected due to security problems and increasing ...
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Today with the development of urbanism and evolution of the citizen’s residential patterns, the quality of children presence in public arenas and recreational areas, their interaction with groups of children of the same age in these areas have been effected due to security problems and increasing level of vulnerability in these areas. This has resulted in the confinement of children to the house environment, and children have limited opportunity for exploring themselves and experiencing the natural environment.
The present article seeks to investigate effective factors in the security of children recreational areas. Study is performed in Niavaran district and Niavaran Park. Statistical group consists of 9591 residents of Niavaran district. Statistical sample were analyzed using standard deviation, sampling methods, and by distributing questionnaires between 95 people (about 1 percent of statistical group).
Three research questions were proposed: How much does the design of playgrounds, equipment in the play grounds, and its environmental features influence the children security? Variables were included in the questionnaires with Likert spectrum.
Results indicate that the design of play grounds plays an important role in children safety. Variables like hidden and insecure corners, playground distinction, how the playground is equipped, lighting and material used in playground floor are more effective. Moreover, the equipment used in playground and the security of equipment have an important role in children security. Environmental features are also somehow important in children security. In this regard, trusting playground, increasing visibility, and marginal and active land usages have a more significant role.
Javad Saberian; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Mobile devices are widely used for providingpeople with needed information anytime and anywhere. One of themost important mobile applications is related to the navigation andother GIS capabilities. The development of mobile applications needs tobe adapted with the special features and limitations of ...
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Mobile devices are widely used for providingpeople with needed information anytime and anywhere. One of themost important mobile applications is related to the navigation andother GIS capabilities. The development of mobile applications needs tobe adapted with the special features and limitations of thiscomputing environment. Looking in this direction, we present a context-aware mobile map representation which used the dual graph ofstreet networks for automatic simplification and generalization of streets invarious contexts. For this purpose, after the introduction and selectionof context factors, the degree of dual graph nodes areused for automatic generation of maps with fewer details. Wewill show that we could increase the capability and efficiencyof mobile GISs by using dual graphs, because by usingthat, the structure and the topology of streetnetwork could be maintained in generalization process.The proposed approachis validated by a case study applied to a regionof Tehran city. The case study clearly showed the benefits of usingdual graphsin mobile map applications.
Zeinab Obeidavi; Kazem Rangzan; Mostafa Kabolizadeh; Rouhollah Mirzaei
Abstract
Abstract
Sustainable management of wildlife and natural habitats is an outcome of a series of spatial, quantitative and qualitative surveys and studies related to wildlife populations and habitat populations, a matter which necessitates to pay attention to the proper maintenance of existing data ...
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Abstract
Sustainable management of wildlife and natural habitats is an outcome of a series of spatial, quantitative and qualitative surveys and studies related to wildlife populations and habitat populations, a matter which necessitates to pay attention to the proper maintenance of existing data and to organize them to increase the useful life of such data in order to avoid repeating the operations of data acquisition and collection, and consequently to avoid the loss of funds for conservation and management of wildlife. Therefore. In the present study, considering the advantages of using database management system for maintenance, use and management of data, the design and implementation of a wildlife spatial database sample in Khuzestan province is carried out. In the design and implementation of the target database, the PostgreSQL / PostGIS object-relational database was used. According to the findings of the study, the PostgreSQL / PostGIS open source database management system was identified as an appropriate option for the development of the spatial data management capabilities of wildlife. It was also found that the designed system was able to support all possible questions related to wildlife spatial data, providing a solution to some issues and problems related to the management of a huge amount of wildlife scattered data. Also, due to the success of the present research, the necessity of focusing on the organization and management of wildlife information in the country and its inclusion in the context of the policy of the Environmental Protection Agency of the nation has been emphasized, and the need for the creation and development of a comprehensive spatial database of the wildlife of is pointed out.
Mojtaba Yamani; Fatemeh Yusefi; Anvar Moradi; Musa Abbasi; mohsen barzkar
Abstract
Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In ...
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Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In this research, different maps with different scales, ARC GIS10 software, and ‘Super Decisions’ software were used. In the next step, variables were evaluated using ANP and AHP models and according to experts’ opinions. Then, using the spatial analyzers in the GIS environment, the outputs were derived from the reference maps, and while overlapping these maps in GIS environment using algebraic sum operator, the final output was obtained as land use zoning for spatial zonation of tourism.The results were calculated in three qualitative classes, forbidden, contingent and permitted, and showed that about 21% of the region is eligible for development of tourism and about 42% of the region has the potential to develop only conditionally with the ecological aspects observation. About 37% of the region shows the prohibition of tourism development as well. In areas that are permitted for tourism development, in case of favorableuse and provision of facilities and welfare services and appropriate promotion, their potential can be used to develop sustainable tourism and to establish the economic balance of different regions especially in underdeveloped and rural areas. The results of this research can be used as an index for the development of appropriate and optimal applications within the framework of economic plans in the region.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Naser Abdi; Ali Reza Azmoude Ardalan; Roohollah Karimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a technique to determine the position of a single receiver using un-differenced dual-frequency code and carrier phase observations. In this technique, the precise satellite orbit and clock products obtained from the GPS reference station network ...
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Extended Abstract
Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a technique to determine the position of a single receiver using un-differenced dual-frequency code and carrier phase observations. In this technique, the precise satellite orbit and clock products obtained from the GPS reference station network are also required. Unlike the relative positioning techniques, the network needed for PPP is not necessary to be dense, and even a sparse network with long baselines like the International GNSS Service (IGS) network can be used. The IGS collects, archives, and distributes GPS observation data sets of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the objectives of a wide range of applications and experimentation. These data sets are used by the IGS to generate the data products which are made available to interested users through the IGS website. Moreover, in contrast to the relative positioning techniques, PPP can provide a uniform accuracy throughout the world without having the reference station observations. In the last decade, PPP has been widely used for the static and kinematic applications. The use of this technique in various applications requires to know its accuracy, processing software requirements, and performing methods. The aim of this paper is to study the performance of PPP by using the static and kinematic observations in comparison with the double difference relative solutions. For this purpose, the static observations of four dual-frequency receivers within Iranian Permanent GNSS Network (IPGN), namely AHVA, SFHN, SNDJ and TORQ, and the kinematic observations of GPS receiver installed on airplane were processed in the PPP and double difference relative solutions by the Bernese GNSS software version 5.0. The Bernese GNSS Software is a scientific, high-precision, GNSS data processing software developed at the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB). It is, e.g., used by Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) for its international (IGS) and European activities. In the double difference relative solution, the coordinates of 10 IGS stations in ITRF2008, which have been located around Iran, have been chosen as the weighted constraints, where the accuracy of constraints for horizontal and vertical components has been taken equal to 1 mm and 2 mm, respectively. The double difference relative results are assumed as reference values for comparisons. To find the optimum time interval of PPP for obtaining the accuracy better than 10 cm in the horizontal and vertical components, the various sessions have been taken in to account. The GPS station observations of each session are separately processed by the Bernese software in the PPP mode regarding the required parameters such as solid earth tide, ocean tidal loading, windup, antenna phase center offsets and variations for satellites and receivers, and satellite Differential Code Biases (DCBs). Then, the double difference relative results as reference values are subtracted from the obtained PPP results in X, Y and Z coordinates. To show the performance of PPP in both of horizontal and vertical components, the coordinate differences from Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) reference frame are transferred to the Local Geodetic (LG) reference frame in order to provide Northing (N), Easting (E) and Up (U) coordinates. From the PPP static results, we find that the minimum required time interval of the GPS observations is one hourin order to obtain the accuracy better than 10 cm. For assessment of the PPP performance in kinematic mode, the GPS observations collected by mounted GPS receiver on airplane are processed in relative and PPP modes. The duration of these observations is about 6 hours. In the relative kinematic processing by the Bernese software, the observations of 4 GPS reference stations within IPGN and IGS precise satellite orbit and clock products are used. The outputs of this step are three coordinates of GPS antenna mounted on airplane in 30-second epochs, which are considered as reference values. Like the static mode, the reference values are subtracted from the PPP kinematic results in X, Y and Z coordinates and transferred to the LG frame. The results show that the accuracy better than 10 cm and 20 cm can be obtained using the PPP kinematic technique in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. These accuracies are enough for many applications such as hydrography, aerial photogrammetry and navigation. As a result, this study shows that the PPP technique can be an adequate alternative for the relative techniques.
Reza Aminataei; Sahar Akhavan; Amirhooshang Nezamivand chegini
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially susceptibleof landslides, rock falls, and other events associated with seismichillsides. Landslide results in severe erosions and sometimes leads to financial losses or loss of lives. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causes behind this phenomenon and determinezones prone to land sliding. Materials and methods In this study, we tried to usea sample of trenches and boundaries offaultslocated inRoudbar sliding slopes in order to characterize the sliding soils. Following this field investigatation,soil samples were obtained from 10 landslide zones. Then, factors affecting the sliding slopes were identified and a digital map was produced for each factor. Nine data layers including direction and degree of slopes, geology, landuse, precipitation, relative changes in elevation, distance from roads, rivers and faults were used in GIS environment to prepare the weighted maps. Afterwards, LNSF statistical method was used for data analysis in GIS environment and the study area was divided into 5 zones with very low (1), low (2), moderate (3), high (4), and very high (5) sliding susceptibility. Following the integration and analysis of layers using LNSF model, 26 zonation mapswere calculated, and the best map was selected using success rate curves. Then, the zone with highest potentiality for landslide occurrence was selected for further studies from the five zones mentioned before. Hydrometry, Atterberg limits and direct shear tests were performedin the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Gilan University with the aim of identifying physical and mechanical properties of soil samples. Results and discussion Results indicate that with LNSF method, it is possible tozone a vast area (12814.2 hectaresin this research) based on landslide potentiality and then focus on the most critical area (very high landslide potentiality) toinvestigate factors and conditions resulting in the occurrence of landslides or prevention strategies. Success rate charts helps us to determine the most optimal landslide zoning map (i.e. a map inwhich the highest percentage of landslide pixels occur in the “very high potentiality” zone). Following the selection of final zonebased on success rate graphs, from the 26 zoning maps, it was concluded that the landslide zone with very high potentiality encompasses 282.6825 hectares or 2.2% of the total area under study.At the weighting stage, the highest weight was allocated to the seventh category of the land use layer, which at the final zoning stage covers nearly the whole area with very high potantiality of landslides. Therefore, there is a direct relation between the allocated weight in the subject categories and the percentage of its occupancy level in the final zoning.Zoning the results of granulation experiments by Thiessen Polygon, it was concluded that CL type soil coversnearly half of the area with very high landslide potentiality. Determining the static reliability coefficient of the area with very high landslide potentiality, we found that in case soil reaches saturation, unstability of hillsidesin a large part of the study areacanbe expected. Conclusion Dispersion of landslides in Iran is mainly concentrated in Southern Gilan Province. Based on the investigation of the situations in the study area,geology, landuse, distance from highway are identified as the most affective factors in theoccurance of landslides.Following the weighting stage with LNSF method, rated layers were prepared in GIS enviornment, final overlapping was performed, and landslide zoning map of the study area was produced. Based on the landslide risk zonning map, the study area was divided into 5 subsections: 2.21% of the study area had very high sensetivity, 26.43% high sensetivity, 42.28% avarage sensetivity, 25.25% low sensetivity, and 3.83% very low sensetivity. Considering the zonning map produced, it properly overlaps with identified landslides in the area, and help governmental policy makings. It specifically helps Organization of Roads in construction of new roads.
Hamid Reza Ranjbar; Ali Reza Azmoude Ardalan; Hamid Dehghani; Mohamad Reza Serajeyan; Ali Alidousti
Abstract
Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters to affect mankind. One of the critical problems after an earthquake is building damage assessment. The area, amount, rate, and type of the damage are essential information for rescue, humanitarian and reconstruction operations in the disaster ...
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Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters to affect mankind. One of the critical problems after an earthquake is building damage assessment. The area, amount, rate, and type of the damage are essential information for rescue, humanitarian and reconstruction operations in the disaster area. On the other hand, to deal with the situation requires well organized and effective emergency planning. How quickly the event is responded and how efficiently response activities are managed are the main determinants of the overall costs of a disaster, both in terms of economic damages and fatalities. Remote sensing techniques play an important role in obtaining building damage information because of their non-contact, low cost, wide field of view, and fast response capacities. Now that more and diverse types of remote sensing data become available, various methods are designed and reported for building damage assessment. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these methods based on using optical images in three categories: mono, multi temporal and combination of images and vector map approach and also implements an automatic damage assessment method of buildings using high resolution satellite images and GIS layers. In this method, after extracting texture features of candidate buildings from both pre- and post-event images and defining optimized features, a neurofuzzy inference system was designed that determines buildings to four damage levels: Undamaged, Moderate damaged, Heavy damaged and Destroyed levels. Evaluation results show that the designed system has the overall accuracy of 89% in classifying buildings to the four damage levels.
Sayyed Ahmad Hosseini; Eisa Ebrahimzadeh; Mojtaba Rafieian; Mahdi Modiri; Mohsen Ahadnejad Roshti
Abstract
Monitoring the expansion of urban areas on a macro scale is very important for planning urban development and prevention of catastrophic problems in metropolitan areas. However, in most cases, lack of basic information in this area, especially in developing countries, is one of the main obstacles to ...
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Monitoring the expansion of urban areas on a macro scale is very important for planning urban development and prevention of catastrophic problems in metropolitan areas. However, in most cases, lack of basic information in this area, especially in developing countries, is one of the main obstacles to achieve this. Therefore, in order to investigate the balance in the urban system of Iran, the urban primacy index and the Rank-Sizedistribution of the cities in Iran were utilized from 1335 to 1390 using population data of urban areas in different census periods. Also, in order to monitor the dynamics of urbanization in contemporary Iran from the spatial-temporal view, the DMSP / OLS multi-temporal images of the years 1371 to 1391 were used.Considering all the indices in the urban system of Iran, the results of the research showed that the urbanprimacy phenomenon has existed in all these periods, and in general, the results derived from the Rank-size logarithmic distribution ofthe cities of Iranbetween the years of 1335 and 1390 indicate that inthe last 55 years, the distribution of the cities has tended towards imbalance over time, and indicate the most unbalanced distribution with an absolute slope of 1.142 in the year of 1385. Finally, the linear regression model was used to analyze the DMSP images in relation to urban areas and the gross national product (GDP).The results showed that there was a linear relationship between light at night and population, urban population and the GDP. The R2 value for the urban population is equal to 0.854 which shows that these images can be used as a factor for identifying the dynamics of the urban system in Iran.
Hasan Lashgari; Vida Khalilian
Volume 21, Issue 84 , February 2013, , Pages 21-34
Abstract
Existence of a trough with high amplitude in the middle and high level of atmosphere activates Sudan low thermal pressure. High Pressure located on the surface and levels adjacent to the surface hinders the movement of this low pressure toward northeast, so it moves toward north as an invert trough. ...
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Existence of a trough with high amplitude in the middle and high level of atmosphere activates Sudan low thermal pressure. High Pressure located on the surface and levels adjacent to the surface hinders the movement of this low pressure toward northeast, so it moves toward north as an invert trough. The movement of this system toward north causes the integration of this system with low pressure of east Mediterranean. This Systen moves to east and then enters Iran from west or southwest. After entering Iran, it gradually moves toward central and north-eastern parts of the country and affects these areas.The system's rainfall is heavy at first, and during 2 to 3 days its rainfall reaches 50mm but when it moves toward center and northeastern parts of the country, its amount of rainfall is decreased to less than 7mm. All the country except for east ane southeast benefit from this system.
behnam tashayo; Mohammad Sharif
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction With the developments in navigation, positioning, and tracking technologies, a large amount of moving point data (e.g., human, vehicle, animal) have been produced. Through moving an object in the course of time, a sequence of its position is recorded which is known as trajectory. ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction With the developments in navigation, positioning, and tracking technologies, a large amount of moving point data (e.g., human, vehicle, animal) have been produced. Through moving an object in the course of time, a sequence of its position is recorded which is known as trajectory. Studying the behaviors of point objects and analyzing their trajectories have recently received great attentions among researchers in different fields of science, especially in geographic information science. Such studies contribute to better understanding of movement-behavior patterns of moving objects. Data mining, as one of the main approaches in geographic knowledge discovery, is normally used in moving databases to extract information from moving point objects’ trajectories. Analyzing the similarity of trajectories as one of the frequently used approaches in geographic data mining, is of great importance, which is normally performed by distance functions. The way an object moves is highly influenced from the condition and situation (known as context) where movement takes place. Therefore, merely analyzing trajectories from their spatiotemporal dimension may not clearly reflect the conditions and situations (contexts) during the move, and may lead to unrealistic results. Accordingly, most of the present distance functions are only able to measure the similarity of trajectories at spatial and spatiotemporal dimensions and neglect the underlying context during the move. Therefore, developing a new trajectory similarity measure approach, capable of handling a wide range of context information in conjunction with spatiotemporal dimension becomes crucial. Materials & Methods According to the complexity and variety in the moving objects’ datasets, especially in their context parameters, in this research, a fuzzy model is developed which is able to exploit a wide range of internal and external context information in similarity measure process of multi-length trajectories. Specifically, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) is used for measuring the similarity between trajectories based on qualitative and quantitative context information. To enhance the effectiveness of the system, a subjective hierarchical fuzzy inference system (HFIS) is designed and the membership functions and rules are generated and adjusted based on learning. The HFIS controls the rules by dividing a FIS into several simple sub-systems that are hierarchically connected to each other. The Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is used for defining and adjusting the FIS. The performance of the system is assessed by applying it on real trajectories of pedestrians’ and cyclists’ datasets in the Central Park of Manhattan, New York, USA, while accounting contextual information. The movement parameters and context information were recorded in qualitative and quantitative formats. Two types of context information are used: 1) internal context (i.e., all of the properties that directly relate to the moving object, such as eagerness), and 2) external context (i.e., any factor that extrinsically influences the process of movement, such as slope). According to the nature of data, four models of spatial, spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal-internal context, and spatiotemporal-internal-external context are applied on the dataset to see the added value of each parameter. Results & Discussion The achievements of the implementations can be discussed from two main perspectives: 1) system performance, and 2) similarity results. From the system performance aspect, the control surface plots indicate the consistency of the rules in the developed fuzzy inference systems. In addition, the Pareto diagrams for both pedestrians’ and cyclists’ models cover the Pareto fronts in all four models in an appropriate manner. From the similarity results aspect that are shown in boxplots, the commonalities between both pedestrians’ and cyclists’ trajectories are very high at the spatial dimension in the first model, while by adding the temporal dimension as the second model, the similarity range at the spatiotemporal dimension increases. This issue is directly related to the traversed paths and the elapsed times of the moving objects. By importing the internal contexts (i.e., speed, direction, length, eagerness) as the third model, the similarity range again increases but the median decreases. However, the distribution in the pedestrians’ similarity values is much more than the cyclists’ values. The fourth model is composed of all the previous parameters plus the external contexts (i.e., path difficulty and slope). The same as previous trends, the similarity range increases but the median decreases. Although the number of trajectories that share common characteristics are low when taking into account all the spatial, temporal, internal contexts, and external contexts in the implementation, the results become much more realistic and close to reality for both datasets. In addition, to assess the influence of the internal and external contexts on the similarity output, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, with a 95% confidence level, is applied on the results. Furthermore, a number of sensitivity analyses are applied on the datasets. The outcomes demonstrate meaningful influence of contexts on the similarity results of trajectories. Conclusion In this research a novel approach based on fuzzy systems is developed for multi-dimensional similarity measure of trajectories while accounting both internal and external context information. This approach enhances the previous similarity functions that only use spatial and temporal data. The developed models were applied on two real trajectory datasets, which were capable of handling both quantitative and qualitative information. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed context-aware similarity measure approach in revealing the commonalities between trajectories in multi dimensions.
Aerial photography
Morteza Heidarimozaffar; Reza Zerafatyjamal; Hossein Torabzadeh Khorasani
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction:The production of topographic maps by drone photogrammetry has replaced traditional mapping in many civil projects. UAV photogrammetry due to the rapid development of hardware and software can be used in many geomatic applications including agriculture, forestry, archeology ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction:The production of topographic maps by drone photogrammetry has replaced traditional mapping in many civil projects. UAV photogrammetry due to the rapid development of hardware and software can be used in many geomatic applications including agriculture, forestry, archeology and architecture, emergency management, and traffic monitoring. Nowadays, mapping the boundaries of linear projects such as roads, water transmission canals, power transmission lines (electricity and gas), railway lines, and the like, is done by UAV photogrammetry. UAV photogrammetry has emerged as a viable alternative due to its lower cost, greater spatial and temporal resolution, and flexibility in capturing images compared to other conventional aerial and space methods. Despite various researches in this field, the effect of the imaging method on the accuracy of topographic maps has not been directly studied and tested. In this paper, the experimental conditions of UAV photogrammetric imaging methods in two modes of height-fixed and scale-fixed were considered. The effect of using accurate positioning equipment on image centers on reducing the number of required control points has also been investigated.Materials & Methods:Assessing and ensuring accuracy is very important for topographic maps. Knowledge of the number and distribution of control points throughout the project area and the optimal imaging method are effective in producing these maps. In this paper, to achieve the most optimal imaging mode and the highest accuracy in the production of topographic maps for this type of project, the effects of flight design parameters, number, and distribution of control points were studied. Also, the effect of using accurate positioning equipment of image centers on reducing the number of required control points has been investigated. Image processing without accurate information of image centers with control points, image processing with accurate information of image centers and without using control points, and image processing with accurate information of image centers and control points, were considered in two flight modes with fixed altitude and fixed scale. Of the 25 points whose exact coordinates were measured differentially by the Global Positioning System, 18 were ground control points and 7 checked points. The control of the elevation coordinates of the points was performed using the direct geometric leveling method. To evaluate the accuracy of the results, the amount of error and the accuracy of the work performed, the leveling operation was performed in a round trip between all control and checkpoints.Results & Discussion:Evaluating the accuracy of the UAV photogrammetric method in producing topographic maps related to this project, according to the criterion, the root means square of errors has been done for the control and checkpoints. In addition to calculating this criterion for control and checkpoints, the difference between the digital models prepared and the reference model was considered another criterion for comparison and evaluation. According to the results, the mean height error of all points in the constant-scale mode has the lowest value in Scenario 3. The numerical value of the mean error, in this case, was equal to 0.010 meters for control points and 0.020 meters for checkpoints. The accuracy of the models obtained from point clouds with dimensions of 0.5 meters is higher than the point clouds of 2 and 4 meters. The largest difference from the reference model is related to model 1 in the category of models obtained from 0.5-meter point clouds, which vary numerically in the range (-1.68 to 10.56) meters.Conclusion:The results of the height error evaluation of control and checkpoints show if aerial triangulation and justification of images use image center observations alone, in challenging projects the mapping of linear areas where the mapping is done in a strip area will not have the desired accuracy. The use of ground reference images alone is not sufficient and the simultaneous use of ground control points and ground reference images improves the accuracy of the results. As a result, the use of ground control points, fixed scale images, and image center information in the image processing process to produce corridor maps provides the best elevation accuracy compared to other modes. Also, the use of the initial digital elevation model of the project area in performing flight operations and capturing images with fixed scales has a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of the elevation component. Based on the comparison of the final digital elevation models compared to the reference model, the accuracy of the models obtained from the resolution of 0.5 meters is higher than 2 and 4 meters. Also, the effectiveness of filters to correct and reduce errors in digital elevation models has better results.
Reza Aghataher; Soroush OjGH; Mohammad Fallah Zazuly; Mohsen Jafari
Abstract
Today the desire to create smart and electronic companions in the daily life of humans has been fulfilled with the production of mobile processing equipment. On the other hand, the integration of existing capabilities of these equipment with the features of the spatial information systems, has become ...
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Today the desire to create smart and electronic companions in the daily life of humans has been fulfilled with the production of mobile processing equipment. On the other hand, the integration of existing capabilities of these equipment with the features of the spatial information systems, has become the basis for the emergence of a new technology called spatial information system. Simply put, displaying the spatial information can be considered as the most vital part of a mobile spatial information system. On the other hand, allocating a major part of the commercial market of mobile equipment to devices running with Android operating system encouraged the authors to explore different visual techniques in such equipment. The analysis can be considered as one of the most important studies required to develop a sample of a mobile spatial information system. But unfortunately, despite the great importance of this issue, no comprehensive and technical studies have yet been conducted to evaluate the performance of different methods of displaying spatial information in the context of this operating system. The methods used in this study include the use of Google Map API, ArcGIS Runtime SDK, OSMDroid, MapsFroge and Nutiteq libraries. To compare these methods and express the use cases of each of them, services were developed using each one of these methods and the Java programming language. Finally, after analyzing the results of various experimental experiments, the quality of performance, capabilities, strengths and weaknesses of each method were clearly expressed. In general, the results of this study can be considered as an appropriate starting point for selecting an appropriate library for displaying spatial information in any instance of a mobile spatial information system.
Fatemeh Mohammadyari; Hamidreza Pourkhabaz; Morteza Tavakoli; Hossein Aghdar
Abstract
Knowledge of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of changes are extremely important in environmental planning, land use planning and sustainable development. Currently, using vegetation maps is one of the key factors in data production for macro and micro planning. In this research, information ...
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Knowledge of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of changes are extremely important in environmental planning, land use planning and sustainable development. Currently, using vegetation maps is one of the key factors in data production for macro and micro planning. In this research, information of Landsat ETM + and OLI sensors were used to display the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Behbahan city in 1999 and 2013 and the value of NDVI index was calculated for two years. In order to evaluate the quality changes of vegetation, the numerical values of the index were classified into 4 classes of different lush green vegetation including land with excellent, very good, good, and poor coverage. Then, the changes were determined using CROSSTAB. The results showed that the qualitative and quantitative changes in vegetation for the study area have been extensive over 14 years, so that, the area of lands with excellent, very good and poor coverage has increased and the area of landswith good coverage, has decreased. The greatest increase in areashas occurred in lands with excellent coverage, so that, it has increased from 5069.76 hectares (ha) in 1999 to 7735.5 ha in 2013. Also, the highestdecrease in areas has occurred in lands with good coverage thathas reached from 34061.4 ha to 27434.43 ha. Finally, the regression equation was obtained to show better relationship between the two parameters of vegetation and temperature. The results confirmed the point that the areas covered with vegetation have lower temperature and vegetation has cooling effects on the surrounding. Therefore, the degradationof the region’s vegetationwill be followed by the warming of the city and many other environmental consequences.
narges fatholahi; Mehdi Akhoondzadeh Hanzaei; Abbas Bahroudi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Land subsidence is a vertical movement of the earth surface relative to a stable reference level. It occurs as a result of plate tectonic and human activities. The common causes of subsidence from human activities are pumping under-ground water, oil and gas from overlying reservoirs. ...
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Extended Abstract
Land subsidence is a vertical movement of the earth surface relative to a stable reference level. It occurs as a result of plate tectonic and human activities. The common causes of subsidence from human activities are pumping under-ground water, oil and gas from overlying reservoirs. Withdrawal of fluids from hydrocarbon reservoirs causes their pressure to decrease. This pressure reduction rises the stress of reservoir’s overburden sediments which was previously controlled by the pressure of inside fluids before exploitation, and consequently increases the density of their porous surroundings. If the reservoir’s density exceeds a specific threshold, overburden rocks start to subside because of their weight. Therefore pressure drawdown leads to reservoir compaction, movement of the overburden and subsidence over the reservoir. This subsidence can prove costly for production and surface facilities. So study of the subsidence caused by hydrocarbon exploitation is an important task which needs precise considerations. Several methods are available to monitor land subsidence. Classical surveying such as Leveling and global positioning system (GPS) can produce some related data whereas they are expensive and cannot also produce the needed map at a particular period of time. Recent advances in satellite and Radar technology have made it possible to measure very small movements of the earth surface. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a novel technology for measuring the surface deformation. Using the InSAR technique at relatively large subsidence areas can be monitored. The pros of InSAR are that it is not necessary to physically access the deformation areas and also the high spatial and temporal resolution of its data. Sub-centimeter accuracy has been reported for InSAR derived surface deformations. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar relies on repeated imaging of a given geographic location by space-borne radar platforms. Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors measure both magnitude and phase of the transmitted electromagnetic signal that is backscattered from the earth surface. The phase measurement is used to derive information on heights and deformations of the terrain. This phase represents a combination of the distance scattering effect. If a second SAR data set is collected then from comparing the phase of the second image with the phase of the first, an interferogram can be formed. The basic principle of interferometric SAR is that if the surface characteristics are identical for both images, the phase differences are sensitive to topography and any intrinsic change in position of a given ground reflector. The interferogram can be corrected for topographic information using an external digital elevation model (DEM). The change in distance is along the line of sight to the satellite, preventing it from directly distinguishing vertical and horizontal movement. As geometrical and temporal baseline de-correlations and atmospheric noise are limitation factors to assess slow movements in subsidence areas, recent developments in multi temporal InSAR (MTI) algorithms have enabled the detection and monitoring of the slow deformation with millimetric precision. In this paper, Marun oil field; the second-largest oil field which is located in the south west of Iran has been studied. The Small Base Line Subset (SBAS) approach that is an (InSAR) algorithm has been performed for generating mean deformation velocity map and displacement time series from a data set of subsequently acquired SAR images. SBAS technique identifies coherent pixels with phase stability over a specific observation period which has been implemented in StaMPS software. This method which is based on multiple master interferograms, works with interferograms with small spatial baselines and short temporal intervals to overcome de-correlations by increasing spatial and temporal sampling and coherent areas. For this study, we have used 10 ASAR images acquired by the ENVISAT satellite from European Space Agency (ESA) during 2003 to 2006 and have generated 22 interferograms by the SBAS method. All interferometric processing were implemented using DORIS software. A SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 3-arcsecond geographical resolution has been used to remove the topographic phase. SBAS processing was then implemented using the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) software. As a result, the mean velocity map obtained through InSAR time series analysis which is in the Line-Of-Sight (LOS) direction of satellite to the ground. The time series analysis results of InSAR have been then compared with field production data. This sampled data allows us to evaluate potential of non-tectonic effects such as petroleum extraction on surface displacements and the relationship between both deformation and oil production rate. The results of InSAR analysis reveal the maximum subsidence on order of 13/5 mm per year over this field due to the extraction and geological characteristics in the time period of 2003-2006.
Mohsen Mehrabi nejad; Mohammadreza Malek
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Initially, researches were conducted on the positioning inside and outside of the building separately, and separate methods have been presented to determine the position inside and outside the building. But today, they are seeking methodswithout borderfor the ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Initially, researches were conducted on the positioning inside and outside of the building separately, and separate methods have been presented to determine the position inside and outside the building. But today, they are seeking methodswithout borderfor the positioning that can be used to conduct both indoor and outdoor location. Today, location-based services are one of the most widely used programs in mobile tools, but there are two obstacles that prevent these services from using their full potential. First, the location of individuals is not accessible at all points. The second obstacle is the lack of an integrated service to determine the position. The second obstacle has been addressed in this research. Users tend much to do the integrated positioning in internal and external environmentsusing their mobilephone devices. There are various methods for positioning in interior and exterior environments with respect to their characteristics. Therefore, in order to use the appropriate method for positioning in any environment, first there is a need to know the environment.
Materials & Methods
In this research, the definiteexpert system was used for the detection of the environment. In the definite state, the existing space is divided into two internal and external parts. The internal space is the internal parts of the building and the rest of the spaces are known as the external space. First we specify the various factors in the detection of the environment, and then, to establish the knowledge base by definite method, different modes of the combination of factors were taken into consideration and finally, the results of each method were investigated. In order to detect the environment, four factors of light, numbers of satellites, accuracy and waves of wireless network were used. The expert system was used for decision-making.Regarding the number of satellites, it can be said that since receiving the waves of satellites in internal environments is difficult and the communication of the receiver with a number or all of the satellites is interrupted, therefore, it is expected that the number of satellites whose waves are receivable inside the building to be less than the satellites which are located on the horizon of that region.Another one of the factors of environment detection, the satellite signals are received by the receiver and the positioning is done. Due to the presence of the building and obstacles in these areas, the positioning is done with low accuracy, therefore, given that the accuracy of positioning in external environment is higher than that in internal environment, the detection of environment can be carried out with respect to the measurement of the positioning accuracy. One of the factors that indicate the accuracy of positioning is the DOP value. The accuracy of the two-dimensional positioning is determined by HDOP which indicates the accuracy of planimetric positioning. Given that the accuracy of positioning using GPS in the external environment is better than the internal positioning accuracy, therefore, the HDOP values in the internal environment will be higher than external environment.
The power of received waves of wireless networks depends on the receiver’s distance from the transmitter. The more the receiver is close to the transmitter, the greater will be the power of the received waves. Since the wave transmitters of the wireless networks are usually installed inside the building, therefore, the receiving power of these waves inside the building will be higher than the outside. Therefore, it is possible to perform the detection of the environment by measuring the receiving power of these waves.
Researches show that the amount of light for indoor environment is generally much lower indoor than open or semi-openspaces, even in cloudy and rainy days. This is true even when the light sensor is rotated downwards. Its main reason is that the intensity of the sunlight is in the visible spectrum which is usually much higher than lamp light. Moreover, the light sensor has the ability to detect the light in the invisible spectrum like infrared and ultraviolet. When the sunlight and artificial light appear to be the same, the bright flux of the sunlight is much higher than the artificial light sourcesthroughout the day, therefore, the indoor environment of the building can be different from the outdoor in terms of the light intensity. This research was implemented in the mapping department of KhajehNasir University. The outer area of this university was considered as the outdoor environment and the corridor of the mapping department building’s ground was studied as the internal environment.
Results & Discussion
To create a classical expert system, the thresholds of each of the factors were determined by the measurements done. Then, for different modes, the necessary rules for detecting the environment were defined and the knowledge base was formed. Finally, after the formation of the database in different parts of the study area, the system was evaluated and its results were presented. We divided the study area into two internal and external environments.To evaluatethe results, we were deployed in each of the aforementioned places4 times, and we matched the environmentdetectionby the system with the reality and evaluated the amount of system accuracy.
Conclusion
The results of this method show that the best result has been obtained when the light, accuracyandthe waves of wirelessnetwork were used. 92% of the detection of environment has been carried out correctly. The results also showed that in some exterior area, the detection of environmentwas associated with mistakesdue to the presenceof false ceilings and insufficient light. In the case of the accuracy and the number of satellites, in the external areas where there were high walls and satellite waves were not well received, the detection of environment was not done correctly.
Fariborz Ghorbani; Hamid Ebadi; Masoud Varshosaz
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction In the past few decades, urban environments have expanded much larger than before. One of the most important problems in most metropolises and even small cities is the management of the transportation system. An advanced monitoring system of urban vehicles ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction In the past few decades, urban environments have expanded much larger than before. One of the most important problems in most metropolises and even small cities is the management of the transportation system. An advanced monitoring system of urban vehicles allows for overcoming the traffic problems. With the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), continuous and accurate monitoring of urban environments has been provided for the users. In this research, an efficient method is presented that detects the vehicle in the UAV images. The proposed method is effective in terms of computational speed and accuracy. Materials and Methods The foundation of the proposed method is based on the characteristics of the local features in the UAV images. The presented method consists of two main stages of training classification model and detecting vehicles. In the first part, local features are extracted and described by the SIFT algorithm. The SIFT algorithm is one of the most powerful algorithms for extracting and describing local features that are used in various photogrammetry and machine vision applications. This algorithm is robust to geometric and radiometric changes of the images. Due to the high dimensions of extracted features from all the training samples, the BOVW (Bag of Visual Word) model has been applied. This model is used to reduce the dimensions of the features and display the images. Simple and efficient computing is one of the significant features of the BOVW model. At this stage, after producing a library of features, the SVM classification model is trained. In the detection part of the algorithm, the images are entered into the algorithm and the local features are extracted in all images by the SIFT algorithm. The BOVW model is often used to display an image patch. In most researches, this model is implemented by applying a search window to the whole image. This type of methods has a higher confidence level in detection, but it is a very time consuming process and increases the volume of the computations. For this purpose, the approach of points clustering and their representation by the BOVW model is proposed. In this method, features that are within a certain range are considered as a cluster. Euclidean distance is used in image space for clustering. Then, the clusters produced by the BOVW model are displayed. Then, a feature vector is constructed for each cluster. The trained SVM is applied to each of the production vectors and each cluster is classified as a vehicle and non-vehicle. If the cluster is detected as a car, the position of the center of that cluster is marked on the image. Results and discussion The proposed method was implemented on 8 images with a number of different car targets. Also, considering the use of the search window approach in many researches, our results were compared with the results obtained by other researchers. The results show that the calculation time of the proposed method is 82 seconds, while the search window method takes 2496 seconds to run. In order to verify the accuracy of the algorithm, two criteria were used. The first criterion is the “Producer's accuracy”, which represents the proportion of correct detections of the vehicle to the entire vehicles existing in the images. This criterion is 75.79% for the proposed method. The second criterion is the “User's accuracy”. This criterion is obtained by dividing the correctly detected samples into the sum of the correctly and incorrectly detected samples. The User's accuracy criterion has been reported to be 59.50%. Conclusion The value of the Producer's accuracy criterion is greater for the search window method which has led to a more accurate detection of vehicles compared to our method. This is due to the small moving steps of the search window in the entire image. However, the search window method has increased the amount of the time spent on the calculations. The User's accuracy criterion shows that the proposed method has less incorrect detections. The results indicate that our method has a higher degree of reliability. The average of these two criteria indicates the superiority of the proposed method in terms of the accuracy of the calculations. On the other hand, the proposed algorithm has a great advantage in terms of computational speed compared to the search window method.
Doreh Mirheidar; Bahador Gholami; Zahra Pishgahifard; Ghasem Azizi; Amirhossein Ranjbarian
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Maritime territories and quasi-territories are, in fact, continuation of territories underwater,formedbased on rules and principles governing political systems,international law and international relationsin maritime environment.Place making, territoriality, delimitation ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Maritime territories and quasi-territories are, in fact, continuation of territories underwater,formedbased on rules and principles governing political systems,international law and international relationsin maritime environment.Place making, territoriality, delimitation and demarcation of territories in the seas are performed based on geographical factors (particularly physical geography). As one of many different physical geographic factors, tideplays a decisive role in maritime delimitation and territoriality. It is considered as the basis upon which boundaries of different maritime territories and quasi-territories in different countriesare demarcated and delimited and formalnautical maps are drawn. Each country of the worldapplies a different basisfor determining low water lineand thisresults in many issues and challenges in maritime territoriality. Meanwhile, sea level has risen due toclimate changesand is expected to increase in the future. Thiswill also affect the above mentioned phenomenon, and may cause serious challenges for demarcation of the existing boundaries. Thus, the present study employs a descriptive-analytical method toinvestigate the role and significance of tides in maritime delimitation andanalyze the impact of sea levelrise on delimitationand maritime territoriality process. Materials & Methods: The present study is an applied research following a descriptive-analytical method. Related data was collected through library and internet-based methods and the research follows a qualitative method of analysis. Moreover, GIS and mathematical map calculator known as the “Raster Calculator” were used to draw the maps required for therise of sea levels. Based on the existing scenarios and their average values,the present study considers a two-meter rise for the sea level rise by the end of the 21st century. Results & Discussion: Tideis the most significant factor based on which baselines are drawn. Setting low water line as a fixed basisused for delimitation of maritime territories and quasi-territories is only possible ifcoastline is stabilized at one level or in other words at a definite plate during tide. This function is carried out by the tidal datum. Datum is the reference level based on which all depths andcorresponding elevations are plotted. Therefore, tides play a significant role in determining the Law of the Sea. On flat coastlines, baseline is determined based on the low water line. On dented and jagged beaches, the base points are also determined according to the same phenomenon. Moreover, some features such as the low–tide elevations and islands are also identified based on the datum used. Selection of low water line (as opposed to high water line) leads outer limits of the territorial sea and consequently other areas toward the sea. This will expandmaritime area under sovereignty and jurisdiction of different countries. The country which uses a lower datum will expand its marine sovereignty and jurisdiction. In Persian sources, terms such as the lowest tide line have been used mistakenly as a translation for the term “Low Water line” stipulated in Article 5 of the 1982 Convention. This is while lowest tide is only one type of low water lines, and though this concept plays the most important role in maritime territoriality, no clear reference has been mentioned for datum in the 1982 Convention. The convention stipulates thatdatum used in the official nautical charts published by different states is the tidal datum based on which normal baseline must be defined. Although the International Hydrographic Organization has proposed the lowest astronomical tide as the basis for determining the datum, there is a major difference between states in this regard and they use a variety of tidal base lines. However, coastal countries usually prefer to use the lowest datum. It seems that sea level rise, as the most important phenomenon resulting from climate change, has significant impacts on tides and boundaries delimitated based on tides. This is because low water line may retreat due to sea level rise, and as a result base points upon which baselines are drawn, along with marine territories and quasi-territories might also move closer to the land. However, states which have based their datum on higher averages oflow water will encounter fewer challenges caused by the retreating baseline compared to those that have selected the lowest low water line. However, evaluating a two-meter rise in sea level by the end of the 21st century shows that in different coastal regions of the world,the impact of sea level rise on low water line is not balanced and similar. Thus, given the spatial-geographical variations, only flat regions of the world will encounter submersion of coastlines and retreating low-water line. Conclusion Results indicate that sea level rise has dramatically changed tides and will challenge Political Geography of the Sea. However, a two-meter sea levelrise will severely affect tides in areas facing coastal retreat, and since normal baselines are drawn based on this geographic factor, a retreat in those baseline should also be expected. In case ofstraight baselines, if base points immerse due to two-meter rise in sea level, these lines will also retreat. Yet, this largely dependson the datum considered for drawing the baselines. On the other hand, the approach used bydifferent states, especially in areas in which maritime boundaries have been delimited, shows that low-water line drawn onformal maps is more referable than the actual low-water line and, therefore, maps can play a stabilizing role as the most important geographic instrumentin the future.
sina saber mahani; Mohammadreza Sepahvand
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Since Iran is located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismicbelt and it has high seismicity, study of earthquake seismologyis necessary. Part of alpine-Himalayan seismic belt is Iranplateau that demonstrates high seismicity behavior and it has uniquedeformation.
Seismotectonic studies indicate ...
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Extended Abstract
Since Iran is located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismicbelt and it has high seismicity, study of earthquake seismologyis necessary. Part of alpine-Himalayan seismic belt is Iranplateau that demonstrates high seismicity behavior and it has uniquedeformation.
Seismotectonic studies indicate a high density of active fault existencein this plateau. In all of Iran seismotectonic regime, eastof Iran seismotectonic zone due to the presence of strike slipfault system and occurrence of large earthquakes has a greatimportance. Destructive earthquakes such as 6.6Mw Bam (2006)and 6.7 MwRigan (2010) revealed high potential of earthquakeoccurrence. Intended area in this study is Rigan that is located in Kerman province in Iran. This area has important faults such as Kahurak, Bam, Nosratabad, Shahdad, Guk, Golbaf, Sirch and Sabzevaran which have high seismicity.
In this paper, we consideredcloud formation as earthquake precursor for Mohammad Abad-Rigan’s earthquake (2011) that is known less. Thermal precursor was also consideredin this study. According to the existing theories, Rises in stresscan produce initial fracture in the region. Therefore, with the rise intemperature, water evaporation in the pores of stone is created. Whenvapor has appropriate condition (for example; lower temperature and existingenough water), it convert to clouds. One of the fantastic features of this phenomenon is that, these clouds cannot move in the presence of wind, Because of the steady source of their generations. This fact is a distinguishable thing for recognizing thiscloud among other clouds. In the first part, panchromatic images of62days before the event were taken and then theserow images were geo-referenced. Thus, earthquake clouds were digitally extracted andthe results were superposed on the topographic map of the intended region. It should also be mentioned that earthquake clouds were detected 10 days priorto the earthquake (January 17th).A period of 10 days is a suitabletime for making decisions in decision making organizations such as, Governorates, Municipalities, etc. Verdict basedon earthquake clouds is not enough for a good conclusion about earthquake occurring, and it is necessarythat we apply other precursors and pre-indicators, one of which is thermalinfrared that has great results.
In another part of the study, temperature content of thermal bands (bands 31 and 32) ofMODIS is extracted and Land Surface Temperature (LST) time serieswere created. Temperature variations are always considered as animportant and effective factor in earthquake phenomenon studying. Thermal anomalycan be seen within 1-24 days before earthquake and thetemperature increases 5 to12 degrees and then return to the previousmode after the earthquake. Some other researchers presented the increaseof 2 to 10 degrees. The idea that earthquake may be interrelated withtemperature was proved by applying it in Russia, China and Japan. However, notice that thermal anomaly may occur due to otherreasons except earthquake. When it is because of earthquake, actuallyit is because of the stress existing in the underground layersand changes in soil properties. Zuji et al. (1990) provedthat gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are releasedfrom soil cracks before earthquake which lead to intensification ofchlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and magnetic fields of the earth. There aresome other theories about this phenomenon such as piezoelectric andexpansion forces of the elastic strain that increase temperature.
Aftergetting images from NASA website and preprocessing them by deduction ofAir temperature time series from LST time series, atmospheric effectsthat exist because of the weather condition is eliminated. Obtainedsignal was some noisy. In the next step, the waveletas a powerful filter is applied to time series. Forextracting Interpretable results, Statistical test such as standard deviation mustbe perform on filtered time series. Standard deviation (ST) cancreate normal limited area. By using limited area that producedby ST, thermal anomaly is detected 2 days prior tothe earthquake. Also, with colorization of thermal images and then creationof visual time series, strike of fault line is found.
Finally, by Comparingthe earthquake cloud line, focal mechanismandhigh temperature zone, high correlation was found. These results showthe observed cloud related to Rigan’s earthquake and also showthe high temperature zone related to earthquake event.
Resultsof this study can be used in two aspects, oneof which is the application in early warning system and the otheris the application in geology usage. Second usage helps geophysicist andgeologist to detect hidden and caused fault.
Mehdi KhoshboreshMasouleh; Saeed Sadeghian
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Over the past two centuries, in many countries in the world, population density has dramatically grown in urban areas, resulting in cities to witness rising construction of multi-story apartment buildings and utilizing above and below ground spaces. Expansion of tower ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Over the past two centuries, in many countries in the world, population density has dramatically grown in urban areas, resulting in cities to witness rising construction of multi-story apartment buildings and utilizing above and below ground spaces. Expansion of tower construction and development of infrastructure networks are among the obvious examples of using above and below ground spaces of cities. Today, in order to manage these complex structures, the urban managers use three-dimensional urban models to plan for the future of the city. The land information is considered as the basis for the development of each country; among other things, cadaster as a parcel-based land information system can accurately determine the status and location of the real estates. Unlike the traditional cadastral system, the 3D cadaster is capable of modeling such features as buildings considering the third dimension i.e. height, thereby establishing the access rights for owners, whether individuals or organizations. Currently, the real estate management model is one of the best and most efficient ones for the implementation of 3D cadaster, which is originally developed based on the unified modeling language (UML). Accordingly, the aim of the present research is to generate a 3D urban cadastral model using the aerial imagery to improve the real estate management in the metropolitan area of Tehran by taking an executive approach.
Materials and Methods
This is an applied research, therefore, in order to ensure that the results are close to the reality and to consider the current conditions of Tehran in terms of the information required, the instructions for the provision of spatial information of the municipality of Tehran are used in the scale of 1:1000 by the photogrammetry method and the coordinated instructions of the national mapping organization are used for the production of a 3D cadastral model. The study was conducted in the northwest of Tehran in zone 5, district 5 of Tehran municipality. Being located in the foothills with the favorable climate, convenient access and distinctive urban fabric has caused the region to have the highest growth in the population and physical body for the last two decades. Besides, the passage of the metro line 2 (the busiest metro line of Tehran) and the line 10 of BRT buses (including long bus lines) in zone 5 in the area of the second square of Sadeghieh and the heavy population density in this region are among the most important criteria for choosing this area for the implementation of research objectives. The data used in this research are divided into two categories: spatial (geometric or situational) and descriptive data. Spatial data include aerial photogrammetric images (image pair) with 1:3000 scale using WILD-17126 cameras with the focal length of 303.40 mm and 0.5m contour interval under the UTM system, WGS84 reference ellipsoid and Ultracam XP digital camera images with the scale of 1:10,000.
Results and Discussion
Considering that the 1:1000 map of Tehran was prepared during 2010-2014 by the municipality of Tehran and used as a detailed map in Tehran city, the planimetric criteria and the matching of descriptive information and the criteria of height accuracy, field activity and production of accurate height data sets are done by land surveying of desired models. In order to evaluate the geometric accuracy of the model, the root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (CC) were used. The results of the implementation on a total of three studied buildings show that the planimetric accuracy of the X and Y components were 1.451 m and 1.431 m for RMSE and 93.7% and 97.1% for CC, respectively. The accuracy of the height component with 2.605 m for RMSE and 66.5% for CC is consistent with the reference data. In addition, for analyzing the proposed research method, the model was compared with the object-oriented analysis, artificial neural network, manual digitization, and Khoshboresh&Sadeghian (2016) method, which was rated as appropriate, so that in only one case of planimetric accuracy and one case of height accuracy, the manual digitization method has better results than the proposed method.
Conclusion
Hence, it can be concluded that, although a 3D cadastral system has not been widely implemented in any country of the world, however, most countries seek to achieve such system by providing appropriate solutions, because as mentioned above, having such cadastral system, many problems related to land management and related crises can be solved. In this paper, the first prototype of 3D cadastral implementation in zone 5, district 5 of Tehran was analyzed using the large-scale digital aerial images. The results of this modeling show that the generated model matches the accuracy criteriaproperly.
Hekmatollah Mohammad Khanlu; Mahdi Modiri; Elahe Khesali; Hamid Enayati
Abstract
Introduction
Hydrography is a science used for regular measurement of parameters such as depth of water, geophysical geology, tide, water flow, waves and other physical properties of seawater. It is also used for the production of maritime maps. Hydrography contributes significantly to the internal ...
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Introduction
Hydrography is a science used for regular measurement of parameters such as depth of water, geophysical geology, tide, water flow, waves and other physical properties of seawater. It is also used for the production of maritime maps. Hydrography contributes significantly to the internal infrastructure of coastal countries. Providing proper hydrographic services ensures safe and efficient sailing. Thus, development of hydrographic services on the national level can improve safety of mariners, and protect people’s lives and belongings on the sea, while providing some facilities for the protection of marine environment. The advancement of space technologies in recent years has increased the speed of spatial information production and facilitated sea monitoring.
Materials and Methods
Different methods are used for bathymetry. Lyzanga et al (1978) used a linear combination of the logarithm of corrected radiance ratio. This method is based on the simplification of Beer's physical model in which a linear equation of five unknowns is obtained for two bands. In 2006, Lyzanga et al. presented an improved version of their model. Using Tow-Bands Reflection Ratio, Stampf et al (2003) not only reduced the number of unknown variables in Lyzenga method, but also decreased the sensitivity of depth determination to different substrates. In this method, the difference between absorption properties of green and blue bands is used. TCarta is a global supplier of geospatial products. The company generated Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) dataset by accurately extracting water depth from multispectral imageries received from the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 Satellite. The resulting bathymetric data had a point spacing of 10 meters, while measuring up to a depth of 15 meters. Data covered a 30-square kilometer area around Preparis Island on the Bay of Bengal.
The present article used images received from Sentinel-2 in 7 different periods for depth determination, and 1: 25,000 ADMIRALTY Nautical Charts for accuracy evaluation. Following the assessment of water transparency in received images, the 12/15/2018 image was used for depth determination. Case study area contains around 130 km along the Port of Salalah, Oman.
Results and Discussion
In order to implement the model, it is necessary to separate land from water in images using NDVI, NDWI, MNDWI and AWEI indices. The NDVI index has been used in this project. NDVI is primarily used to estimate vegetation cover, but since this index exhibits a negative value in areas covered with water, this property is used to provide a mask for separating land from water. In this step, 68 control points and 68 check points were selected from the existing ADMIRALTY map. The DN values of the corresponding pixels of the selected points were extracted from four 10-meter bands of Sentinel-2 images. The control and checkpoints and the DN value of their corresponding pixels were extracted in 4 separate files, then these 4 files were logged into the Bathymetry software and the parameters of LMR and Stumpf methods were calculated. The root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (CC) were used to assess geometric accuracy. In order to extract necessary parameters for each model, RMSE= 2.15 m and CC= 92.5% were calculated at depth distances of 0 to 20m. Results indicates higher accuracy and stronger correlation of LMR findings. Therefore, this method was used for depth determination between 0 to 20 meters. The 5 parameters extracted from the Bathymetry software and the corresponding pixel values of the four bands with 10-meter resolution extracted from the Sentinel-2 image (received from the on 12-15-2018) were used as input. Linear Regression Model was applied to transform 4 bands of Sentinel-2 image into depth. The output of the model (depth) was presented as the Substrate DEM of the coasts of Port of Salaleh, Oman.
Conclusion
Hence, it can be concluded that Remote Sensing technologies can be used for depth determination and sea monitoring at critical times (during wars or other periods of insecurity) for an acceptable time period. It also provides an appropriate context for bathymetry of inaccessible coastlines and monitoring of strategic widespread water zones. In this way, the depth of sea bed in shallow areas is extracted using spectral analysis of satellite data and different models.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 26-31
Abstract
The Persian Gulf has a prominent geographic position. Natural conditions such as little depth, water salinity and high evaporation on the one hand, and limited communication with open lands of the world on the other, have created a special ecosystem within the Persian Gulf and its coasts. The Persian ...
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The Persian Gulf has a prominent geographic position. Natural conditions such as little depth, water salinity and high evaporation on the one hand, and limited communication with open lands of the world on the other, have created a special ecosystem within the Persian Gulf and its coasts. The Persian Gulf has long been regarded as one of the most important strategic regions of the world. The Persian Gulf region is a geopolitical unit located in the wider geostrategic basins of the Indian Ocean. The geographic region of the Persian Gulf acts as one of the most active economic centers in the world. It’s major exports are oil and gas and it’s imports mainly consist of industrial and food products. Natural potential and vast oil and gas resources have contributed to the establishment of a single-product economic system in coastal countries.
Siavosh Shayan; Gholamreza Zare; Mojtaba Yamani; Mohammad Sharifikia; Mohsen Soltanpour
Abstract
Meanders are one of the typical geomorphological forms that is frequently observed on the southern coasts of Irandue to the availability of environmental conditions. These dynamic and active landforms have strong spatial variations under the influence of the dynamics of the rivers and the ...
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Meanders are one of the typical geomorphological forms that is frequently observed on the southern coasts of Irandue to the availability of environmental conditions. These dynamic and active landforms have strong spatial variations under the influence of the dynamics of the rivers and the gentle slopes of the deltas, in a short period of time. It’s been tried in this paper to extract and analyze the morphological changes of the Mond River bed over a period of 57 years in five time periods of (1955, 1985, 1994,
2000, and 2012) using remote sensing data and field surveys. The results of this research showed that the morphological changes of the Mond river bed have been very high during the years 1955 to 2012, so that, a nearly 3.5 kilometer displacement of the bed was observed on the estuary. Spatial comparison of the river bed in 1955 and 2012 indicated that 42.52 square kilometers were added to the left bank of the river, while on the right riverside, this amount was calculated to be 33.8 km2.The gentle slope of the delta (reduction of water speed and the sedimentary deposition on the river bed), vegetation cover on the riverside and on the river bed (trapping sediments in the river bed) and humans (building dams on the Mond river basin, constructing bridges and protection platforms on the bottom of the river bed and the transferring of water to the shrimp breeding sites) are among the important factors in changing the Mond river bed.
Mahdi Modiri; Mahdi Khazaei; Mohammad Hasan Mahutchi
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 27-42
Abstract
In this study have been paid on analysing Thunderstoms in a period of 25 years in Shiraz (1984-2008). Therefore, data on sea level pressure, geopotential height levels 850 and 500 hpa in the rainfall day of NCEP/NCAR databse prepared and extraction levels above the map drawing software environment GRADS ...
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In this study have been paid on analysing Thunderstoms in a period of 25 years in Shiraz (1984-2008). Therefore, data on sea level pressure, geopotential height levels 850 and 500 hpa in the rainfall day of NCEP/NCAR databse prepared and extraction levels above the map drawing software environment GRADS Were drawn. The extreme rainfall patterns Related to Shiraz have been identified and analyzed. By examining maps of sea level pressure, 850 and 500 hpa, three general patterns were identified for Shiraz thunderstorm rainfall. In the first pattern (1 March 1998), the low-pressure lingual of the Sudan country, large parts of the study area is located. The system In addition provides moisture, instability in the level do too. And in the level of 850 and 500 hpa, area studied the influence of anticyclonic centers are located in the western and ridges. In second type of the pattern (December 6,2003) at sea level, the area studied is affected by center anticyclone, and the level of 850 and 500hpa area at the front of the trpugh with a curved contour 1450 and 5720 geopotential meters located and the conditions are very unstable at this level. And the third pattern (26 March 2003) Low-pressure center with a central pressure of 1004hpa is located on the country. At this level, the currents are such that relatively moist air flows from the Caspian to the North West and the West. The levels of 850 and 500hpa area studied are located under the trough axis above and instability intensifies levels above.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Moslem Darvishi; Reza Shah-Hosseini
Abstract
Extended Abstract IntroductionWith the expansion of the urban limits, some of the lands that were used for gardening years ago have been located within the urban limits. The difference between the value of garden land use and urban land use, such as residential and commercial, encourages gardeners to ...
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Extended Abstract IntroductionWith the expansion of the urban limits, some of the lands that were used for gardening years ago have been located within the urban limits. The difference between the value of garden land use and urban land use, such as residential and commercial, encourages gardeners to change their land use. Urban managers try to prevent this change of use by enforcing strict rules.Assessing the success of such plans requires examining land-use change in the urban over a long periodof time. The main purpose of this study is to detect abandoned urban gardens using Landsat satellite imagery. The second goal is to determine the extent of changes in urban gardens in the study area over the past 30 years. In this study, based on Landsat satellite images in 2018 and 1988 for the northern slope of Alvand Mountain in Hamadan province and the city of Hamadan, the normalized differential index of vegetation (NDVI) along with land surface temperature (LST) in 9 time periods per year was extracted. The results indicated a 4/75 ° C increase in LSTfor the region over 30 years. Also, the inverse relationship of LST with NDVI is confirmed. Based on the separation of urban gardens, a comparison was made between 2018 and 1988, which showed a decrease of 175 hectares of urban gardens in the study area, which is equivalent to a 49% reduction in urban gardens. In the main part of the research, based on the behavioral evaluation of urban gardens, in these two characteristics, a differentiation index for active and abandoned gardens is presented. Examination of the results based on ground truth data including 25 active gardens and 25 abandoned gardens suggested that the proposed method had an overall accuracy of 82% and a Kappa coefficient of 0/64.Materials & MethodsThe study area includes a part of the northern slope of Alvand Mountain, which is limited to the southern part of Hamedan and has a latitude of 34 degrees and 45 minutes to 34 degrees and 48 minutes north and a longitude of 48 degrees and 27 minutes to 48 degrees and 31 minutes east. Ground truth data including 25 active gardens and 25 abandoned gardens were collected as field visits using a Garmin GPSMAP 62s handheld navigator so that coordinates were collected by attending the location of abandoned and active gardens. The satellite data used in this study concern the time series data of Landsat 8 satellite OLI and TIRS sensors for 2018 and Landsat 5 satellite TM sensor for 1988.To achieve the first objective and separate active and abandoned gardens in 2018, the land surface temperature (LST) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are calculated and the behavior pattern of these two components is examined during the year for active and abandoned gardens in nine periods according to the proposed method, a final index for separating active and abandoned gardens is presented based on the NDVI behavior pattern throughout the year. The time series of NDVI for each year is evaluated in 9 periods and garden maps are extracted in 1988 and 2018 to achieve the second objective and prepare the maps of 30-year changes in active gardens in the study area. The rate of change of area and the percentage of changes in the class of gardens are obtained by comparing the maps.Results & DiscussionSince this study is conducted mainly to identify abandoned gardens in urban space, two criteria for assessing user accuracy and errors of commission in the abandoned garden class are very important. In other words, in this problem, the number of gardens that are properly divided into the abandoned garden class is important, and the proposed method provides an accuracy of 86%. The most important issue is the number of abandoned gardens that the proposed method has mistakenly labeled as active gardens, which is 14% in this method. Both accuracies provided are evaluated as acceptable. The overall accuracy of the proposed method is estimated at 82%, which is acceptable, indicating the efficiency of the proposed method.ConclusionOne of the problems facing human societies today is the reduction of forests and gardens. Given the important role that trees play in improving the quality of human life, protecting them is one of the inherent duties of rulers. Various factors cause the destruction of trees, one of which is the development of urban areas in the vicinity of forests and gardens. Traditional methods of conserving natural resources and monitoring their changes have failed in practice. For example, in the study area, 49% of the tree-covered areas have declined over the past 30 years. However, the ban on construction in the area has always been emphasized by city managers in the years under study, and the inefficiency of the methods used has been proven by the statistics provided. New methods of monitoring changes based on satellite image processing can be alternatives to traditional methods due to their high accuracy and speed and significant cost reduction. The proposed index is recommended to be evaluated to separate active and abandoned gardens in other areas facing this problem using images with higher spatial resolution. In different cases of threshold limit, the overall accuracy of the proposed method is examined based on the ground truth data of the evaluator. At best, the separation of active and abandoned gardens is associated with an overall accuracy of 82%.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Mahsa Jahanbakhsh; Ali Esmaeily
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction In recent years, we have seen the importance and high demand of lithium (Li) due to its many applications, for example in the production of rechargeable lithium batteries, which are mainly related to the global markets of electric vehicle manufacturing ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction In recent years, we have seen the importance and high demand of lithium (Li) due to its many applications, for example in the production of rechargeable lithium batteries, which are mainly related to the global markets of electric vehicle manufacturing to achieve a healthy environment and more suitable transportation. Due to this high demand, the identification of new lithium reserves is very important and the investigation of its identification and zoning methods has been the focus of many researchers, and the use of remote sensing data and image processing techniques in the detection of lithium due to cost reduction of earth exploration has increased, greatly.In this research, using modern methods, a general and intelligent approach was presented, so that with the least time and cost, after selecting the bands of the desired satellite images and zoning the area of Degh Ptergan, in Zirkoh city, South Khorasan province, as a possible area for the existence of lithium reserves, modeling was done by the supervised machine learning method, and the relative importance of the variables was determined using the trained model.Also, the relative importance of the variables was determined by the trained model, and the ability of each of the remote sensing techniques to achieve this goal has been challenged.Materials& Methods Here, 13 bands of Sentinel-2 images and the region of 12 known lithium mines around the world were used as lithium presence areas, so that, by going through steps, suitable data for modeling were produced. In this way, by using the boundaries of these mines, samples were produced that can be used as input for modeling algorithms. The maximum entropy algorithm was used to model the distribution of lithium samples. Since the correlation between the input variables reduces the performance of the model and makes it difficult to interpret the results of the modeling, first, the correlation between the input variables was calculated and those with a high correlation were discarded. So that, 16 variables were used as input in the maximum entropy algorithm and finally a suitable model was obtained with the AUC (Area Under the Curve) criterion of 0.706 and by it, the study area of Degh Patregan, located in the province South Khorasan, Iran was zoned and two possible areas containing lithium resources were identified.To determine the relative importance and contribution of the input variables in the prediction map of lithium minerals, the Jacknife method was implemented. According to this method, the variables B10, B06/B08, B06/B07 and B01/B10 have a high relative importance, which shows that they have more information than the other variables. Then classic remote sensing techniques including color composition, band ratio, principal component analysis and SAM was done to zone the study area, too. The results of maximum entropy modeling were compared with these techniques and the high ability of the maximum entropy algorithm was determined.Results & Discussion According to the results and prediction maps related to the classical methods, it showed that although some of these methods approximately identified the areas specified by the maximum entropy algorithm, but they had problems that is emphasized on the development of more suitable remote sensing algorithms to describe the changes associated with lithium minerals. The maximum entropy algorithm with its unique options is a powerful tool for extracting the features of satellite images and expresses their hidden information more clearly. The accuracy of this method was compared with classical techniques and it was able to provide a more appropriate classification with a low noise and with a Kappa coefficient of 0.8775 and an overall accuracy of 0.9435, and identified two areas with the possibility of the presence of lithium minerals in the study area.Conclusion & SuggestionsIn the present research, the study area of Degh Patergan, located in South Khorasan province, Iran, was zoned, whereby two possible areas containing lithium resources were identified and the ability of classical remote sensing methods and maximum entropy algorithm was challenged. The method discussed in the research may be used as a cost-effective and technological solution with priority over field mapping for mineral exploration in remote border areas with difficult access, also an automatic approach with the maximum entropy algorithm was presented for the exploration of different mineral resources, which can be used for other exploration as well. Therefore, it is suggested to be used in different areas and to explore different sources.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Fatemeh Ahmadi; Yasser Ebrahimian Ghajari; Abbas Kiani
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionUrbanization can be defined as social and economic development and thus, urban planners need timely information for service provision and management in urban areas. Due to the difficulties of traditional methods, automatic and semi-automatic methods have gained special importance. ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionUrbanization can be defined as social and economic development and thus, urban planners need timely information for service provision and management in urban areas. Due to the difficulties of traditional methods, automatic and semi-automatic methods have gained special importance. Therefore, remote sensing data and image classification techniques have been used to help identify different types of land use. Nighttime light emission data can help researchers effectively identify human activities and urban areas. These satellite images are collected from the surface of the earth at night and can clearly separate nighttime light emission of urban areas from the surrounding dark areas. Thus, it can be concluded that various types of data with different nature and capabilities (spectral, nighttime light, etc.) are available for any specific area each of which has its own advantages and limitations. As a result, using a combination of these data types will increase accuracy and reduce uncertainty. Algorithms and scientific methods enabling this combination are thus of great importance. The present study applies a combination of nighttime light emission and daytime multispectral images to produce automatic and high-quality optimal training samples and locate built-up areas.Material & MethodsTwo study areas (in Babol and Kerman) with two different climates have been investigated in the present study. Also, DMSP and VIIRS nighttime light emission images and Landsat 5, 7 and 8 images collected during the statistical period have been used.Research MethodsThe present study has proposed an approach consisting of four main phases of pre-processing, feature extraction and production of initial training samples, selection of optimal training samples and finally classification and evaluation. Nighttime light emission images were corrected and primary samples including two classes of built and unbuilt areas were produced using the limit of automatic thresholds. Nighttime light emission is generally related with human activities, and thus, built-up areas usually have a higher nighttime light emission value compared with unbuilt areas which have a lower or zero value. Due to the saturation and blooming problems occurring in DMSP images and the relatively low spatial resolution of nighttime light emission data, training samples extracted from built areas using these data still include unbuilt areas such as water bodies and vegetation cover. Therefore, an index has been developed using features extracted from nighttime light emission and Landsat images. Considering the inverse relationship between various features of urban and rural areas (vegetation cover and soil) in LST images obtained from the thermal band of Landsat images and the NDVI vegetation index obtained from Landsat and features of urban areas in nighttime light emission image, an index was provided which maintains the main characteristics of urban areas in nighttime light emission images while minimizing saturation and blooming. Finally, time series of classified images was investigated and urban expansion was analyzed.Result & DiscussionFollowing nighttime light emission data correction, an upward trend was observed for the values of pixels collected from each city which verifies the pre-processing stage. Then, an appropriate automatic threshold limit was selected in accordance with the features of each nighttime image and applied to produce the initial training samples. Nighttime light emission images were corrected using the introduced index to minimize saturation and blooming in urban and suburban areas. Training samples thus optimized were used for final classification. Due to the low quality of initial training samples, classified pixels obtained from urban areas did not confirm to reality. Thus, classification faded in Kerman city in some years and practically no classification was performed which shows the low quality of initial training samples. Due to the low spatial resolution of nighttime light emission images, the size of samples collected from built-up areas was falsely detected to be large, and thus, there were definitely samples related to vegetation, soil, and etc. in the specified range. In the next step, classification was performed using optimal training samples in which built-up regions were modified. In this way, results got closer to the reference data and reality. In fact, using a combination of nighttime light emission and Landsat data can overcome the limitations of both methods.Conclusion Selection of training samples is considered to be the main and fundamental challenge of classification. With a valid training sample, classification is precisely performed. Since, traditional and manual methods of obtaining training samples are costly and time-consuming, automatic and semi-automatic methods have become specifically important. Therefore, the present study has classified and extracted built-up areas using satellite images. The initial training samples can be obtained automatically from nighttime light emission images, however high saturation and blooming of these images have reduced their quality. To solve this problem, a nighttime light index has been developed based on the relationship between the characteristics of urban areas in optical images and nighttime light emission images which has minimized related problems in both study areas with two different climates to a great extent. This shows the flexibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. High-quality training samples thus obtained were highly effective in the final classification phase. Investigating urban expansion time series has shown that urban growth and expansion have generally occurred around the city.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Keyvan Mokhtari; Hooshang Asadi Harouni; Mohammad Ali Aliabadi; Somayeh Beiranvand
Abstract
Extended Abstract 1- IntroductionAlteration is the simplest, cheapest and most suitable means of mineral exploration. The best way to find changes is to use satellite data processing.Asadi and Tabatabaei (2007) have used band ratio processing methods and false color images by using selected principal ...
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Extended Abstract 1- IntroductionAlteration is the simplest, cheapest and most suitable means of mineral exploration. The best way to find changes is to use satellite data processing.Asadi and Tabatabaei (2007) have used band ratio processing methods and false color images by using selected principal component processing (PCA) to identify the range of variations in different regions on Aster images. Gomez et al. (2005) visualized the lithological units of Namibian using the PCA algorithm on Aster data.The exposed rock units in Muteh mining area include a series of sedimentary, volcanic, and volcanic-clastic metamorphic rocks that extends from the green schist facies to the border of green schist and amphibolites along the northeast-southwest direction. These units have been repeatedly penetrated by alkaline intrusions, especially acid and granite (Rashidenjad, Omran et al., 2002).In general, the controlling elements of mineralization in Muteh area include structural factors (faults and fractures), alteration, and deformation. Field observations indicate the occurrence of vein mineralization and gold sulfide deposits in mylonite shear zones and fault zones in felsic to mafic metavolcanic host rocks.Gold mineralization is mainly concentrated in highly altered metariolites containing iron and copper sulfides and within fractures as veins and deposits. Alterations in silica, sericite, and carbonation are also observed along with these sediments, which are studied as exploration keys (Moritz et al., 2006).In this area, according to the lithology and distribution of alteration zones and the type of mineralization in Muteh gold mine, gold orogeny-type mineralizations are expected, which can be indirectly identified by recognizing the above alteration.2- Materials and methodsIn this study, Aster satellite images have been used to identify, discover and separate alteration zones in ENVI 5.3 software. Also, Landsat 8 satellite images have been utilized for general investigation and identification of hydrothermal alteration zones and expansion of iron oxide minerals, and Sentinel 2 satellite data due to better spatial and radiometric resolution than the above data has been applied to increase the spatial resolution of these data and the spatial accuracy of the map from the extracted changes.In order to validate between the field observations and spectral analysis, 24 rock samples were taken from the place of alteration, especially siliceous, argillic, and sercitic alteration around Senjedeh and Chah Khatoon deposits. 11 samples were sent to Zarazma laboratory for XRD analysis, and five samples were sent to Zarkavan Alborz Company’s laboratory for chemical analysis of 41 elements by ICP-MS method and gold element by Fire Assay method.3- ResultsConsidering the relationship between alteration zones and metal mineralization, it is very important to know and map these areas in the exploration of these deposits.The results and images show that the methods used in determining and separating the altered areas in Muteh exploratory area are acceptable and the optimal and effective methods in this research, SAM and MF, have been introduced.According to the field observations and surface sampling around Chah Khatoon and Senjedeh mineral deposits, as well as the investigation of changes, it was found that the most important changes in the region are: silicification, kaolinization, sericization, chlorination, alonation, pyrite, carbonation and so forth. This wide range shows the difference in intensity of alteration in different parts of the mineral reserve, which can be attributed to the system of joints, fractures and faults in the region.According to the available evidence, the metariolite rock is highly silicified in the tensile zones or in places with dense seams, and the pyrite particles in the context of these rocks have turned into iron hydroxide.4- DiscussionBy using satellite data processing, various data and information can be identified and extracted. Satellite data processing is done in two ways: visual and digital processing. By combining these two methods, the desired effects can be detected more accurately than the accuracy of satellite images. The visual method consists of preparing images of different color combinations by placing spectral bands in the red, green, and blue channels. Digital satellite image processing methods include band ratio, principal component analysis, least square regression method (Ls-Fit), spectral analysis, spectral angle mapping (SAM), and adaptive MF filter. The selection of the above methods was based on the type of information requested to extract data from images.Aster sensor images have no blue band (spectral range 0.4-0.5 µm) and the color composition of its VNIR bands is a standard RGB (1,2,3) false color composition. In this color combination, vegetation is seen in red. Since the study area is located in a relatively arid environment without vegetation, vegetation cover was avoided in the spectral analysis.The use and processing of Aster satellite data is one of the main features of this sensor; the use of unique spectral reflectance curves of alteration indicator minerals helped to identify and highlight these altered areas as well as finding the potential of areas prone to metal mineralization. Due to the high ability of Sentinel-2A images in identifying gossan and iron oxide ranges, the processing of these data was used to highlight these areas better.5- ConclusionAccording to the agreement of the results of geochemical and XRD studies with the distribution map of the alteration zones identified from the reference spectrum (USGS) and the spectral library (JPL), with the distribution map of lines and structural fractures of Muteh exploratory zone outside the pre-identified areas, new alteration zones were also introduced that require field research to confirm the results of stereo data processing.
Aeej Azmi; Mojtaba Ghadiri Ma'soum
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 34-41
Abstract
Today, various innovations have found their way into the market. Information and communication technology can be considered as one of these innovations. Villages, as a part of the country's society, have always shown sensitivities toward new innovations. Among the innovations presented to villages is ...
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Today, various innovations have found their way into the market. Information and communication technology can be considered as one of these innovations. Villages, as a part of the country's society, have always shown sensitivities toward new innovations. Among the innovations presented to villages is information and communication technology, which requires attention to the effects of its development in villages. The research method is secondary, and various national and foreign sources have been used. In this article, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is defined and the Internet status, as one of the most important tools of information technology in the world, is examined, and the status of Iran in the world and region is discussed. In the following, the national strategy of information and communication technology for infrastructure, education and research are considered, and information technology applications in the rural areas are expressed. Information and communication technology can be influential in agriculture. Subjects such as precision agriculture, the environment and crisis management are among the main concerns of information and communication technology in agriculture. It is necessary to conduct a pathological examination about the application of information and communication technology, and this will be considered with regard to dimensions such as digital divide and the cost issues of the application of information technology.
Hossein Htaminejad; Zahra Zamani; Sadegh Hajinejad; Mohammad Ghazaie
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 47-57
Abstract
In Iran, the policy of building new towns was proposed with the aim of decreasing demographic pressure on large cities during the late 1980s. Construction of new towns started and new urban problems and issues unfolded, after which different criticisms and suggestions for improvement were proposed. In ...
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In Iran, the policy of building new towns was proposed with the aim of decreasing demographic pressure on large cities during the late 1980s. Construction of new towns started and new urban problems and issues unfolded, after which different criticisms and suggestions for improvement were proposed. In this regard, the present article explains the reasons for the failure of new towns in Iran. This descriptive-analytic research takes advantage of documentary-secondary data collection method. Investigations show that due to temporary intense increase in the country’s population, widespread emigration from villages to cities and lower short term development capacity of cities compared to the population growth rate between 1961 and 1991, building new towns around many mother-cities of the country was not necessary. Yet, the main reason for the failure of these new towns in attracting population includes lack of a comprehensive plan to transfer industries from mother-cities to new towns, lack of an efficient public transportation system between mother-cities and new towns, uncertainty in predicting and grouping the population, economic situation and income of households in new towns, weakness in locating, lack of support from the government and other related organizations, the slower increasing trend of land price in new towns as compared to mother-cities, higher benefit of constructing residential units in mother-cities as compared to new towns, economic downturn and increasing inflation rate between 1990-2013, and purely physical attitude of urban planners in preparing the plans and neglecting people’s demands and needs.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Somayeh Aslani Katouli; Reza Shah-Hosseini; Hamid Bagheri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
A flood is a widespread and dramatic natural disaster that affects the life, infrastructure, economy, and local ecosystems of the world. In this paper, a method for flood detection in urban (and suburban) environments using the intensity and coherence of SAR based on ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
A flood is a widespread and dramatic natural disaster that affects the life, infrastructure, economy, and local ecosystems of the world. In this paper, a method for flood detection in urban (and suburban) environments using the intensity and coherence of SAR based on a convolutional neural network is introduced, and from the time series of SAR intensity and coherence to draw flood without obstruction (e.g. Flooded bare soils and short vegetation) are used. Non-cohesive areas blocked by floods (e.g., flooded vegetation) and cohesive areas with flood-blocked areas (e.g., frequently constructed flooded areas) are distinguished.
This method is flexible according to the time period of the data sequences (at least one pair of pre-event and event intensities and one pair of pre-event and in-event coherence are required). The increasing number of SAR missions in orbit that have a fixed viewing scenario with a short retry time increases the chances of seeing a flood event, while also having a good pre-event scene achieved by the same sensor. This makes this method desirable for operational emergency responses.
Materials & Methods
CNN algorithm is a multilayer perceptron that is designed to identify two-dimensional information of images and includes: input layer, convolution layer, sample layer, and output layer. The CNN algorithm has two main processes: collection and sampling.
The convolution process involves the use of a trainable Fx filter, deconvolution of the input image (the first step of image input, input after image convolution, is the feature of each layer called Feature Map), then by adding bx can be hand convolution of the CX layer Found. Sampling process: n pixels are collected from each neighborhood to form a pixel, then weighted with a scalar weight of Wx + 1 and a bx + 1 bias is added, then a map of The Narrow n times feature map properties are generated.
Three images of Sentinel-1A VV polarization, wide width interference (IW), and mode (SLC) data were used in this study. Intensity images were pre-processed with radiometric calibration, noise reduced with a spell-filter (window size 5.5 pixels), and converted from linear units to decibels. Coherent images were obtained with a pair of consecutive images with a window of 7.28 (range _ azimuth). Validation data set due to the lack of other data in two separate sections of ground data in the urban area of GonbadKavous that have been collected to identify homes damaged by floods and terrestrial reality data from gamma image thresholds for output validation were extracted.
Results & Discussion
In this section, the results of the study are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Because the simultaneous display of SAR data over time in the form of RGB compounds is widely used in the qualitative interpretation of land cover and surface dynamics, RGB compounds are used to provide evidence of flood magnitude in terms of intensity and coherence. For both cases, the results of combining intensity and coherence and intensity alone and coherence alone are quantitatively analyzed. Overall accuracy (OA), kappa correlation coefficient, false-positive rate (FPR), precision (e.g., correctly predicted positive patterns out of the total predicted patterns in a positive class), recall (e.g., a fraction of properly classified positive patterns), and an F1 score (ie the harmonic mean between precision and recall). Flood reference and ground data are mentioned and reported based on the reference.
Conclusion
In this paper, a method for mapping floods in urban environments based on SAR intensity and interferometry coherence was introduced. A combination of intensity and coherence extracts flood information in different types of land cover and outlet. This method was tested on the KavousGonbad flood incident obtained by various SAR sensors and the flood maps were confirmed by the flood reference resulting from thresholding and ground harvesting and satisfactory results were shown in this case study. The findings of this experiment show that the shared use of SAR intensity and coherence provides more reliable information than the use of SAR intensity and coherence alone in urban areas with different landscapes. In particular, flood detection in less cohesive / non-cohesive areas (e.g., bare soils, vegetation, vegetated areas) relies heavily on multi-temporality, while multi-temporal coherence provides more comprehensive flood information in areas Create coherence (e.g., mostly built-up areas). However, some flood-specific situations, such as flooded parking lots and flooded dense building blocks, are still challenging in terms of intensity and coherence. Also, since the proposed method is sensor and scene independent, with very frequent and regular observations of SAR missions such as Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT (RCM), there are opportunities to map global floods on a global scale, especially in small countries. Provides income.
Hasan Shamsi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 4-16
Abstract
Most likely, the surveying has had its roots in ancient Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Kofu the second Pharaoh from the fourth dynasty of Egypt in the old city of Giza, which was built around 2700 BC, is so precisely quadrangular and fully justified according to the four main directions of compass, that ...
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Most likely, the surveying has had its roots in ancient Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Kofu the second Pharaoh from the fourth dynasty of Egypt in the old city of Giza, which was built around 2700 BC, is so precisely quadrangular and fully justified according to the four main directions of compass, that it can be conceived that ancient Egyptians used surveying as a means of controlling buildings, just as it is today. From the study of the dimensions of the great pyramids of Egypt, it can be assured that the early Egyptians could carry out measurements with an extraordinarily high accuracy, and that the Ptolemaic and Roman hieroglyphs existing in the same country reveal measurements related to land maps. Furthermore, they used surveying to determine the property borders, so that the Sumerian clay bricks in 1400 BC are signs of land measurement and urban maps and of determining the area of agricultural lands adjacent to them. The border stones with which they marked the corners of the real estate were kept, and in a tomb in the old town of Thebes, there’s a picture of two men carrying chains and surveying a wheat farm by a rope.
Mohammad Sattari Vafa'ee
Volume 1, Issue 4 , May 1992, , Pages 6-8
Abstract
The first geographic maps were the result of the need of conquerors and military commanders who always swept new lands for the purpose of expanding territories of influence. Map is the most basic means of transmitting basic information in any kind of planning and military mobility, variously used by ...
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The first geographic maps were the result of the need of conquerors and military commanders who always swept new lands for the purpose of expanding territories of influence. Map is the most basic means of transmitting basic information in any kind of planning and military mobility, variously used by each of military units according to their mission. The military engineering mission consists of war against nature and land, overcoming natural and artificial obstacles, preparing paths for combat and logistical units to pass, building fortifications to protect their forces and providing facilities and spaces necessary for forces to settle or be deployed at any place if necessary, and finally their support. In other words, the martial engineering mission can be summarized in three words: "passage", "defense" and "deployment". In other expression, engineering is the key at offense and lock at defense.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 7-10
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 22 , August 1997, , Pages 7-18
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 8-10
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 8-17
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
