Geographic Information System (GIS)
Omid Faraji; Alireza Gharaghozlou; Hosein Aghamohammadi Zanjirabad; Zahra Azizi; Alireza Vafaeinejad
Abstract
Extended Abstract:Introduction:Undoubtedly, the main motivation of all planning is to achieve sustainable development, regional balance, proper distribution of activities and maximum use of environmental capabilities in the process of regional development. Land is a limited and vulnerable resource, but ...
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Extended Abstract:Introduction:Undoubtedly, the main motivation of all planning is to achieve sustainable development, regional balance, proper distribution of activities and maximum use of environmental capabilities in the process of regional development. Land is a limited and vulnerable resource, but many of its benefits, if not to be abused, are eternal and renewable. In the planning system, the dimension of space is very important and the principles of spatial planning include the principles of sustainability, integrity and comprehensiveness.Developed countries and developing countries both need skills and guidelines in the field of spatial information, methods, frameworks, tools and templates that can use spatial information in timely and accessible decision-making and move forward and to be supportive to sustainable development goals.The purpose of this study is to investigate the applications and political and economic effects as well as the feasibility of using modern technologies such as: Internet of Things - Cloud Computing and Edge Computing - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - Data Mining and Spatial Behavior Mining with the help of Virtual Reality and monitoring Spatial-Temporal changes, all of which are essential to Digital Twin, focusing on land management and sustainable development.Materials & Methods:This article is based on studying the findings and trends implemented in the three leading areas of land administration: The United States, Australia and the European Union and trying to localize those trends in our country.In this research, the comparative study method has been used, which shows a gap of at least ten years between the current situation of spatial information management in our country and what is happening in the leading countries in this field. The study areas include: architecture and structure-political and governance approach-emerging technologies-software- rules and restrictions.The enabler tools used in this research are the complete familiarity with architecture, software, technologies and current instructions in the field of geospatial sciences in the country, and on the other hand, the study of more than eighty articles and more than ten books in the field of the latest global achievements and the review of all reliable portals of the geospatial information and finally a comparative comparison of these two concepts and drawing a road map.Preparation of 2D and 3D cadastral maps of all geographic entities and assignment of legal and ownership information to these entities and then 3D visualization of these combined spatial data in a suitable portal for the preparation of functional spatial analysis are discussed in detail in the implementation method of this research.Results & Discussion:Utilizing the knowledge and technology in creating a Digital Twin platform and adding its powerful tools to the country's national geospatial information infrastructure will lead to maximum productivity and the growth of the economy and social equality, and its highest feedback is the realization of sustainable development in the country.As the Gartner Institute's technology evaluation indexes as well as the CAGR index and the economic impact evaluation reports of the leading countries show, the acquisition of the Digital Twin technology will greatly contribute to the prosperity of the country's economy.In this research, an attempt has been made to mention all the technical and management tools necessary to achieve this infrastructure, and also a prioritization has been done according to the time of achieving the goals.Conclusion:The results of this research show that filling the gap between the current state of the country's spatial information management and the desired state requires investment, culture and serious efforts of those involved in this field, and on the other hand, a positive point can be mentioned that with following the paths taken by developed countries, it is possible to achieve an optimal model and a clear and error-free path to achieve these goals.The localization of global instructions and the development of a conceptual model of action to resolve the existing technology gap will pave the way for the establishment of new technologies in the country, and with the maturity of the technical and operational branches of these models, we will come closer to the realization of sustainable development in the country.On the other hand, without cooperation and coordination between all the governmental bodies involved in the country's geomatic sciences, in addition to the private sector and the society, it seems unlikely to achieve this great achievement, because the creation of such a powerful infrastructure requires a harmonious and coherent national movement.It is hoped that this article will make a small achievement to the formation of strategic thinking in the management of spatial information sciences in the country and provide a complete picture of the dark corners of the development path as well as helping the decision makers in our beloved country.
Mohammad Fallah Zazuli; Alireza Vafaei Nezhad; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Mahdi Modiri; Hossein Aghamohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most important types of natural disasters,which endangers lives and financial security of many people and destroys environment and natural resources.With the present population growth and expansion of urban areas towardsteep areas and hillsides, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most important types of natural disasters,which endangers lives and financial security of many people and destroys environment and natural resources.With the present population growth and expansion of urban areas towardsteep areas and hillsides, landslide-related losses can be catastrophic. For an instance, landslides in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan killed around 2,700 people in 2014, and a landslide in China (Shan’xiprovince)resulted in the disappearance of 64 people in 2015.Therefore, assessingthe possibility of landslides occurrence seems to becrucial. Providing zoning maps is one of the measures which makes identification of areas prone to future landslides possible. Inferences drawn from these maps can be used for land use planning, prevention of unauthorized construction activities, infrastructure development, refurbishment and restoration. Materials & Methods The present research selectsEast Rudbar-e Alamut (a district of Qazvin province), which is affected by landslides and instability of hillsides, as the study area. It takes advantage of Shannon entropy and information value models to develop landslide susceptibility map of the study areain GIS environment.Shannon entropy theory has been used in extensive researcheswith the aim of prioritizinginfluential factors in the probable occurrence of natural disasters such as landslide. Information value (IV) model is one of the statistical models drawn from information theory with a widespread application in the modeling of geological hazards and disaster risk assessment. Information value model aims to find a combination of significant factors anddeterminetheir impacton theoccurrence oflandslide in an area.To implement this model, relevant data and its related criteria maps were prepared. In this regard, the location of previous landslide events in the study area was determined based on the information received from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization. 49 landslides were identified in this way. Then, data was randomly divided into 2 categories: training data and validation data. Thus, 70% of data (35 landslides) were used to produce the models and the remaining 30% (14 landslides) were used for validation purposes. In addition to previous landslides, a collection of topographic, environmental and climatic characteristics of the study area including seven criteria of lithology, slope, distance from faults, land use, precipitation, slope-direction and elevation were selected as the most effective independent variablesto produce criteria maps with 30-meter spatial resolution. Basic information used to map these seven influential factors was obtained from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, as well as the SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and used after some modifications. Considering the capability of ArcGIS in spatial data analysis, thissoftwarewas used to produce information layers and implement the models. Results & Discussion Prioritizing influential factors using Shannon entropy model introducesthree factors (i.e. land use, elevation and precipitation)as the most significant factorsin the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Factors of slope angle, distance from faults (almost equal to slope angle), lithology and slope-direction were in the next influential factors.Also, results of information value model indicate that looking from lithology perspective, the category of marl, calcareous sandstone, sandy limestone and minor conglomerate has an information value of 1 and thus, the highest probability of landslide occurrence. Category of basaltic volcanic rocks, along with category of well bedded green tuff and tuffaceous shale have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence with information values of -2.03 and -1.70, respectively.Only two categories of theslope angle criterionhave a positive-index. The highest information value (0. 93) in this category occurs in the class of 5-12 degrees, followed by the class of 12-20 degrees. The lowest information value occurs in slopes of more than 30 degrees. Based on this observation, it can be clearly concluded that the slope angles of 5 to 20 degrees are most prone to landslides. Distance to faults criterion indicate that the category of500 to 1000-meter distance to faultshave the highest information value (1.67). Regarding land use criterion, three land uses of garden, agriculture and garden-agriculture have the highest information values of 2.16 and 1.59 and 1.11, respectively. Regarding precipitation, average annual rainfall of less than 400 millimeters have the highest information value (1.50). Regardingslope-direction criterion, most landslides occur in southwest, south and eastdirections.Northeast, west, and northwest directions have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence, respectively. In terms of elevation, the information value is reduced as the height increases, and the maximum information value is related to the elevations of less than 1200 meters.After assigning a weight to each criterion and related classes, the landslide risk zone map was generated based on Shannon entropy and information valuemodels. The resulting zoning map produced based on natural breaks methods dividesthe area into five classeswith very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk. Resultsof Shannon entropy modelindicate that out of 14 landslides considered as the validation data, 3, 7, 2, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively. Resultsof the information value modelindicatethat 8, 4, 0, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively. Conclusion Evaluation of results using experimental probability index indicates that with 86% experimental probability,both models of Shannon entropy and information value are effective inidentification of landslide hazard in the East Rudbar-e Alamut region. Also, considering the number of landslides in very high and high risk zones, Shannon entropy and information value modelshave an experimental probability index of 72% and 86%, respectively, which prove higher efficiency of information value model. In Shannon entropy model, total area of very high, high and moderate risk zones covers 34% and 56% of the study area,respectively. In information value model,total area of very high and high risk zones covers 20% and 29% of the study area, respectively. Based on the landslide risk zone map, high and very high risk zones are mainly located in the west of the study area.
BiBi Mariam SajadianJaghargh; Alireza Vafaei Nezhad; Ali Asghar Alesheikh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
The ubiquity of mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, has contributed to the development of pervasive systems, including navigation and health systems. The main characteristicsof pervasive systems are the necessity of dynamic reconfiguration and proper adaptation to the ...
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Extended Abstract
The ubiquity of mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, has contributed to the development of pervasive systems, including navigation and health systems. The main characteristicsof pervasive systems are the necessity of dynamic reconfiguration and proper adaptation to the continuous changes in different contexts. The existence of dynamic capabilities has been considered in the design and implementation of a context aware system, including context acquisition, context understanding and computing, decision making, and context presentation.Context acquisition: This domain of research focuses on using personal sensing devices which measure various parameters by means of portable devices and save them on the external/internal database for further processing. The aim of researches is collecting, sharing, and/or reusing data in other applications or through a web interface.Context understanding and computing: The most works are in the field of context monitoring, data management, understanding or computing. The ability to automate context reasoning about various types of contexts and their properties are considered using various context models and algorithms. Most applications are customized for a specific case such as air pollution, tourist, navigation, and health care. Context presentation: This category of research has commonly focused on context-aware application adaptation. The adaptation happens between the real world, the map and user’s location and orientation. A number of studies have been carried out in the field of tourist guides or navigation adapting the presentation style to the changing requirements of the user.Most studies in ubiquitous health care have only been carried out in a small number of areas and using external portable sensors and developing applications on mobile phones. A major problem with these kinds of applications is collecting and sharing data, monitoring, or reasoning without having an active role in decision making in different environmental conditions. Using external tools such as portable devices is costly and limits using the systems.
This paper has focused on the design and implementation of a context aware ubiquitous system which has been customized for severe environmental conditions (in particular, air pollution). Air pollution is a spatial-temporal phenomenon and it causes changes in health conditions and it increases mortality. Eclipse Kepler software, java, PHP programming language and MySQL and SQLit database and also Google Maps API was used in this research. The proposed system design approach is based on distributed architecture in the portion of data collection and processing. Data collecting is done by means of software and hardware sensors. The context aware system is able to automatically identify the user’s context and represent required data and information after computing and reasoning. Contexts based on their impact on the decision-making process can be divided into two categories: passive and active contents.We used an active context in the research such as time, location, traffic, direction, air pollution. Collecting required data is done automatically with high speed and accuracy, and data plays an active role in decision making. In the system architecture, servers were embedded to enter data automatically and only data relating to health conditions is entered manually. Processing environment was divided into two parts, in case of abounding calculations, processing is transferred to the server so that only light processing is performed on the client. At every stage of the process, the user interface provided outputs in the form of recommendations and notifications. The system represents user-friendly environment. Context information can be posted on the process server and retrieved from the history. The proposed system can become an important tool to enable patients to be aware of air pollution conditions, not only to be applied in managing and monitoring their health information, but also in decision making, finding the best solution in severe environment, sharing data and communicating with family and doctor. The application represents suitable solution for solving the shortest path problem according to spatial-temporal and traffic condition. In fact, the path with the lowest level of air pollution is chosen as the best path.The system indirectly encourages greater use of the ubiquitous health system and motivates patients to acquire an active role in their health management and helps them to improve their health condition. The information collected and posted on the server can be reused in professional station and it presents useful information to health experts. We are broadly concerned about patients’ privacy in the design of the system.