Geographic Data
Bahram Imani; Jafar Jafarzadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a serious threat to rural development. Unfortunately, many people lack enough knowledge about the importance of groundwater and the harmful effects of environmental pollution on these valuable resources. The present study has investigated the quality of potable groundwater in the rural parts of central Ardabil County using multi-criteria decision-making models and geostatistical analysis in GIS environment. Parameters such as EC, PH, SO4-, Cl-, Na and TH (in terms of CaCo3) have been used to create an overall picture of the quality of potable groundwater resources in Ardabil County based on which related zoning map was developed in geographic information system. The kriging interpolation method was also used to obtain the spatial distribution of the parameters and the simple additive weighting method was used to weigh and rank the layers. According to the final map of water quality, approximately 36% of the central Ardabil County (around 88 square kilometers, mainly in the southern part of the study area) has access to optimal quality of drinking water. On the other hand, low quality of drinking water is observed in the northern and northeastern parts which cover 46% of the study area (112 square kilometers). Moreover, a direct relationship is observed between the population density and the density of deep and semi-deep wells and the decrease in the quality of water. Materials and MethodsThe present study has applied library research and field study methods. Rstudio and Arc GIS 10 software were also used to perform related analyses.Study AreaCase study area includes 243 square kilometers of the central Ardabil County consisting of three cities and nineteen villages as illustrated in Figure 1.The following methods were used in this research:1- Direct rating2- Kriging interpolation3- Standardization method4- Simple weighing method5- Fuzzification of the final dataThe following parameters have also been used to assess the quality of drinking water:1- Electrical conductivity (EC)2- Chlorine level (Cl-)3-The amount of sulfate (SO4+)4- The amount of nitrate (Na)5- Total water hardness (TH)6- Water acidity level (PH)Results & DiscussionGroundwater chemical quality is primarily assessed using parameters such as changes in the amount of dissolved salts, and limitations on various uses of water especially water used for drinking. Table 1 shows different types of conventional kriging methods selected through the method test for the parameters. These can be obtained using the mutual evaluation method and RMS error. Factors affecting the quality of drinking water are then ranked and weighted according to the expert opinions. The final quality map is thus prepared. Layers are then standardized in accordance with data description and the results are presented in Table 1. It also exhibits maximum permissible and desirable level of non-toxic chemicals in drinking water in accordance with the Iranian Standards and Industrial Research Institute (ISIRI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, along with the maximum permissible level of mineral substances in drinking water. Semivariograms used for kriging interpolation are also presented. Table 2 shows the RMS and RMSE errors as well as the average standard error of the water quality parameters in the study area. The interpolated primary layers are presented in Figure 3. The final map prepared for the quality of potable water in the study area indicates that the quality of groundwater in the northern part and a little section of the central part (46% or 112 square kilometers of the study area) is unfavorable. This includes 8 villages of the County. 6 villages have access to drinking water with semi-optimal quality and 5 villages are located in the optimal area of water quality. Accordingly, the quality of potable groundwater decreases drastically as we move towards the northern and northeastern parts of the study area, and the lowest quality of groundwater is observed in the most northerly part of the study area (covering 46% of the study area). Figure 4 shows the density of deep and semi-deep wells, the amount of annual harvest from rivers in the central part of Ardabil (in thousand cubic meters per year), the population density and industrial areas in this region. A direct relationship is therefore observed between population density, the density of existing wells, the level of water extraction from rivers and the sharp drop in the quality of groundwater. According to the reports prepared by Ardabil Regional Water Company, around 32 million cubic meters of water is annually needed to meet the drinking requirements of urban and rural uses, which can seriously damage the quality of underground water in the area.ConclusionAccording to the final map of groundwater quality, only 36% of the study area (88 square kilometers) has access to drinking water with favorable quality which can be a great concern for planners and managers. Finally, it is suggested to use geostatistical methods and geographic information system as a useful tool to assess the quality of underground water. These methods can gradually replace the old methods and thus prepare more accurate statistics, increase the efficiency of water-related projects, and reduce their cost.
Abolfazl Ghanbari; Sadra Karimzadeh; Sedighe Taraneh
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionDespite higher standards of living in urban areas, rapid growth of urbanization has caused some problems such as development of dense and unplanned residential areas, environmental pollution, lack of access to services and amenities, increased gap between social classes and ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionDespite higher standards of living in urban areas, rapid growth of urbanization has caused some problems such as development of dense and unplanned residential areas, environmental pollution, lack of access to services and amenities, increased gap between social classes and etc. Manifested as severe differences between living standards in different parts of cities, these affect the quality of urban life. Quality of life is considered to be one of the most important dimensions of sustainable urban development. The desire to improve the quality of life in a particular space, for a particular individual or group is one of the main concerns of planners. Failure to identify factors affecting the quality of life in various human settlements will have unexpected and unfortunate consequences. With a decrease in citizens' life satisfaction, society will gradually lose its productive and capable labour force. The present study primarily seeks to find a way to objectively study and evaluate the quality of life in urban areas using remote sensing technology and GIS. Therefore, it investigates the quality of life in Zahedan and identifies possible factors improving life quality. Methods and MaterialThe present study applies a descriptive-analytical methodology. Statistical data were collected from census data of Iranian Statistics Center and maps were retrieved from Zahedan detailed plan-related service centers. Satellite images were also used. The present study applies four indicators to study the quality of life: economic, social, and environmental indicators along with access to service providing centers. Cronbach's alpha method was used in SPSS to determine the reliability of the questionnaire resulting in a coefficient of 0.723 for the previously mentioned indicators which shows high reliability of the instrument. The validity of the questionnaire was also investigated using experts' opinions. Collected data and factor analysis for economic and social variables were performed using SPSS. Criteria were weighted using Super Decision software and ArcGIS was used to combine and model the layers. Satellite images were retrieved from Google Earth Engine. Results and DiscussionIn order to investigate the socio-economic inequalities affecting quality of life, 16 parameters were extracted from the available census data and used to assess the socio-economic situation in the study area. Correlated parameters were combined using factor analysis to represent a single index. A specific name was then assigned to each factor. Indicators were normalized and aligned for the modeling stage. Fuzzy membership functions (Large, Small and Liner) were used to normalize the indicators in ArcGIS. Each index is then multiplied by the weight obtained from ANP method, and integrated using GAMMA fuzzy command. Spatial distribution of urban blocks in the central parts of the first district ranked higher in terms of economic and social indexes of life quality. Environmental indexes and access to service providing centers have a more desirable status in the second district. Parameters such as economic participation rate , housing status, air pollution and health centers had the largest impact on quality of life. Moran's spatial autocorrelation index shows a cluster pattern for quality of life in the study area. ConclusionFinal results show that access to service providing centers has the largest impact on quality of life. In general, the second district ranks higher than the first district in terms of quality of life. This city faces various economic and social limitations, while having access to many facilities: Recent droughts, universities and higher education institutions, mutual borders with neighboring countries and a large number of immigrants from Afghanistan. It is also facing hot and dry climate, a decrease in vegetation cover and an increase in temperature level. The freeway located in the western part of the study area, urban expansion toward the western parts, increased constructions and increased urban density due to proximity to university centers and finally heavy traffic have caused air pollution. Also, public service centers are not evenly distributed. These are some of the most important causes of low quality of life in the study area.
Ayyob Ebrahimi; Mohammad H. Vahidnia
Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important components of disease prevention has always been having access to information on distribution of patients, their gender and age. With this information, we find the areas in which further prevention or care programs need to be implemented. In addition, this information ...
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Introduction
One of the most important components of disease prevention has always been having access to information on distribution of patients, their gender and age. With this information, we find the areas in which further prevention or care programs need to be implemented. In addition, this information helps in determining the effects of factors contributing to the spread of a disease in different areas. Thus, using new technologies such as GIS in such a field can be quite advantageous. Methods of spatial-statistical analysis can help us in mapping disease diffusion, its predicted future trend, and factors affecting that disease. Therefore, public health organizations have recently used such technologies to develop more appropriate health, prevention, and treatment plans.
As a major health problem, gastric cancer is reported to be the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Following cardiovascular disease, cancer is the second leading cause of death in Iran. GIS capabilities have made it possible to use a variety of spatial-statistical models for gastric cancer. The present study seeks to analyze the spatial distribution of gastric cancer in Hamedan province, identify the incidence and prevalence of this disease based on gender and age of patients, and map the geographical factors affecting this disease. In this regard, methods of interpolation, classification, and clustering of highly affected points are used. Spatial correlation is also calculated using regression methods.
Materials and Methods
In order to prepare spatial distribution maps of gastric cancer in Hamadan province, related data on all gastric cancer patients between 2011 and 2015 were collected from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Hamadan Medical Sciences University. Collected data included age, gender, and address of patients. Data were first classified based on the address registered for each patient in each year. Then, geocoding process was used to convert addresses into positions using Google Maps and create related layers in GIS software. Descriptions were then assigned to the layer of cities and 1157 points were produced for these 5 years and added to the maps. According to the obtained points, spatial distribution maps were prepared based on age and gender of patients. Age distribution of gastric cancer patients was also calculated using interpolation analysis and the IDW method. In the next step, maps of provinces in critical situation were prepared according to the Hotspot method using the Getis index. In cooperation with Water and Sewage Authority, data were also collected on water pollution (including nitrate, and lead in water and water hardness) to determine the relationship between the severity of the disease and environmental variables (water pollution). Ecological analysis was then performed based on regression analysis using ordinary least squares (OLS) method.
Result and Discussion
Results of the study and age distribution maps indicated lack of any significant clustering in the studied cities. Moreover, the age groups were sparsely distributed in each year. However, statistical analysis of patients’ age and gender showed a higher incidence of gastric cancer in men and in over 70-year age group during the reference period. Cluster analysis of areas with higher incidence of gastric cancer based on Hotspot method identified Qahavand as one of the cities having a critical situation regarding gastric cancer during the reference period with 99% confidence interval. Hamadan City was ranked second with 95% confidence interval. Laljin was ranked third with 90% confidence during the reference period. Regression analysis performed to determine the relationship between disease severity and environmental variables (water pollution) indicated the presence of a positive relationship between the level of lead and nitrate in drinking water and cancer incidences. However, an ideal fit was not reached for the regression model due to unavailability of recently collected data, small sample size, and inadequate data distribution.
Conclusion
Since a different life style is considered to be the most crucial basis of combating a disease, education, empowerment, policymaking and enactment of laws and regulations can create an appropriate environment to promote healthy lifestyle and behaviors. In fact, a useful intervention in society can eliminate or reduce the impact of many risk factors. Cooperation between the fields of geography and medical sciences can result in designing and implementing an acceptable system in the society. GIS is one of the technologies used in this regard to provide health warnings for people at risk based on proper analysis. The present study showed the efficiency of techniques such as classifications, interpolation, hotspot, and regression analysis in assessing disease severity, and factors affecting its incidence.
Mohammad Reza Baaghideh; Rasul Sarvestan
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Like every other human activity, military activities are also affected by weather conditions. From a military perspective, climate studies are very important. In wartime, air and topography are more influential than any other physical factor, such as weapons, equipment, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Like every other human activity, military activities are also affected by weather conditions. From a military perspective, climate studies are very important. In wartime, air and topography are more influential than any other physical factor, such as weapons, equipment, and logistics. These factors have been somehow effective in most victories and defeats. Therefore, military forces need special equipment, special training and adaptation to environmental conditions. Military commanders pay special attention to the daily mean minimum and maximum temperature, as well as very high or very low temperature. Troops usually need two weeks to adapt to climate conditions, but in extreme heat they may never reach their full efficiency. The importance of climatology in military plans is summarized in two stages: first, a preliminary stage in which time and location for the establishment of bases and deployment of military equipment are predicted, and the second stage in which atmospheric phenomena are linked and connected with the planed military operations. Accurate understanding of climate elements and their effects can lead to the discovery of positive and negative points and, as a result, a better planning for the promotion of military operations. Therefore, researchers have always been interested in climate parameters and investigating the effects of these parameters on defense, military, and passive defense discussions have always been inevitable. Keywords: Military forces, climate, geographic information system, FTOPSIS Materials and Methods After performing secondary research and reviewing different resources, the most important climate parameters affecting the performance of military forces were identified and the initial database was formed. Data was received from Iran Meteorological Organization for 21 weather stations in Khuzestan province regarding a period of 25 years (1988-2013). Then, database was compiled using the received data and the geographic features of the stations (longitude, latitude and elevation). These parameters include: Long-term average annual rainfall, average number of dusty days in each year, mean maximum temperature, long-term average of wind speed, wind direction, long-term average of sunshine duration, average humidity In order to map climate parameters, each parameter-related layer was prepared using interpolation method and IDW model. Then, each layer was weighted using decision-making process. Afterward, each layer was classified into 5 categories, each of which was weighed according to its importance. In the next step, the fuzzy TOPSIS model was used to analyze collected data. Results and discussion Investigating the characteristics of precipitation layer and the weight of each category proved that the highest weight is related to the 670-570 category and the lowest weight is related to the 200-100 mm category. The highest level of precipitation (670-570 mm category) has occurred in Dehdez and Izeh, and the lowest level of precipitation (200-100 mm category) has occurred in Bostan, Hanijan, Mahshahr, Shadegan and Abadan stations. The maximum temperature layer in Khuzestan province showed that the highest temperature (44-48 ° C) had a weight of 4.52, while the lowest temperature in 19-26 ° C category had a weight of 0.73. Gotvand and Ahwaz agricultural research station have the highest wind speed (7.28-8.59 knot) and a weight of 2.17 and the lowest average wind speed (with the weight of 1.33) is recorded in Hendijan, Omidieh, Behbahan, Lali and Dehdez. The province wind direction layer showed that western winds had the highest weight (2.18) and southern winds had the lowest weight (0.96). Conclusion Understanding climate and its impact on transportation of troops, flight of fighters, movement of naval fleets, transport of heavy equipment, and performance of weapons in both sides of the war are among the most important determinants of victory or defeat in wars. Climate is one of the most important factor that directly affect military plans, and even national strategies, tactics, doctrines, command, organizational structure, optimal combination and type of navy-land forces, military and space equipment, collection of military information and clothes, maintenance, construction and support. In this study, eight factors including rain, temperature, dust, wind speed, wind direction, sunshine duration, humidity, and altitude were used in a combined approach. Geographic Information System and FTOPSIS model were applied in this approach. Results indicate that Khuzestan province is classified into five categories (from very unfavorable to very desirable) in regard to military activities. Most of the northeastern mountainous areas of the province are highly desirable, with excellent defensive capabilities. In Dehdez and Izeh, the proportion is somehow favorable. Eastern and southern parts of the province are very undesirable regarding the impact of climate parameters. The results also showed that wind speed and temperature are the most effective factors influencing the performance of military forces in the province.
Sepehr Honarparvar; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Introduction
In recent decades, rapid climate changes in the Middle East have led to the rapid growth of drought phenomenon. Given the recent observations and surveys in the countries of the region, the rate of evaporation of surface water has increased. In addition, water consumption has increased ...
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Introduction
In recent decades, rapid climate changes in the Middle East have led to the rapid growth of drought phenomenon. Given the recent observations and surveys in the countries of the region, the rate of evaporation of surface water has increased. In addition, water consumption has increased dramatically in recent decades due to various causes, including industrial and agricultural development and population growth. Apart from the natural causes, the lack of proper management and planning of water resources is one of the main reasons for drought occurrence in the country. It’s obvious that every program needs reliable and updated information to help planners make decisions. Therefore, information onthe volume changes and the amount of water is of great importance in the management of the limited water resources. This information is usually obtained using conventional methods of remote sensing, surveying and photogrammetry which require significant amount of time and money. On the other hand, obtaining information from people is very beneficial due to the high speed, low cost of preparation and high volume of shared information. Volunteered Geographic Information provides an environment for the acquisition of spatial information from ordinary and expert people.Recently, many researcheshave been carried outon geography, natural resources and geosciencesin relation to the voluntary applications of spatial information in crisis management, and it has been proved that these data are suitable for managing long-term and short-term crises. Regarding the water management in particular, researches have been carried out on collecting water pollution information through sharing the location and the type of water pollution. The issue of drought in water resources has not been taken into consideration in this category of investigations.Another category of the researches is about the type of architecture used to obtain popular information from the volunteered spatial information, while the quality of this information has been ignored. In another category of the researches, users identify and report the rate of changes in water resources using remote sensing and aerial images but, this method is indirect and does not share information instantaneously and directly.
Materials and methods
The aim of this paper is to design and develop a Volunteered Geographic Information system for receiving and updating drought information on natural water resources. To do so, users send the information on water volume and its changes as well as the location, to the drought information spatial database. The case study of this paper is the water resources of the rivers and lakes of the TashkBakhteganMaharloubasin. TashkBakhteganMaharlou is a basin region in the province of Fars in Iran,and the reason for choosing this basin as a case study isthe abundance and diversity of water resources in the area. A Web-based mobile application has been developed to receive the popular information of water resources. Users can share information based on the level of access. This level of access is determined based on the level of users’ expertise and occupation relative to water sciences. In order to implement this system, a client - server architecture was employed, in which SQL Server was used as the updating and managing system of the spatial database, ArcGIS Server as a spatial server, WCF Service to receive thematic information, JSON as the format of exchanging data and Android as the client’s development language.
Discussion and results
In order to evaluate this system,the spatial accuracy, descriptive accuracy and the integrity of the Volunteered Geographic Information were measured. After the evaluation, a spatial accuracy of 12.5 meters, a descriptive accuracy of 67%, and the integrity of 75% were obtained. Moreover, 80% of the Volunteered Geographic Information hadan area of more than 1 Hectares,representing the interest of the users in sharing lakes with wider areas. Meanwhile, 65% of the Volunteered Geographic Information has a density of 27 lines per Hectare, indicating that people are willing to share rivers with denser branches.
Conclusion
Since the datawas collected by smartphones’ GPS,this amount of spatial accuracy was predictable. Descriptive accuracy obtained is relatively low due tothe ambiguity in the naming of received data. The high integrityindicatesthe capability of the system in updating drought spatial database over a short period of time. Therefore, it seems that the Volunteered Geographic Informationon drought is generally acceptable for completing the water resources database and for the management and making decisions on the planning of conserving water resources in a short time with low cost.
Nosrat Moradi; Mir Najaf Mousavi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction In today’s complex and growing world, population growth, changes in the patterns of consumption and quality of life in rural areas have led to many environmental problems. One of the most important problems derived from this issue is the production of rural wastes ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction In today’s complex and growing world, population growth, changes in the patterns of consumption and quality of life in rural areas have led to many environmental problems. One of the most important problems derived from this issue is the production of rural wastes and their inappropriate management. In the past to the present, waste management has been carried out in an improper and insanitary way, such as removing wastes from residential areas, dumping them on the roadside and burning them. Waste disposal in the aforementioned methods is not only the solution to the problem in the right way, but also the transformation of one type of contamination to another one. This method of waste disposal which is conducted without observing the technical principles, environmental standards and conditions of the region, will create the possibility of environmental, economic and social harms to the region and threaten the rural environment. The solution to this problem is to locate appropriate landfills for rural wastes. This research has selected the southern Soma village in the city of Urmia as the area of interest or study area of this research, considering the above mentioned topics. Material and Methods In this research, which is an applied research in terms of the objective, and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of nature, Multi Criteria Evaluation method (MCE) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used to identify suitable waste disposal sites. Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) is a method used to combine data in terms of their importance in a particular decision-making process. Conceptually, MCE methods including weighting, scoring or quantitative and qualitative ranking of criteria are for demonstrating their importance with regard to one or a set of goals (Ian 2010: 239). Considering the objective of this study and the analysis tools, the implementation stages of the research are as the following: - Identifying the required parameters - Preparing and producing the parameters - providing the geodatabase and managing the data - Standardizing the sub-parameters - Weighting the parameters - Overlaying the layers Results and Discussion Identifying the Determinants Based on the determinants and according to the Boolean logic, the areas of the South Soma village are either suitable (1) or unsuitable (0) for burying waste materials. The result of this action showed that nearly 70 percent of the village’s area is not suitable for waste burial. In fact, based on the environmental standards of the Environmental Conservation Organization (ECO) of Iran and the related resources, no waste burial should be done in 70% of the village’s area and these areas have been identified as the restricted areas for landfill. The first phase of locating landfill site Based on the statistical information of the landfill locating map, 88.92% of the total area of the village is not suitable for waste disposal. Due to severe and hard conditions of the region, the major part of the suitable lands have also many limitations and might be exploited for waste burial only with high economic costs .Therefore, waste disposal in the lands of this zone is practically unjustifiable economically or the topographic situation of the region makes it very difficult to exploit these lands. Accordingly, if we add the limited suitability zone lands to unsuitable and determinant zone, 94% of the village’s area is not suitable for waste burial, and only about 6% of the total area of the village can be used for burying waste materials. The second phase of locating landfill site: The use of the slope control layer Accordingly the slope parameter was overlaid on the landfill suitable zone. The slope factor managed to place about 2% of the total 6% of the suitable zone in the medium and low suitability zone, therefore, about 4% of the total area of the village with suitable slope and less than 15% will be suitable for landfill. Conclusion In the present research, the suitable landfill sites were identified using Multi-Criteria Evaluation and Geographic Information System. To do this, the suitable lands were proposed for landfill by producing the maps of constraints, geomorphology, climate, water resources, socio-economy, environment and geology-hazards. The results of the first phase showed that about 88.92% of the total area of the village was not suitable for landfill and the determinants and severe geographical conditions are the main obstacles for waste disposal in these areas. Based on the first phase of site location, only 6% of the total area of the village was identified to be suitable lands for landfill. In the second phase, the sites proposed in the first phase were screened again by applying slope control layer. The results of this overlay showed that by applying slope, 2% out of the total 6% suitable area in the previous phase were placed in moderate and low suitable zones. Accordingly, in general, 4% of the total area of the village with a slope of less than 15% were proposed for landfill.
Reza Lahmian
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Statistics show that more than half of the world's population (54% in 2014) live in urban areas, although there are many differences between countries in terms of urbanization levels. For the first time in history, the urban population exceeded the rural population of ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Statistics show that more than half of the world's population (54% in 2014) live in urban areas, although there are many differences between countries in terms of urbanization levels. For the first time in history, the urban population exceeded the rural population of the world in 2007. One of the most important problems of urban and environmental development is the shortage or lack of natural-regional parks in the center of the cities and in suburbs. Natural and regional parks have social, economic and ecological impacts in terms of the coherent structure which, is considered as a significant criterion for the betterment of the quality of living space and development of the community, with lots of benefits such as obtaining a suitable environment to develop the social coherence, maintain comfort and treat psychological and mental illnesses.Identifying the suitable locations for the natural-regional parks is one of the cases that should be taken into consideration regarding any type of development, including comprehensive plans, civil plans or regional plans. The purpose of this paper is to achieve the spatial organization of Mazandaran province in order to construct and allocate natural and regional parks in the regions of this province using the new scientific methods of spatial analysis in the GIS environment and applying multi-criteria decision-making techniques.
Research Method
The process of this study is descriptive and analytical. Accordingly, the necessary data and criteria, including maps and information layers and satellite imagery were analyzed using ARC GIS 10 and ENVI 5.1 software. In order to weigh,in addition to taking the experts point to the criteria into account, the Marinoni extension in Arc GIS software was used with regard to the hierarchical decision-making process. The main criteria used in this study are natural vegetation, transportation network, welfare and service centers, cultural-educational centers, commercial-residential areas, population centers, industrial areas. As it was mentioned, the information layers were provided for each of the influential factors, and a weight was assigned to each of the layers, and then, appropriate weights were assigned to each of the information layers based on their significance using hierarchical analyzing model to provide the spatial modeling, and the information layers were integrated, and the optimal regions were identified using the provided model.
Results and Discussion
Identifying and selecting the factors influencing the location, are among the significant stages of the study. The more compatible are the identified factors with the land reality, the more satisfactory will be the outcomes of the location. Accordingly, in this study, weights have been assigned to each one of the weights based on the opinions of the experts, using the hierarchical model, and the criterion of the transportation network with relative normalized weight (0.311) has had the most importance among the main criteria.Natural vegetation (with a normalized score of 0.277), population centers (with a normalized score of 0.271), and travelling facilities and services (with a normalized score of 0.120) have been placed in the subsequent ranks, respectively. Accordingly, in this research, with regard to the opinions of the experts, four main criteria of industrial, population centers, commercial-residential, cultural-educational, welfare and services, transportation network and natural vegetation, each one of which includes sub-criteria as well,were taken into consideration .A combination of the AHP process and Fuzzy set was used for analyzing the spatial data, in order to evaluate the selected factors and the Geographic Information System (GIS) as well. As it is seen, areas with a very good desirability in Kalastan have accounted for 6.6%, and areas with the lowest potential for the construction of natural-regional parks in Kalastan constitute 5.5%. Similarly, areas with medium potential and regions with relatively appropriate potential in Kalastan of Mazandaran show an average of 12.4% and 10.1%, respectively. Estimates show that about 129817 hectares of the area of the province are susceptible to creating regional parks, i.e. the area No. 1, which will be a significant amount for the decision-makers and planners in the urban and regional areas in pursuit of achieving sustainable development and protecting the natural environment of this province. In the next regions, the priority of the selection will be with the experts and decision-makers of this field.
Conclusion
The purpose of this research was to identify the areas susceptible to the creation of regional parks in the province of Mazandaran, in order to provide the sustainable financial resources for the management of the province while, protecting the natural resources of the province.
Kazem Rangzan; Nazanin Ghanbari; Mostafa Kabolizade; Poria Moradi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Energy is one of the essential components for industrial activities and the need of all people, therefore, its supply and demand is continually increasing in human societies. Population growth, its expansion and distribution, along with the ever-increasing human need for ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Energy is one of the essential components for industrial activities and the need of all people, therefore, its supply and demand is continually increasing in human societies. Population growth, its expansion and distribution, along with the ever-increasing human need for new and more efficient energy, have forced man to turn to natural renewable energies. The sun is considered to be the largest energy source in the world, which can be used in many ways. Being non-polluting, clean, free and accessible, are the important features for using renewable solar energy. Solar energy is one of the best and most economical renewable energy in Iran, which not only reduces many human concerns, such as environmental pollution, energy exhaustibility, energy conversion, etc., but also considering the climate of Iran, it can well develop in Iran. Despite the great potential of using solar energy in the country due to the intensity of radiation as well as a very good area for installation and use of solar energy, it is possible to install photovoltaic panels. Regarding the climate of Ahwaze city in terms of radiation intensity (According to the statistics of the New Energy Organization, about 4.5-5 kWh / m 2 / day) and sunny days and on the other hand, due to the establishment of important factories and large industries in the city, it faces the problem of energy and pollution caused by fossil fuels. Therefore, the study of solar energy and its potential for using solar energy to plan for the use of this energy seems necessary. Since no significant steps have been taken in this regard, this study focuses on this important issue, so that by designing a Web GIS system, one can take a step in the direction of data management and decision-making to improve the status quo. Materials and methods The present research seeks to exploit renewable solar energy using solar technologies. The spatial distribution modeling of this renewable resource was performed using GIS analyses and computational intelligence. For this purpose, during the implementation of the survey, Solar Analyst Model available in ArcGIS software was used to estimate the solar radiation in the region. Also, in order to prioritize the region based on having the required potential to exploit solar photovoltaic systems, three categories of effective criteria including environmental criteria, building-density criteria and technical criteria were identified. Then, modeling was done using Fuzzy Inference System. The knowledge of available solar energy and the area of building rooftops are essential components for calculating the potential of electricity generation of photovoltaic systems, but there are technical considerations that must be taken into account in these calculations. In most cases, the calculation of photovoltaic potential requires the consideration of the output capacities of the panels. For this purpose, the technical potential of photovoltaic systems was calculated based on the formulas, the requirement of which is to estimate the geographic potential of the study area. The final stage is the design and implementation of the solar energy Web GIS system. Discussion and Results Estimation of the total radiation received by the earth in the study area using Solar Analyst model, showed the total solar radiation from 0.4 to 1461 kWh per square meter per year. Also, the calculation of the geographic potential of the region and in particular the geographic potential of the rooftops, was performed using Digital Surface Model (DSM) and the results showed that major parts of the region had the potential from 1 to 49 kW per day. Technical potential of photovoltaic systems (Ei) for the roofs, was calculated using the geographical potential and its value varies from 0.1 to 138 kW per day. The results of fuzzy inference system shows that 10 square kilometers of the total area has a medium development priority and 0.7 square kilometers of the total area has a high development priority that form the highest and the lowest respectively. Conclusion Based on what has been stated so far, it can be said that the findings of the present study indicate the success of the integration of two Web GIS and solar energy knowledge in meeting predetermined objectives of the research. Utilizing this process, while providing the opportunity to assist in the decision-making process, provides web-based solar maps using spatial data. In fact, the designed system can be considered as a decision-making tool, if it allows users to view spatial information in the form of a map in addition to providing descriptive information about the region’s potential of energy generation. Users can use this system to identify appropriate locations for installing solar equipment and maximize their benefits.
Pouria Kharazi; mohammad reza Yazdani; Haideh Ara; payam khazaealpour
Abstract
Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Problem related to water scarcity has always been one of the most important issues to be considered in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the seasonality of surface water drainages and subsurface structures in these regions, it is necessary to use structures which ...
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Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Problem related to water scarcity has always been one of the most important issues to be considered in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the seasonality of surface water drainages and subsurface structures in these regions, it is necessary to use structures which control and store the water flow in order to be used during arid seasons. One of these types of structures is underground dam to control the flow of water in the subsurface. In semiarid and arid areas in which deserts are progressing, exploitation of water has been focused on underground surface water resources having the trouble of stability (Ouerdachi, L., et al., 2012). These conditions require the use of surface and underground short dams for exploiting water in developing countries with arid weather situations. At present, these kinds of structures have been desirably featured in terms of both implication and efficacy in performance (Nilsson 1986, Cavalcanti, N.B., 2001). 2. Materials and methods The area studied is part of Semnan province and its surroundings are 216467 hectares in width which geographically have the coordinates of 53D 81M to 53D 15M eastern longitude and 35D 13M to 35D 85M northern latitude. Evaluation of station climes studied by both Domarten and Amberje indicates that the studied span has a semi dry-cold climate at heights reaching cold-arid climate where lower-height areas exist. The situation of considered area is shown in Figure 1. With respect to climatic conditions, there are many syllabic flows throughout side hills of the area where underground dam’s establishment is a proper way to control aridity problem in arid seasons of this area. The most significant data of this study are related to topography, geology, underground water, and aqueduct resources. Software used in this research are both expert choice to prioritize and Geography information systems to combine data. In this research, basic criteria of evaluation including water, pedestals, fountain, economic-social criteria have been targeted at the highest range placing indicators and incidentals criteria at other categories of AHP. Then, proper locations for underground dam establishment have been prioritized. 3. Results and discussion Based on Gorry and Morton method, decision-making supportive systems are either the systems capable of transporting data or computerized systems which can be used to solve our problems clearly or partly clearly known or unknown respectively (Gorry, G. A., and Morton, M.S., 1971). Decision-making supportive systems are models which receive vast majority of data and deliver many solutions specifically designed to overcome the existing problem (Klosterman, R.E., 1997). Decision support systems (DSs) used in identifying proper location to underground dam establishment possess AHP mode and are used in three stages. 4. Conclusion Considering climatic conditions over the area studied and existing stream, Underground dam establishment highly affects both performance revising and balancing act in underground water removal. Using new methods instead of traditional and time-consuming ones, can highly help with saving time and cost to underground dam location-finding. In the first step of this research, presented DSs considering eliminating criteria in the area of 216467 hectares in width assign suitable pedestal in each limit which is capable of potential underground dam establishment. Then, in the second step, the most suitable strait in each limit is assigned to the underground dam establishment. In the latest step after weighting each main criterion at its related map and as well adding total values of map pixels together in a software called GIS, 8 locations to underground dam establishment at the second step of location-finding in fifth scenario were prioritized as follows: First scenario (weights equality of four main criteria) locations: 5, 3, 2, 4, 6, 1 Second scenario (priority with water criterion) locations: 5, 3, 2, 6, 1, 4 Third scenario (priority with pedestals criterion) locations: 5, 6, 4, 3, 1, 2 Forth scenario (priority with fountain criterion) locations: 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2 Fifth scenario (priority with economic-social issues) locations: 3, 1, 5, 4, 2, 6 As shown in most scenarios, pedestals A and D mostly take first to third place. Furthermore, theses pedestals as the best ones catering for all groups’ opinion to underground dam establishment can be offered.
Hojat Shirmard; Abbass Bahroudi; Amir Adeli
Abstract
Due to the costly and time consuming drilling operations andits high risk of mineral exploration, this stage is of great importance.In order to determine optimum drillingpoints, it is essential to prepare a mineral potential map using the Geographic Information System(GIS), to integrate all exploratory ...
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Due to the costly and time consuming drilling operations andits high risk of mineral exploration, this stage is of great importance.In order to determine optimum drillingpoints, it is essential to prepare a mineral potential map using the Geographic Information System(GIS), to integrate all exploratory factors.Various methods have been developed for preparing the potential mapso far. One of the most effective ones, considering the nature of the geological and mineral phenomena, is the hierarchical method (AHP) in combination with fuzzy logic.In this research, a combined method consisted of hierarchical and fuzzy methods has been used under the name of fuzzy analytic hierarchy (FAHP). In this study, GIS technology has been used as one of the most effective tools for data and exploratory information management for the integration of various data in order to prepare the mineral potential map. In this research, the Naysian Porphyry copper deposit was used as a case study, because this mine, located in Isfahan province on the Uromieh-Dokhtar Volcanic belt of the country, has been under exploratory study, and because of the geological and mineral complexities, the optimal location of drilling sites has a significant sensitivity for detailed studies.The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimum drilling location using FAHP methods. To produce geological, geochemical factor maps, all available data of the Naysian copper deposit have been collected and analyzed. Fuzzy hierarchical process is used to calculate the weight of exploration layers and to implement this precisely, the geological and geochemical experts are used. In the process of integrating the resulting information layers in the GIS, fuzzy operators are used, and to evaluate and validate the obtained mineral potential map, the exploratory boreholes are used. Comparing the generated potential map with the boreholes shows a significant and positive adaptation between suggested drilling locations resulted from this study and the previous drillings. In this regard, the proposed points for the required drilling are provided.
Ghasem Keykhosravi; Zahra Yarmoradi
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 25-31
Abstract
Supplying crops’ water needs in arid areas is only possible through irrigation, since low precipitation, high evaporation and inappropriate distribution of rainfall makes dry farming economically unjustifiable. Yet, perennial rivers cannot supply water needs of different sectors, and the shortcomings ...
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Supplying crops’ water needs in arid areas is only possible through irrigation, since low precipitation, high evaporation and inappropriate distribution of rainfall makes dry farming economically unjustifiable. Yet, perennial rivers cannot supply water needs of different sectors, and the shortcomings must be compensated from other areas like underground resources. In arid and semi-arid areas, inconstant distribution of precipitation across time and space and lack of appropriate vegetation have changed the life-giving precipitation into a natural disaster which becomes useless in the form of devastating flood. In such areas, artificial feeding of groundwater resources by floodwater is a way of preventing land degradation.
In the present article, we first produced different maps (slope, soil, land usage, Isohyetal) of Sabzevar city. Then adapting information layers using GIS, appropriate places for artificial feeding of groundwater were exploited. Afterwards, distribution map of Quaternary alluviums across the city was exploited in GIS environment to determine appropriate places for distributing floodwater.
Results indicate that 3279.96 km2 (out of 20502 km2, 16%) are appropriate for artificial feeding plans, and around 6017.76 km2, i.e. around 29.4 percent of the city area are appropriate for floodwater distribution plans. Finally integrating these two maps, an area of around 1591.56 km2 (7.76%) is estimated to be appropriate for artificial feeding and distributing floodwater in this city.
Ali Hanafi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 67-71
Abstract
Weathering happens with the breaking and transformation of ground surface stones, due to physical, chemical or biological processes. Wind, water, climate, plant and animal factors can cause weathering. The present study is performed based on Louis Peltier models in which two variables of average temperature ...
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Weathering happens with the breaking and transformation of ground surface stones, due to physical, chemical or biological processes. Wind, water, climate, plant and animal factors can cause weathering. The present study is performed based on Louis Peltier models in which two variables of average temperature and precipitation were used. Applying these two variables, Peltier distinguished 7 models which can describe different forms of weathering. Among these, two models of weathering regimes and morphogenetic regimes were investigated in Iran and related regimes of each station were determined based on the related graphs. To study and investigate weathering and geomorphologic areas across the country, climatic data including average annual precipitation and temperature were collected from 143 stations in Meteorological Organization portal with appropriate data and statistical period. The collected data were registered in a GIS database. After investigating the temperature and precipitation trend of the country, the regime of each station was determined using Peltier models and a weight was assigned to it. Then, they were registered into the mentioned database and related maps were produced in Arcmap. Results indicate that 5 of 9 morphogenetic situations of Peltier models occur in Iran climatic situation, so the central plateau, east and west of the country are mostly located in arid zone. Mountainous areas, Zagros and Alborz elevations have semi-arid regime, and stations located in southern coasts of the Caspian Sea and western hillsides of Zagros have a mild regime. Regarding weathering, areas in the central plateau and southern part of the country have a very low level of weathering, mountainous areas like Zagros and Alborz elevations and North West of the country have a weak level of mechanical weathering. Some stations in Northern Alborz and western hillsides of Zagros have average chemical weathering with frost and in some stations on the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea, severe chemical weathering occur.
Ali Hanafi; Iraj Hatami
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 24-28
Abstract
Climatic zoning and identifying influential factors and elements in each zone are considered to be the most important factor in environmental planning. Climatic research and climate map can be used in large, medium, small and local scales. Related researches in Kurdistan have been very limited. The present ...
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Climatic zoning and identifying influential factors and elements in each zone are considered to be the most important factor in environmental planning. Climatic research and climate map can be used in large, medium, small and local scales. Related researches in Kurdistan have been very limited. The present article investigates climatic features of Kurdistan province in a 30 year statistical period using weather stations and Information Technology System software. After qualitative and quantitate control of meteorological data and elimination of statistical deficiencies, two important climatic elements (temperature and precipitation) were investigated across the province. Afterwards, isothermal and isohyetal maps and the correlation between temperature and rainfall with altitude were produced using inverse distance weighting method. Conformity of temperature and rainfall with digital elevation model shows a significant inverse correlation between temperature, rainfall and altitude. So that with an increase in altitude, temperature and rainfall decreases. De Martonne and Embergent methods were used for climatic classification of the province. In De Martonne classification, Kurdistan province was divided into four climates, i.e. arid, Mediterranean, humid and very humid. Embergent method classified the area into four climates, i.e. cold semi-arid, highland climate, cold semi-humid and cold humid. Finally, zoning process was performed in GIS environment and inverse distance weighting method was used for spatial interpolation and spatial data analysis to produce Kurdistan climate map. Resulting zoning maps indicates that semi-arid and Mediterranean climate are dominant and only a small zone in the western parts has humid and semi-humid climate.
Nasrin Nikandish; Seyyed Farzad Hosseynizadeh Arani
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 81-86
Abstract
Analyzing landslide and risk management are among the important responsibilities of managers. The present study explores different features of landslide using Google earth satellite images and Geographic Information system. Case study includes landslide zone in Chahar Takhte which is located in Ardal, ...
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Analyzing landslide and risk management are among the important responsibilities of managers. The present study explores different features of landslide using Google earth satellite images and Geographic Information system. Case study includes landslide zone in Chahar Takhte which is located in Ardal, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiary province. Data was collected from Google earth and digital elevation model. Maps of landslide zone, land use, topographic and landslide development were produced based on the obtained images. Results indicate that the sliding mass is located near one of Karun tributaries, and undercutting by this tributary is one of the main reasons for the occurrence of landslide. The toe of this mass discharges sediments into the river. Rotational landslide happen in alluvium, colluvium and skirts with a less than 20 degree slope, while cliffs and toe have steep slope. Other reasons for the occurrence and development of landslide includes water drainage in Naqan city, roads and irrigated agriculture. 53 percent of flows are drained in south and south west directions. Main cliff in the landslide zone is located near grade IV and V water flows. Agricultural lands, roads and even Naqan face the threat of landslide zone development.
Arman Gheysvandi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 98-101
Abstract
Recently, the necessity of considering natural resources as the basis and foundation for the development of economic infrastructure in developing countries (like ours) has become quite clear. The necessity of decent development and management, allocating facilities, using domestic potentials and knowledge ...
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Recently, the necessity of considering natural resources as the basis and foundation for the development of economic infrastructure in developing countries (like ours) has become quite clear. The necessity of decent development and management, allocating facilities, using domestic potentials and knowledge of natural geographical spaces are among the priorities of the country management. Nowadays, planning has been accepted as the most influential tool in facing complex problems and providing key solutions for managing crisis and allocating facilities. This requires a holistic and complete knowledge of the geographic area on one hand, and integrated, synchronic analysis of all influential elements in that area. This knowledge and analysis needs a system which can store all spatial features in an information bank and represent them according to the needs of the planner in the form of map and information tables. Geographic Information System (GIS) has been introduced in the last decades as one the most influential planning tools in collecting, analyzing and representing information visualy. The present article seeks to investigate the status and role of information system in different studies on natural resources and its influences.
Taher Parizadi; Sorayya Rowshangar
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 51-57
Abstract
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a platform for saving, storing, managing and analyzing geographic information. It is designed to simultaneously work with geographic and descriptive data.
Nowadays, possessing timely data and exploiting necessary information are especially important. In this regard, ...
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Geographic Information System (GIS) is a platform for saving, storing, managing and analyzing geographic information. It is designed to simultaneously work with geographic and descriptive data.
Nowadays, possessing timely data and exploiting necessary information are especially important. In this regard, Geographic Information System, as an important tool in managing ground related data, provide the possibility of exploiting necessary information and finding complex and hidden relationships among different phenomena. The present article investigates different applications of Geographic Information System in urban planning and urban development plans. To reach this aim, we first investigate background, evolution process, the systems’ principles and capabilities in the framework of software collections and then propose the procedure used in preparing two samples of urban development plan and explain the role of each GIS applications in the production of this plan and its function. Results indicate that with growing development of modern technologies, the application of geographic information system in urban planning has increased and satisfy urban development plan in the context of qualitative, quantitative and digital analysis. Then, some problems facing GIS application in the system of macro planning and urban planning in Iran are mentioned.
Gholamreza Latifi; Mohammad Hosein Kazemi Andaryian
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 22-26
Abstract
The present article proposes land transformation model which consists of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This model applies varied political, social and environmental models as predictive variables. The study introduces a version of LTM model for Grand Traverse ...
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The present article proposes land transformation model which consists of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This model applies varied political, social and environmental models as predictive variables. The study introduces a version of LTM model for Grand Traverse basin in Michigan gulf and shows how factors like roads, highways, and local streets, and rivers, coastlines in large lakes, entertainment facilities, inland lakes, agriculture density and landscape quality can affect urbanization pattern in coastal basin. GIS is used for understanding local patterns of development, estimating predicting capacity of the model from artificial neural network, spatial expansion of predicting stimulators, and spatial analysis. Finally, the contribution of each predicting variable is estimated and presented on a spatial scale. Landscape quality was the strongest predicting variable on the smallest scale. Multi-scale impacts of land use changes are analyzed using the relational impacts of the site (like landscape quality, local streets) and position (like highways and roads between different regions) on different scales.
Parviz Ziaeian Firuzabadi; Alireza Matkan; Vahid Babazadeh
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 86-93
Abstract
In this research, a method for extracting effective and interpretable fuzzy rules from GIS data using a neuro-fuzzy system is presented. The fuzzy model has passed through three stages to achieve high accuracy and interpretability. In the first stage, the primary weights of the neuro-fuzzy network were ...
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In this research, a method for extracting effective and interpretable fuzzy rules from GIS data using a neuro-fuzzy system is presented. The fuzzy model has passed through three stages to achieve high accuracy and interpretability. In the first stage, the primary weights of the neuro-fuzzy network were obtained using the FCM clustering algorithm. In order to categorize the educational data in the second phase, a neuro-fuzzy CANFIS system was used and genetic algorithms were utilized to overcome the fuzzy models loss of interpretability. The proposed method has been tested on the data of 5th and 11th districts of Tehran for the diagnosis of decayed tissues. The issue at hand is of the type of classification and the aim is to determine the degrees of membership of the textures in each of the classes. The decay of tissues has been examined in 4 categories including low, moderate, high and very high decay. A total of 300 educational samples were used, and after network training all data were categorized correctly and with RMS = 0.0045. The results show that the proposed method in this study has high accuracy and interpretability and is capable of generalization to issues in which sufficient knowledge of the target system is not available.
Ali Akbar Rasuli; Mas'ud Minaei
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
This paper presents an introduction of air pollution’s situation assessment in an urban area. The author uses the GIS, which combines the vehicle distribution model, pollutant release model, progress model and related data, in order to estimate the propagation and spatial distribution of traffic ...
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This paper presents an introduction of air pollution’s situation assessment in an urban area. The author uses the GIS, which combines the vehicle distribution model, pollutant release model, progress model and related data, in order to estimate the propagation and spatial distribution of traffic pollutants in the city of Taichung in Taiwan. This model can not only analyze the exact location of pollution, it can also predict emissions affected by changes in specific traffic conditions or strategic management. The results show that more CO emissions occur around areas located in the center or south of the city in Taichung, and the range of highway 1 suffer SOx, Nox and TSP pollutions more than rest of the city. Although the part of highway 1 within Taichung is not very long, it nevertheless plays a role in production of a significant portion of total suspended particulate (TSP), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) in this area. Moreover, the prediction of several hypothetical designs suggests that the main effect of advanced engines on reducing TSP emissions is more than 10%, while the average speed increase of urban road traffic may reduce CO by more than 14%.
Marziyyeh Motarjemi
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 41-45
Abstract
The intersection of Bafgh-Mashhad railway with Niganan basin is part of Iran's salt pan within the range of eastern longitudes of 57 to 58 degrees and 30 minutes, and northern latitudes of 33 degrees and 15 minutes to 34 degrees and 45 minutes. Since examination of safety methods of railway’s intersection ...
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The intersection of Bafgh-Mashhad railway with Niganan basin is part of Iran's salt pan within the range of eastern longitudes of 57 to 58 degrees and 30 minutes, and northern latitudes of 33 degrees and 15 minutes to 34 degrees and 45 minutes. Since examination of safety methods of railway’s intersection with the mentioned basin is dependent on availability of basic information and maps with regard to natural phenomena, this paper attempts to explain the methods of preparing and evaluating different maps in relation to the subject, in such a way as to provide a proper and (as much as possible) accurate picture of the basin. Geographic information system software has been used to prepare, utilize, combine and process maps, which will be referred to in the text. In order to express the necessity of studies of this type, a summary and a list of natural disasters and problems that have taken place throughout the Iranian railway network in recent years has been reviewed and, in particular, this basin has been examined and the results are presented.
Safar Ghaed Rahmati
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 56-58
Abstract
The Database Management System (DBMS) consists of a set of related data and a set of computer programs for access to that data. The data set is usually called a database, and the set of programs is usually called database management. Due to the importance of information in all developmental plans at ...
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The Database Management System (DBMS) consists of a set of related data and a set of computer programs for access to that data. The data set is usually called a database, and the set of programs is usually called database management. Due to the importance of information in all developmental plans at all levels, the database is considered a valuable source. Consequently, its concepts and principles need to be elaborated. The purpose of this paper is to present the overall aspects of database system. In addition to describing the characteristics and capabilities of database system, its relationship with GIS is also discussed.
Ali Movahhed (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 50-52
Abstract
In Japan, where the earthquake occurs frequently, natural disasters are important in urban planning. However, it is clear that the cities of Japan, with the exception of a few, have not been designed without providing any clear picture of urban safety definition based on previous studies on natural hazards. ...
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In Japan, where the earthquake occurs frequently, natural disasters are important in urban planning. However, it is clear that the cities of Japan, with the exception of a few, have not been designed without providing any clear picture of urban safety definition based on previous studies on natural hazards. For the Japanese people who are plagued by many earthquakes throughout history, it is necessary to provide an image of the future of the city's form in terms of urban safety. On the other hand, recent computer technology has been able to improve the real-time control system after the Northridge earthquake in 1994 and that of Kobe in 1995. In this paper, a method of analyzing and designing a city based on urban safety perspective is emphasized. This method is called the MUSE, based on the Lynch’s 1961 theory of urban appearance, and some of the city's physical elements are defined as part of an organic system. Using the 3D Arc / View analysis, we can easily simulate the city in a visual fashion, and this is the action that took a long way to go through by the previous models. The authors have created vulnerable functions. (Moreau and Yamazaki, 1999) and proposed a method for assessing the risk of building collapse. (Moreau and Yamazaki, 2000). The use of these methods of urban safety assessments with MUSE is useful for risk assessment system. However, combination of MUSE with recent technology will be realized in the future.
