Milad Alizadeh Badresh; Farhad Hosseinali
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Cultivation Pattern is a roadmap that shows which, how much, when, and where crops should be cultivated given the constraints and available resources. Cultivation pattern program determines appropriate crop types in accordance with the climatic condition of the province ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Cultivation Pattern is a roadmap that shows which, how much, when, and where crops should be cultivated given the constraints and available resources. Cultivation pattern program determines appropriate crop types in accordance with the climatic condition of the province and thus ensures the sustainability of agricultural products, food security, and optimal utilization of resources, capabilities and potentials of each region. Review of the related literature indicates that AHP and TOPSIS methods are among the most widely used methods in decision making and prioritization. Moreover, previous studies have shown that AHP method is suitable for qualitative data and TOPSIS method is suitable for quantitative data, whereas both quantitative and qualitative factors are involved in determining the cultivation pattern. Therefore, the present study has utilized a larger number of criteria (nine criteria), and combined AHP and TOPSIS models in an attempt to make use of their strengths and avoid their weaknesses. Linear programming was also used with four scenarios. In one of the scenarios, two lowest ranking crops in TOPSIS method were eliminated. The present study has innovatively utilized these models and a larger number of criteria simultaneously to determine the cultivation pattern. It also has precisely identified the appropriate crop for each plot of land using SWOT tables.
Materials & Methods
The case study was located in Qeyghaj plain in west Azerbaijan province. In accordance with the geographical location and climate, wheat, barley, alfalfa, sugar beet, rapeseed, potato, maize and fodder corn are mostly cultivated in the area which have been considered as alternatives for cultivation in each plot of the present study. The present study has begun with evaluating the slope and aspect of each cultivation plot. Then, crops are ranked and optimal crops are selected based on various criteria and using a combination of AHP and TOPSIS models and different decision matrices. Afterward, the maximum and minimum appropriate volume of crop production is determined using linear programming in accordance with the maximum profit. Finally, the most suitable crops for each land parcel are determined using SWOT tables.
The present study has proposed a multicriteria decision model which includes the strong points of AHP and TOPSIS models and avoids their weaknesses. In order words, relative weights were obtained from AHP pairwise comparisons and also the compatibility index was evaluated using AHP model while crop alternatives were ranked using TOPSIS model. The hierarchical structure included the goal, nine criteria used to evaluate the strategies and eight strategies (options).
Matrices used in pairwise comparisons were all obtained from experts' opinions. These include comparisons made to determine the weight of each criteria to be used in the TOPSIS model, as well as pairwise comparisons made between options which could not be quantitatively compared. Then, the general structure of the hierarchical model was developed in Superdecision software and the final weights, compatibility index of each matrix and quantity of each product were obtained based on each of the indicators. The values were then entered into the TOPSIS model and used to rank the crops, compare different options and select the best crop.
Results and Discussions
In the first step, a slope map was produced for the study area using digital elevation model based on which an aspect map was also produced. In accordance with these maps, the physiological suitability of the study area for the cultivation of eight crop types was evaluated. Results indicate that the study area is physiologically very suitable for cultivation of alfalfa, suitable for wheat, barley and canola and fairly suitable for the other four remaining crops.
Then, pairs were compared in hierarchical analysis using expert opinions and the weights of criteria and crops were obtained. Then, weights were assigned to each alternative (crops) and decision criterion (nine selected criteria) using the TOPSIS model and more appropriate products were selected. A decision matrix was first created in TOPSIS. Some criteria such as economic index were initialized directly in accordance with the available quantitative values whilst the values of some other criteria (such as temperature whose quantitative values cannot be obtained) were initialized using the results of AHP.
In the next steps, a weighted normalized matrix was developed and positive and negative ideals were found. The distance between positive and negative ideals was calculated and then the ideal solutions were obtained. Finally, the score obtained by each alternative or similarity index was calculated. The closer similarity index is to one, the superior that alternative will be. Linear programming is a method in mathematics that finds the minimum or maximum value of a linear function on a polygon. The present study seeks to reach maximum profit under various restrictions such as water restriction, restrictions on area under cultivation and maximum and minimum amount of cultivated crop. Water restriction included all surface and subsurface resources for crop cultivation. Crop coefficients were defined as the need for crop irrigation. Water constraints included the constraints assigned to allocated water in spring, summer, autumn and total amount of allocated water.
Three scenarios were developed with or without the previously mentioned constraints. Then the goal function was changed in accordance with the MOTAD method and another scenario was developed. The scenarios are explained as follows:
Scenario 1 (Without any restrictions on the minimum and maximum crop yield): In this case, the goal was reaching the maximum profit and the restriction included the lowest amount of water consumption, regardless of the requirements in the study area. In this scenario, variables x1 (wheat), x5 (Canola) and x8 (fodder corn) were included in the cultivation pattern. Consequently, farmers' income was maximized and the amount of water consumption was reduced. However, obtained results were not acceptable in accordance with the regional and national policies since cultivation of most crop types will thus be stopped.
Scenario 2 (locally acceptable size and local farming customs and the restrictions assigned by the agriculture office): the present scenario seeks to maximize profit, satisfy requirements of the area and achieve the goals of the agriculture office. All crops are included in the cultivation pattern. Therefore, minimum and maximum cultivation restrictions have been used in addition to water and land restrictions.
Scenario 3 (not cultivating some water-intensive crops): As previously mentioned, Poldasht agriculture office has introduced reduced cultivation of some low yielding crops or even stopping the cultivation of such crop types as one of its main goals. Corn and potato are highly water -intensive with a low yield in the study area and thus gain one of the lowest ranks. Therefore, potato and corn were removed to determine the cultivation pattern of the region in their absence.
Scenario 4 (MOTAD approach): MOTAD is a linear programming approach aiming to maximize the profit whose objective function equals the sum of deviations between total gross income and the expected income based on the average gross income of the sample. Linear programming with MOTAD requires having access to income gained from each crop type in previous years. Restrictions such as fund and manpower restriction must also be considered. The statistical period used in MOTAD approach starts in 2011 and lasts till 2016.
Income values in MOTAD approach lead to a constraint relation. Just as the previous scenarios, water and land constraints are considered in this approach and fertilizers and pesticides restrictions have not been taken into account.
Conclusions
Based on the collected information, available parameters, SWOT analytical model and tables developed for each field, a suitable crop was selected for each farm (parcel). Accordingly, 112.3 hectares was identified as suitable for the cultivation of wheat, 59.9 hectares for barley, 32.1 hectares for alfalfa, 37.6 hectares for sugar beet, 85.7 hectares for Canola, 15.5 hectares for potato, 13.2 hectares for Maize and 63.7 hectares for fodder corn. In this case, the resulting profit equaled 23, 503,410,000 Rials and the water consumption equaled 2,542,293.8 cubic meters which shows 2,052,120,000 Rials increase in profit and 90,770.6 cubic meters decrease in water consumption as compared to the present cultivation pattern.
Comparing the profit and water consumption in each of the five models and the current cultivation pattern, it can be concluded that the pattern obtained from the SWOT analytical model is more feasible since it includes various parameters and particularly farmers' opinions.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohamad Amin Daneshfar; Mehdi Ardjmand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionSuitable sites for waste disposal must leave the least environmental effects while being executable in various aspects. Combination of AHP and GIS is a popular approach used for selecting suitable waste disposal sites, since AHP classifies and prioritizes selected sites ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionSuitable sites for waste disposal must leave the least environmental effects while being executable in various aspects. Combination of AHP and GIS is a popular approach used for selecting suitable waste disposal sites, since AHP classifies and prioritizes selected sites based on different types of information layers and GIS provides an effective way for data management and display. Various studies have been recently conducted to select suitable sites for waste disposal using GIS and AHP. Rahimi et al. selected a sustainable site for urban solid waste disposal in Mahallat, Iran, using AHP and GIS. Fourteen environmental, economic and social parameters affecting sustainability of landfills were examined in this study and a site was selected in vicinity of this city as the most suitable landfill for solid waste disposal. Improper disposal of waste produced in oil-based drilling of oil and gas wells not only increases costs, but also cause the aforementioned problems. Thus to prevent these problems, it is necessary to select appropriate landfills for this kind of waste.Although, Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC) is responsible for most of oil and gas extraction from Iranian fields in the Persian Gulf, no specific solution has been provided for selection of suitable locations for drilling waste produced in these areas. The present study seeks to select suitable sites for disposal of drilling waste produced in east of the Persian Gulf Iranian oil and gas fields in Lavan Island using AHP method and GIS software. Material and methods Case study Oil and gas fields in Qeshm, Kish, Siri and Lavan operational areas are located in the eastern part of the Persian Gulf. Lavan is one of the islands of Hormozgan province in the Persian Gulf. It is about 2.5 kilometers long and 4.8 kilometers wide. Oil Based Drilling Fluid used in Iranian Oil and Gas Fields in the Persian GulfDue to the type and depth of formation (layers of shale and deep reservoirs), oil based drilling fluids are generally used in Iranian oil and gas fields in the eastern Persian Gulf (Qeshm, Kish, Siri and Lavan). The main component of oil based drilling fluid is petroleum hydrocarbons, especially those with high flashpoint. Usually diesel fuel is used as the main component, which may be added up to 90% to the fluid used in drilling operations. Drilling waste produced in Iranian oil and gas fields in the Persian GulfBased on the latest statistical information provided by IOOC, annually drilling waste is generated by this company in the Persian Gulf, which has declined in recent years due to a reduction in excavation activities. The volume fractions of humidity and oil in the drilling waste are 65% and 30%, which according to the standards of Iranian DOE and HSE unit of IOOC must be reduced to 15% and 1%, respectively after the recycling process. Analytic hierarchy processThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a logical framework that divides complex decisions into hierarchical structures and thus, simplifies their understanding and analysis. This process can be used when decision-making faces some alternatives. GIS Site selection in land-related sciences is an operation through which an expert presents needs, objectives, and information related to the current situation to find the best choice among available alternatives for the concerned land use. The main objective of site selection is to ensure that considering all limitations and available facilities, human activities in the selected site is consistent with the surrounding environment. Nowadays, GIS is used to reach a more scientific and realistic site selection. GIS is a coherent system of hardware, software, data, which allows the storage, analysis, transfer, and recovery of input data and makes it possible to publish the output data as maps, tables, and models of geographical zones. MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of its objectives and descriptive-analytical in terms of its methodology. The criteria and sub-criteria (layers) involved in site selection for drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island were chosen based on the specifications of the region, recommendations of experts, and related literature. Base data were collected from various sources such as IOOC, Iranian department of environment, and geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran. Accordingly, 15 information layers (sub-criterion) affecting waste disposal site selection in Lavan Island were introduced and classified into three indices. These information layers include industrial building, slope, elevation, gas lines, oil lines, oil storages, roads, population centres, industrial regions, land use, airport, fault line, vegetation, river, and geology which have been classified as technical-economic, social-cultural, and environmental indices (criteria). Figure 1 depicts the hierarchical tree of site selection for disposal of drilling waste produced in eastern Persian Gulf Iranian oil and gas fields in Lavan Island. Figure 1. The hierarchical tree of site selection for oil based drilling waste in Lavan Island Results and discussionProperties of each layer (layer values) were weighted in GIS environment based on al-saati method and experts’ opinions. Classification, weighting and normalization of effective layers used for selecting appropriate sites for oil drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island were performed and results were used to prepare a weighed map for each layer. These maps were combined in the final step to obtain the proposed map for waste disposal site. Figures 2 shows the weights assigned to information layers prepared for waste disposal in lavan Island. Figure 2. Weights assigned to information layers prepared for oil based waste disposal in lavan Island After the internal weighing of each layer, the AHP model was used to prepare the final map for the optimal site. Weighing each of these 15 layers is one of the most important stages of this model in which significance of each layer is expressed compared to other layers. The ultimate normalized weight of each layer was calculated by an AHP matrix with an inconsistency rate lower than 1.0. Chart 1 shows the ultimate normalized weight of each layer which will be used in overlapping operations to find appropriate sites for oil based drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island. Chart 1. Importance of weights assigned to layers in the selection of oil based waste disposal site in Lavan IslandResults indicate that distance from population centers, distance from roads, distance from rivers and distance from airport are the most important parameters used to select appropriate sites for oil based waste disposal in Lavan Island. Results confirm the sensitivity of environmental and socio-cultural criteria for oil based drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island.Then, information layers were integrated using weighted overlay method in AHP to obtain the final map of the appropriate region for waste disposal. In this stage, the layers were overlapped based on their level of effectiveness in GIS environment and the final site selection map was prepared for waste disposal in Lavan Island (see Figure 3). The appropriate sites for waste disposal were classified into 5 classes (from “very good” to “very poor”) and depicted in this map. Figure 3. Classification of selected sites for oil based waste disposal in Lavan Island Spatial analysis of final maps shows that some regions in the center of Lavan Island (sites number 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)are appropriate for drilling waste disposal due to their distance from population centers, roads, rivers, and the airport. These barren lands are the farthest sites from urban centers, roads, rivers, and the airport. Therefore, construction of waste disposal sites in these regions of Lavan Island is suggested in the final map to decision-makers. Figure 4 shows the prioritized waste disposal sites in Lavan Island. Figure 4. Prioritization of oil based waste disposal sites in Lavan Island ConclusionsThe present study was performed due to the lack of similar studies on waste disposal site selection in this region. GIS and AHP were used to select suitable sites for the disposal of drilling waste in Lavan Island. This drilling waste is produced in the Iranian oil and gas fields in the eastern parts of the Persian Gulf. Effective factors were weighted in different layers of GIS environment and weighted maps were prepared. Priorities were selected using the AHP, and site selection for drilling waste disposal was performed in GIS. Distance from rivers was recognized as the top priority parameter in environmental criteria due to the importance of environmental standards and avoiding surface water pollution. Moreover, distance from population centers, roads, and the airport were selected as top priorities in social-cultural sub-criteria due to the importance of the Island residents’ health and beauty of the landscape. Information layers were thus produced and combined using weighted overlay method in AHP to reach the final maps of suitable locations for oil based waste disposal in GIS. In accordance with effective criteria in the waste disposal site selection, suggested sites were classified into five classes ranging from “very good” to “very poor”. Accordingly, some sites located in the central part of Lavan Island were selected as appropriate sites for the disposal of drilling waste due to their distance from urban and population centers, roads, rivers, the airport, and so forth
Alireaza Darbane Astaneh; sajad ferdowsi; Hamid Reza Shahmohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Marine tourism is one of the most attractive and most popular tourist branches that has flourished much in recent decades and has attracted a significant part of tourism economy. In the meantime, despite having extensive coastal borders in the north and south, Iran has ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Marine tourism is one of the most attractive and most popular tourist branches that has flourished much in recent decades and has attracted a significant part of tourism economy. In the meantime, despite having extensive coastal borders in the north and south, Iran has not yet been able to provide tourists with desirable services in relation to marine tourism. The constructing of marine tourism sites in coastal areas is one of the measures that can be taken in this regard. In order to locate such sites, it is needed to take the following criteria into consideration: distance from the sea, view of the sea, exposing to the sun, land use, distance from natural hazards such as faults, floods, erosion, distance from the residential areas, distance from the rivers and lakes, distance from road networks, distance from protected areas and percentage of slope. In this regard, the present paper aims to determine the most appropriate places for the construction of marine tourism sites in the city of Tonekabon, considering the importance of quantitative and qualitative identification and assessment of the characteristics of the areas. It is hoped that managers and planners can provide the ground for developing marine tourism on the southern margin of the Caspian Sea in accordance with the available capacities, by assessing and analyzing this process in the coastal areas of this Sea. The present research seeks to answer the following question: Where are the most suitable places to build a marine tourism site in the city of Tonekabon? Materials & Methods The present research with descriptive-analytical method aims to identify the most desirable locations for the construction of marine tourism sites. The required information was collected by a library method. In order to weight the criteria under study, the opinions of 32 experts were surveyed and the AHP method was used. After determining the weight of each criterion, the information layers of each of the criteria were prepared in the GIS environment and finally, with overlaying of the information layers, the most suitable locations for the marine tourism sites were introduced. Results & Discussion According to the experts, the criteria of exposing to the sun, slope percentage, sea view, land use, severity of erosion in the area, and the criteria of distance from the sea, distance from the road networks, distance from the faults, distance from the protected areas, distance from the rivers, distance from the residential areas and distance from the areas subject to flood, were scored based on the distance (Table-1). Then, the information layers were created based on each of the criteria in the GIS environment and rated according to the weight of each criterion. Accordingly, four areas in the city of Tonekabon have been identified as more desirable compared to other points in order to locate the marine tourism sites. Conclusion The correct location of the various land uses by using tools, techniques, and scientific models and in accordance with the principles and rules of planning can be efficient in solving land use problems. Therefore, proper planning for the creation of marine tourism sites in the proposed places, in order of priority, will provide sustainable tourism development and mutually the economic development of the region. Accordingly, based on the analyses and the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented for the construction of a marine tourism site in general: - Accurate and complete identification of facilities and services available in neighboring settlements with the proposed location. - A detailed study of the proposed location for the construction of a marine tourism site - Investigation and feasibility of the deployment of activities related to the marine tourism in the proposed location. - Studying and identifying the facilities needed by tourists visiting the sea within the desired range. - Advertising and introducing the capabilities of marine tourism at national and regional levels. - Encouraging investors and local people to invest in the construction of tourism sites. - Allocating sufficient funds and credits to build the primary infrastructure. - Strengthening and improving roads and communication paths to the proposed location - Familiarizing people and authorities with the benefits of marine tourism and trying to attract their participation - Improving and enhancing the safety and security conditions within areas of interest.
Reza Borna
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Locating industrial areas with consideration of social, economic and environmental consequences, is a key factor in regional planning. The suitable place for the establishment of industries has taken into account a wide range of criteria and it coordinates and brings together ...
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Abstract[1]
Locating industrial areas with consideration of social, economic and environmental consequences, is a key factor in regional planning. The suitable place for the establishment of industries has taken into account a wide range of criteria and it coordinates and brings together economic and social benefits with environmental sustainability.This research is an applied type that is carried out by a multi-criteria decision making method in the GIS environment.The information layers used in this research include precipitation layers, wind speed, soil, land use, elevation, waterway network, protected areas, industrial centers, road networks and cities.In this research, climatic criteria, natural factors, environmental factors and socio-economic factors were used to locate suitable areas for construction of industries, and after determining the effective factors in locating the industries, maps of effective factors in locating the industries were prepared by performing modeling and analysis of spatial data with the aid of GIS software.After weighing the layers based on the AHP model and using the EC2000 software, the capabilities of GIS software were used to integrate and overlap the maps and finally the map of the location of the industries was prepared.The results of the study indicate that the authorized areas for the location of high-class industries have allocated over 1566973.5 hectares of land in the studied area to itself. These areas are mostly located in the south, southwest, north, west, east and the center of Khuzestan province.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Amir Mahmoudzadeh; Iran Ghaazi; Maryam Askari
Abstract
Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn ...
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Abstract[1]
As the most devastating natural disaster,the earthquake is considered to be the cause of human casualties and significant economic losses in the country, which is far more severe in urban worn out textures, because the worn texture has a distinct and unique structure. The area of the worn out texture of Ilam city is 374 hectares, which covers 19% of the total area, including the old parts and the central texture of the city. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and field research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management of earthquake crisis in Ilam's worn-out texture in which, indices such as type of materials, age of buildings, number of floors, type of uses, occupation level, quality of buildings, population density, width of passageways, and area have been studied. The results show that the building materials account for the highest weight and the other factors are a function of the condition of the materials used in the structure. The output vulnerability map showed that out of the total area except the passageways, 8.9% had very high vulnerability, 59% had high vulnerability, 23% had moderate vulnerability, 3.6% had low vulnerability, 5.5% had very low vulnerability and overall, 67.9% of the worn-out texture area is vulnerable based on existing indicators.The research proposals have been presented in three areas: high vulnerability, moderate vulnerability and low vulnerability.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Ali Mohammadpour; Amir Hamzeh Zarghami; Saeed Zarghami
Abstract
Introduction
The natural situation, way of dispersion of uses, position or placement of infrastructures and urban installations and equipment are assumed as safety considerations in analysis of topography and security planning and passive defense of city. Therefore, it is necessary to employ ...
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Introduction
The natural situation, way of dispersion of uses, position or placement of infrastructures and urban installations and equipment are assumed as safety considerations in analysis of topography and security planning and passive defense of city. Therefore, it is necessary to employ defensive and security approaches in the designs of urban development where this indicates both a link between performances of activities on one hand and defensive arrangements on the other hand. Fortification of urban defensive installations, anticipation of escape exits from risks, and improvement of the status of services which are required during the period of defense will be assumed as the foremost objectives in urban survey respectively. As the capital of Kurdistan province and the location of important administrative centers and the vital and significant facilities, the city of Sanandaj is of great importance. In addition, due to location of this city near Iraq and the same language spoken in Iraq’s Kurdistan region and recent presence of Israeli agents in this region, Sanandaj may be subject to political and military threats. With respect to the experiences of recent wars, especially U.S attacks on Iraq, the critical and vital points of this city have been recognized as centroids of the city, which, if damaged, could lead to the surrendering of the city. Therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the topology (positioning) of urban installations equipment with respect to passive defense approach in order to reduce such damages.
Materials and Methods
The methodology of this study is of descriptive- analytical type. In this regard, the authors have determined vulnerable points of this city in order to recognize the vulnerable elements and extents of this city by passive defense approach. Accordingly, a list of vulnerable elements of the city has been prepared using comments from 14 experts and these elements have been scored by means of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Initially data have been prepared as vulnerability maps based on any element in Arc Map software environment. Then weighting of elements have been done by AHP technique and binary comparison of them in ‘Expert Choice’ environment to solve AHP model. The order preference of parameters will be determined with respect to each other. The standardization (fuzzification) method has been adopted to determine the range of the city’s vulnerability based on scores. With respect to the conducted analyses on each of urban elements, the rate of vulnerability of Sanandaj city has been specified at five vulnerability level, i.e. very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Then SWOT model was employed to identify and to reduce vulnerability elements in Sanandaj city and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) model was employed for order-preference of strategies.
Results and Discussion
The highest vulnerability score belongs to vital artery (0.623). This criterion is divided into four following sub criteria in which reservoir and water treatment unit possess the highest scores. This is because of the location of this important infrastructure at the entrance of this city. Afterwards, crisis management centers are placed at second rank of vulnerability with score of 0.300. One of the reasons for concentration of offices at the central point of the city and inappropriate access of medical centers to communication network is related to pending position of city hill to hospital. The crisis management centers include two sub criteria of important offices and hospital and medical centers among which hospital and medical centers have been more vulnerable. After those, urban equipment and military, disciplinary, and supporting centers have higher vulnerability respectively. In terms of vulnerability rate, some of layers are overlapped to specify the most vulnerable parts in this city. The municipal region 5 and lesser part of regions 3 and 4 are vulnerable. Due to the placement of some centers with high- vulnerability in these regions, it is necessary to pay attention to passive defense principles out of which topology is one of their subsystems.
Conclusion
With respect to the implementation of scores from AHP model on maps of the studied zone, Sanandaj municipal region 5 has been known as the most vulnerable part of Sanandaj city because of its location in the vital artery and other important urban centers. Topology of vital and significant installations has not favorably followed passive defense approach. Thus, with respect to the derived information from the existing documents and evidences, the conducted field visits and analyses on the given centers represented that the principles of passive defense have not been observed in these installations and equipment. These centers have been located beside important and critical equipment in a centralized form and they have not been dispersed. This might increase the risk of attacks on these installations from the air and the ground. Similarly, duly efforts have not been made for camouflage and hiding these centers. What is clear so far is that, the subject of passive defense has not yet been addressed in urban designs prepared for the positions in Sanandaj city.
Zohreh Fanni; Abdollah Roshan
Abstract
Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. ...
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Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. Firefighting stations, are among themost important and vital centers for providing services in cities that play an important role in ensuring the safety and comfort of citizens and the development of cities. Obviously the timely delivery of fire station services, will require them to be located in appropriate places more than anything else, in order to be able to arrive at the scene and carry out the relief efforts as fast as possible, without encountering any obstacles and limitations of the urban environment on one hand, and with the least negative impacts on the lives of the inhabitants of the city on the other hand.Therefore, the value of time in helping and reducing the time lag to help injured people in the urban network can be realized.Among the objectives of this research, it is possible to point out the study of existing status of fire stations, their operation in the event of accidents, the coverage of existing stations and locating the best place for the construction of new firefighting stations in the city of Behbahan. The results of this research show that Behbahan city has two fire stations, one in the East and one in the Southwest, and the Northeastern and Northwestern parts of the city are outside of the coverage of these two stations.Therefore, the present study uses the AHP model to analyze the existing stations and their service status in the event of accidents, and finally, with the emphasis on the principles of passive defense, the optimal location for the construction of new firefighting stations, which will be able to cover all the region with the help of existing stations has been carried out.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Kiomars Maleki; Farhad Barandkam; Arezou Shafa'ati
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 97-107
Abstract
Providing security, decreasing crisis in cities, and observing some principles and arrangements of passive defense with the aim of decreasing the consequences of such crisis are some of the most important issues which should be considered in urban designing and planning. Iran has always witnesses many ...
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Providing security, decreasing crisis in cities, and observing some principles and arrangements of passive defense with the aim of decreasing the consequences of such crisis are some of the most important issues which should be considered in urban designing and planning. Iran has always witnesses many catastrophes (war, etc.) and suffered many financial damages and casualties. Thus, theoretical and practical position of defense against crisis has gained significant importance in this area. Passive defense and considering its principles in urban designing and planning can decrease the damaging effects of such crisis. The ability to integrate data for modeling, locating and determining land suitability by rating territory are some of the most important capabilities of GIS, based of which it stands out as a special and exclusive system. GIS identifies hazardous points by integrating and combining benchmarks. The present article clarifies the relation between passive defense and urban planning, especially urban land use planning and assessing. Moreover, it considers the role of passive defense in protecting citizens and urban infrastructures across Sanandaj city using Arc GIS10 and AHP.
Mohammad Hassan Sadough; Teimur Ja'fari; Hojjatollah Eskandari
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 34-38
Abstract
Investigating factors effective in occurrence of landslides in a region and the zoning of the resulting risks can effectively help reduce the damage caused by this phenomenon. The present research is an attempt in this field, and by analyzing the effective factors of landslide formation, attempts to ...
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Investigating factors effective in occurrence of landslides in a region and the zoning of the resulting risks can effectively help reduce the damage caused by this phenomenon. The present research is an attempt in this field, and by analyzing the effective factors of landslide formation, attempts to carry out the zoning of the risk of mass movements of Gharah Chay watershed using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Gharah Chai Basin is one of the sub-basins of the Atrak River. In this study, first the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the area were investigated, and the most important factors were identified to be lithology, slope alignment (structure, topography), slope, slope direction, land use, distance from village, the drainage network density, distance from river, distance from fault, and elevation classes in order, and then the landslide distribution map was prepared. In the hierarchical analysis method, the ten above factors were used. In this method, the factors considered are compared in pairs and the weight of the factors is calculated. For classifying the factors, they were scored with taking the percentage of slip level into account. At the end, the zoning model was obtained by considering the weights obtained for each factor and the scores obtained. Accordingly, the range was divided into five level of risks. The map was divided into five classes with very high (2.6 km2), high (14.4 km2), medium (14.5 km2), low (4.6 km2) and very low risk (1.8 km2).
Seyyed Hassan Sadugh Vanini; Jamileh Tavakkolinia; Omid Zare'ee
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 32-39
Abstract
Considering that the growth trend of urbanization in Iran, following the deep economic and social changes of past decades, has in recent years led to the unbridled growth of cities with national and regional role and, without regard to the natural capacities and facilities of the region has brought about ...
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Considering that the growth trend of urbanization in Iran, following the deep economic and social changes of past decades, has in recent years led to the unbridled growth of cities with national and regional role and, without regard to the natural capacities and facilities of the region has brought about unpleasant consequences for the physical-biological environment of the city, the growth of the population with the occupation of urban space has created imbalances in the construction and texture of the city and has caused irreparable damage to the urban environment. As a result, the zoning of land for the physical development of cities has always been of interest to urban geographers and planners, and therefore it is essential to locate suitable lands for the physical development of cities. In this paper, using the AHP model in ARC GIS software, land zoning for physical development of Shiraz city was evaluated based on 8 criteria (slope, ground, static surface of groundwater, land capability, river boundary, the distance from fault, height and texture of soil) and a zoning map of the land was obtained. The zoning map shows three areas of high suitability (21516 hectares), low suitability (23069 hectares) and unsuitable (23289 hectares) in terms of priority for physical development, and can be used by urban managers and planners.
