Zhilin Li; C.T. Hill; Alireza Azizi; M.J Clark
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 44-49
Abstract
In this paper methods of exploiting the potential advantages of digital photogrammetry are discussed with both their functional and practical aspects. In the first case, a simple but effective way to improve the contrast of image based on grading the whole picture to desired brightness levels instead ...
Read More
In this paper methods of exploiting the potential advantages of digital photogrammetry are discussed with both their functional and practical aspects. In the first case, a simple but effective way to improve the contrast of image based on grading the whole picture to desired brightness levels instead of preparing histogram for brightness levels has been explained, and also coding, reception and representation of data are described. In the second case, examples of environmental science are presented.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , August 1991, , Pages 44-45
Abstract
The definition presented here was passed by the 56th FIG Convention in 2010.
Read More
The definition presented here was passed by the 56th FIG Convention in 2010.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 44-47
Abstract
Technicians and researchers involved in the study of the ocean floor use different methods in areas far away from the coast. One of these methods is “Sounding” conducted by using a device called Sonar. Despite the high precision, this method can be very costly due to high wear and tear of ...
Read More
Technicians and researchers involved in the study of the ocean floor use different methods in areas far away from the coast. One of these methods is “Sounding” conducted by using a device called Sonar. Despite the high precision, this method can be very costly due to high wear and tear of the equipment as well as required manpower. By combining Landset TM data with data of known depths obtained through direct measurement, depth measurement can be carried out with a decrease of the cost. The TM sensor has different bands and is capable of collecting reflected energy at various wavelengths. However, for depth studies bands 1 and 2 (with frequency ranges of 0.45, 0.5 and 0.53-0.61 μm, respectively) are most appropriate. Most of the marine reflection is within the range of blue and light green lights, which is just the sensitivity range of bands 1 and 2. The relative depth of marine areas can be achieved by comparing the data related to these two bands.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 44-45
Abstract
in recent months, two very important books on geography have been published in our country which the author believes are necessary for every geographer, and more important, it is necessary for them of the awareness of their existence. the author of both books is one of the highly renowned geography professors ...
Read More
in recent months, two very important books on geography have been published in our country which the author believes are necessary for every geographer, and more important, it is necessary for them of the awareness of their existence. the author of both books is one of the highly renowned geography professors in France, and both of them have been translated into Persian by two prominent geography professors in Iran.
Hosein Hataminejad
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 45-46
Abstract
Population geographic analyses dealing with relationships and interactions between human groups and geographic spheres are mainly based on statistical data. The existence of such analyses will be the prerequisite of any land allocation planning and organization of living space. There is no doubt that ...
Read More
Population geographic analyses dealing with relationships and interactions between human groups and geographic spheres are mainly based on statistical data. The existence of such analyses will be the prerequisite of any land allocation planning and organization of living space. There is no doubt that due to socioeconomic changes and especially changes in world political systems, it is not possible to accurately predict demographic indicators for the countries of the world.For example, Afghanistan's political transformations over the past quarter of century and possible future developments in Iraq have, and will have, significant effects on the structure and composition of population and its spatial movements across the country. In any case, the tables of the Index show the status of the indicators of Iranian population and their prediction up to 2015.
Table (1) shows the demographic changes of Iran from 1881 to 1996. As the figures in this table show, from 1881 to 1921, the population growth rate of Iran was very low and equal to 0.6%.Low levels of nutrition and health and higher mortality rates were major factors in this low population growth rate. From the years 1921 to 1941 (World War II), a steady growth in population is observable.In these two decades, the growth rate was about 1.5 percent. The current figure (2002) also applies to Iranian population.
Hamid Reza Ershadmanesh
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 45-48
Abstract
Considering the importance of workshop equipment in massive civilian operations, it should be acknowledged that the equipment of a construction workshop is not comparable to that of other workshops. Hence, a number of points are noted in this regard as follows:- Estimation of workshop equipment costs ...
Read More
Considering the importance of workshop equipment in massive civilian operations, it should be acknowledged that the equipment of a construction workshop is not comparable to that of other workshops. Hence, a number of points are noted in this regard as follows:- Estimation of workshop equipment costs should be carried out by the consultant engineering firm in proportion to the total project. Consultant will make the necessary predictions in specifications or price list on how to pay for workshop equipment costs in accordance with relevant instructions and considering the schedule of the implementation of workshop equipment. The percentage of the cost of workshop equipment is not constant and varies according to the type of the project and its characteristics, as well as topographic and climatic conditions of the plan’s site.- The purpose of equipping and dismantling workshops is to supply buildings, facilities, equipment and machinery through constructing, installing or controlling them based on facilities on site and in the form of purchase or leasing of services.
Gholamreza Latifi
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 45-50
Abstract
Ibn Khaldun explores the evolution of human society from the stages of primitive and nomadic life to the culmination of urban civilization. From his point of view, human civilization in different stages, from emergence to development and evolution, manifests itself in two distinct forms: nomadism and ...
Read More
Ibn Khaldun explores the evolution of human society from the stages of primitive and nomadic life to the culmination of urban civilization. From his point of view, human civilization in different stages, from emergence to development and evolution, manifests itself in two distinct forms: nomadism and urbanization.He attributes pure characteristics to these two types of community that may not be in full correspondence with reality. Therefore, as Max Weber considers transcendental types to be exaggerated abstractions related to reality, Ibn Khaldun examines nomadic and urban civilizations in light of the realities of his time and the history of the past.In his opinion, the simple and primitive community improves his state of affairs through solidarity and group effort, and inclines toward cities to provide comfort and prosperity. The complex urban life, diversity of occupations and the multiplicity of tools and instruments for satisfying the luxury needs give a special distinction to urban society.
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 45-50
Abstract
New methods of tunnel construction and its applications, especially in management and control, usually call for sufficient attention to tunnel’s directing process. New surveying equipment and technologies such as GPS and its long-standing rival, Gyro-theodolite, are able to fulfil this need. On ...
Read More
New methods of tunnel construction and its applications, especially in management and control, usually call for sufficient attention to tunnel’s directing process. New surveying equipment and technologies such as GPS and its long-standing rival, Gyro-theodolite, are able to fulfil this need. On the whole, increase in precision of measurements indicates the necessity of special attention to difficulties of underground surveying.
Gebraiil Ghorbanian
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
An area of 2900 square kilometers of the Dashtiari district of Chabahar, which is about 3450 square kilometer wide in total, was studied. Research on the evolution of landforms in different sectors shows that the features of the region have come to their current form by orogenic and epeirogenic processes ...
Read More
An area of 2900 square kilometers of the Dashtiari district of Chabahar, which is about 3450 square kilometer wide in total, was studied. Research on the evolution of landforms in different sectors shows that the features of the region have come to their current form by orogenic and epeirogenic processes as well as external processes. However, these processes exhibit dry characteristics of Dashtiar. The oldest rocks in the north are related to the late Cretaceous and the north of colored mélange, and the oldest deposits are in Dashtiari, belonging to late Miocene, and consisting of a set of rocks and fine-grained marl-conglomerate. The coastal landscapes of the Omani coast include Hezar-Darreh (a thousand valleys), muddy flows of the marl, hills of the tafoni caverns, deep watercourses of coastal plains, two sandy beach lanes, sandy hills, desert zones of clay marl. The geomorphologic phenomena of the Omani coast include mud volcanos, sea terraces, coastal, foothill and alluvial plains, alluvial cones and hills. In the glacial period and the period between glacial periods, water and wind are the dominant factor of erosion respectively, and the laminated terraces and exploratory and mechanical erosion are evidences of rainy periods in this region.
Manuchehr Farajzadeh; Kheder Faraj Kordeh
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
The advancement and development of computer hardware and software technologies has led the GIS to enter a new stage in its evolution. The Mobile Geographic Information System (Mobile GIS) is one of the dimensions of these advancements, which has entered various fields and has been used for various purposes ...
Read More
The advancement and development of computer hardware and software technologies has led the GIS to enter a new stage in its evolution. The Mobile Geographic Information System (Mobile GIS) is one of the dimensions of these advancements, which has entered various fields and has been used for various purposes due to its flexibility, its simplicity compared with traditional GIS systems, requirement of lower level of expertise and the fact of being less costly. Mobile GIS operates within a wider range of GIS technologies, wireless technologies and global positioning system technology. The system has many capabilities in various urban affairs including urban management, and can be utilized in areas such as emergency management, citizen participation, listing and maintenance of property and urban assets, security and public safety in the city and affairs related to customer service spatial issues. This article seeks to explore the applications of this system in various urban management issues while briefly introducing the Mobile GIS and its construction and architecture, as well as the importance of its application in various fields.
Hosein Ghahra'ei
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 46-47
Abstract
Different races and nations are familiar with the week and the name of weekdays very well: Saturday, Sunday…, and plan their life, including work, worship, rest, fun… according to them, although the beginning and final days of week are different in various nations and followers of religions.
In ...
Read More
Different races and nations are familiar with the week and the name of weekdays very well: Saturday, Sunday…, and plan their life, including work, worship, rest, fun… according to them, although the beginning and final days of week are different in various nations and followers of religions.
In this article, it has been tried to present facts and information about the origin of weeks and the problems that week can create in our time reckoning as well as naming weekdays in Ancient Iran and other countries.
Hamidreza Varesi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 46-53
Abstract
Among human’s primary needs (food, clothes and shelter), provision of housing is the most difficult. Fulfilment of such needs is very expensive. Even the rich consider house as the greatest family investment. Recently even the most optimistic planners have accepted that the least expensive house ...
Read More
Among human’s primary needs (food, clothes and shelter), provision of housing is the most difficult. Fulfilment of such needs is very expensive. Even the rich consider house as the greatest family investment. Recently even the most optimistic planners have accepted that the least expensive house with plainest design cannot be afforded by at least a third of urban families in developing countries. One of the plans proposed for solving this problem is development of apartments. This plan, applied in Iran since not-so-distant past, has not yet been utilized in Isfahan. In spite of the city’s former comprehensive plans (with a “horizontal” attitude) which avoids vertical appearance except in limited areas in the city where this approach is not in conflict with the traditional and historical texture of the city, recently in new comprehensive plan and in creating new cities apartment-based plans have been considered and used as a course of action.
In this study, conducted with the aim of recognizing apartment-based residence, six districts with significant apartment residences within the area of implementation of comprehensive plans in Isfahan have been selected and examined using questionnaires. These six study areas have differences in terms of cultural and social textures and geographical positions whose study has revealed interesting facts. It is hoped that this investigation will help solve such residential problems.
The aims of this study include: examination of correct manners of apartment-residence and its development in Isfahan, the connection between type of occupation and apartment residence, apartment lifestyle problems, interest of people in living in apartments, and proposing solutions for related problems.
Vahid Karim Moghaddam
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 47-51
Shahnaz Shabani; Victoria Ezzatian
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 47-56
Abstract
The expansion of urbanization and urban development, along with the acceleration of the population growth and the development of industrial activities that consume fossil fuels, has greatly increased the air pollution, with its consequences primarily as a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, pulmonary, ...
Read More
The expansion of urbanization and urban development, along with the acceleration of the population growth and the development of industrial activities that consume fossil fuels, has greatly increased the air pollution, with its consequences primarily as a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, pulmonary, Skin and ... diseases threatening the inhabitants of the cities. On the other hand, climatic parameters such as humidity, sunshine clock, temperature, air pressure and radiation levels of the sun increase the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere and increase their impact on humans and natural ecosystems. Therefore, by altering the composition of effective gases in the life of the earth's organisms and disturbing their balance, human beings have harmed themselves and the environment, causing extensive changes in the climatic patterns and, on the other hand, have exposed their lives and health to risk. In this paper, the relationship between climatic elements such as temperature, pressure, humidity and atmospheric pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM10) with the prevalence of various diseases in Isfahan province have been investigated. For this purpose, after the data collection, statistical calculations were performed and the results were presented as tables and charts and the relationship between each variable and patients suffering diseases was investigated. The results show that there is a significant correlation between climatic elements such as temperature, pressure and humidity with the prevalence of cardiovascular, pulmonary, ocular and skin cancer.
Majid Mokhtari (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 47-51
Abstract
The purpose of the FUEGO satellites program is to design and develop a spatial system that can detect and identify forest fires at the very least possible time. Research has shown that a system of low Earth orbit satellites (LEO) is the best solution for users’ demands. This directs us to the use ...
Read More
The purpose of the FUEGO satellites program is to design and develop a spatial system that can detect and identify forest fires at the very least possible time. Research has shown that a system of low Earth orbit satellites (LEO) is the best solution for users’ demands. This directs us to the use of small-satellite structure’s service such as INTA-MINISAT, Particularly due to its relatively low technical complexity and cost. The system consists of a set of 12 Walker satellites system (constellation) with a 700-kilometer orbit altitude and an orbit inclination angle of 47.5 degree with a minimum time distance between repetitions in imaging as well as suitable power of spatial resolution. Its load is equipped with cameras capable of imaging in the mid-infrared band to identify fires in forests, complemented with cameras in the near-infrared (NIR), visible (VIS) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands to increase the resolution and identification of fires and to detect unrealistic warnings. The imaging geometry of this satellite is using the Pushbroom method. Using a controllable mirror, it can be maneuvered in the transverse direction of its path (Pitch) to increase the breadth of coverage.
Zohreh Merianji; Hamed Abbasi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 47-50
Abstract
The phenomenon of flood in its current state in our country is caused more by the effects of interrupting the balance of natural ecosystems in the country than by the occurrence of low-probability precipitation. In the form that we can observe today, the occurrence of ordinary rainfall in most watersheds ...
Read More
The phenomenon of flood in its current state in our country is caused more by the effects of interrupting the balance of natural ecosystems in the country than by the occurrence of low-probability precipitation. In the form that we can observe today, the occurrence of ordinary rainfall in most watersheds of the country causes flood. According to available statistics, in parts of the world, especially in Asia and the Pacific, flood damage accounts for the highest proportion of damages caused by natural disasters. Despite the fact that no comparative statistics on flood and earthquake damage in our country have been published so far, Iran is nevertheless considered a flood-prone country, having arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. The province of Hamedan is among the flood-prone areas of Iran due to natural and human factors contributing to the occurrence of flood. The occurrence of historic floods such as floods in 1987 and 1992 in this province illustrates this fact. Flood factors fall into two categories: natural factors including climatic conditions (repeated rainfall, snow melting, high temperatures ...), land features (slope, soil texture, etc.) and poor vegetation, and human factors. In Hamadan province, the above factors have in mutual cooperation caused conditions favorable to flood which are mentioned in this study.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
River land types have been created by erosion, displacement and sedimentation of unset materials through the flow of water. The type of river basin that are required to be described are butterfly alluvium, flood plains and deltas. The ability and capability of water to erode and transport soil and particles ...
Read More
River land types have been created by erosion, displacement and sedimentation of unset materials through the flow of water. The type of river basin that are required to be described are butterfly alluvium, flood plains and deltas. The ability and capability of water to erode and transport soil and particles of rock depends on the speed of water and size of particles. Particle erosion, as compared with the continuous displacement of materials, requires great water velocities. When the velocities are less than certain limits, sedimentation occurs. Larger particles are thrown out and lined up along the river bed (bed load). Smaller particles are taken up and forwarded to the front (Suspended Load). Particular particles, especially sand particles of the same size, may be suspended or moved at different times depending on the speed of the river. Small particle erosion requires considerable speed, but as soon as they are displaced, they can be moved at different speeds of the river. The largest erosion and sediment transport occurs during the flood period. Increase in velocity and volume of water leads to an increase in the size and volume of materials that can be carried. The term "river capability" refers to the maximum particle size that a river can carry at a given speed.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 47-52
Abstract
This paper reviews the application of the MATCH-T System in automatic preparation of digital elevation model using digital image processing, as well as a number of general subjects such as Feature Matching and addition of collected information. Next, the resultant precision in operation of system and ...
Read More
This paper reviews the application of the MATCH-T System in automatic preparation of digital elevation model using digital image processing, as well as a number of general subjects such as Feature Matching and addition of collected information. Next, the resultant precision in operation of system and the cases in which we face problematic places are discussed, and finally the correction of part of automatic digital elevation model necessary for dealing with these matters is mentioned. Such corrections can make application of a Multi-Sensor method for areas of dense vegetation possible.
Asadallah Karimi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
Today land information system is a common topic in scientific circles. Numerous speeches, seminars, papers and discussions are presented in this regard. On the other hand, the issue of “cadaster” has been raised in executive circles due to the importance of collection, modification and storage ...
Read More
Today land information system is a common topic in scientific circles. Numerous speeches, seminars, papers and discussions are presented in this regard. On the other hand, the issue of “cadaster” has been raised in executive circles due to the importance of collection, modification and storage of land data necessary in planning.This paper, while noting the definitions of different types of cadaster, considers the land and geographic information systems and their potential for implementing all or major parts of different cadasters and convincing executive officials to collaborate with the country’s scientific experts in order to utilize this potential.
Jamal Mohammadi; Mostafa Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 48-54
Abstract
The quality of development and its infrastructures has created major issues in the development process of the country's regions due to unfavorable and centralized planning in the past. Various dimensions and structural complexity of this issue are among the major setbacks in providing the appropriate ...
Read More
The quality of development and its infrastructures has created major issues in the development process of the country's regions due to unfavorable and centralized planning in the past. Various dimensions and structural complexity of this issue are among the major setbacks in providing the appropriate model for distribution of credits. In order to solve the problems caused by regional imbalances, the first step is to identify and classify the development of areas in terms of economy, infrastructure and communication, sociocultural conditions, health care, education, ... . The purpose of this research is to measure the level of possible development of human settlements in Shahrekord city, and the studied areas are rural districts of this city. The methodology used in this study is utilization of correlation, secondary and analytical models. Based on this, 37 indicators were evaluated in the form of seven general indicators (education, health, public facilities, communication, tourism, economic and internal) among 11 villages, and their results have been analyzed using CA and GM models. The research findings show that the distribution of developmental levels among rural districts of Shahrekord is unbalanced and the differences and dispersion of educational and health indices have the most effect on this imbalance.
Saeedeh Javanmardi; Alireza Pourkhabbaz; Hamidreza Pourkhabbaz
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 48-53
Abstract
Today, nature reserves are scattered around the world and the process of their establishment has gradually taken place. In most third world countries including Iran, habitat destruction and illegal hunting are among the main problems in the areas under management. Thus, in order to counteract the process ...
Read More
Today, nature reserves are scattered around the world and the process of their establishment has gradually taken place. In most third world countries including Iran, habitat destruction and illegal hunting are among the main problems in the areas under management. Thus, in order to counteract the process of destruction and the expansion of human destructive activities in the protected areas, there is a need for scientific knowledge, expert and capable groups and more research activities in this field, and this need remains in place. National parks, as one of the protected areas, are in fact highly valuable genetic reserves of plant and animal species in each country and in the world, and will be the main backbone for the restoration of nature. To save life on the Planet, resources must be used properly and controlled, and renewable resources must be given the opportunity to form again, so that they can be always used. The Kolahghazi National Park is an example of ecosystems in the Iranian plateau which has a long history of conservation. In this research, the ecosystems, the vegetation cover and wildlife as well biological geography in the park are discussed.
Khosro Khajeh (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 48-51
Abstract
My first contact with GIS was in 1965 at a meeting at the Harvard University and Michigan Institute of Technology’s Joint Center for Urban Studies, and I came across a good accident by sitting next to Howard Fisher. At that time, Howard Fisher intended to leave the University of Chicago and was ...
Read More
My first contact with GIS was in 1965 at a meeting at the Harvard University and Michigan Institute of Technology’s Joint Center for Urban Studies, and I came across a good accident by sitting next to Howard Fisher. At that time, Howard Fisher intended to leave the University of Chicago and was therefore visiting Harvard University.
Fisher had recently invented SYMAP, a computer-based mapping application that worked on linear printer technology, but was not yet at operational state. I immediately took advantage of the opportunity; relying on his words about the SYMP abilities and the requirements of his doctoral thesis, I convinced him to allow me to carry out experiments using his original program. With the supervision and guidance of Fisher, I implemented the first applied SYMP test in my studies of Boston's central perceptual geography. It was to some extent due to this work that I was first appointed as an Assistant Professor at the Harvard School of Design, and started working as a novice researcher in a laboratory known today as the computer cartographic labs.
Hooshmand Ataei; Afsaneh Analooei
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 49-52
Abstract
Soil erosion and production of sediments are among the most important natural resource problems which depends on climatic situation, soil reliefs and land use. The present study investigates the relation between watershed management activities like banquette and check dam or detention dams with soil ...
Read More
Soil erosion and production of sediments are among the most important natural resource problems which depends on climatic situation, soil reliefs and land use. The present study investigates the relation between watershed management activities like banquette and check dam or detention dams with soil erosion and production of sediments in Manderjan watershed which is located in Sarab, Zayande Rud dam. This watershed covers 230 km2. Precipitation statistics from Chadegan climatology station and Sediment monitoring network in Manderjan during 1978-2002 were used along with land use map and erosion map based on 1979 satellite images. Manderjan watershed is located in West Isfahan province and has cold weather with temperate summers. Its average annual precipitation is evaluated 420 mm. Because of being located between Daran Mountains (Dalankuh) in North and Zagros mountains in west, it has multiple streams and an average slope of 13.3% in north-south direction. Therefore, different watershed management activities (banquette and check dam or detention dams) could have a significant effect on prevention of erosion. Descriptive case study was used along with field study and library investigation.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Masoumeh Torki Harchagani
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 49-54
Abstract
Today, tourism as a clean industry in a modern and postmodern world is able to play an important and effective role in the sustainable development of human societies by creating employment and increasing national income.Based on this fact, the present article, while describing current situation, aims ...
Read More
Today, tourism as a clean industry in a modern and postmodern world is able to play an important and effective role in the sustainable development of human societies by creating employment and increasing national income.Based on this fact, the present article, while describing current situation, aims to present an estimate of the industry’s role in creating occupational opportunities and national income in the 2020 horizon through answering a number of questions by taking advantage of secondary studies and analyzing the latest official statistics provided by accredited national and international authorities.The results show that, despite the undeniable impacts of tourism on the above mentioned indicators, we unfortunately see a negative balance of trade in much of the time period studied due to the imbalance between the statistics of tourists entering and leaving the country. This imbalance might be compensated for only through a review of the current policies, the formulation and implementation of structural-functional strategies in this field.
Mamand Salari; Omid Moradi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 49-51
Abstract
Among the most important features of basins, which are very effective in the process of erosion, are physical properties. In this regard, elevation and topographic properties directly and indirectly influence the erosion process and affect other parameters such as climatic conditions of the basins (amount ...
Read More
Among the most important features of basins, which are very effective in the process of erosion, are physical properties. In this regard, elevation and topographic properties directly and indirectly influence the erosion process and affect other parameters such as climatic conditions of the basins (amount and type of precipitation) and soil that are very important in the state of erosion at the surface of basins. Therefore, for assessing the erosion and sedimentation status at the Baneh basin, the real and theoretical hypsometric tables and curves are calculated and displayed. According to them, we find that the Baneh basin, while undergoing erosion and sedimentation, is relatively further away from the state of equilibrium, and is younger.
