Hasan Shamsi
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 14-18
Abstract
Space-Based Positioning was begun and followed up since 1960 by the U.S. government and NASA. One of these early and highly successful systems of positioning was the Transit satellte. This satellite, since its launch in 1967 for commercial aims, has also gained applications in surveying and geodesy, ...
Read More
Space-Based Positioning was begun and followed up since 1960 by the U.S. government and NASA. One of these early and highly successful systems of positioning was the Transit satellte. This satellite, since its launch in 1967 for commercial aims, has also gained applications in surveying and geodesy, especially where the goal was to establish a vast network of stations in large areas and even whole the earth. The Transit Satellite system has been of great use in establishment of new geocentric assumptions and also for connecting various data (assumptions) of place to a geocentric reference framework (center of earth).
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 15-21
Abstract
One of the main tasks of spatial information systems such as GIS is the aggregation of various data sets and their preparation for communication and analysis in various applications. The aggregation of data in spatial information systems requires collection of different types of data drawn from ...
Read More
One of the main tasks of spatial information systems such as GIS is the aggregation of various data sets and their preparation for communication and analysis in various applications. The aggregation of data in spatial information systems requires collection of different types of data drawn from multiple sources, which would in turn necessitate complete alignment among these data sets and the similarity of features and phenomena in them. For example, it is possible that spatial information be extracted in several forms and from several sources, that is, the GIS data sources can be maps from land surveying, photogrammetry and remote sensing on different scales or with different resolution or at different times. In addition, there is a risk of data being obtained in ways that are incompatible and different in terms of validity. Some details may also be omitted or not defined. The incompatibility among various data is likely to come from an incompatibility among spatial information of the data recorded, including differences in dimensions (size), shape, composition, position accuracy or orientation.
Mehrdad Hoseini
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 15-17
Abstract
Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various ...
Read More
Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various world reports and the latest statements by the International Community, but scientific doubts also exist on reasoning behind climate change reported by “CHANGEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATE”. As BRYSON (1977) states, surge from one pattern to another might change the climate of some of the mid-range-latitude areas drastically, and it is very likely to create a “drought-or-flood” pattern. The increase in temperature in some of Iran's meteorological stations indicates a tendency towards arid climate, and probably the period of climate change has begun in the country of Iran. The country, according to the research, has a pattern of a number of years of droughts alternated by a number of rainy years. Environmental problems such as global warming, frequent occurrence of droughts, expansion of deserts and the increasing trend of desertification, increasing number of forbidden areas for the extraction of water and occurrence of destructive floods have caused ecological instability in the country and have increased the vulnerability of the country's natural resources.
Ali Akbar Rasuli
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 15-18
Abstract
In recent decades geographic information systems, as a dynamic and unique industry with the aim of optimal management of spatial data, have been accessible to geoscience researchers. This multi-purpose technology has been defined as a set of computer hardware and software used by experts for reception, ...
Read More
In recent decades geographic information systems, as a dynamic and unique industry with the aim of optimal management of spatial data, have been accessible to geoscience researchers. This multi-purpose technology has been defined as a set of computer hardware and software used by experts for reception, storage, process, analysis and display of various types of land information. Based on this definition, it can be inferred that the role of skilled human force in running, control and utilization of an efficient, specialized and somehow complex set of computers is of great importance. Therefore, the main role of this paper is to analyze the duties of experts who play a role in the dynamism of this industry through organized collaborations and team-work.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 15-20
Abstract
This paper describes the activities undertaken by HANSA LUFTBILD Corporation over the past two years to employ a GPS system for surveying activities in the fields of air navigation and triangulation. Along with familiarity with the various components of this system, our basic emphasis is on making the ...
Read More
This paper describes the activities undertaken by HANSA LUFTBILD Corporation over the past two years to employ a GPS system for surveying activities in the fields of air navigation and triangulation. Along with familiarity with the various components of this system, our basic emphasis is on making the readers acquainted with the practical results of GPS-based air navigation. The other part of this paper reviews the use of kinematic GPS approach, considering advantages and disadvantages of employing this technique in aerial surveying.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Mohammad Ali Torki Harchegani; Ma'soumeh Torki Harchegani
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 16-21
Abstract
The general purpose of this paper was to analyze some of the socio-economic barriers on the way of motivating the cooperation of farmers with the supervisors of the scheme of wheat self-sufficiency. The research is of applied type and through survey method, carried out by selecting a simple random sample ...
Read More
The general purpose of this paper was to analyze some of the socio-economic barriers on the way of motivating the cooperation of farmers with the supervisors of the scheme of wheat self-sufficiency. The research is of applied type and through survey method, carried out by selecting a simple random sample of 100 farmers in the Ardal plain. The research tool was a questionnaire and the validity of the questionnaire was verified according to the collective view of the related professors and experts and its reliability was calculated using the Cronbach's alpha formula (a = 0.93). To investigate the hypotheses and to answer to the research questions, Spearman and Pearson correlation tests have been used. The insignificance of the relationship between the motivation of cooperation of the farmers with their age and their average monthly income, a positive and direct relation between motivation of cooperation with the level of education of farmers and their level of knowledge about the results of the implementation of the project, and, finally, direct but weak correlation between The motivation of cooperation with the average size of the land owned by each farmer.
Gholam Hossein Ghobadi Darabkhani
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 16-20
Abstract
The rotation of the Earth along with its transitional movement around the sun, leads to the appearance of night and day and creation of different seasons throughout the year. On the other hand, the inclination of the axis of the Earth and its unsteady speed in the transitional movement around the sun ...
Read More
The rotation of the Earth along with its transitional movement around the sun, leads to the appearance of night and day and creation of different seasons throughout the year. On the other hand, the inclination of the axis of the Earth and its unsteady speed in the transitional movement around the sun create certain changes in the religiously important times throughout the year which have been examined along with the temporal and spatial factors that cause them in the two cities of Tehran and Shiraz. In view of the importance of the issue for Muslims who are bound to perform prayers at the first true legal time, the results of these changes can be used to clarify the public's mind and to motivate the related fields’ enthusiasts to pay more attention to the astronomy and geographic issues.
Majid Mokhtarani
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 16-20
Abstract
More than 25 years have passed from the date of development and implementation of the spatial method called “the base-lengths measurement using the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)”. This method allows measurement of the motion of the Earth's Crust in an unusual way. The VLBI provides ...
Read More
More than 25 years have passed from the date of development and implementation of the spatial method called “the base-lengths measurement using the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)”. This method allows measurement of the motion of the Earth's Crust in an unusual way. The VLBI provides a unique ability to determine the format of inertial basis and to measure ground justification. Changes in ground justification in the inertial space are due to the following two issues:A. The gravity force of the Moon and the SunB- The reaction of the sum of angular movements between the Earth's Crust, the oceans, and the atmosphere. The VLBI provides a direct measurement of ground justification in space, by which the Earth scientists examine cases including phenomena such as atmospheric angular torques, tidal currents of the oceans and reflections of solid (rigid) ground.
Rasul Ghorbani
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 16-18
Abstract
The discussion about the desirable size of a city has long been considered by scholars and authorities of urban issues and has been analyzed in various aspects. In the 1960s and 1970s, this discussion found a special place in the literature on urban development and the attitudes toward this matter experienced ...
Read More
The discussion about the desirable size of a city has long been considered by scholars and authorities of urban issues and has been analyzed in various aspects. In the 1960s and 1970s, this discussion found a special place in the literature on urban development and the attitudes toward this matter experienced significant changes. This issue has been of great importance as one of the major aspects of urban planning through several decades of urban planning in Iran. However, in recent years, due to the impact of the size of cities on certain governmental policies, people and city administrators have paid greater attention to this issue, which requires particular critique and analysis. In this brief article, it is tried to provide grounds for the development of thoughts and deepening of attitudes in this area by mentioning the views of relevant scholars.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 16-20
Abstract
Each numerical or geometric quantity, or sets of numerical quantities, which are used as reference or basis for other quantities, are called base levels or datums. In geomorphology, two different baseline levels are considered, one of which is flat, which forms the basis of the accurate calculation in ...
Read More
Each numerical or geometric quantity, or sets of numerical quantities, which are used as reference or basis for other quantities, are called base levels or datums. In geomorphology, two different baseline levels are considered, one of which is flat, which forms the basis of the accurate calculation in horizontal surveying in which the curvature of the earth's surface is considered. The other is the elevation base level according to which the height of points are measured and calculated. In other words, in geodetic surveying the coordinates of different points are obtained from a series of initial points with known coordinates by base line parameters. Due to the development of different methods in surveying, several datums or baselines have been defined and produced.
Today, several datum have been defined and produced for development of geodetic surveying and satellite geodetic methods, and there is no need to have more than one datum in this method. But this does not mean a complete replacement of all datums by a single one, since in practice there are initial surveying parameters and quantities that each depend on the different datums. On the other hand, the overall change of datums will require a century to transform all the information in the maps of a country into a new base level. For example, the issue of determining the sovereignty over the border lines of the US state has been on since centuries ago, and even by drawing up a map of disputed borders, military and civilian users still prefer the old systems of surveying measurement over new ones due to special reasons. Consequently, making general changes in determining the base level not only does not eliminate the problem, but may add another variable to initial problems.
Hasan Beik Mohammadi
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 16-19
Abstract
Foreign commerce, increase of exports and consequently earning foreign exchange is one of the important tools of economic development in different countries of the world, and sustainable economic development – in the form of diversification of export products – is one of the major courses ...
Read More
Foreign commerce, increase of exports and consequently earning foreign exchange is one of the important tools of economic development in different countries of the world, and sustainable economic development – in the form of diversification of export products – is one of the major courses of action in political, social and economic development of any country.
It is clear that one of the methods of expansion of exports is the establishment of free trade-industrial zones. Creation of such zones is not a new phenomenon in the world, and dates back to early eighteenth century. This option has been tried in many European, American and Asian countries and has played a major role in their development. In other words, free trade-industrial zones have provided the possibility of economic growth of such countries by connecting them to global economy, absorbing foreign investment and utilizing regional potentials. One of the highly successful examples of these zones are those of Southeastern Asian countries and their role in expansion of exports and earning foreign exchange. The growth rate of exports in countries such as Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, China’s Shanghai and Taiwan are more like legends, and it is claimed that Singapore’s exports of electronic equipment has been more than $20 billion monthly.
One of the economic characteristics of Iran is its single-product nature. Therefore, this economy is highly vulnerable to political and economic challenges and crises, and the country’s current conditions and problems are clear evidences of this claim. In this regard, this country, with the aim of diversifying economic activities and removing some of their problems such as lack of sufficient foreign exchange, modern technologies, management skills, creation of jobs, etc., introduced the Kish, Qeshm and some parts of Chabahar City as free trade-industrial zones in its first five-year economic, social and cultural developmental plan (1987-1993).
What we seek in this paper using historical, descriptive and analytical methods is to know:What is a free trade-industrial zone and what are its aims?Which are Iran’s Free trade-industrial zones and what characteristics they have?What aims does Islamic Republic of Iran follow by creation of such zones?What are the reasons for determining Chabahar as a free trade-industrial zone?How has been the performance of the Chabahar free zone in development of Iran and the region?
Mohammad Amin Arefzadeh
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 16-23
Abstract
Application of specialized systems is usually based on surveying needs of the day. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have been making efforts to materialize control and direction of map designing as well as utilization of specialized systems. The first step in expansion of specialized systems in map designing ...
Read More
Application of specialized systems is usually based on surveying needs of the day. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have been making efforts to materialize control and direction of map designing as well as utilization of specialized systems. The first step in expansion of specialized systems in map designing is to give a formal status to the method of map designing. The base of such regularization is the expressive methods of science. The aims of this paper include introduction and expression of new methods of designing maps, namely its simplification (GF). This method has been applied in design and preparation of a thematic atlas under the title “specialized system of designing thematic maps”. This new method improves the expressive abilities concerning science renowned as “framework in artificial knowledge”. It also includes the advantages of all other methods namely framework, rule of connection and manner of action in a specialized system of designing maps.
Manuchehr Kousha
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 16-22
Abstract
In this article we will find that in the age of satellite and electronics, the old surveying is replaced in all fields by the young surveying equipped with new foundations and new means. How weak has become the grandeur of classic geodesy with those heavy tools with the advent of new satellite equipment.
The ...
Read More
In this article we will find that in the age of satellite and electronics, the old surveying is replaced in all fields by the young surveying equipped with new foundations and new means. How weak has become the grandeur of classic geodesy with those heavy tools with the advent of new satellite equipment.
The use of images and satellite data in cartography has gone beyond the small scales domain at a short time and has approached the threshold of average scales, and it is hoping that in the future, the aerial imagery by the use of aircraft will become uncompetitive in special fields. The basic map is the important and fundamental tool of each country, and it is valid and as long as it represents the last metamorphoses of the land and is consistent with the technical criteria of time, which is why it is necessary to review and update it.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 16-19
Abstract
The people who deal with maps, whether those who aim at surveying or others who use maps as a means of transferring information, are well aware that one of the important issues involved in surveying is preparing map image. The term map image refers to the network of circuits and meridians which provide ...
Read More
The people who deal with maps, whether those who aim at surveying or others who use maps as a means of transferring information, are well aware that one of the important issues involved in surveying is preparing map image. The term map image refers to the network of circuits and meridians which provide the first framework for each map, without which no map can be drawn or utilized. The basis of the geographic work is the issue of conveying circuits’ networks and the hypothetical meridians from the round planet onto a flat plane that creates the map. Geographers, from very distant past, were aware of the major fault lying in transforming sphere into flat surface, and have made numerous efforts to make this conveyance take place without any blatant change in earth’s surface features. Since making artificial sphere in a desirable scale is difficult and carrying such globe around would be impractical, geographers and surveyors have tried to make images that show some of the properties and characteristics of the land as they are found in the nature.
Haydeh Ara
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 17-22
Abstract
Scholars and experts in different fields need a common terminology and a common interpretation of terms and concepts which give paradigmatic value to the science. Despite repeated references to “landforms” in different definitions of geomorphology, as the science of studying and interpreting ...
Read More
Scholars and experts in different fields need a common terminology and a common interpretation of terms and concepts which give paradigmatic value to the science. Despite repeated references to “landforms” in different definitions of geomorphology, as the science of studying and interpreting landforms, and the importance of this concept in metaphysical and epistemological view of geomorphology, the term has been quite neglected by geomorphologists. Therefore, as most classifications and geomorphologic researches are based on the concept of “land form”. The present article seeks to investigate the nature and concept of landforms and provide a classification of landforms in the area. Qualitative and quantitative research methods, aerial and satellite imageries were applied, large scale field study was performed and library documents were explored. The research ultimately provides a table of available landforms in the area and produce a geomorphologic map of landforms in Jaj Rud basin according to land forming processes.
Nasim Heydarinejad
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 17-21
Abstract
Throughout history, urban life and development have always owed specific ideas in human political and ideological beliefs and specific methods and opinions for building societies and a comfortable human life. Suggestions and opinions proposed by scholars in different eras have resulted in different plans ...
Read More
Throughout history, urban life and development have always owed specific ideas in human political and ideological beliefs and specific methods and opinions for building societies and a comfortable human life. Suggestions and opinions proposed by scholars in different eras have resulted in different plans and patterns for organizing urban environment. Isfahan, with such a rich background, is not an exception.
The present article supposes that Isfahan is created based on idealism, naturalism ideologies and utopianism school. It refers to key issues of this school applicable to Isfahan urban construction.
This approach is explained using a descriptive, documentary method and statistical data acquired from valid resources.
Finally, it is emphasized that Isfahan reaches a flourishing peak in urban construction in the form of ideological utopia during Safavid era by Shah Abbas the great and Sheikh Baha’I. Safavid capital uses all available principles to reach the utopia which is the ultimate goal of every school.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 17-20
Abstract
Commanders, chiefs of units and, in general, forces from upper positions to the lowest armed units need to know how the geological and soil status of an area affect combat and support operations. Here we briefly provide commanders and military experts with discussions relating to the characteristics ...
Read More
Commanders, chiefs of units and, in general, forces from upper positions to the lowest armed units need to know how the geological and soil status of an area affect combat and support operations. Here we briefly provide commanders and military experts with discussions relating to the characteristics of the earth's crust, and then specify the major military implications more clearly.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 17-22
Abstract
Russia's satellite navigation system, known as Glonass, will be completed in late 1995. This system consists of 24 satellites, which move in three elliptical orbits, at a distance of 19,100 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. These satellites introduce the Glonass system, which is subject to comparisons ...
Read More
Russia's satellite navigation system, known as Glonass, will be completed in late 1995. This system consists of 24 satellites, which move in three elliptical orbits, at a distance of 19,100 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. These satellites introduce the Glonass system, which is subject to comparisons with its American counterpart. The question here is that what advantages there are in using either of these systems with a receiver. Currently, both of the navigation systems that are in operation are being investigated. The American system called GPS and Glonass each include 24 satellites. Although there are many similarities between the two systems, their characteristics are completely different, so that they are not effective in running the system.
Mansureh Malekian; Reza Ja'fari
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 18-22
Abstract
Application of remote sensing data in identification of important areas in terms of biodiversity, prediction of the mechanism of the distribution of species and modeling the responses of biosphere communities to natural and human changes is one of the important issues in research. Environmental parameters ...
Read More
Application of remote sensing data in identification of important areas in terms of biodiversity, prediction of the mechanism of the distribution of species and modeling the responses of biosphere communities to natural and human changes is one of the important issues in research. Environmental parameters with certain bio-physical characteristics can indicate the mechanism of distribution and frequency of species at the surface of the land and explain how the habitat is occupied by species. New data from remote sensing technology have made it possible to combine them with ecological models to answer many questions about biodiversity. Recent advances in spatial and spectral resolution of sensors have made studying various aspects of biodiversity, such as identifying communities of species, estimating species richness, identifying climatic variables, and studying the habitat structure possible. In cases where direct recognition of a living creature is not possible, by using the indirect remote sensing approach, we can derive meaningful information from the bio-physical properties. This paper reviews the application of remote sensing in biodiversity and conservation studies, which involves the use of direct and indirect remote sensing in identifying species and communities, estimating species richness, identifying climatic variables and studying the habitat structure. Today, it is necessary to form increasing collaboration between remote sensing researchers and researchers in the field of biodiversity and conservation, so that steps can be taken towards better conservation goals.
Mohammad Eskandari Nowdeh; Ahmad Pour Ahmad
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 18-21
Abstract
One of the most common and important methods for the regulation, presentation and analysis of scientific findings is the use of statistics science. In the science of geography, the use of quantitative statistics and data is considered necessary. It is also evident in various geography disciplines, including ...
Read More
One of the most common and important methods for the regulation, presentation and analysis of scientific findings is the use of statistics science. In the science of geography, the use of quantitative statistics and data is considered necessary. It is also evident in various geography disciplines, including urban geography. The purpose of this study was to visualize facts within the data and analyze them on the basis of statistical information. In order to carry out this task, it was attempted to establish a relationship among population, urban utilities and their waste production in SPSS software using statistical analyses. In this regard, two methods of Inter Regression Analysis and Stepwise Regression Analysis were used. The results of the analyzed data showed that the population and urban utilizations in Tehran justify the garbage produced in different regions in terms of volume, size and shape.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 18-23
Abstract
Geodesy of gravity is a branch of geodesy that is mostly related to geophysics and geology. Identification of geodesy of gravity from geometric geodesy is based on relevant measurements and theoretical discussions on gravity field properties. These qualities were the same as those which led to discovery ...
Read More
Geodesy of gravity is a branch of geodesy that is mostly related to geophysics and geology. Identification of geodesy of gravity from geometric geodesy is based on relevant measurements and theoretical discussions on gravity field properties. These qualities were the same as those which led to discovery of the shape of the Earth, when this information made it possible to understand the dimensions and shape of the Earth by measuring the length of the arc of the Meridian. By collecting enough data from the Earth's gravity field, it is possible to determine the geoid separation from the comparison elliptic (Earth's mathematical form) and to determine the density of the Earth. It is also possible to identify changes in the field of gravity in different parts of the Earth. In the year 1738, Pierre Bouguer attempted to measure the relative perpendicular deviation angle by the Earth's radius mapping operation during explorations in Peru in South America.
Taghi Tavousi
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 18-25
Abstract
Coastal regions have been paid significant attention by humans due to their natural conditions for life such as fertile soil caused by alluvial composition, rivers, abundant water, air’s mildness and access to marine resources and commercial paths, and have increased in political, military and ...
Read More
Coastal regions have been paid significant attention by humans due to their natural conditions for life such as fertile soil caused by alluvial composition, rivers, abundant water, air’s mildness and access to marine resources and commercial paths, and have increased in political, military and economic importance after the Industrial Revolution and the consequent expansion of global commercial activities and development of economic, political and cultural relationships as well as tourism industry. Existence of such favorable conditions has helped the growth of human concentration and increasing establishment of industries, offices and hotels in coastal cities.The results of some of assumptions show increase in number and severity of meteorological catastrophes and natural disasters such as river and sea flooding on vast scales at highly populated coastal regions ( like Bangladesh, Caribbean coasts, etc.) and intensification of tropical storms and expansion of their areas of influence toward western Europe and higher geographic latitudes. This upward trend has been caused by climate change and has been intensified by population density in large cities, especially coastal areas, such as concentration of hotels in coastal areas vulnerable to the hurricanes like Florida Coasts or establishment of industries at storm-prone Northern Sea. Incidents will be more catastrophic when such establishments and construction of transportation networks in above-mentioned areas are not accompanied by technology.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
Read More
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Ashraf Azimzadeh (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 18-19
Abstract
Our excessive attention to geographic data sometimes prevents us from utilizing the extraordinary power of analysis systems, preventing due progress in this regard.
In the recent Conference of Geographic Information, Prof. Stan Openshaw, during a free discussion over GIS, criticized all the people active ...
Read More
Our excessive attention to geographic data sometimes prevents us from utilizing the extraordinary power of analysis systems, preventing due progress in this regard.
In the recent Conference of Geographic Information, Prof. Stan Openshaw, during a free discussion over GIS, criticized all the people active in GIS works for lack of progress in this field. He stated: “We don’t really have geographic information system. What we have is actually geographic data system… it will be harmful if we get busy with data all the time…”. According to him, we must achieve the due vision of GIS and create systems of geographic knowledge. Are these claims true? Unfortunately, I share his views. The myriad of useful or useless geographic data utilized today have challenged the most gigantic technology of our age, and have become increasingly easier to access today, so that the cost of their collection has become much less than what we imagine. Moreover, we still spend a great deal of time on geographic data.
Mohammad Ghasem Torkashvand
Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 1994, , Pages 18-27
Abstract
Water catchment areas: Western parts of Iran including mountainous regions of Lorestan are among water catchment areas. Their network of flowing waters are join the Persian Gulf watersheds, Hoor marshes located in the southwest of Iran or the interior regions of Iran (the central basin of Iran) due to ...
Read More
Water catchment areas: Western parts of Iran including mountainous regions of Lorestan are among water catchment areas. Their network of flowing waters are join the Persian Gulf watersheds, Hoor marshes located in the southwest of Iran or the interior regions of Iran (the central basin of Iran) due to the slopes and structure of the land. These focal points are divided into two permanent and seasonal groups, depending on geographical elevation and directions of terrain.
In permanent catchment areas where atmospheric precipitation is more in the form of snow, the snow storage remains almost until the later parts of the warm period because of high altitudes and great latitudes. These centers, the most important of which are Cazinistan, Oshtorankouh, Gerin and Mishparvar, are scattered mostly in the mountainous areas of the north and the east. Atmospheric rainfall in the form of rain as well as low altitude, lack of adequate snow reserves and openness of the valleys in some areas of Lorestan have caused the formation of temporary rivers; this openness in particular makes the waters caused by melting of snows to fall into adjacent plains and eventually into permanent rivers of the region; the southern heights, Sefidkouh and Shahtad Pahlou are examples of these water catchment areas. In addition to these cases, the water catchment areas adjacent to Lorestan, Kermanshah and Hamadan provinces have important roles in the reinforcement and feeding of the network of flowing waters of this province.
