Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Rahman Jahani Dowlat Abad
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 22-28
Abstract
The focus of the present article is on the effects of globalization on the structure of the cities of Islamic countries, and in particular the social, economic and physical structure of these cities. In this paper, after presenting an introduction to the process of globalization and its characteristics, ...
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The focus of the present article is on the effects of globalization on the structure of the cities of Islamic countries, and in particular the social, economic and physical structure of these cities. In this paper, after presenting an introduction to the process of globalization and its characteristics, the effects of this process on each of the above dimensions have been studied. One of the most important effects of globalization on the social structure of cities of the Islamic countries referred to in this article is the separation of the sacred space (Lahuti) from the unholy space (Nasuti) in the Islamic cities and, consequently, the loss of the integrity and unifying quality of these cities. The effects of globalization in the economic structure of Islamic countries can be summed up in issues such as dependent economics, an unequal relationship of the center- around type to the metropolitan western cities, single-product economy, dual economy, and severe class inequality. Changes in the physical structure of Islamic cities through the process of globalization have also been examined in general in two separate categories: the changes that have taken place in the natural elements and environment of these cities and the changes that have been made in its built and man-made environment. Therefore, in the author's view, the effects of globalization in the structure of Islamic cities have generally been unpleasant and, on the whole, seriously damaged these cities economically, socially and culturally, and led them toward an unsustainable development. However, it is also important to note that globalization is an epidemic and unavoidable process, and it is never possible to find solutions to the problems created in the structure of the cities of Islamic countries in isolation and avoidance of this process, but rather in considering the globalization of cities together with the native identity and qualities of societies as a possible and desirable solution and the necessary way to the realization of sustainable urban development. This is the challenge that continues to confront the urban policymakers until reaching executive solutions.
Hasan Heydari (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 22-29
Abstract
The deployment and growth of commercial geographic information systems in the scientific community has led to widespread use of climatic spatial data in various applications. This paper examines the role of geographic information systems in climatology and meteorology. It discusses the methods used to ...
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The deployment and growth of commercial geographic information systems in the scientific community has led to widespread use of climatic spatial data in various applications. This paper examines the role of geographic information systems in climatology and meteorology. It discusses the methods used to conclude and determine spatial data of climate, and apply the conventional applications of the GIS and climatic spatial data series in agriculture, ecology, forestry, health, weather forecast, hydrology, transportation, urban areas, energy and climate change.
Roghiyyeh Golvari (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 22-24
Abstract
The global positioning system (GPS) has been developed for military purposes, such as single-point position determination and navigation. The first civilian GPS applications were for geodetic purposes including baseline measurement using differential methods.When tall structural systems are controlled, ...
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The global positioning system (GPS) has been developed for military purposes, such as single-point position determination and navigation. The first civilian GPS applications were for geodetic purposes including baseline measurement using differential methods.When tall structural systems are controlled, we can introduce GPS technology as a method of measuring displacements.In this paper, two experiments were performed to evaluate the accuracy of measurements using GPS. In addition, an assessment of the GPS capability to measure the smallest movements of the Stuttgart television tower and the high industrial chimney of the Opole power plant due to weak winds has been presented.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 22-25
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. Measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. Measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted. There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement.
The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues.
Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Hossein Mohammadi
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 23-27
Abstract
The statistical sample used in this research was the seasonal and annual temperature in Iran during the period of 35 years (1960-1995). In this regard, among 110 synoptic and climatologic stations, synoptic stations of Isfahan, Ahwaz, Bandar Anzali, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz, Khorramabad, Zahedan, Mashhad ...
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The statistical sample used in this research was the seasonal and annual temperature in Iran during the period of 35 years (1960-1995). In this regard, among 110 synoptic and climatologic stations, synoptic stations of Isfahan, Ahwaz, Bandar Anzali, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz, Khorramabad, Zahedan, Mashhad and Yazd, whose temperature data are complete during 35 years and need not to be reconstructed have been selected. The annual temperature series of selected Iranian stations were evaluated in terms of analysis of periodic variations by factor and non-factor tests. Based on series examinations, temperature series of Ahwaz, Bandar Abbas, Khorramabad and Mashhad follow the patterns of periodic changes, and the rest of the stations were without periodic variations. The series with periodic variations were analyzed and predicted by percentage change method. Considering the analysis and prediction of periodic changes in temperature of the stations, the northeastern, southern and southwestern parts of Iran have periodic changes, and the central, northern and northwest of Iran do not follow the periodic variation patterns.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 23-25
Abstract
Over the past decade the need for elevation information in the city has risen enormously. This includes controlling vertical deviations of buildings, recording the 3D status of service facilities such as water supply networks, sewage network and electricity transmission lines, as well as creating precise ...
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Over the past decade the need for elevation information in the city has risen enormously. This includes controlling vertical deviations of buildings, recording the 3D status of service facilities such as water supply networks, sewage network and electricity transmission lines, as well as creating precise urban 3D models for urban planning purposes. The question dealt with in this paper is how to expand the scattered 3D data by adopting an economical and cost-effective method. The author of this paper presents his examinations based on the experiences gained in Stockholm.
Seyyed Vahid Taghavi (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 23-41
Abstract
At first look it seems that the color of starts is of no consequence, but these colors are indeed very meaningful. They show the temperature of the surface of stars and sometimes the state of their atmosphere as well. The temperature of the surface of stars contain implications about conditions of their ...
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At first look it seems that the color of starts is of no consequence, but these colors are indeed very meaningful. They show the temperature of the surface of stars and sometimes the state of their atmosphere as well. The temperature of the surface of stars contain implications about conditions of their depths, and can help us measure related distances. The color can also reveal the position of a star in its group.
Modern technology has opened a new window to the universe, and has made precise observation of stars possible.
The new method provided by photography has led us to new ideas about stars and galaxies and has given a new life to the science of star photometry. There are serious contradictions between the measurements of quality and quantity of stars’ light based on records and what can be seen in images.
Faramarz Khosh Akhlagh; Ali Hanafi; Saeed Ahmadi
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important natural hazards that works in a slow and creeping way. This phenomenon is due to climatic processes, and its severity and frequency depend to a certain extent on the geographical position of the site, which happens every few years as a result of falling precipitation. ...
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Drought is one of the most important natural hazards that works in a slow and creeping way. This phenomenon is due to climatic processes, and its severity and frequency depend to a certain extent on the geographical position of the site, which happens every few years as a result of falling precipitation. In order to study and assess the droughts and wet years of Khoy station, the precipitation data of 32 years (1976-2007) were analyzed using standard distribution index and SPSS and Excel software, and it was found that the most severe drought in Khoy station has been in 1995 with an SPI coefficient of more than -1.6, and in 2001 with an SPI coefficient of more than -1.4, while its highest rate of wet year has happened in 1982 with an SPI coefficient of more than 2.8. Of noteworthy points about the continuity and sequence of droughts is the occurrence of severe droughts during the years 1995-2001 with varying degrees in this station. In order to predict the climatic condition of the Khoy station in the long run, the Markov chain model was used, which suggested that the probability of droughts was 43% and the probability of occurrence of wet years was 42.7%. In other cases, meaning 14.3% of the time, the normal condition of precipitation is prevailing. Similarly, the likelihood of droughts in the long run in winter, spring and autumn was estimated 41.8, 30.5 and 57.3 per cent, respectively.
Ahmad Javaheri; Ali Mohammadpour
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
Today, numerous active and inactive sensors are busy taking information from objects and ground features, and produce varied information from objects at different wave-lengths and with different resolutions. Potentially, each one of these pieces of information can be utilized as one of the sources of ...
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Today, numerous active and inactive sensors are busy taking information from objects and ground features, and produce varied information from objects at different wave-lengths and with different resolutions. Potentially, each one of these pieces of information can be utilized as one of the sources of supplying triple spectral, textural and geometrical (structural) components. Owing to the ability of LIDAR sensor to provide with geometric information as well this sensor’s recent advent, we have examined the potentials and different behaviors of this sensor in detecting various ground features.
Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar; Morteza Zera'ati
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 24-31
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster, but in practice, the flood is one of the most terrible natural disasters in the world in both terms of mortality and financial losses. Between 1988 and 1997, around 390,000 people were killed in natural disasters around the world, 58% of whom were ...
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Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster, but in practice, the flood is one of the most terrible natural disasters in the world in both terms of mortality and financial losses. Between 1988 and 1997, around 390,000 people were killed in natural disasters around the world, 58% of whom were related to flood, 26% were affected by earthquake, and 16% victims of hurricanes and other disasters. Total damage over the past 10 years was about $ 700 billion, of which 33, 29, and 28 per cent were related to flood, storm and earthquakes, respectively. In this regard, a worrying issue has been the increasing trend of mortality and flood damage in the world in recent decades. The phenomenon of flood in Iran is considered as the most harmful natural disaster whose damages account for more than 70% of the whole natural disasters. Increasing population and assets in floodplains, hydrosystem changes and destructive effects of human activities have been among the main reasons for this trend. Today, with the development of information technology, much emphasis has been put on the use of GIS to model and assess the dangers and damage caused by floods. The high speed and precision of these systems, their vast coverage and multi-aspect nature, and their ease of use and low cost have made them more and more utilized in managing the flood crisis. In this paper, we tried to use the GIS technique in managing the flood risk crisis in Kashan area.
Esma'eil Shahkouei
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 24-30
Abstract
Geography is a science that is of interest to all human beings; enthusiasts of geography are people who intend to leave isolation and consider their surroundings. They want to know their lives and have a human and constructive relationship with that environment and its people.If the sun did not set in ...
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Geography is a science that is of interest to all human beings; enthusiasts of geography are people who intend to leave isolation and consider their surroundings. They want to know their lives and have a human and constructive relationship with that environment and its people.If the sun did not set in the British Empire for several centuries, it was because the British kings had to learn seamanship and geography of the world and lands very well. The secret of the continuity of colonialism and dominance over colonies around the world was in these two points.Therefore, in order to increase information of the people of our community about different places in the country, we have decided to present some data concerning the natural status and characteristics of Golestan province to our dear readers. It is hoped that this act will be a step towards making our people more and more acquainted with natural potentials of our land, and an attempt in line with ever-more efforts and utilization of facilities for realization of independence and self-sufficiency of the country in all fields.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 24-26
Abstract
Raster-based processing seems to be a powerful tool for land use planners. Collection of information, processing and visualization are much easier in this system in comparison with other vector systems. All visual maps, plans and drawings can be precisely scanned and shaped into desirable forms. Grid-based ...
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Raster-based processing seems to be a powerful tool for land use planners. Collection of information, processing and visualization are much easier in this system in comparison with other vector systems. All visual maps, plans and drawings can be precisely scanned and shaped into desirable forms. Grid-based modules of GIS software packages include commands by which the user is able to perform various examinations according to needs. The only problem is that the user must be familiar with GIS software modules in order to be able to use this system. Users’ possibilities are also developing. Therefore, the Grid-based analysis is great news for planners who have been waiting for more than twenty years for computer tools to help advance their tasks.
This paper includes a method based on grid for expansion of computer applications in land use planning. In this paper, we divide the planning process to a number of stages and present suggestions for utilization of digital information at each stage.
In addition to theoretical examples, one case is described in detail. This project is an analysis of land use implemented by a group of students of the Helsinki University of Technology.
Hamid Bahiraei
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
In order to carry out marine military maneuvers, it is of great importance to have detailed information about what lies on sea’s bed or even lower. Today there is a kind of competition over establishing a type of connection by which the information can be transmitted between ships and the shore ...
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In order to carry out marine military maneuvers, it is of great importance to have detailed information about what lies on sea’s bed or even lower. Today there is a kind of competition over establishing a type of connection by which the information can be transmitted between ships and the shore or between ships themselves in real time (immediately). Experiments conducted on Italian shores using GIS navigational charts proved that utilization of GIS has been very successful.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
In the fourth issue of the Sepehr Magazine, we referred to the earth's situation in space and wrote a few brief articles about the extent of the world and astronomical scales. Since then, there has been a great transformation in the development of general geographic and astronomical information in the ...
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In the fourth issue of the Sepehr Magazine, we referred to the earth's situation in space and wrote a few brief articles about the extent of the world and astronomical scales. Since then, there has been a great transformation in the development of general geographic and astronomical information in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is therefore not irrelevant to allocate the article of this issue to young readers who are interested in the topic of this great development, and this is the establishment of the Planetarium of Tehran, which was officially opened by the Minister of Defense and Support of Armed Forces on May 17th of this year.
The Planetarium is a dome-shaped building made to facilitate astronomical training and is equipped with technically advanced devices with which it is possible to observe what there are in the real sky on a smaller sky (formed by images below the dome of the Planetarium).
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 24-28
Abstract
Our past discussion of the Earth's motion led to the time and history issues, and we saw how the Earth's rotation and revolution movements created such important issues in our daily lives. At this point in the discussion, it would be of relevance to allocate a brief discussion to the Moon that plays ...
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Our past discussion of the Earth's motion led to the time and history issues, and we saw how the Earth's rotation and revolution movements created such important issues in our daily lives. At this point in the discussion, it would be of relevance to allocate a brief discussion to the Moon that plays a significant role in the time and history issues.
Heydar Lotfi; Mahdiyeh Momeni; Azam Zarandi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 25-32
Abstract
Today, tourism industry is one the most important ways by which governments can make money and related organizations and offices try to develop this industry. Regarding its particular geographic situation, Iran possess diverse vegetation and animal life which along with an investment on tourism industry ...
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Today, tourism industry is one the most important ways by which governments can make money and related organizations and offices try to develop this industry. Regarding its particular geographic situation, Iran possess diverse vegetation and animal life which along with an investment on tourism industry can provide beautiful views for visitors. Kavir national park is one of these areas. Due to its particular geographic position, Kavir national park has the potential of turning into an important tourist attraction. Diversity of vegetation, animal life and land forms have changed it into an ideal place for eco-tourists. Moreover, well-known Qasre-Bahram, Ein-ol Rashid caravanserai and its water supplying system have increased the attractions of the park. It is located near Tehran and Garmsar and this is of great value for those people who more than ever need to go into nature and refresh. Those who know Siah-kuh and Qasre-Bahram will never forget the memories of National park nights with that sky full of stars. The present article investigates the opportunities and limitations of the area and suggests completing routes to the area with the cooperation of public and private sections and taking necessary steps to disclose the area for eco-tourists. So that the necessary requirements for developing the area and sustainable development of tourism industry will be provided. Moreover with the introduction of this treasure of the desert, we can increase the number of those interested in the intact nature of Iran.
Hossein Hataminejad; Mohammad Akbarpoor Sareskanrud
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 25-30
Abstract
Pragmatism is an American-originated movement that has profoundly influenced the rational life in the United States and has had increasing influence in the United Kingdom. The philosophical analysis of its origin was carried out in England and Vienna.it was initially addressed in Britain and, recently, ...
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Pragmatism is an American-originated movement that has profoundly influenced the rational life in the United States and has had increasing influence in the United Kingdom. The philosophical analysis of its origin was carried out in England and Vienna.it was initially addressed in Britain and, recently, in the United States it has been a subject of speculations and debates. Pragmatism is especially a method for solving or evaluating rational issues, as well as a theory about the types of identifications we have the possibility to learn and gain. This school, called pragmatism, or the actuality of action, considers a case as a fact that has a practical advantage, and in other words the truth is the meaning created by the mind, by which it struggles to obtain better and more practical results. To find This is a point that has not been explicitly mentioned in any other philosophical school, as its root can be found in Hume's words, where he calls the wisdom the servant of human desires and confines the value of knowledge to its practical aspect. Pragmatist geography is in search of a modification of the human environment through the use of geographic techniques and methods. Therefore, the value of geography is judged to be real only when it has practical aspect.
Fatemeh Razi'ee
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 25-29
Abstract
The time it takes for the Earth to travel around the sun, or its “orbital period”, is 365 days. The period of one rotation around its own axis is 23.93 hours, its largest distance from the sun 152 × 106 km and the smallest distance from the sun 147 × 106 km. Its diameter is 12,742 ...
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The time it takes for the Earth to travel around the sun, or its “orbital period”, is 365 days. The period of one rotation around its own axis is 23.93 hours, its largest distance from the sun 152 × 106 km and the smallest distance from the sun 147 × 106 km. Its diameter is 12,742 km, its mass 5.97 × 1024 kg and its density 5.5 × 103 kg / m3. The time of the orbital movement of the moon, or the time of its orbital period, is around 27.32 days. The radius of its orbit is 384 × 103 km, its diameter 3476 km, its mass 7.34 × 1022 kg, with a density of 3.3 × 103 kg / m3. The most interesting thing about the Earth is that it has been identified as the only place for intelligent life in the universe. Even without such a strange feature, the Earth still could have been magic (magic for those who might ask questions about it), but let's mention more facts about it.
Abbas Khosravi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 26-31
Abstract
Since the avalanche hazard map is a very time-consuming task, our goal is to improve the development of risk mapping models in vast remote areas. This model is based on satellite imagery and digital elevation model at two points of the Swiss Alps. To simulate avalanche hazards, the model (DEM) is programmed ...
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Since the avalanche hazard map is a very time-consuming task, our goal is to improve the development of risk mapping models in vast remote areas. This model is based on satellite imagery and digital elevation model at two points of the Swiss Alps. To simulate avalanche hazards, the model (DEM) is programmed in a computer that includes the determination of avalanche coordinates and parameters in the forest environment. Forests and pastures were classified according to thematic maps (TM) data. So far only a single forest classification has been made. While separating forests, bushes, and areas near the separating lane (the hypothetical line near which no tree grows) creates problems. The classification of small water springs, and the effect of avalanches within the forest was successful. The comparison of Bahman land and land use maps shows that 85 percent of risk and risk areas are correctly categorized. But for scientific applications, the separation of the red and blue lines was not satisfactory, and more needs to be done for operational applications that need to be addressed. The overall policy is very promising and should be led toward our goals, which is to provide more reliable risk maps with better and newer gateways to mutual conversion of snow and forest.
Majid Danesh; Hosseinali Bahrami; Seyyed Kazem Alavipanah; Aliakbar Nowruzi
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 26-34
Abstract
Soil texture and lime can be considered as amongst the most important soil characteristics, which are considered in many agricultural and environmental projects. Today, with the scientific progress and the advent of remote sensing technology, the possibility of exploiting this technology in soil science ...
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Soil texture and lime can be considered as amongst the most important soil characteristics, which are considered in many agricultural and environmental projects. Today, with the scientific progress and the advent of remote sensing technology, the possibility of exploiting this technology in soil science has also been provided. In this study, for the analysis of soil texture and lime in the Pol Dokhtar area, the four-spectral data for September 7, 2007 prepared by IRS-P6 satellite with LISS III sensors were used. Geometric corrections and processes including UNC, SLED, NDVI, PCA, were performed on the main image. Finally, using randomized sampling method and based on PMU, FCC image of the region, 95 points were selected and samples were taken from two depths of 0-5 and 20-5 cm. Finally, using multiple regression, it was found that the lime and clay of samples at the first depth had a significant relationship with the near infrared band with modified R2 =0.73, and in the green band it was 0.72, and also at the second depth, with a red band of 0.54 and a green band of 0.48, of which all relationships were statistically significant at 1% statistical level. Consequently it was found that clay and lime have a significant effect on the spectral reflection from the soil surface in the region, and it is possible to study them in the region using satellite data and auxiliary data (incidental information).
Ali Baratian
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 26-28
Abstract
Throughout history and throughout the centuries, humans and other living organisms have adapted to the climate and environmental conditions of their residence. However, existing estimates indicate that the consequences of climate change and its effects on the environment are noteworthy. Atmosphere pollutants, ...
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Throughout history and throughout the centuries, humans and other living organisms have adapted to the climate and environmental conditions of their residence. However, existing estimates indicate that the consequences of climate change and its effects on the environment are noteworthy. Atmosphere pollutants, acid rain, etc., affect the habitats of the planet, and sometimes leads to the extinction of biological species. The decrease in the ozone layer and increase in the Ultra Violet rays play effective roles in damage to plants and animals and the development of diseases. In addition to all of these, the factors created by natural disasters caused by atmospheres, such as cyclones of tropical regions, droughts, colds, floods, abnormal monsoons and severe El Ninos also affect the biosphere. Climate change occurs in various forms in natural systems: changes in wet and dry areas, hot and cold areas, increase and acceleration of climatic cycles (monsoons, El Niño, droughts, etc.)…, and this changes in turn lead to changes in the biological cycle, which, although not all of these changes are in a negative direction (such as increasing the plant's yield versus increasing the CO2 content of the atmosphere), it nevertheless disturbs the equilibrium in the ecosystems, which cause chaos in it, such as uncontrolled precipitation that increases weeds that dominate the ecosystem and destroy other species.
Bahram Azad Bakht
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 26-27
Abstract
In this article, the effective factor in the process of infrastructural development of roads and the road design using information that is in fact related to the earth's features, which are themselves affected by human’s contact with nature, are studied. Furthermore, the causes of the creation ...
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In this article, the effective factor in the process of infrastructural development of roads and the road design using information that is in fact related to the earth's features, which are themselves affected by human’s contact with nature, are studied. Furthermore, the causes of the creation of land features and raised parts of the land (Geomorphologic), which are also of important applications are considered. Therefore, the primitive and physical form of the land helps design environmental maps, so that with methods such as the use of remote sensing data and the GIS technique the risk of natural hazards on the highways and the cost of road construction in these plans is reduced. This situation was surveyed in West Bengal, India. Another important example of this (applied geomorphology) was Italy, which was implemented with the above designs and structural and infrastructural works on highways.
Seyyedeh Ameneh Sajjadi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 26-28
Abstract
With the increase in industrial activities and the following climate responses, the development of marine oil fields, wars and the change of regional policies, especially the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the American invasion of Iraq, significant amounts of chemical, hydrocarbon and radioactive substances ...
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With the increase in industrial activities and the following climate responses, the development of marine oil fields, wars and the change of regional policies, especially the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the American invasion of Iraq, significant amounts of chemical, hydrocarbon and radioactive substances have entered the seas and the hydrological cycle and have created irreparable damage to the life cycle. In this paper, we carry out a brief overview of each of the cases.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 1993, , Pages 27-27
Abstract
The Geographic Information System (GIS) includes a set of spatial and non-spatial data that is presented based on specific analyses. In designing the mutual communication of such systems with the user, it is necessary to observe various principles in the use of maps, tables and verbal logs. Due to the ...
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The Geographic Information System (GIS) includes a set of spatial and non-spatial data that is presented based on specific analyses. In designing the mutual communication of such systems with the user, it is necessary to observe various principles in the use of maps, tables and verbal logs. Due to the different characteristics of spatial and non-spatial data, demanding a certain task from system requires use of words and tool of reference. This necessitates access to a visual-verbal system of communication to select various subjects on the map.
Hamidreza Varesi
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 28-37
Abstract
The tourism industry is a phenomenon that has been considered by human societies from distant past and has continued its march in time according to different economic, social, historical and other needs. This phenomenon, which has been dramatically developed since the Industrial Revolution, especially ...
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The tourism industry is a phenomenon that has been considered by human societies from distant past and has continued its march in time according to different economic, social, historical and other needs. This phenomenon, which has been dramatically developed since the Industrial Revolution, especially during the recent centuries, has been a source of important knowledge and technology in international relations and socio-economic development of countries. The tourism industry, which is essentially based on travel, contains comprehensive goals about globe-trotting, pilgrimage, etc. Therefore, its field of activity is greater than other economic activities and its investment costs is much lower than other economic activities, because many ancient discoveries, historical monuments and natural landscapes can, by little investment and proper observance of standards of the tourism industry, turn into valuable tourist attractions. Tourism has two forms: internal (Iran-touring) and international (glob-trotting). Iran-touring is a branch of tourism that is often a synonym for spending leisure time. The economic, social and cultural benefits of this branch of tourism can help employment situation, fair distribution of income, increase in the speed of the flow of money, familiarity and understanding among the peoples living in different parts of the country and consolidation of national unity.
Globe-trotting can also be a profitable activity concerning matters such as earning foreign currency, introducing domestic products to world markets and thus increasing production and expansion of exports. But in general, tourism is on the one hand a means of activity in production, distribution and creation of various services, and on the other hand a platform for understanding and friendship among nations. Today in many countries the tourism industry is an institution of cultural identity and one of the key sources of earning foreign currency. Iran, enjoying a variety of important tourist attractions, can also play a very important role both in terms of economic resources and in introducing itself as an independent culture in today's world. In addition to its unique natural landscapes, the land of Iran has important and valuable historical and religious monuments, both pre-Islamic and post-Islamic, many of which are unique in the world. In order to develop and expand tourism and help economic growth and development, increase national income, earn foreign exchange, raise the level of employment, help and develop Iran-touring in order to provide better facilities on the one hand, and o better and better understand the rich civilization and culture of Iran and Islam overseas on the other, the development and expansion of tourism and Iran tourism is inevitable, and inactivity in this regard will cause huge economic and non-economic damages.
