Zahra Hejazi Zadeh; Saeed Negahban
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 47-49
Abstract
In this research, we tried to identify the relationship between population areas of Fars province and climatic conditions of different regions of the province. Therefore, at first, different air masses affecting the climate of the province were identified. These masses include the northern, western, ...
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In this research, we tried to identify the relationship between population areas of Fars province and climatic conditions of different regions of the province. Therefore, at first, different air masses affecting the climate of the province were identified. These masses include the northern, western, southern (masses) and local winds. Then, after identifying the type of climate in different regions and analyzing the population dispersion statistics, the relationship between population dispersion and climate conditions was identified. Finally, it was determined that the central regions of Fars province had greater population densities than other areas of the province due to suitable climatic conditions (rainfall, temperature, etc.).
Bahram Azadbakht
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 47-48
Abstract
The district of Bijar is located in Central Iran. This area is located on the urumiyyeh-dokhtar volcanic strip along the northwest-southeast direction. For a brief survey of the geological situation, the district of Bijar is subdivided as follows.
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The district of Bijar is located in Central Iran. This area is located on the urumiyyeh-dokhtar volcanic strip along the northwest-southeast direction. For a brief survey of the geological situation, the district of Bijar is subdivided as follows.
Ahmad Ali Naderi
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 47-55
Abstract
A look at the history of architecture in the world shows that building designers have been consistently making efforts to respond to climatic conditions and its impacts on residential environments. Consideration of climatic conditions is the only reliable guarantee to increase the useful life-span of ...
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A look at the history of architecture in the world shows that building designers have been consistently making efforts to respond to climatic conditions and its impacts on residential environments. Consideration of climatic conditions is the only reliable guarantee to increase the useful life-span of the building, improve the quality of comfort and hygienic facilities and indoor spaces, as well as to save energy in order to adjust and control the comfort conditions.Geographical position and topographic conditions of Iran have shaped different climates over this land. As a result, our ancestors used suitable forms and methods to adapt to climatic conditions and create suitable indoor spaces, and, gradually and in the light of experience and knowledge, they learned the use of environmental potentials in the best way, so the traditional buildings around the country show this amazing harmony and consistency.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 47-50
Abstract
The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network ...
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The modern meteorological studies began with the invention of hygrometer and anemometer by Da Vinci in 1500, and reached a more complete form by invention of thermometer in 1593 by Galileo. Raining in Italy in the year 1639 was measured by Castelli’s rain gauge. In 1653, Ferdinand formed a network of observation stations. The longest climatological observations began since 1664 in Paris (Linker, 1992). Climatological observations continued to make progress along with technological advancement. Today, international meteorological networks cover all around the world; climatic elements are observed several times a day and transmitted to national and international meteorological organizations and analyzed there, and relevant statistics and maps are published every year.
Frozen precipitation, especially snow, has received less attention in our country, and comprehensive works on this phenomenon are infrequent. Difficulties of the task and study in mountainous areas which are the main extent for frozen precipitation have constrained research activities in this regard.Snow is one of the important factors in environment and, as a type of precipitation, is a suitable reserve for storing water over long periods (Suruk, 1993). Slow hydrological reaction, avalanche, special micro-climate, intense reflection of solar energy and other factors have made snow as one of the most important and interesting climatic phenomena.
Hamid Ma'soumi (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 48-50
Abstract
The evaluation of the geometric function of a large-scale digital camera (ULTRACAMD) is the main subject of this paper.The concepts of geometric calibration by bundle adjustment method have been described.The additional parameters based on the specific design of the camera are determined and defined, ...
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The evaluation of the geometric function of a large-scale digital camera (ULTRACAMD) is the main subject of this paper.The concepts of geometric calibration by bundle adjustment method have been described.The additional parameters based on the specific design of the camera are determined and defined, and the BINGO group modification software has been upgraded to manage these parameters.The entire calibration process will consist of four steps.In the first step, a set of images is taken from fully-clear targets such that additional observations (with high degree of freedom) are possible. The second step is to measure the coordinates of the image. Automation and accuracy are achieved by image processing techniques utilizing a special form of fully-clear targets.The third step involves processing the semi-automatic adjustment, and the unknown parameters (focal length, principal point coordinates, distortion parameters and additional parameters) are estimated. In the fourth step, we will identify the linear and non-linear parameters. Linear parameters are used to reduce the linear effects of distortion in the camera. This will be achieved by linear transmission of measured coordinates, so that only nonlinear small effects will remain. The remaining effects are then described in a table (Look Up table). The results of a series of full calibration operations, modified parameters and the effects of these parameters were presented. Finally calibration has been confirmed and implemented.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 48-52
Abstract
Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that ...
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Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through analysis of data gained by tools that are not in physical contact with the case studied. In many ways, remote sensing can be considered as a “reading” process. Using different sensors, data that can be analyzed with the aim of obtaining information about phenomena studied is collected remotely. Such data might be in different forms, including changes in distribution of forces, propagation of sound waves or electromagnetic energy. Finally, these data are processed for users who need to use them for their decision-making systems. In this paper, the basic rules of this field are studied under the title “remote sensing processing”. The discussion begins with bases of electromagnetic energy, and then the collision of energy with the earth’s atmosphere and surface features are examined. In addition, the role of reference data in analysis methods is evaluated. These bases will help us identify an ideal system of remote sensing. The limitations of remote sensing systems can be studied based on this framework. GIS bases will be discussed briefly as well. Eventually, it is hoped that reader of this paper will gain a general understanding about principles, concepts and applications of remote sensing and the close connection between this technology and GIS.
Hushang Sane'ei
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 48-53
Abstract
In the year 1477, in the city of Bologna (Italy), for the first time, a Geographic Atlas, consisting of twenty-seven maps prepared by Claudius Ptolemy was published. With the information available, it seems that this atlas has been the oldest publication of its kind. Ptolemy, a scientist and astronomer ...
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In the year 1477, in the city of Bologna (Italy), for the first time, a Geographic Atlas, consisting of twenty-seven maps prepared by Claudius Ptolemy was published. With the information available, it seems that this atlas has been the oldest publication of its kind. Ptolemy, a scientist and astronomer from Alexandria, edited and completed a handwritten Greek book (Geographia, 120 A.D.) describing preparation of geographic maps with comprehensive annotation. This was the way in which the science of preparation of maps started a revival and became a necessary science. Immediately, major printing companies began to produce numerous copies of it not only in Italy, but this time in Germany. These maps were practically limited to Europe-Asia-the Mediterranean Sea and North Africa (the known world at that time). Until the mid-sixteenth century A.D. the content and documents of Ptolemy’s geographic book remained unchallenged, with the difference that Sebastien Munster for the first time printed this Atlas as one integrated volume instead of separate maps, and wood artists and woodcutters also came to his aid, and by decorating and illustrating its texts and margins, they presented a unique and extremely elegant, beautiful Atlas.
Mohammad Purkamaal
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 48-49
Abstract
The first fully-covering map of Turkey in 1:200000 scale was prepared in 124 leaves in 1925. The map series, although tailored to meet the urgent needs of the time in terms of design and study, had nevertheless defense and military concerns of that time as their prevailing point in the process of preparation. ...
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The first fully-covering map of Turkey in 1:200000 scale was prepared in 124 leaves in 1925. The map series, although tailored to meet the urgent needs of the time in terms of design and study, had nevertheless defense and military concerns of that time as their prevailing point in the process of preparation. This series of maps was gradually abandoned with the start of the 1:25000 project, and compilations of small scales of 1:800000, 1:500000, 1:250000, 1:200000 and 1:100000 were derived using the new 1:25000 series from all over Turkey.
Maryam Ahmadpour (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 49-53
Abstract
Our present knowledge regarding artificial increase of precipitation has a definition as follows: application of appropriate fertility materials at the right time and place that makes changes in clouds, so that clouds behave in a different and predictable way and satisfying results are achieved. The ...
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Our present knowledge regarding artificial increase of precipitation has a definition as follows: application of appropriate fertility materials at the right time and place that makes changes in clouds, so that clouds behave in a different and predictable way and satisfying results are achieved. The technology of cloud fertilization is developed with the aim of providing the means and facilities for achieving this kind of interference in cloud processes and thus uses scientific considerations in its implementation. According to our knowledge, nature produces rain in very diverse cloud conditions through two different major processes, and if we seek useful results, the technology mentioned above should be applied with the exact knowledge of real and natural processes. On the other hand, the current state of the physics of clouds is such that at best it can provide guidelines, rather than detailed instructions, for implementation of technology in accordance with different cloud conditions.
Compared to some of the existing approaches to cloud modification, which require "engineering", this scientific effort is the main branch of ongoing research activities. It is better to admit that the principles of technology discussed in the following have relatively limited scientific bases, and their implementation is only carried out in the light of a clear understanding of the ambiguities that still need to be explained. Cloud fertilization technology includes two important components:1- Application of suitable fertility strategies.2- Fertilizing materials’ production technology.
Parviz Rad
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 49-56
Abstract
In a systematic and comprehensive approach, the two categories of village and city should not only be analyzed as a whole (integrally), but the development of either one depends on the development of the other. As long as rural management system is not aligned with urban management system, and until ...
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In a systematic and comprehensive approach, the two categories of village and city should not only be analyzed as a whole (integrally), but the development of either one depends on the development of the other. As long as rural management system is not aligned with urban management system, and until the necessary social, economic and physical preconditions are not prepared by coherent rural management at the rural settlement level, it will be only too optimistic if we suppose that by converting village into city the broad rural problems will be solved. The present paper seeks to provide with a basic introduction of the effects of the transformation of village into a based on the 1986-1996 census of the Iranian settlement system in order to introduce optimum conditions and criteria for a relative success of this policy at the national level.
Mohammad Sharifi (Translator); Mohsen Hadi (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 50-53
Abstract
The mid-Holocene coasts have radical differences with the early and late Holocene coasts both in terms of process and form. To understand this difference, this paper has compiled the calculations in recent studies of sea level changes and coastal evolution between 7800 to 4400 years ago. (Approximately ...
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The mid-Holocene coasts have radical differences with the early and late Holocene coasts both in terms of process and form. To understand this difference, this paper has compiled the calculations in recent studies of sea level changes and coastal evolution between 7800 to 4400 years ago. (Approximately 7000-4000 years ago, measured by carbon 14). The average sea water level during this period has basically changed by increase in water drainage due to the melting of ice planes at the northern hemisphere, while the role of Antarctica in this change is insignificant. This paper deals with the eustatic changes in the mid-Holocene, namely, the study of age-height and then patterns of coastal development.
Ali Movahhed (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 50-52
Abstract
In Japan, where the earthquake occurs frequently, natural disasters are important in urban planning. However, it is clear that the cities of Japan, with the exception of a few, have not been designed without providing any clear picture of urban safety definition based on previous studies on natural hazards. ...
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In Japan, where the earthquake occurs frequently, natural disasters are important in urban planning. However, it is clear that the cities of Japan, with the exception of a few, have not been designed without providing any clear picture of urban safety definition based on previous studies on natural hazards. For the Japanese people who are plagued by many earthquakes throughout history, it is necessary to provide an image of the future of the city's form in terms of urban safety. On the other hand, recent computer technology has been able to improve the real-time control system after the Northridge earthquake in 1994 and that of Kobe in 1995. In this paper, a method of analyzing and designing a city based on urban safety perspective is emphasized. This method is called the MUSE, based on the Lynch’s 1961 theory of urban appearance, and some of the city's physical elements are defined as part of an organic system. Using the 3D Arc / View analysis, we can easily simulate the city in a visual fashion, and this is the action that took a long way to go through by the previous models. The authors have created vulnerable functions. (Moreau and Yamazaki, 1999) and proposed a method for assessing the risk of building collapse. (Moreau and Yamazaki, 2000). The use of these methods of urban safety assessments with MUSE is useful for risk assessment system. However, combination of MUSE with recent technology will be realized in the future.
Mahdi Nurbakhsh
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 50-52
Abstract
In a simple definition, the runoff coefficient is the percentage of the water falling through precipitation that flows over the surface. This coefficient depends in each basin on the level of interception, infiltration and evapotranspiration. Runoff is a result of the difference between the rate of precipitation ...
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In a simple definition, the runoff coefficient is the percentage of the water falling through precipitation that flows over the surface. This coefficient depends in each basin on the level of interception, infiltration and evapotranspiration. Runoff is a result of the difference between the rate of precipitation and infiltration, so that whenever precipitation overtakes infiltration there will be runoff. The detention coefficient refers to that part of precipitation which turns into infiltration, impoundment storage of interception and evapotranspiration. The amounts of runoff and detention are both parts of total precipitation and have contrary trends.There are several methods for calculating the runoff and detention coefficients which depend on type of soil, land’s terrain and slope, vegetation and intensity of precipitation. Unfortunately, in many parts of Iran such studies are nonexistent or seriously incomplete. In this paper, it has been tried to present a method for calculation of detention and runoff coefficients which does not need such information while still providing acceptable precision. In this method by calculating hydrological reduction values, that part of precipitation which is not turned into runoff is determined; in other words, the amount of water which is initially kept and later disappears through evaporation or infiltration is calculated. In this way, the detention and runoff coefficients are obtained.
Mansur Badrifar
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 50-58
Abstract
In geographic studies, attention to the geographical position of each place, which determines its status in relation to other important centers in different political, economic, military, and cultural dimensions, as well as its mathematical position on the surface of the earth, are of special importance. ...
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In geographic studies, attention to the geographical position of each place, which determines its status in relation to other important centers in different political, economic, military, and cultural dimensions, as well as its mathematical position on the surface of the earth, are of special importance. The mathematical position of any place on the earth's surface is constant and does not change over the course of history, but geographic position, which is the relationship of each place with political-economic and military centers and areas, might change over time in terms of its value and importance on the earth. For example, before the American continent was discovered, and in particular, until a strong economic relationship was not yet established between the newly discovered land and the Continent of Europe, the British Islands in the northwest of Europe were remote lands that held their relationship with the important European business centers in the Mediterranean with difficulty, while after discovering America and its economic progress and establishment of its relationship with rest of the world, the world's commercial centers were transformed in terms of value and credibility, and the British Islands which were on the way of new commercial routes gained special importance.
Atiyyeh Sadat Saberi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 51-54
Abstract
The tectonic activities that have led to the creation of closed lakes in Iran, the important fact that Iran is located at subtropical high pressure region, the country’s distance from the sea and its being enclosed by heights are the reasons that caused the abundance of deserts in Iran. The question ...
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The tectonic activities that have led to the creation of closed lakes in Iran, the important fact that Iran is located at subtropical high pressure region, the country’s distance from the sea and its being enclosed by heights are the reasons that caused the abundance of deserts in Iran. The question here is that how can we use this geographical position in the development of tourism industry in Iran? Simultaneous planning for utilization of original geographical environment, Iran's deserts and its closed lakes, camel trips, visiting historic regions and tribes settled in these areas (such as the nomads), buying souvenirs and ... can all be remarkable in this regard.
Hassan Beik Mohammadi
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 51-54
Abstract
The Caspian Sea, as the largest lake on the earth, has created many marine and environmental benefits for its surrounding countries, one of which is the existence of favorable environmental conditions and beautiful natural and tourist landscapes on its southern coast, so that Golestan, Mazandaran, and ...
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The Caspian Sea, as the largest lake on the earth, has created many marine and environmental benefits for its surrounding countries, one of which is the existence of favorable environmental conditions and beautiful natural and tourist landscapes on its southern coast, so that Golestan, Mazandaran, and especially Gilan in the north of the country of Iran, forming coasts around 700 km, with many natural tourist attractions such as lush lands, sky-high mountains and forest-covered slopes, Miankaleh wetland, Anzali Lagoon, Noor Parks, Sisangan and Golestan and wildlife habitats, as well as sandy beaches and beautiful and fascinating scenery is one of the largest tourism centers in Iran.The area also has many other tourist attractions, including historical, cultural, social, therapeutic and recreational, and is on the whole very important in terms of recreational tourism and domestic and foreign ecotourism and absorbtion of enthusiasts of the nature and the sea. It is worth knowing that the main source of all these natural and tourist attractions and even the historical record of habitation and civilization on this land is the existence of the Caspian Sea and its numerous environmental, ecological, climatic and economic effects.
These coasts are among the most favorable regions of Iran for the development of the tourism industry, and in particular summer tourism, annually attracting more than twenty-five million tourists, due to natural and special weather conditions in the summer including pleasant summer temperatures, sunny days, sea water temperature, relative humidity, forest cover and beautiful natural scenery, as well as ease of access to Tehran and other populated regions of Iran, enjoyment of facilities, services and recreational establishments and infrastructures. In this paper, prepared in descriptive and analytical research method, while introducing the natural attractions of tourism of the northern shores, the value and importance of the Caspian Sea in creation of these attractions is shown and, finally, solutions are presented for preservation of these attractiveness and optimal use of them in terms of sustainable development of tourism industry in the region.
Morteza Ashnedar (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 51-52
Abstract
"What if" is an interactive system based on maps. The system uses GIS information that has been previously prepared, or is being prepared, to provide the ground for ease and acceleration of the most important, time-consuming and difficult aspects of land-use planning.This system is a complete program ...
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"What if" is an interactive system based on maps. The system uses GIS information that has been previously prepared, or is being prepared, to provide the ground for ease and acceleration of the most important, time-consuming and difficult aspects of land-use planning.This system is a complete program package that reduces planning tasks that would require weeks or even months to complete in the past, but can now be carried out by this system quickly and easily. This system is easy to use for political applications and GIS information, and provides outputs in the form of reports and maps easily understood by the user.
Lohrasb Ja'fari Bibalan (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 51-55
Abstract
Technological advancements in recent years, along with utilization of information process and presentation systems, have led different sciences to make great process through effective use of these factors.
The paper presented here is an example of utilization of laser technology and computer systems ...
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Technological advancements in recent years, along with utilization of information process and presentation systems, have led different sciences to make great process through effective use of these factors.
The paper presented here is an example of utilization of laser technology and computer systems in geographic information research and cartographic maps. The experimental method studied in this paper is the combination of regular laser-based photogrammetric system of measuring points’ elevation with GPS. The reason for using this system is that there already exist large-scale maps of lands in many European countries (in some of these countries even maps of 1: 500 scale are available).
Therefore, there is no need for new surveying in the real sense in these areas. The only necessity is updating maps.
This issue is of great importance in Netherlands, considering its special topographic conditions which are always changing. However, utilization of ordinary surveying methods is time-consuming and costly, while application of Laser Sweep Method (studied in this paper), when combined with GPS, can lead to provision of planimetric and elevation information of points in the studied area.
This paper examines the works in this regard, with the hope that it will be useful for those interested in related fields.
Mostafa Salari
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 52-57
Hakimeh Ghanbari; Mohsen Ahadnejad
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 52-57
Abstract
Geographic information systems (GIS), with the management of transport information sources and the establishment of interconnection with them, facilitate access to traffic and service information. In fact, the goal of creating a GIS for the transportation system is to create a database linking transportation ...
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Geographic information systems (GIS), with the management of transport information sources and the establishment of interconnection with them, facilitate access to traffic and service information. In fact, the goal of creating a GIS for the transportation system is to create a database linking transportation information and GIS. In this paper, we aimed to explain and clarify the practical applications of GIS software in the field of transportation using descriptive-analytical method, and to analyze the locating process of vital facilities and equipment as well as some important uses in East Azarbaijan province relative to the route factor. In this research, the Network Analysis model has been considered as one of the most suitable methods for determining the shortest route for access to facilities or users, and has been implemented in the GIS software to provide access to the use of public parking lots in Tabriz city. The results indicate that GIS is one of the very suitable tools in optimal transportation planning and that Network Analysis model can be employed to determine the shortest and best route in terms of service and availability in transportation planning.
Taghi Tavusi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 52-64
Abstract
In the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, four public spaces of the city, which offer varied patterns and micro-climates, have been studied in order to assess the effect of micro-climates and air conditions on people in the city's public environments. The research methodology is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, ...
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In the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, four public spaces of the city, which offer varied patterns and micro-climates, have been studied in order to assess the effect of micro-climates and air conditions on people in the city's public environments. The research methodology is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, and includes scholars from three disciplines of architecture, meteorology, and psychology. These projects, which are based on a common case study during the four seasons, include the measurement of atmospheric variables, interviews and observations of human activities in each location. The multivariable regression analysis of atmospheric and behavioral phenomena shows that air temperature, wind speed and sunshine (cloudy) index have a significant effect on people's assessment of the air, their perception of location and their presence on the site. The results of the research confirm the application of climate in planning in future urban design and planning projects, which can be designed like the physical structure of a site, because it affects the microclimate of each specific location and, as a result, the motivations of people's presence at the place, their perception and feelings.
Mas'oud Taghvaei; Elham Amirhajlou
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 52-59
Abstract
It has been proved today that efficient urban management is not practical without utilizing up-to-date information on land uses and trends of their changes, the type and extent of activities, physical growth of the city, and so on. Hence a need for various information equipment in this regard has been ...
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It has been proved today that efficient urban management is not practical without utilizing up-to-date information on land uses and trends of their changes, the type and extent of activities, physical growth of the city, and so on. Hence a need for various information equipment in this regard has been developed, and the amount of up-to-date information has increased in organizations associated with urban affairs. The Global Positioning System (GPS), as one of the most important and reliable positioning technologies and the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a reference system of reception and optimal management of positional information, plays an important role in position-based analyses. The combination of these two systems provides new and comprehensive capabilities in position-based management.
Mohammad Mireh; Ahmad Pourahmad
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 52-59
Abstract
This paper discusses the qualitative approach in the study of intra-urban travel, and by criticizing the geography of traditional quantitative transportation along with the identification of the need for alternative approaches and attitudes, provides a new understanding of the experiences of daily intra-urban ...
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This paper discusses the qualitative approach in the study of intra-urban travel, and by criticizing the geography of traditional quantitative transportation along with the identification of the need for alternative approaches and attitudes, provides a new understanding of the experiences of daily intra-urban travel. The paper also describes an approach that seeks to discover and retell the temporal-spatial limitations experienced mentally in intra-urban travels through a practical-theoretical dialectical methodology, in order to help the understanding of how travelling habits of people in various structural environments are created and practiced.
Farideh Asadian
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 52-56
Abstract
Shahrestanak, with an area of about 135.15 km2 is amongst the sub-basins of Karaj basin, located at the southern part of the central Alborz, 55 km northeast of Karaj city. Hydrological and geomorphologic studies and identification of potentials in the region can make the desirable and rational exploitation ...
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Shahrestanak, with an area of about 135.15 km2 is amongst the sub-basins of Karaj basin, located at the southern part of the central Alborz, 55 km northeast of Karaj city. Hydrological and geomorphologic studies and identification of potentials in the region can make the desirable and rational exploitation of natural potentials in developmental plans possible.Since the beginning of the year 1993, the region was examined several times, and after initial acquaintances, specialist and local surveys in terms of physiography, geology, soil science, land potentials (mountainous land types), meteorology, hydrology, erosion, sedimentation and vegetation were carried out, as well as a brief overview of Chalous – Tehran Highway and the watershed management operations of the past and its outcomes. Proposals were raised for construction of “Bandarsars”, Fountain-Water storage in soil and traditional Reservoirs, plan of drinking water transfer from Shahrestanak to Tehran, protection and sanitation of springs, creation of recreational bases (with regard to construction of the Tehran - Chalous highway), and modification and change of the roads’ course because of the slip and break and the consequent dangers along the roads. There are views on how to prioritize the implementation of projects that vary according to the conditions and obstacles in the area, financial resources and administrative possibilities and constraints. Plans that are more comprehensive and more inclusive in terms of providing and increasing security and revenue are of greater priority. The inclusive quality of plans is suggested considering people’s participation in terms of building, maintaining and exploitation of the benefits of plans.
I.D. Wijayrante
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 52-55
Abstract
So far, the least squares adjustment principles have been described in detail in textbooks and in papers in numerous journals. This function (title of the paper) is related to the common least squares adjustment, in which a set of observations are simultaneously processed and a certain estimation of ...
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So far, the least squares adjustment principles have been described in detail in textbooks and in papers in numerous journals. This function (title of the paper) is related to the common least squares adjustment, in which a set of observations are simultaneously processed and a certain estimation of the unknown parameters is obtained (assuming that all necessary observations have been collected and are free from mistakes).
This is the case is in most adjustments. However, sometimes we may not be able to provide all observations at one time, or we might want to carry out adjustment by only a small set of observations and then, if necessary, remove or add observations in order to best estimate the unknown parameters. If we repeat whole the adjustment every time we replace observations, we waste time and energy. The effect of adding or removing observations can be determined by step-by-step method of adjustment. This operation can also greatly reduce the amount of computer memory needed to simultaneously process all the observations.
