Mahdi Modiri
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 1997, , Pages 20-28
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact.
In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted.
There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement.
The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Hamid Enayati
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 20-23
Abstract
Today, with the advancement of computer technology, many of the related organizations have changed the analog photogrammetric systems to Analytical system or digital analogue system in order to achieve digital maps. With the help of computers and electronic connections, it is possible to transform an ...
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Today, with the advancement of computer technology, many of the related organizations have changed the analog photogrammetric systems to Analytical system or digital analogue system in order to achieve digital maps. With the help of computers and electronic connections, it is possible to transform an analog photogrammetric system into a semi-analytic (digital) and analytical system.
The technology of transforming an analog system into a digital analog system is not very complicated; in other words, it does not require major changes in the photogrammetric device, and merely by installing a series of encoder on the machine, it is possible to convert the mechanical motion (z, y and x) of the measurement system to electronic pulses. These pulses can be digitized by a connector (connector board between the photogrammetric system and the computer).
It is possible through a brief examination to convert linear movement to a set of digits by using a suitable computer and installing connecting board inside it, and by employing an appropriate software that is compatible with the mentioned board. However, in the case of an analytical system, it is necessary to remove certain mechanical parts of the device. In this case, the connection between the device and the computer is bilateral, so it is necessary to use a series of engines in the circuit of the device, so that the visual radii (spatial rods) be converted from mechanical state with physical function to analytical picture radii. One of the devices that has been transformed into analytical systems is B8.
Alireza Azmudeh Ardalaan
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 20-29
Abstract
Today, all surveyors know that it is not possible to measure a length or angle without error. To establish mathematical relations governing observations, it is necessary to perform adjustment. One of the available methods for distributing errors is the least squares method. Unfortunately, many colleagues ...
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Today, all surveyors know that it is not possible to measure a length or angle without error. To establish mathematical relations governing observations, it is necessary to perform adjustment. One of the available methods for distributing errors is the least squares method. Unfortunately, many colleagues are not aware of the finer points of the theory of least squares. In this paper, we will examine the least squares theory and its method of application step-by-step.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 1990, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
Landsat satellites have been providing information on land resources since 1972. Many users, in the public and private sectors, use these satellites’ information to solve their various problems concerning natural resource management. Agricultural, forestry and geological applications are only part ...
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Landsat satellites have been providing information on land resources since 1972. Many users, in the public and private sectors, use these satellites’ information to solve their various problems concerning natural resource management. Agricultural, forestry and geological applications are only part of Landsat's fields of application.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 21-26
Abstract
The restriction of the sources and documents related to the sphere of space in the country necessitates clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental and important issues concerning the space technology and space ...
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The restriction of the sources and documents related to the sphere of space in the country necessitates clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental and important issues concerning the space technology and space activities of the country, examine the specialixed areas in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.
Reza Esma'eili (Translator)
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 21-28
Abstract
The trajectories are presented that suggest the sequence of incidents involving in the formation of Loess deposits, which include both the hypothetical deposits and the deposits of central China, Hungary, Nigeria and Tunisia. These trajectories describe the potential role and interrelationship between ...
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The trajectories are presented that suggest the sequence of incidents involving in the formation of Loess deposits, which include both the hypothetical deposits and the deposits of central China, Hungary, Nigeria and Tunisia. These trajectories describe the potential role and interrelationship between different types of silt production mechanisms in the formation of Loess. In application of these trajectories the desert Loess is a point of interest, and the result depends on how the terms "glacial Loess" and "desert Loess" are used. If the desert Loess is to be interpreted as silt production mechanisms, or to determine the environment in which the “wind-blown” has occurred, then the Loess desert is fully real and widely scattered. But if the term glacial Loess is used to attribute silt production to the global climate regime under which the Loess deposits are formed, instead of the responsible geomorphic mechanisms, the desert Loess can not be a suitable term for classification of Loess deposits. It is suggested that the classification of Loess deposits be carried out according to the global climate regime under which the Loess are accumulated, as it will make it easier to understand the environmental conditions at all stages of the formation of Loess deposits.
Hassan Lashkari; Reza Davari
Volume 13, Issue 49 , May 2004, , Pages 21-25
Abstract
The province of West Azerbaijan, due to its geographical location, topographic conditions and governing atmospheric systems, experiences from cold to semi-cold weather over the main part of the year. Consequently, during five to eight months of the year, cold-to-cool bioclimatic conditions prevail in ...
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The province of West Azerbaijan, due to its geographical location, topographic conditions and governing atmospheric systems, experiences from cold to semi-cold weather over the main part of the year. Consequently, during five to eight months of the year, cold-to-cool bioclimatic conditions prevail in the province.Owing to these conditions, the main priority in the overall design of buildings is that of receiving the maximum radiation energy in residential areas, especially in the cold season. Considering the prevalence of cold and cool bioclimatic conditions in the province as well as the little need for the air flow to create comfortable conditions in the environment (less than 10% in year), the best direction for using solar energy to heat residential areas is “southeastern” in the southern and central parts of the province, and “southern” in the northen part of the province.
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 21-23
Abstract
In this article, Robert Barre, while outlining the consequences of the abandonment of Mr. Robinson from the Ordnance Survey of England, states that this would create a war on geographic information in the future.
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In this article, Robert Barre, while outlining the consequences of the abandonment of Mr. Robinson from the Ordnance Survey of England, states that this would create a war on geographic information in the future.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
The application of remote sensing can be highly variable when it examines the supply and demand of agricultural products on the world market. The global problems of population, environment’s quality, energy, climate and especially the physical, biological and technological problems that modern ...
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The application of remote sensing can be highly variable when it examines the supply and demand of agricultural products on the world market. The global problems of population, environment’s quality, energy, climate and especially the physical, biological and technological problems that modern agriculture faces are very widespread and are in turn affected by human values and traditions as well as economic, political and social systems.Here we do not attempt to study a large picture produced by remote sensing for agricultural applications; instead, we consider the direct application of aerial photo interpretation in three selected areas: classification of product type, assessment of product condition and estimate of product quantities.
Masoud Moayyeri (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 21-23
Abstract
In the eighteenth century, Vitus Bering was the first to direct European scholars toward the Siberian indigenous people in the East. Last year Trans-Siberian-Lounging was arranged by the Geo Magazine, which ended with great deal of hardship and the fact that one of the colleagues of the magazine called ...
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In the eighteenth century, Vitus Bering was the first to direct European scholars toward the Siberian indigenous people in the East. Last year Trans-Siberian-Lounging was arranged by the Geo Magazine, which ended with great deal of hardship and the fact that one of the colleagues of the magazine called "Regina Gabi" lost her life along with seven fellows in a copter accident. Then Boris Sheshlou (raceologist) continued the research, part of which is presented here as follows.
Dariush Abolfathi; Iesa Saraghi; Ghasem Sarempour
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 22-27
Abstract
According to the main tourism factors mentioned in the master plan, Nahavand town is located in the second tourism district of the province. Many different natural and cultural attractions are located in Nahavand, while tourist attractions in Sarab-e Giyan forest are mainly of ecotourism kind (natural-environmental).
This ...
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According to the main tourism factors mentioned in the master plan, Nahavand town is located in the second tourism district of the province. Many different natural and cultural attractions are located in Nahavand, while tourist attractions in Sarab-e Giyan forest are mainly of ecotourism kind (natural-environmental).
This promenade is located in south Nahavand city among crowded villages and it attracts large number of tourists from the city, province and even neighboring provinces. It should be noted that Giyan historical hill is also located near the forest and Sarab-e Giyan, which according to archeologist excavation had a culture similar to Mesopotamia in 5700 year ago.
The present article seeks to determine factors influencing visitor’s willingness to pay for visiting the forest and Nahavand Sarab-e Giyan and estimate its economic-promenade valuation according to CVM analytic method.
In this article, conditional valuation method (CVM) was used for estimating economic-promenade valuation of the forest and Nahavand Sarab-e Giyan. This method tries to determine visitor’s willingness to pay (WTP) in different scenarios of the assumed market.
Gholam Reza Latifi
Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 22-26
Abstract
The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase of the number of large cities in the world especially in developing countries including Iran on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and accumulation of population, and increase of environmental and economic load on them ...
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The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase of the number of large cities in the world especially in developing countries including Iran on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and accumulation of population, and increase of environmental and economic load on them on the other, have led, in addition to greater attention paid to cities, to the acceptance of numerous roles and functions by them. One of the issues that most of the big cities in the world are concerned with is natural disasters. The unpredictability inherent in most of natural disasters and the need for rapid and correct decision-making and implementation of the operation in their face have created the theoretical and fundamental foundations of a science named Crisis Management. This science refers to a set of activities that take place before, during and after the crisis to reduce the effects of these incidents and decrease vulnerability. This has a special relationship with geography and urban planning and management. By using the principles and regulations of urban planning and by clarifying the concepts of this science such as the form, texture and structure of cities, urban land use, communication networks, urban infrastructure, etc., we can greatly reduce the effects and consequences of natural disasters. The geographic extent of Iran is one of the most vulnerable parts of the Planet in terms of the probability of occurrence of these events, especially earthquakes. Every year the occurrence of these incidents causes a great deal of life and financial losses, and urban areas have always had a bitter experience of the occurrence of such disasters. It seems therefore to be necessary to carry out specific planning for the safety of urban spaces. Cities are severely damaged by such cases due to population concentration and economic investment in them. Since the beginning of their formation, they have chosen a particular form and structure for their growth and have expanded over time. The science of urbanization can reduce the effects of such disasters by explaining its principles and concepts and by relying on geographical data, and crisis management can use these data to implement the necessary management principles to reduce the vulnerability of cities to these events.
Mehrdad Hosseini; Reza Borhani; Maryam Khattar
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 22-27
Abstract
In this research, in order to investigate the frosts occurred at Ekbatan station (Hamedan), the minimum daily temperatures of this station were studied. In general, the frosts were divided into three weak (mild), moderate, and severe categories. Next, the range of changes in the time of occurrence of ...
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In this research, in order to investigate the frosts occurred at Ekbatan station (Hamedan), the minimum daily temperatures of this station were studied. In general, the frosts were divided into three weak (mild), moderate, and severe categories. Next, the range of changes in the time of occurrence of these frosts was determined and the frequency of their occurrence was calculated. It was also attempted to obtain an experimental formula for the first autumn frost in a particular year based on the date of the last frosts of the spring of that year, and to determine the probability of occurrence of temperature thresholds between 0 and -15 ° C in different months of year by calculating different statistical parameters. In addition, it has been tried by dividing the the year into 36 distinct decades (ten days) to calculate the temperatures that are possible to occur with different percentages of probability.
Shahram Ghal'eh Mola'ei; Bahman Rashidi
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 22-24
Abstract
One-third of land is covered with desert; characteristics of these areas include high temperature due to intensity of sunlight, severe winds, and low and dispersed precipitation over the year, which cause reduction of vegetation and dispersion of plants. One of the most effective causes of this little ...
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One-third of land is covered with desert; characteristics of these areas include high temperature due to intensity of sunlight, severe winds, and low and dispersed precipitation over the year, which cause reduction of vegetation and dispersion of plants. One of the most effective causes of this little vegetation is the wind, whose impact in these areas is stronger than other lands. Severe winds affect lands by causing erosion and extreme changes, and ultimately create problems in construction and maintenance of vital facilities (roads, railways, power transmission lines, etc.).
Nasrin Nikandish; Abbasali Arvin; Vajiheh Shahsavari; Farshad Soleymani
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 23-29
Abstract
Drought is a global phenomenon which can happen nearly everywhere and result in major economic, social and environmental costs and losses. In this study, annual precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations and 8 pluviometric stations in a 20 year period (1986-2005) were applied to investigate climatic droughts ...
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Drought is a global phenomenon which can happen nearly everywhere and result in major economic, social and environmental costs and losses. In this study, annual precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations and 8 pluviometric stations in a 20 year period (1986-2005) were applied to investigate climatic droughts in Hormozgan province. After preparation of data, the intensity of drought was calculated using two statistical indices (percent index of normal precipitation and annual precipitation metric). Then, the results in each station were compared with its corresponding precipitation to select the best zoning method.
Finally, percent index of normal precipitation was selected as the best index for zoning drought. Results of the zoning indicated that in 1992, 1997, 1996, 1995 wet year was dominant in the area, while in 1993, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2005 average dry year covered a large part of the area and in 2001, 2003 very dry and extremely dry year was dominant. Drought does not show a specific trend considering its continuation, intensity and extent and lacks a homogeneous temporal and spatial distribution.
Majid Montazeri
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 23-28
Abstract
In order to assess the climatic drought trend in 23 sub-basins of the Caspian Sea, monthly precipitation data were converted to the zoned data by interpolation method. Then, based on the coordinates of the basins, the monthly precipitation of each basin was separated. The Standard Precipitation Index ...
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In order to assess the climatic drought trend in 23 sub-basins of the Caspian Sea, monthly precipitation data were converted to the zoned data by interpolation method. Then, based on the coordinates of the basins, the monthly precipitation of each basin was separated. The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) method was used to assess climatic droughts and this index was calculated monthly for each basin. According to the parametric test, linear regression of 23 sub-basins of Caspian Sea in January, May and December do not show any significant trend at 95% confidence level. Five sub basins in the months of February and July have a positive trend and 11 sub basins show negative trend in March and September. By applying non-parametric Mann-Kendall test on the SPI matrix of the 23 Caspian sub basin, it was found that no baseline shows significant trend in May. The highest trend in six sub-basins have been in the months of July and August.
Jamal Mohammadi; Mohammad Zavvareh Bidgoli
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 23-29
Abstract
Cities, as living beings, are always going through a cycle of physical life in the course of their evolutionary development; they are born, grow, increase in quantity, become vaster and take new roles, become old and suffer from erosion. Meanwhile, humans, in order to preserve the identity and authenticity ...
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Cities, as living beings, are always going through a cycle of physical life in the course of their evolutionary development; they are born, grow, increase in quantity, become vaster and take new roles, become old and suffer from erosion. Meanwhile, humans, in order to preserve the identity and authenticity of the city, and to realize the sustainability and survival of the city and its fabric and especially decayed fabric, takes measures, one of which is that of urban endogenous development. The term " endogenous development" is, based on its own definition, renovation, improvement, and, in other words, making existing urban areas usable again, which is usually done in areas that have lost their integrity and are on the way to collapse. In fact, the city's endogenous development is the optimal use of the potential of the city and a new vision of life in the city, especially the decayed fabric. The purpose of this paper is to investigate ways to achieve endogenous development of decayed fabric through regeneration, renovation, reconstruction, as well as barriers on its way. In this paper, through a descriptive and analytical approach and by documentary method, we explore and identify the ways of endogenous development of decayed fabrics and their challenges ahead. The results of this research show that applying methods such as regeneration, improvement, renovation and reconstruction with respect to people's awareness and economic, social and cultural issues, etc., and the elaboration of issues can be used to develop the endogenous development of urban decayed fabrics and to prevent population elusion in decayed fabric.
Abbas Khosravi (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 22 , August 1997, , Pages 23-27
Abstract
This paper is an example of combination of GIS and remote sensing methods by scientists of Scott Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge, England during their study of ice covers in Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago in the north of Norway. Vast, remote polar areas are usually studied by remote sensing ...
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This paper is an example of combination of GIS and remote sensing methods by scientists of Scott Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge, England during their study of ice covers in Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago in the north of Norway. Vast, remote polar areas are usually studied by remote sensing methods. The above-mentioned project was implemented as a part of the European Space Agency’s program for study of ice caps and glaciers. Using GIS and whole range of remote sensing techniques, glaciological issues concerning different levels (different formations such as dry and wet snow or dry ice) on ice caps in an area in the north of Norway between latitudes of northern 74 to 81 degrees were studied.
Hasan Beikmohammadi
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 23-26
Abstract
Until thirty years ago, tourism and international travel were considered to be a luxury and fantasy even for quite wealthy people, while today the tourism industry has become one of the world's largest industries.
The number of international tourists which had not exceeded 25 million in 1950 has risen ...
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Until thirty years ago, tourism and international travel were considered to be a luxury and fantasy even for quite wealthy people, while today the tourism industry has become one of the world's largest industries.
The number of international tourists which had not exceeded 25 million in 1950 has risen to more than 500 million in 1993. During this period, revenues from this industry grew from $ 2.1 billion to $ 304 billion. According to the World Tourism Organization, the share of the Middle East, Southwest Asia and North Africa in this revenue has been only 4 percent, while Spain's income alone exceeds the oil revenue of all the Persian Gulf neighboring states, the Indonesian share is worth $ 3.3 billion, and France's share of the industry is nearly $ 100 billion. Undoubtedly, due to the diversity of weather, ancient history, several ancient and pilgrimage monuments, exquisite scenery, beautiful geographic landscapes and artworks, our country has a special potential in tourism industry which, if given due attention, it can soon become one of the world's largest tourist poles. But it should be noted that one of the realities of the tourism industry in each country is that this industry is not essentially either fortunate or despised, although there is no doubt that the development of this industry is very constructive in terms of foreign exchange earnings and added value, creation of employment, revitalizing weak local economies and cultural exchanges, but it is extremely undesirable if this industry is effective in destroying natural environments and in particular damaging culturally valuable spaces. Therefore, while, culturally, developing this industry leads to solidarity between nations and ultimately to international peace and understanding, and it also has countless economic advantages, but its growth and development is viewed in some international circles with concern and skepticism because of some negative effects. This article attempts to analyze the tourism industry in Iran and the province of Sistan and Baluchestan.
Seyyed Rahim Safavi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 23-28
Abstract
Since the beginning of life on earth, humans have always been struggling with the atmospheric and natural conditions of the earth. It took long until early humans achieved basic information about climate (soil, water, land features, etc.), and, after centuries of suffering, learned how to relatively ...
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Since the beginning of life on earth, humans have always been struggling with the atmospheric and natural conditions of the earth. It took long until early humans achieved basic information about climate (soil, water, land features, etc.), and, after centuries of suffering, learned how to relatively adapt themselves with the nature, took refuge in caves and then proceeded to migrate and, by any means, enclosed themselves in a small geographical area and tried to adapt themselves with the nature.
Over time, by studying some of the laws governing nature, human beings, by living outside the caves, have fought the nature and, in various ways, protected themselves against the natural conditions. From then on, fertile land, quality ranges and water’s value have found meaning through discovering agricultural and livestock farming means, and have become a factor in the emergence of conflicts among humans on the planet.
Majid Zahedi; Ali Akbar Rasuli; Abdollah Faraji
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Water is one of the main factors of natural environment which has a great influence on other environmental factors and human activities. Climate elements have direct and indirect impact on human life. The climate type of each region represents vegetation, soil, animal life, water status, and, to a large ...
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Water is one of the main factors of natural environment which has a great influence on other environmental factors and human activities. Climate elements have direct and indirect impact on human life. The climate type of each region represents vegetation, soil, animal life, water status, and, to a large extent, human economic activities including industrial, agricultural, tourism, etc. are controlled by the elements of the climate (Hobbs 1981) Climatic elements and parameters have applications in most of regional construction plans. Without attention to climatic elements and their exact study, most regional planning will certainly face difficulties. One of the best methods for recognizing the climatic elements of a region is having a comprehensive and basic information about these elements and their zoning. The zoning of climatic elements such as radiation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure, etc. and preparation of their zoning maps can be used as a tool for planners. Today, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is instrumental in geography. Accurate and advanced software of GIS (such as Arc / info, Arc / view, Arc /... GIS) and modern hardware (fast computers, scanners, plotters, printers, etc.), have, in addition to facilitating the work of geographers in the study and analysis of various scientific issues, increased the accuracy and speed of their operation. Currently, most branches of the science of geography utilize the GIS in urban, rural, regional, land lay, hydrologic, meteorological, environmental, etc. analyses and studies. The large region of Azerbaijan (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Ardebil) in the northwest of the country is one of the regions of the country with climatic diversity. Due to different topographical conditions and passage of western air masses, special climatic conditions have dominated the region. In this study, the elements of the Azerbaijan climate were analyzed and zoned using Arc / View software. Finally, the climatic zoning maps of the area were drawn up for each of the parameters.
Kamal Omidvar
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 24-28
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to introduce the theoretical foundations of fertilizing the clouds. First, the importance of the fertility issue is presented and then the origin of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN), natural Ice Nuclei (IN), types of fertility, mechanisms of growth of cloud droplets and ...
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The purpose of this research was to introduce the theoretical foundations of fertilizing the clouds. First, the importance of the fertility issue is presented and then the origin of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN), natural Ice Nuclei (IN), types of fertility, mechanisms of growth of cloud droplets and the factor of fertility have been discussed.The results of the study show that human beings can help the nature in terms of the number and type of precipitation formation nuclei through the process of cloud fertilizing. According to the rules of cloud physics, the fertilization of clouds is possible. Using cloud artificial insemination technology, it is possible to produce ultrafine silver iodide particles or other materials that can play the same role as natural ice crystals (freezing cores) and thus accelerate the mechanism of the Bergeron process and consequently increase precipitation.
Saeed Taghavi Gudarzi
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 24-29
Abstract
Geomorphology examines different forms of land and evaluates the factors influencing their appearance, change and evolution, and, like other earth sciences, it needs the help of sciences such as geology, hydrology, soil science, climatology, ... Therefore, geomorphology, with a scientific and geographical ...
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Geomorphology examines different forms of land and evaluates the factors influencing their appearance, change and evolution, and, like other earth sciences, it needs the help of sciences such as geology, hydrology, soil science, climatology, ... Therefore, geomorphology, with a scientific and geographical view (natural geography) and avoiding superficial descriptions, is considered as the basis for natural resource surveys. On the other hand, it conducts systematic study and comparison of forms of terrains and their effects on human environment and vice versa (to identify and determine environmental potentials and therefore exploit environmental possibilities in order to achieve sustainable development).
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
In aerial surveying, the process of image preparation (aerial photography) using aerial cameras and photographic film for recording and storing photos is the most important artistic and validating technical stage in different activities concerning map preparation which is still utilized in various applications ...
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In aerial surveying, the process of image preparation (aerial photography) using aerial cameras and photographic film for recording and storing photos is the most important artistic and validating technical stage in different activities concerning map preparation which is still utilized in various applications in map production and analysis. Today preparation of electronic image, through basic changes in method of photography and exploitation of electronic photography systems, brings about a transformation in aerial surveying, which is gradually embedded in the process of operation.
Bahman Ramezani
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 24-27
Abstract
The aim of natural geographic or environmental studies is to achieve a basic knowledge of environment or land which is the context of all human activities and natural phenomena; these phenomena do not follow the same rules (Rahnama’ei, 1992). Consequently, the current state is the result of interactions ...
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The aim of natural geographic or environmental studies is to achieve a basic knowledge of environment or land which is the context of all human activities and natural phenomena; these phenomena do not follow the same rules (Rahnama’ei, 1992). Consequently, the current state is the result of interactions over years. Identification of new state in ideal temporal conditions is of extraordinary importance, because social environment is indeed the economic environment caused by nature, and geographic environment includes natural, social and economic environment. Since studies concerning rural development plans have concentrated on three natural, social and economic or spatial, demographic and occupational (employment) sections, the part concerning natural or spatial studies seems less prominent and does not receive emphasis, and this is a bitter experience which should not be repeated. This paper tries to present the importance of a part of rural developmental plans regarding natural geographic or environmental studies (physiography).
