Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammad hassan Yazdani; Ata GhaffariGilande; Farahnaz Veismoradi
Abstract
Extended Abstract1-IntroductionA crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 ...
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Extended Abstract1-IntroductionA crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale occurs in the country for 11 years (Attar), 2012: 8).From the point of view of geology, Iran has a zone of lithological structure such as Central Iran, Zagros, Northeastern Iran, Northwestern Iran and Azerbaijan zone, which the thrust and elevated structure of Zagros is considered as one of the most active of these zones. It includes faults such as Sahne, Durood, Qala Hatem. The seismic characteristics of Zagros show that compared to other structural zones, the frequency of earthquakes is high. The central Iranian and Arabian plates are constantly pressing on the Zagros region, and this is the reason why more earthquakes occur in Zagros than in other regions. The studied area of Kermanshah region is an earthquake zone in terms of seismicity. This province, which is located in the Zagros region, has high seismic activity. These earthquakes usually occur around known seismic faults in the province, including the High Zagros Fault (High Zagros Fault, 2014: 114). Despite numerous researches in the field of locating temporary accommodation on the subject of seismic vulnerability, its suitable and usable place after the earthquake with the approach of crisis management in urban areas has received less attention. The city of Kermanshah is a prone region in terms of earthquakes, and due to its location in a geographical area with a high risk of earthquakes, knowing the vulnerable and resistant areas and planning for the correct and appropriate location of temporary accommodation in time The occurrence of an earthquake is necessary to prevent or reduce the possible danger in this city. This research is complementary to the previous research and with more effective criteria and indicators by providing a practical, efficient, simple and logical method for locating temporary accommodation in order to prepare the city with their specific complexity in responding to crises caused by earthquakes. Is. As an example, the Ezgele earthquake in Kermanshah in 2016 with a magnitude of 3.7 on the Richter scale occurred 11 km from Ezgele section and 32 km from Sarpol-Zahab city, which killed and injured more than 12 thousand people. And since then, due to the lack of single policies in the field of emergency, temporary and permanent housing, problems have been created for housing people. Therefore, the existence of a suitable place to live in Sharat after natural hazards, especially earthquakes, is essential for the city of Kermanshah. The present study, taking into account the stages of crisis management of an earthquake-prone city, tries to address the problem of locating suitable spaces for the construction of temporary accommodation camps.2-MethodologyThis research is of an applied type and according to the investigated components, the approach that governs it is the descriptive-analytical method. The aim of the present research is to analyze the important and influential criteria for the correct location of temporary accommodation in Kermanshah city. In order to achieve this goal, in accordance with the objectives of the research, the required information has been collected using library research, documents and interviews with experts, and then the criteria used for positioning have been selected based on the positioning criteria. The current approach to spatial analysis has been carried out by using the weighted sum model and the ranking method and ArcGIS software.3-Results-Road situation: The analysis of the results of the Kermanshah city situation based on the road access index using GIS analysis software shows that 75% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 7% is in the low vulnerability zone, and 5% is in the vulnerability zone. On average, 3% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Population density: Examining the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the population density index using GIS analysis-mapping software, shows that 27% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 27% in the low vulnerability zone, 26% in the medium vulnerability zone. 11% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Location to administrative, law enforcement and military centers: Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of access to administrative, law enforcement and military centers using GIS software, shows that 7% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the vulnerability zone low, 13% in the medium vulnerability zone, 12% in the high vulnerability zone and 57% in the very high vulnerability zone.-The location of fire stations: the analysis of the results of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to fire stations using GIS analysis software shows that 2 percent of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 5 percent in the low vulnerability zone, 8 percent in In the medium vulnerability zone, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 53% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Land slope: This criterion is measured by the slope index. Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the land slope index using GIS analytical-mapping software, shows that 46% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 33% in the low vulnerability zone, 11% in the medium vulnerability zone, 6% in the vulnerability zone. high and 4% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Distance from flood-prone areas: The evaluation of the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of distance from flood-prone areas using GIS analysis-mapping software shows that 16% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 11% in the low vulnerability zone, 19% in the low vulnerability zone. In the zone of moderate vulnerability, 25% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 29% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Distance from hazardous facilities: To measure this criterion, the indicators of electrical facilities, gasoline pumps, gas pumps and gas pressure reduction stations have been used in terms of their functional nature and hazard. Analyzing the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the index of distance from dangerous facilities using GIS analytical-mapping software, it shows that 13% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the low vulnerability zone, 25% in the medium vulnerability zone. 34% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 16% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Status of water sources: The results of Kermanshah city situation based on the index of access to water resources using GIS analysis-mapping software show that 9% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 17% in the low vulnerability zone, and 15% in the vulnerability zone. On average, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 27% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Location to power sources Construction of camps and temporary accommodation sites in the power transmission routes due to the provision of lighting and the use of heating devices. The evaluation of the results of the status of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to electricity resources using GIS analytical-mapping software shows that 9% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 8% in the low vulnerability zone, 8% in the medium vulnerability zone, 26% in The zone of high vulnerability and 49% is placed in the zone of very high vulnerability.-The final map of the optimal location of temporary accommodation bases after defining the important criteria and analyzing the indicators in the studied area is as follows: The results of the combination of 9 indicators in the city of Kermanshah indicate that 1% of the city area In the area of very low desirability, 11% is in the area of low desirability, 37% is in the area of medium desirability, 38% is in the area of high desirability, and 13% is in the area of very high desirability.4-Discussion&ConclusionsIn this research, according to the nature of the research and examination of the environmental conditions of Kermanshah city and the important indicators that are selected and evaluated according to the topic. After examining the determining and influencing factors on the temporary accommodation system and identifying the factors, the results were 9 indicators, which should be applied in the present study with general and specific evaluations (relative to the conditions of the study area). It became a scientific source of consolidation. Investigating and identifying the most accurate features in choosing the location of safe shelters: (slope, access to roads, distance from centers and management, access to firefighting centers, access to water and electricity sources, distance from flood-prone areas, and distance of dangerous risks) is considered And the results of the research showed that the important criteria and options in choosing the right place for temporary accommodation are centers that are identified as the best places that are far from the river and sensitive and dangerous uses such as gas stations and pressure lines. It should be maintained strong and close to essential service centers such as medical centers and fire stations, provided with water and electricity sources, accessible by communication lines, and the probability of damage and blocking of roads should be low. Examining the points selected in the final map shows that in the city of Kermanshah, these points are suitable for use according to important criteria such as: accessibility, distance from sensitive uses, proximity to service areas and distance from flood prone areas. It is in critical condition. The results of the current research show the capability of multi-criteria decision-making methods and geographic information system in identifying areas prone to temporary settlement. Therefore, according to the findings and results of this research, it is suggested that relevant organs, departments and organizations such as the municipality, the governorate, the crisis management center of the Kermanshah Fire Organization, etc., by creating comprehensive and updated databases of all details and elements A city based on the geographic information system should always be prepared for the temporary settlement of the population in the wake of the earthquake crisis. -Preparation of basic and suitable infrastructures for selected sites such as sanitary facilities, water sources, lighting system, etc., so that in case of an earthquake, it has the necessary conditions to accommodate the population, and the need to spend time for not provide these services. Accommodation centers should be located near roads that provide access to different parts on the one hand, and on the other hand, the probability of damage and blockage of these roads is low so that the risk of cutting off access, accommodation, relief and rescue operations does not stop. Zagros seismic zone has its own seismic mechanism. The fault systems and the earthquakes that occurred there follow the special pattern of the Zagros earthquake province, so planning and management should be done by evaluating the existing conditions and taking into account all the conditions of the region and the needs of the people. be carefully examined.
Mahnaz Hosseini Syahgoli; Ismail Soleimanirad; Mohammad Raouf Heydarifar
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Today the costs of building and utilizing industrial centers are too high and thus,any disruption in these centers will have a negative effect on other urban functions.Hence, the presence of sensitive and vital land uses,especially heavy industries in the central urban ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Today the costs of building and utilizing industrial centers are too high and thus,any disruption in these centers will have a negative effect on other urban functions.Hence, the presence of sensitive and vital land uses,especially heavy industries in the central urban texture of Kermanshah is considered to be one of the most important issues and problems threateningthe city. Unfortunately, despite regulations of Housing and Urban Development organization which bansuch land uses within the city (due to their risks), they still continue their activities. Obviously, identifying the requirements of these land uses adjacency within Kermanshah decreases the vulnerability of the city. Therefore, it seems necessary to solve the problems caused by inconsideration of passive defense with gradual development of Kermanshah and begin the process of downsizing, scattering and decentralizing these industrial centers based on the principles of passive defensein future plans of the city to reduce the vulnerability of strategic and vital areas of city. Moreover, urban planners have always consideredsafety and security to be important issues in planning, constructing and designingurban residences. Policies of urbanplanning such as zoning regulations are important tools of risk management available for local governments. Experts in crisis management try to pay attention to urban land uses, their geographical and political importance, and the economic, military and political value of these places. In this regard, theytake advantage of methods and strategies to reduce vulnerability and damagesof these environmentsintimesofcrisis.Principles of passive civil defense are a set of basic and infrastructural actions implemented with the aim of achieving the goals ofpassivedefense such as reducing damages, limiting the capabilities of target identification systems and targeting capability of the enemy’s offensive facilities and thus increasing the costs of such attacks. Urban strategies may include strategic decisions playing a vital role in urban passive defense through urban decentralization, managing decisions made by urban managers and revising these decisions through executive strategies and criteria. General acceptance of passive defense and participation of all society members in the development of its fundamental principles and foundations are among the most important strategies that can save the society in possible crises. Previous studies suggest a poor understanding of passive defense even in cities of Iran which proves the necessity of more effort and planning in future. Switzerland, meanwhile, ranks first in passive defense in the world. Strategies and plans intended for the development of safety and security in cities should identify different levels of urban crises and analyze, evaluate, and manage potential crisis-causing factors. Identifying these factors will lead to planning, designing, and effectively managing crisis and increase security in cities. This can result in preventing crisis, or minimize the effects of possible crisis. Therefore, careful planning and designing, identifying vulnerable areas, zoning high-risk areas, and supporting organizations involved in crisis management and security can play a vital role in the sustainability of cities in times of crisis. The present study seeks toevaluatespatial importance of vital land uses. Materials&Methods This descriptive- analytical research take advantage of 10 information layers to analyze research data in GISusing fuzzy overlay functions and Gama Operator. Results & Discussion Results indicate that the 4th, 5th and 7th zones which are considered amongperiphery regions of Kermanshah city have a modern urban texture as compared to other 5 regions of the city. Also, these regions are in a better situation and condition in terms of passive defense as compared to other regions of the city because of easy access to open spaces, enough distance between neighboring land uses and etc. But, the 1st and 6thzonesare not in a suitable conditionas compared to the other six regions due to being located in thecrowded and dense regions of downtown. Conclusion Results indicate that five regions (out of 8) of the city have undesirable and unfavorable conditions in terms ofurban passive defense. This shows that Kermanshah is in a critical and inappropriate condition considering urban texture and structure in terms of passive defense, whichrequires the attention of urban planners.
Milad Soltani; Adel Soltani; Mahin Kalehhouei; Karim Solaimani
Abstract
Introduction
Drought is a serious danger with very extensive impacts on the soil, economy, and the threat to the livelihood and health of local communities. This disaster as an unpleasant climatic phenomenon that directly affects the communities through restrictions on access to water resources, causes ...
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Introduction
Drought is a serious danger with very extensive impacts on the soil, economy, and the threat to the livelihood and health of local communities. This disaster as an unpleasant climatic phenomenon that directly affects the communities through restrictions on access to water resources, causes high economic, social and environmental costs. Meteorological drought indicators are calculated directly from meteorological events such as precipitation, and in the absence of these data, drought monitoring will not be useful. Due to the fact that meteorological drought indicators are only valid for a single location and do not have the required spatial resolution and are also dependent on weather station information, and these stations are often distributed distantly, the reliability of these indicators has been questioned. Given the characteristics of satellite data such as spatial and temporal resolution, extensive coverage of studied areas, and direct investigation of vegetation status by satellite indices, many studies have been carried out for drought modeling using this technology and these indicators. Over the past four decades, far-reaching drought monitoring tools have been widely developed and drought monitoring models are widely proposed, which are generally based on vegetation indices, surface temperature, humidity and reflection in the visible and infrared regions. These include leaf water content index, vegetation cover index and temperature - drought - vegetation index. Therefore, remote sensing techniques can be a useful tool in drought monitoring. The purpose of this study is to monitor drought and vegetation health in the city of Kermanshah using LANDSAT satellite imagery. For this purpose, first, by examining the rain-gauging and synoptic data of existing stations and using the standard precipitation index model, the driest year and one wet year were selected as the sample. In this study, two years of 2015 and 2016 were selected as the dry and wet years and then, the vegetation cover of the region was compared with the Landsat images. To use these images, it is first necessary to make sure that there is no geometric error. For this purpose, the road vector layer was used, which was revealed that the images have geometric errors. Images with less than a half-pixel error were corrected geometrically using 21 and 24 auxiliary points. The adaptation of the vector layers with the roads existing in the image indicated the accuracy of the correction. At the next stage, the driest year and one wet year were selected as samples by examining the rain-gauging and synoptic data of the existing stations and by using the standardized model of rainfall index. At the next stage, the Temperature Condition Indices and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) were compared in two wet and drought periods were studied in order to determine the differences of these indices during a dry year and a year with high precipitation. For this purpose, each of the aforementioned indices was built using the LANDSAT-8 imagery, and the stages of building these indices were subsequently presented. The required pre-processing and processing as well as the geometric and radiometric corrections were first performed on the satellite images. Then, temperature condition indices, vegetation status index and vegetation health index were prepared for drought monitoring. Considering that, the meteorological drought indices are only valid for a single location and lack the required spatial resolution and are also dependent on the information of the meteorological stations, and these stations are often distributed far apart from each other, the reliability of these indexes has been questioned. Satellite data characteristics like high spatial and temporal resolution, extensive coverage of the study areas, and direct survey of the vegetation status by the satellite indexes have led to a large number of studies on drought modeling using this technology, and the confirmation of the use of these indices. The aim of this study is to determine the moisture, heat and health of the vegetation using the LANDST images. Thus, the results of the study in the next stage indicated that the LANDSAT images and the built indices have the required capabilities to monitor drought. The results of this research can be a proper option for decision-makers to effectively supervise, examine and resolve the drought conditions and double the necessity of profile definition. Supplementary studies are suggested for spatial drought monitoring by satellite imagery through ground measurements of the quantitative changes in the coverage and temperature of the earth’s surface. There are limitations in the use of NDVI and satellite thermal bands. These include weather and cloud conditions that should be considered. Using maps obtained from the drought monitoring and evaluating indices can help improve drought management programs and play a significant role in reducing the effects of drought. Using vegetation health status index, it was determined that the vegetation status has had a lot of changes during drought compared to the wet period, hydrological drought has had a major share in the destruction of vegetation and drying of the lakes and, consequently, the abandonment of agricultural lands and the lack of access to alternative water resources, as well as the lack of groundwater resources or the lack of alternative surface water resources have intensified, and it seems that, this part of Iran will face numerous problems if the drought continues in the coming years and the appropriate methods are not used to deal with it. Also, given that the water resources of the region are going to decrease in the coming decades, the necessity of using comprehensive water management methods in all sectors, including the reserve, transfer and distribution sectors seems very essential and inevitable. Finally, it is expected that the trend of destruction of vegetation decreases in the future by applying proper management practices, sustainable water distribution, regional negotiations, methodical agriculture as well as the establishment of optimal hydrological conditions.
Saied Olfati; Khadijeh Moradi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 43-45
Abstract
Gully formation is always accompanied by erosion and land transformation which produce a significant amount of sediment, cause land degradation, destruction of roads and irrigation networks and dam overflow. Climatic situation of the area is one of the most influential elements in formation of gullies. ...
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Gully formation is always accompanied by erosion and land transformation which produce a significant amount of sediment, cause land degradation, destruction of roads and irrigation networks and dam overflow. Climatic situation of the area is one of the most influential elements in formation of gullies. The present article seeks to investigate gully erosion and formation of gullies in Dire basin in Gilan-e gharb which is one of the main agricultural centers of Kermanshah province. In this regard, 5 climatic indicators are applied. These indicators include hydrothermal coefficient, Ws coefficient or the amount of humidity in formations, Sepaskhah model, Arnoldos model, and second model of Fournier. Hydrothermal and Ws coefficients indicate high sensitivity and very high potential in gully formation. Moreover, the other third models which apply climatic factors to estimate the amount of produced sediments indicate that 27.24818 ton erosion has happened across the area. This volume of erosion plays a significant role in gully formation.
Ehsan Modiri; Gholam Ali Kamali; Sohrab Hajjam
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 75-80
Abstract
Solar radiation is one of the most important and influential parameters in thermal balance of the atmosphere and thus it is considered to be the basis of many climatic studies. Evapotranspiration is defined by the amount of available energy for evaporation. Since energy at ground level is mostly supplied ...
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Solar radiation is one of the most important and influential parameters in thermal balance of the atmosphere and thus it is considered to be the basis of many climatic studies. Evapotranspiration is defined by the amount of available energy for evaporation. Since energy at ground level is mostly supplied by the sun, many researchers have been interested in the influence of solar radiation on agriculture and especially irrigation sciences. Main research variables include total radiation received at ground level and the slope of radiation changes which are calculated and analyzed using data quality control and routing methods recommended by World Meteorological Organization, and measured at two different geographical points with semi-arid climate. Regarding Pearson correlation coefficient, the significance level of Kermanshah station was set at 99% and Tabriz was set at 95%. Total annual radiation and statistical period are positive related. With an increase in statistical years, annual radiation increases with an appropriate slope which shows the ascending trend of annual radiation in stations.
