Geographic Data
Mostafa Mohamadi dehcheshme; Sohrab Ghaedi; Fereshteh shanbehpoor
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionClimate change is the greatest threat to humanity, because it is the main factor in increasing the frequency and severity of atmospheric events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, etc. that are experienced today. Climate change can cause a wide range of environmental problems, ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionClimate change is the greatest threat to humanity, because it is the main factor in increasing the frequency and severity of atmospheric events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, etc. that are experienced today. Climate change can cause a wide range of environmental problems, including severe drought and water scarcity, crop loss, and increased socioeconomic consequences. One way to identify climate change is to evaluate climate and temperature indicators. Based on statistical tests and time series of occurrence of these parameters in the long run, the status of change and its trend can be identified. Given the importance of the impact of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and effective factors with a systemic approach. One of the concerns of human society is the changes that have caused climate change due to global warming. In this regard, given the importance of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and factors with a systemic approach. Considering the importance of climate change and its effects, this study seeks to answer the following questions by considering important climatic parameters and vulnerable urban dimensions (economic, social, political, environmental):1- The trend of climate change changes (Temperature and rainfall, humidity, wind speed) what is it like in Ahvaz?2- What is the causal relationship between the causes of climate change and vulnerable sectors in the city of Ahvaz? 3- What are the effects and consequences of climate change on the city of Ahvaz?Materials & MethodsThe research methodology is based on statistical tests and qualitative modeling with a systemic approach. The present study analyzes the trend of changes in climatic parameters including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed for a period of 30 years (1991-2020) in Ahvaz using the statistical Mann-Kendall Test was examined. Then, using the science of system dynamics, the causal relationships between variables and structural modeling of the consequences of climate change in Vensim software are investigated. The main stage of using the system dynamics approach is to try to understand and identify the feedback loops of the system under study, for which purpose diagrams of causal loops are drawn. In this study, inputs are the factors that shape climate change are factors that affect the city system. System outputs will be the consequences of climate change.Results & DiscussionBased on the results of the analysis of the trend of climatic parameters, the city of Ahvaz in the study period has faced an increase in temperature, increase in relative humidity, decrease in wind speed, and decrease in rainfall. During the 30-year trend (1991-2020), the average rainfall has been (226) mm, each year (1.32) mm, has decreased and followed a downward trend. The average temperature has been (25.38) degrees Celsius, it has increased every year (by 0.051) degrees, which shows an increasing trend over 30 years. Based on the results, the average relative humidity was (41.1), which increased every year (0.007). Also, according to the results, the average wind speed is (2.65 m/s) and has decreased by about (0.018) every year. Therefore, the wind speed shows a decreasing trend over 30 years. Given that climate change refers to the spatial-temporal changes in the long-term average of climatic elements, the results of this study clearly showed that climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed) in the study area have undergone fundamental changes. The consequences of climate change on all economic, social, political, and environmental aspects were evaluated. The results of qualitative modeling and causal relationship showed that climate change in Ahwaz has a direct impact on different sectors of water resources, agricultural production, and energy consumption. Variables of (reduction of water reserves upstream, extreme heat waves) are the most important leverage points of the model. Different outcomes have complex interactions with each other in such a way that they affect different economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions and ultimately intensify each other's effects on reducing the quality of life and increasing climate migration.ConclusionAs a result, climate change has consequences such as increasing unemployment, reducing the quality of life, reducing urban resilience, and ultimately increasing climate migration in the city of Ahvaz, and the urban environment is not equipped to adapt to climate change.
Doreh Mirheidar; Bahador Gholami; Zahra Pishgahifard; Ghasem Azizi; Amirhossein Ranjbarian
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Maritime territories and quasi-territories are, in fact, continuation of territories underwater,formedbased on rules and principles governing political systems,international law and international relationsin maritime environment.Place making, territoriality, delimitation ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Maritime territories and quasi-territories are, in fact, continuation of territories underwater,formedbased on rules and principles governing political systems,international law and international relationsin maritime environment.Place making, territoriality, delimitation and demarcation of territories in the seas are performed based on geographical factors (particularly physical geography). As one of many different physical geographic factors, tideplays a decisive role in maritime delimitation and territoriality. It is considered as the basis upon which boundaries of different maritime territories and quasi-territories in different countriesare demarcated and delimited and formalnautical maps are drawn. Each country of the worldapplies a different basisfor determining low water lineand thisresults in many issues and challenges in maritime territoriality. Meanwhile, sea level has risen due toclimate changesand is expected to increase in the future. Thiswill also affect the above mentioned phenomenon, and may cause serious challenges for demarcation of the existing boundaries. Thus, the present study employs a descriptive-analytical method toinvestigate the role and significance of tides in maritime delimitation andanalyze the impact of sea levelrise on delimitationand maritime territoriality process. Materials & Methods: The present study is an applied research following a descriptive-analytical method. Related data was collected through library and internet-based methods and the research follows a qualitative method of analysis. Moreover, GIS and mathematical map calculator known as the “Raster Calculator” were used to draw the maps required for therise of sea levels. Based on the existing scenarios and their average values,the present study considers a two-meter rise for the sea level rise by the end of the 21st century. Results & Discussion: Tideis the most significant factor based on which baselines are drawn. Setting low water line as a fixed basisused for delimitation of maritime territories and quasi-territories is only possible ifcoastline is stabilized at one level or in other words at a definite plate during tide. This function is carried out by the tidal datum. Datum is the reference level based on which all depths andcorresponding elevations are plotted. Therefore, tides play a significant role in determining the Law of the Sea. On flat coastlines, baseline is determined based on the low water line. On dented and jagged beaches, the base points are also determined according to the same phenomenon. Moreover, some features such as the low–tide elevations and islands are also identified based on the datum used. Selection of low water line (as opposed to high water line) leads outer limits of the territorial sea and consequently other areas toward the sea. This will expandmaritime area under sovereignty and jurisdiction of different countries. The country which uses a lower datum will expand its marine sovereignty and jurisdiction. In Persian sources, terms such as the lowest tide line have been used mistakenly as a translation for the term “Low Water line” stipulated in Article 5 of the 1982 Convention. This is while lowest tide is only one type of low water lines, and though this concept plays the most important role in maritime territoriality, no clear reference has been mentioned for datum in the 1982 Convention. The convention stipulates thatdatum used in the official nautical charts published by different states is the tidal datum based on which normal baseline must be defined. Although the International Hydrographic Organization has proposed the lowest astronomical tide as the basis for determining the datum, there is a major difference between states in this regard and they use a variety of tidal base lines. However, coastal countries usually prefer to use the lowest datum. It seems that sea level rise, as the most important phenomenon resulting from climate change, has significant impacts on tides and boundaries delimitated based on tides. This is because low water line may retreat due to sea level rise, and as a result base points upon which baselines are drawn, along with marine territories and quasi-territories might also move closer to the land. However, states which have based their datum on higher averages oflow water will encounter fewer challenges caused by the retreating baseline compared to those that have selected the lowest low water line. However, evaluating a two-meter rise in sea level by the end of the 21st century shows that in different coastal regions of the world,the impact of sea level rise on low water line is not balanced and similar. Thus, given the spatial-geographical variations, only flat regions of the world will encounter submersion of coastlines and retreating low-water line. Conclusion Results indicate that sea level rise has dramatically changed tides and will challenge Political Geography of the Sea. However, a two-meter sea levelrise will severely affect tides in areas facing coastal retreat, and since normal baselines are drawn based on this geographic factor, a retreat in those baseline should also be expected. In case ofstraight baselines, if base points immerse due to two-meter rise in sea level, these lines will also retreat. Yet, this largely dependson the datum considered for drawing the baselines. On the other hand, the approach used bydifferent states, especially in areas in which maritime boundaries have been delimited, shows that low-water line drawn onformal maps is more referable than the actual low-water line and, therefore, maps can play a stabilizing role as the most important geographic instrumentin the future.
Mostafa Karampoor; Zahra ZareiCheghabaleki; Mansour Halimi; Mostafa Nouroozi Mirza
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Many ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over tens to thousands of years. In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Human activities have led to carbon dioxide concentrations above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century, the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for the lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in the highest emissions scenario. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.
Climate change is one of the main challenges that human being has faced since the 19th century. Anthropogenic changes in climate which leads to global warming and various side effects occurred and affected human life. The global warming leads to some significant changes in environmental, ecological and economic conditions. The spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation colony and various biodiversity dynamics are also related to global warming. One of the main signal of global warming is the significant trends and changes in some climatic factors such as monthly, daily and annual temperature and rainfall. The spatial dynamics of climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall could also be related to global warming. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rainfall variations in different altitude ranges in Iran.
Precipitation varies from year to year and over decades, and changes in amount, intensity, frequency, and type (e.g. snow vs. rain) affect the environment and society. Steady moderate rains soak into the soil and benefit plants, while the same amounts of rainfall in a short period of time may cause local flooding and runoff, leaving soils much drier at the end of the day. Snow may remain on the ground for some months before it melts and runs off. Even with identical amounts, the climate can be very different if the frequency and intensity of precipitation differ, as illustrated, and in general the climate is changing from being more like that at Station (Stn) to that at Stn A. These examples highlight the fact that the characteristics of precipitation are just as vital as the amount, in terms of the effects on the soil moisture and stream flow. Hydrological extreme events are typically defined as floods and droughts. Floods are associated with extremes in rainfall (from tropical storms, thunderstorms, orographic rainfall, widespread extra-tropical cyclones, etc.), while droughts are associated with a lack of precipitation and often extremely high temperatures that contribute to drying. Floods are often fairly local and develop on short time scales, while droughts are extensive and develop over months or years. Both can be mitigated; floods by good drainage systems and drought by irrigation, for instance. Nonetheless, daily newspaper headlines of floods and droughts reflect the critical importance of the water cycle, in particular precipitation, in human affairs. World flood damage estimates are in the billions of U.S. dollars annually, with 1000s of lives lost; while drought costs are of similar magnitude and often lead to devastating wildfires and heat waves. The loss of life and property from extreme hydrological events has therefore caused society to focus on the causes and predictability of these events. Tropical cyclones typically have the highest property damage loss of any extreme event, and are therefore of great interest to state and local disaster preparedness organizations, as well as to the insurance industry.
Materials & Methods
The data of annual rainfall of 22 synoptic stations has been investigated during 1992 to 2012. First, we sorted these stations based on the altitude ranges into 4 classes, namely: Less than 500 meter, 500 to 1000 meters, 1000 to 1500 and more than 1500 meter above sea level. We used Man-Kendal’s nonparametric trend analysis test to detect any significant trend at 95 and 99 confidence levels (P value= 0.05 and 0.01, respectively).
Discussion and Results
The results indicated that the highest rainfall decrease was observed at the elevations below 500 meters, especially in March and in the annual scale. The highest precipitation at the elevations of 500 to 1000 meters was observed in the months of March, May and October, with the highest drop in rainfall at 1000 to 1500 meters in February and June. On the annual scale, all stations showed a negative trend in rainfall. Many stations, including Maragheh, Maku, Mahabad, Urmia and Birjand, showed a significant decrease in annual scale. The results of this study showed that elevations above 1000 meters have a higher relative stability in rainfall, while rainfall at stations below 500 meter elevations have a more time variability.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the monthly and annual rainfall of stations located at elevations below 1000 meters have had greater and more significant changes than the rest of the stations. Thus, it can be said that the climate change has been more noticeable in the stations of this class.
Seyyed Keramat Hashemi-Ana; Mahmud Khosravi; Taghi Tavousi; Hamid Nazaripour
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Precipitation is one of the vital climatic parameters that plays a major role in human life. Therefore, the impact of Precipitation in occurrence or non-occurrence of droughts and dry spells have been very effective. Identification and extraction length of dry spells ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Precipitation is one of the vital climatic parameters that plays a major role in human life. Therefore, the impact of Precipitation in occurrence or non-occurrence of droughts and dry spells have been very effective. Identification and extraction length of dry spells in arid and semi-arid regions are very important. According to the most recent climate classification that has been done, about 90 percent of the areas of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid climate, and more than 40 percent are facing a severe water crisis. Therefore, understanding the behavioral mechanisms of dry spells have a great significance in arid and semi-arid areas like Iran, especially with the pose of the phenomenon of climate change that caused the worsening dryness and desertification in some of the regions. Many researches simulated dry spells with climate change approach and use of the output of AOGCM models. Researches in this category are in less numbers, but the most recent research has been done by the authors (hashmy titles et al., 2015), investigating and modeling the length of dry spells in the Southwestern area of Iran. The aim of this research is to examine the Validation of AOGCMs Capabilities for Simulation Length of Dry Spells under the Climate Change and Uncertainty in Iran Materials & Methods According to the aim of this research, we used two databases in this study. The first database involves collecting and analyzing all data base information (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall and sunshine) on a daily scale in 234 synoptic stations (with different statistical period). But the format for the data station and point during the period of statistical modeling was needed for more than 30 years, which has a large statistical defects were excluded, and finally 45 synoptic stations that have favorable conditions (the maximum area coverage and continuous and reliabledata) were selected for the final processing of the first data base. The period of 1981-2010 was used as the base period.The second database contains data provided by version 5 models (LARS-WG) and on emission scenarios (B1, A1B, A2) from AOGCM models for the 2050s to be downscaled. In fact, this data is the first data base (minimum temperature, maximum, precipitation and sunshine) prepared based on the format models for analysis and predicting climate change, after downscaling it. Because this research was based on study and extraction length of dry spells in the range of long-term with the approach to climate change, so the methodology is based on several stages. At first, verification (validation) of LARS-WG, to ensure efficiency in the process model simulation will be discussed. Then the performance and capabilities of 15 AOGCM models in the new version of Lars-wg will be assessed. At the end, the precipitation threshold is defined and extraction of the longest length of dry spells and comparing it with the maximum length of the dry spells will be simulated. Results & Discussion After calibrating the model of statistical properties (comparison tests T, F and P values (decision criteria), all stations were used to confirm the validity of the model. The results of this calibration indicate that in more than 96% of the stations, for the minimum and maximum temperature and sunshine model, show high accuracy (results of error in Dezful and Gorgan stations were greater). In all of these stations like Abadan station, variables significant (P-value) were at./05. It is acceptable that the data generated is random.Considering the bias error, at more than 95 percent of stations there were very good agreements between the observed and modeling data (for every 4 variables). Based on the principles of (1 to 3), and using statistical methods and indicators, the AOGCM models to simulate and extract during dry spells were examined and it was found that two models (Hadcm3 and GFDL-CM2.1) had maximum performance (correlation) and the lowest error in estimating for simulation data precipitation. The model (INM-CM3 and NCPCM) have least amount of correlation and efficiency. To estimate the maximum length of dry spells Hadcm3 results were used under scenario (A2 and B1) for the decade 2050 and the use of the results of other models was skipped in this research. Maximum dry spells in Iran comply with dryness condition in central and eastern areas. So that the country could be on the threshold of ./1 mm divided into 6 orbital regions of the northern circuit during the period of 37 days (in Rasht station) minimum and 351-day observation period in Southeastern Chabahar stations. The values show that the threshold of ./1 mm at more than 65 percent of the area’s dry spells over 7 months there was no rain on them yet. With a threshold of 5 mm needs maximum length of dry spells that lasted about a year with 364 days in Yazd station. That is roughly the size of 5 mm precipitation a year not registered at this station. Conclusion Modeling dry spells by computing scenarios of climate change and taking into consideration uncertain resources at the AOGCM models output, showed that based on the worst-case scenario (A2), and the most critical situation (2080), the average temperature of the country has increased 2.7 degrees (ºC) and Despite increased precipitation in some Stations, the average rainfall is facing a 33% reduction in the whole country. According to the most optimistic scenario (B1), the average temperature of the country is increasing by 1.4 (ºC) and the precipitation is decreasing by 14% in relation to the observation period. The results of the uncertainty examination for dry spells in Iran showed that in both 2050s and 2080s and based on all three scenarios (B1, A1B, A2), length of dry spells increases in all areas of Iran. Most of the changes in length of dry spells belong to the northwestern areas of Iran (Urmia, Khoy, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Lorestan).
Behrouz Nasiri; zahra yarmoradi
Abstract
Abstract[1]
The increase in greenhouse gases in the last few decades has disrupted the climatic balance of the Earth which is called the phenomenon of climate change. The main consequences of climate change will be the increase in global average temperature, the increase of climatic extreme phenomena ...
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Abstract[1]
The increase in greenhouse gases in the last few decades has disrupted the climatic balance of the Earth which is called the phenomenon of climate change. The main consequences of climate change will be the increase in global average temperature, the increase of climatic extreme phenomena such as floods, storms, hail, thermal waves, sea level rise, melting of polar ice and untimely cold. The use of Statistical Downscaling Models for estimating climatic fluctuations allows weather data to be generated at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. Such capabilities have contributed greatly to studying local and regional climatic fluctuations. In this research, the efficiency of LARS-WG model was examined and evaluated for generating and simulating daily temperature, sunny hours and rainfall data in Lorestan province using MAE, T-STUDENT, MAE, R2 statistical parameters and their subsequent changes in the future became apparent too. The results showed that at 99% confidence level, there is no significant difference between actual data and data obtained from the model and the model has the necessary efficiency in generating daily data. After making sure of the model’s efficiency, the outputs of the HADCM3 model were used and the daily temperature, radiation and precipitation data for the base period (1961-2005) were simulated under three scenarios of A1B (mid-range scenario), A2 (maximum scenario) and B1 (scenario Minimum).Based on the HADCM3 model estimates for the scenarios under study in future periods, the average maximum temperature and precipitation of the province would increase about (0.9 to 1.3 degrees) and (12.04 percent), respectively, and average sunny hours would decrease by about 0.6.Also, despite lower changes in maximum temperature than the minimum temperature, the average temperature increase in this period is expected. According to these results, the climatic conditions of Lorestan province in the next 50 years will have a significant difference with the current situation and long-term strategic plans seem necessary to manage these conditions.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Gholamali Mozafari; Shahab Shafiei; Zahra Taghizade
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the increase in the temperature of the Earth has caused the disruption of climatic balance of the Earth, causing widespread climatic changes in most parts of the planet, which is referred to as climate change. The aim of this study is to predict climatic changes of Sistan-va-Baluchestan ...
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Over the past few decades, the increase in the temperature of the Earth has caused the disruption of climatic balance of the Earth, causing widespread climatic changes in most parts of the planet, which is referred to as climate change. The aim of this study is to predict climatic changes of Sistan-va-Baluchestan Province using statistical downscaling in which the A2 scenario data of ECHO-G atmospheric general circulation model is implemented.To assess, the climatic changes and the drought in Sistan and Baluchestan Provincewere downscaledby the LARS-WG model during the statistical period of 2012 to 2031.In this study, the data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, radiation, and precipitation of ECHO-G model, and the actual data of 7 stations in the province, including the Chabahar, Iranshahr, Khash, Saravan, Zabol, Zahak and Zahedan have been used. The overall results of the surveys for the aforementioned period indicate an 8 percent increase in precipitation in the province and a decrease in the number of glacial days and an annual average increase of about 0.3 degrees Celsius. The highest monthly increase in wintertemperatureis at 0.9 degrees Celsius. Moreover, the number of dry days increases in Saravan city and decreases in other cities, and in general, the droughts in this province decrease in the period of 2012- 2031.
Hosseyn Mohammadi; Taghi Karimian; Madjid Rahmani
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 127-145
Abstract
Today tourism, as a phenomena affecting the process of development, has attracted much attention. It has profound effects on human life from different aspects: economic, cultural social , environmental and physical. Climate, as an important aspect of natural environment affects humanlife considerably ...
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Today tourism, as a phenomena affecting the process of development, has attracted much attention. It has profound effects on human life from different aspects: economic, cultural social , environmental and physical. Climate, as an important aspect of natural environment affects humanlife considerably and the effect of climate not only leads to the development of tourism, but also it produces demand for tourist services. This study uses a descriptive analytical method and by referring to the related documents inspects contribution of travel and tourism in socio-economic development of countries. Also, analysis carbon emission sources, predict all categories of travel and tourism and specify the most prominent measures against emission in each sector and the entire unit. In addition, this research presents the critical role of contribution in innovations in each part within the unit and in other industrial sectors (e.g.energy). the speed and reduce the allocation criteria pollutants offers. The purpose of this paper is identifying specific pollutant of travel and tourism and measures of preventing the pollutants. The results show that pollutants of the transport sectore of travel and tourism will grow at 2% per year until 2035.
Mehrdad Hoseini; Naser Maleki; Farrokh Matlabifar
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 86-90
Abstract
One of the basic and most fundamental factors in the structure of the planet is the climate. There is no doubt that humans, living things and manifestations of life on the Earth are affected by climatic conditions and atmospheric phenomena. Inappropriate distribution of dry land and water, different ...
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One of the basic and most fundamental factors in the structure of the planet is the climate. There is no doubt that humans, living things and manifestations of life on the Earth are affected by climatic conditions and atmospheric phenomena. Inappropriate distribution of dry land and water, different latitudes, passage of atmospheric systems, heights and elevations covered by snow and ice, dry desert without water and grass, forests covered by trees,... In different regions of the planet, has created different climatic conditions, in such a way that in the broad geography of the world, atmospheric and hydrological hazards such as floods, storms, thunder and lightning, fatal cold, overwhelming heat, etc., annihilate thousands of humans and living organisms annually, or bring about many financial and environmental losses. In this regard, today's civilized human is releasing into the atmosphere millions of tons of carbon dioxide and toxic pollutants annually in order to gain industrial agriculture, so that greenhouse gases have formed a dark blanket on the ozone layer, and this harsh and fatal contamination has seriously threatened the lives of humans and living beings. Therefore, today's violent climate and humans have caused climatic changes in micro and macro climatic levels. Therefore, it is desirable and imperative to identify and investigate climatic changes and to prepare research plans in order to overcome the hydrological atmospheric hazards and to reduce and control pollution and human industrial toxicants.
Masoud Mo'ayyeri; Ali Jowzi Khomslouei
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result ...
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This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result of fossil fuels and land use changes, and these are linked to an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface during the last decade of the twenty-first century. However, the analyses carried out by Ruddiman, which take the Holocene era and the urban community into consideration, have unprecedentedly compared changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases with that of glacial records of the past four hundred thousand years. During this period, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH4) have increased, and this increase is probably due to the beginning of agricultural activities and land clearing in Eurasia. These and other changes in land use resulting from agricultural and rural activities may cause poor climatic change and prevent land’s temperature fall, or maybe due to natural forces. Although the early evidence supports the theory of Ruddiman, forestry and agricultural activities during the period of urban community may have exerted an impact on the climate equal to at least eight thousand years of the past.
Hossein Mohammadi; Gholam Reza Roshan
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 50-53
Abstract
On Monday, August 29, 2005, the Hurricane Katrina swept the South American coast of the Gulf of Mexico at a speed of 250 kilometers per hour, causing thousands of deaths and enormous financial losses in three states of Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi. Although Katrina was a natural disaster, it was ...
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On Monday, August 29, 2005, the Hurricane Katrina swept the South American coast of the Gulf of Mexico at a speed of 250 kilometers per hour, causing thousands of deaths and enormous financial losses in three states of Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi. Although Katrina was a natural disaster, it was nevertheless man-made, caused by abnormal actions of human beings on natural environments and the increasing use of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries, especially in the United States. In the following, it can be stated that one of the political consequences of Katrina's occurrence has been to disturb security and public order during the occurrence of this incident.
Mehrdad Hoseini
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 15-17
Abstract
Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various ...
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Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various world reports and the latest statements by the International Community, but scientific doubts also exist on reasoning behind climate change reported by “CHANGEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATE”. As BRYSON (1977) states, surge from one pattern to another might change the climate of some of the mid-range-latitude areas drastically, and it is very likely to create a “drought-or-flood” pattern. The increase in temperature in some of Iran's meteorological stations indicates a tendency towards arid climate, and probably the period of climate change has begun in the country of Iran. The country, according to the research, has a pattern of a number of years of droughts alternated by a number of rainy years. Environmental problems such as global warming, frequent occurrence of droughts, expansion of deserts and the increasing trend of desertification, increasing number of forbidden areas for the extraction of water and occurrence of destructive floods have caused ecological instability in the country and have increased the vulnerability of the country's natural resources.
Mahmoud Khosravi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 56-64
Abstract
Tourism industry is considered as one of the most important activities in the contemporary world. Every year there are 1.7 billion tourist travels which cost about $600 billion. The incomes of some countries such as Tunisia and Bahama are provided by tourism industry. Unfortunately, Iran’s share ...
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Tourism industry is considered as one of the most important activities in the contemporary world. Every year there are 1.7 billion tourist travels which cost about $600 billion. The incomes of some countries such as Tunisia and Bahama are provided by tourism industry. Unfortunately, Iran’s share of this industry is less than $200 million. On the whole, there is no doubt that climate is the main cause of the seasonal characteristic of tourism. In this paper, after examining major points and analysis of some models of tourist regions’ assessment, epistemological limitations of tourism studies are discussed. One of the most difficult stages is modeling the future climate. Assessment of the effect of climate on tourism is a sensitive and multi-faceted task. Considering the need for evidential research, we face many questions that need to be answered. Our main goal in this paper is to provide such answers. Today, there are evidences that in activities regarding the effect of climate, the mutual effects of environment and human are also considered. Therefore, the present article has also discussed the possibilities and limitations of research concerning climate effects on tourism. In this paper, first the importance of tourism-climate issues are discussed, and then a comprehensive examination of epistemological matters concerning climate effect research has been presented; finally, strategies for more advanced research about climate effects on tourism have been proposed.
