Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Ebrahim Amou; Ahmad Pourahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei
Abstract
Extended abstractIntroductionCivilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also dropped ...
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Extended abstractIntroductionCivilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also dropped on cities. In the eyes of policymakers and experts, urban safety and security is one of the most basic assumptions of the global community for human-centered planning. Humans have always faced threats in their lives and constructions and have experienced all kinds of accidents throughout history. One of the basic ways to prepare for crises is to be aware of the degree of vulnerability of the city, especially residential buildings, in case it occurs. Therefore, knowing the degree of vulnerability of urban buildings caused by threats, it is possible to increase the preparedness against any threat to a great extent by adopting strategies. Identifying the risk of possible damages plays an important role in prevention and preparation to face and deal with the negative effects of urban threats and is very important in terms of controlling human and financial damages.Materials & MethodsIn this research, considering the theoretical issues and the examination of global experiences regarding the vulnerability of residential areas against invasion, vulnerability criteria were extracted and completed using the Delphi method. After selecting the criteria and sub-criteria for weight calculation, using the Dematel method, factors that are effective in residential vulnerability have been used. The main goal of the Delphi method is to achieve the most reliable consensus of a group of experts' opinions through a series of focused questionnaires with controlled feedback. By obtaining the consensus of a group of experts through this process, researchers can identify and prioritize issues and develop a framework for their diagnosis. In this research, Delphi panel members were selected as non-probability and combination of targeted or judgmental and chain methods. In this research, Kendall's correlation coefficient was used to determine the level of consensus among panel members. The value of this scale is equal to one when there is complete coordination and zero when there is no complete coordination. Kendall's correlation coefficient for this research was equal to 0.67, which can be trusted as a relatively moderate to high value according to the order of its factors. Building a network analysis process model requires knowing the relationships and interactions between the criteria and sub-criteria of the problem in order to create the most realistic state of the network, which was extracted in the previous stage through Dematel and with the opinions of experts. ANP includes determining the final weights using the method of extracting weight vectors and forming hypermatrix. Results & Discussion,The way of distribution of buildings in terms of floors and especially high-rises has created a special spatial system that has overcome all other urban elements and has turned the city into a compact structure. In terms of the quality of the houses, it can be said that due to the presence of dilapidated structures in the central part of the city as well as informal settlements in the peripheral areas, these houses are not of good quality and are highly vulnerable.From the point of view of passive defense, the passageways and the ability of the network to access the space and the conditions of sheltering are of special importance. Examining the map of vulnerability caused by the access network and access to open spaces in the residential areas of Tabriz shows that the central areas have narrow roads and high density and have high vulnerability. In discussing the vulnerability of residential areas in this research, population density and building density have been considered. By increasing population density in vulnerable areas with specific dimensions, the number of vulnerable population increases. According to the vulnerability map caused by the density of residential areas in Tabriz city, the population distribution is not the same throughout the city and dense population tissues are often located in the central areas and in the range of peripheral tissues (northern parts of the city) and are of high vulnerability. Has Distance and proximity to danger centers is very important in terms of passive defense. The location of these risk centers in the vicinity of human settlements makes it necessary to respect the privacy of these centers. The map of the privacy of dangerous centers in Tabriz shows that the residential areas of Tabriz are not in a good condition in terms of respecting the privacy of high-risk centers and will be highly vulnerable in the event of an attack. The access map of residential areas to relief centers in Tabriz city shows that the distribution of these centers is not balanced in all parts of the city and is mostly concentrated in the central parts of the city, which causes many problems with the influx of people in the event of a crisis. will face these centers. After the occurrence of crises, especially air raids that destroy people's shelters, the temporary accommodation of people is very important. One of the temporary accommodation centers that are considered are educational centers. Also, nowadays spaces are considered as multi-purpose parks and sheds that are used in normal conditions and are considered as temporary accommodation centers in times of crisis. The map of temporary accommodation centers in the city of Tabriz shows that, firstly, these centers are not evenly distributed in all parts of the city, and secondly, they do not have enough numbers according to the existing population. ConclusionMaps and research findings show that the residential density criterion with a weight of 0.356 is in the first place among residential vulnerability factors in Tabriz city. The second rank is assigned to the criterion of residential context with a weight of 0.257. Access criteria, access to relief centers, privacy of danger centers and temporary accommodation are in the next ranks respectively.
Military and police geography
Aram Khezerlou; Reza Karimi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionDescribing and evaluating the threats and vulnerability (weaknesses) of cities is a framework for analyzing and managing risks related to possible attacks against key infrastructures. In fact, the identification of threats in the field of passive defense, i.e. intentional ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionDescribing and evaluating the threats and vulnerability (weaknesses) of cities is a framework for analyzing and managing risks related to possible attacks against key infrastructures. In fact, the identification of threats in the field of passive defense, i.e. intentional man-made threats and possible damages, plays an important role in prevention and preparation for facing and dealing with the negative effects of man-made threats and natural hazards to urban areas, which by knowing the dimensions of risk and damages It is possible to define and develop the level and type of measures to deal with these damages up to the scale of neighborhoods and urban residents. In this research, vulnerability and threat assessment studies are carried out in the new city of Andisheh with a passive defense approach for reasons such as high population density, especially in the city center, proximity to Tehran, and the existence of a large workforce that is mainly employed in Tehran. The increasing and uneven development due to the saturation of Karaj and Tehran, the favorable climate that attracts the overflowing population of Tehran, the centrality between Tehran, Qazvin and Central provinces, the presence of many military and industrial centers around the city, etc.MaterialsThe current research method is descriptive-analytical with a survey perspective (Delphi technique). In terms of nature, considering that the current research is not only about mere description and matters such as recognition and analysis, evaluation and formulation of principles are considered together, therefore it is also included in the category of analytical research. The method of collecting information includes questionnaires, observations and interviews, and the statistical sample of the research consisted of 30 experts and specialists in the field of city, security and safety from organizations and universities related to the subject of the research. MethodsIn this research, the methods of assessing the threats and vulnerability of the new city of Andisheh are as follows:Threat Assessment MethodIn order to evaluate the threats of intentional man-made research, the combination of AHP (Analysis Hierarchy) and FEMA (Emergency Management Agency) techniques have been used to analyze information. After distributing the threat assessment questionnaire and completing it by the community of research experts, the arithmetic mean of the opinions of the community of experts was scored based on the Likert scale, which is common to the FEMA technique. In order for the scores provided in this way to evaluate the identified threats of the research to be effective; AHP method has been used for weighting the threat evaluation indicators.Vulnerability Assessment MethodVulnerability estimation is surrounded by ambiguities and uncertainties; because calculating the amount of past vulnerability using the Boolean model does not allow the vulnerability criteria to be a continuous spectrum. For this reason, IHWP (inverse hierarchical analysis) fuzzy model has been used. The calculation of the score of the selected layers using the inverse hierarchical analysis method is in the form of the following mathematical relations:DiscussionThreat Assessment of Case StudyIn the studied sample, hard threats including air and missile attacks and bombings and people-oriented threats, i.e. demonstrations and riots have the highest probability and biological threats have the lowest probability. The possibility of air and missile attacks on infrastructures such as New Andisheh New Development Company, Gas Department, Electricity Department, Phase II Telecommunications Department, Police Headquarters, Andisheh Grand Bazaar, electrical substations and petrol pumps especially in the city center and also There is a possibility of the threat of demonstrations and riots in the area of National Banks, Export, Housing in the central part of the city, Drekhri Street and Andisheh Big Bazaar, ABFA office. The possibility of bomb threat is also high in Andisheh Grand Bazaar, Basij Base, Andisheh Municipality, Telecommunication Department, two 230 KV substations in the southeast of the city.Vulnerability Assessment of Case StudyIn order to evaluate the vulnerability of the studied area against hard attack such as rocket launchers, ten indicators including property sensitivity, distance from sensitive and important infrastructure, road width, number of floors, population density, building quality, facade materials, access to medical centers and access to fire stations has been selected. 23.06 percent of the city plots are very low vulnerability, 26.78 percent are low vulnerability, 16.75 percent are medium vulnerability, 21.4 percent are high vulnerability and 12.01 percent are very high vulnerability. They have dedicated themselves. It is obvious that the parts located in the north and center of the city, such as sand mines in the northeast, Petropal gasoline pump on Imam Khomeini Boulevard in the center of the city, 63Kv electrical substation on Ostad Forozanfar Street, Phase 2 Telecommunication Department and 3, 4 and 5, and the social security hospital in the city center, which has high building and population densities, the quality of the restored, destructive building, a long distance to medical centers, less road width, more building height, degree of confinement, and more... have been, it had a high vulnerability score. ConclusionIn this research, firstly, the package of sample threats studied in three steps including documentary studies, threat records and experts' opinions were extracted, and then using the AHP-FEMA scoring method, the threat of air-missile attack was selected as the base threat. Then IHWP model was used in GIS software. The results of these studies indicate that nearly 34% of the studied sample has a high and very high level of vulnerability against the threat of air attack. By examining the maps of the spatial distribution of uses and population, the distribution and distribution of relief and structural services, it is observed that the central parts of the city, which have a high population, are more vulnerable. The presence of high importance uses, low population density and high road width, suitable structural quality and high compatibility of uses causes a low score of vulnerability, and at the end, the solutions to reduce vulnerability according to the situation of the sample A case was presented.
Majid Fakhri; Amin Faraji; Mehdi Aliyan
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In recent years, protecting infrastructure, especially critical infrastructure, has become increasingly important because the economy of a region and the well-being of its inhabitants depend on the continuous and reliable operation of its infrastructure. These infrastructures ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
In recent years, protecting infrastructure, especially critical infrastructure, has become increasingly important because the economy of a region and the well-being of its inhabitants depend on the continuous and reliable operation of its infrastructure. These infrastructures are like arteries for survival of urbanism damaging .Some of infrastructures can have devastating effects on security, economy, and society at the regional and national levels. There are different systems and infrastructures in different countries, including Communication, electricity, gas and oil, banking and finance, transportation, water supply and government services infrastructure, which are critical infrastructures.
A review of various types of infrastructures shows that energy infrastructure is more important and plays a more significant role in comparing with other types of infrastructure.
Maintaining the security of this infrastructure against attacks and threats is one of the priorities of securing a country. One way to ensure security is to measure the spatial vulnerability of infrastructure. This article assesses the capacity of Yazd province against the vulnerability of energy infrastructure.
Materials & Methods
The information for this research has been extracted by documentary methods (including books, scientific articles, reports, etc.) as well as using the country's infrastructure database. Then, GIS layers of the energy infrastructure of Yazd province, including electric transmission network, electric plant, gas transmission lines, gas pressure regulation stations, oil transmission lines, oil products transmission lines, oil and gas storage tank and gas stations were examined.
The next step was ranking the importance of infrastructure elements with the DEMATEL model. Then, the infrastructure elements of Yazd province were prioritized with the analytic network process(ANP) model.
The next step was to prepare maps and GIS layers for each of the infrastructure elements ,by preparing them in Arc GIS and the priorities of the network analysis process model ;sothe final vulnerability map of the province was prepared.
Results& Discussion
After calculations of supermatrix coefficients, the results show the importance of these infrastructures in providing services to people and other infrastructures, as well astheattractiveness for each infrastructure element. Gas transmission network with the value of 0.1003, oilproducts transmission lines with the value of 0.0988, oil and gas tank with the value of 0.0995, have the most weight and importance, and gas stations with the value of 0.0485 has the least importance in comparing to other energy infrastructures in the Yazd province.
The results show that the central part of Yazd province is more vulnerable thanthe other part of province, because moreenergy infrastructuresareestablished inthe central part of Yazd province. Examination of the results on a smaller scale show thatthe vulnerability of energy network infrastructure inYazd,Meybod, Mehriz and Sadooghis high,butinBahabad, Khatam, and Abarkoohis low.
Conclusion
The results show that distribution of infrastructure in the Yazd province has not beenin a good model. The central part of the province is more vulnerable than the peripheralareas so that more than half of the infrastructure of the energy network (55%) is in very vulnerable zone and 18% of the infrastructure is in highly vulnerable zone;thus, observing the teachings of passive defense in the province deserves more importance.
Issues of the border regions of the country
Fariba Karami; Hossein Karimzadeh; Mohamad Javad Ahmadi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionRecently, Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization of Iran has focused on construction of disaster management and support bases. To reach such an aim, it is necessary to investigate different areas and select an appropriate geographical location for this type of land ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionRecently, Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization of Iran has focused on construction of disaster management and support bases. To reach such an aim, it is necessary to investigate different areas and select an appropriate geographical location for this type of land use. The selected location must be safe in critical conditions and make the base as efficient as possible. Accurate site selection is a necessary step towards prevention, preparedness and dealing with various disasters. Selecting an appropriate location for these bases is extremely important in their relief operations. Thus, the bases must be properly accessible while having a strong structure unthreatened by any risk. Disaster management measures are based on information analysis and take advantage of geographical information tools for spatial analysis. Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used in all stages of disaster management. Geographic information system is a very useful tool for implementation of logical models, decision making about land use allocation, selection of the most suitable site, evaluation of suitable options and finally reaching an integrated choice. Geographical location of Baneh in vicinity of Iran-Iraq border, and related natural hazards (geological, climatic, and etc.) and unnatural threats (political-security) have made passive defense and especially site selection for disaster management and support bases a crucial issue in this border area. Therefore, the present study seeks to select the best possible site for disaster management and support bases in Baneh. Materials and MethodsData have been collected through library research and questionnaires distributed among experts. Research criteria have also been classified into natural and unnatural (man-made) categories which include altitude, slope, slope direction, vegetation, lithology, distance from fault line, distance from river, climatic factor (precipitation), link roads, distance from city, distance from village, gas stations, health centers, relief agencies, military and police stations, open spaces and distance from the international Iran-Iraq border. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to analyze the questionnaires and Expert Choice and Arc GIS software were used for data processing. The importance coefficient of the criteria were analyzed in Arc GIS software using AHP FUZZY model and the final results were presented in the form of a map.ResultsResults indicate that unnatural (man-made) criteria received a higher weight as compared to natural criteria. Among these criteria, vicinity to health centers received the highest weight (0.151), while vegetation and slope direction received the lowest weight (0.016). Baneh generally lacks a proper situation for the construction of disaster management and support bases except for the cities in the middle of the county. ConclusionDue to the occurrence of various natural disasters and unnatural (human) threats in the border areas of the country including the county of Baneh which have affected the security of the region by their serious damages and high death tolls, it is necessary to focus on passive defense in site selection for disaster management and support bases in these areas. Results indicated that quick and easy access from bases to health centers and relief agencies, link roads, police stations and proximity to cities have the highest priority in site selection for disaster management and support bases. Other desirable passive defense criteria include distance from Iran-Iraq border and distance from fault lines. The final map shows unacceptable situation of the county in terms of disaster management bases. Except for cities located in the middle of this county such as Baneh, Buin, Armardeh and Kanisour, other cities lack a proper situation for construction of these bases. Such a situation results in higher vulnerability of these areas in probable disasters. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt short-term and practical programs along with important and effective criteria of passive defense to find the most optimal sites for disaster management and support bases in Baneh County.
Mostafa Mohamadi dehcheshme; Fereshteh Shanbehpour
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction 21st century is the era of cities’vulnerability, since as urban life becomes more complex, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction 21st century is the era of cities’vulnerability, since as urban life becomes more complex, cities face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand and social-security crises on the other.Urban safety and security have long been a focus of urban planning, and planners have always been concerned about this important issue in the process of building and designing urban areas.Improving the security of critical infrastructures can play a key role in provision of better services and reduction of vulnerabilities, especially in times of crisis,Moreover, reducing the vulnerability of urban land uses by new crisis management approaches such as passive defense, which is one of the most important goals of urban managers can play a role in creation of a safe environment in cities and mitigationof damages. Materials & Methods The present research is theoretical-practical and descriptive-analytic in nature. For data analysis, the final weights of indices were determined using FAHP-GIS and then the neighborhood of each layer was identifiedusing the Distance tool. Afterwards, maps of the interval zoneswere overlapped usingFuzzy Overlay(gamma-0.9)of the Spatial Analyst Tools. Results & Discussion The findings of the present study on spatial analysis of critical infrastructure have indicated that: (A)The 2nd district of Yasujfaces the highest risk level, while the 3rd district faces the lowest level of risks. High concentration of critical infrastructures in the 2nd district and improper distribution of these infrastructures and organizations providing emergency servicesare the most important causes of risks in the city of Yasuj. B) None of the studied critical infrastructures and organizations providing emergency services in Yasuj are located in the very low risk zone. C) Only about 31% of the studied critical land uses are located in the low Risk zone. D) Spatial analysis of critical infrastructures in Yasuj has shown the lack of a logical balance in spatial distribution of these infrastructures. Therefore, ifa possible emergency situation damages a part of the city (the 2nd district as considered in the present study), the activities of many sectors will be challengeddue to the synergy and interoperability of the infrastructure. Conclusion The results show that 11 land uses or 45.83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.19-0.1 are located in the high risk zone; 6 land uses or 25% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.20-0.39 are located in the relatively dangerous zone; 5 land uses or 20.83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.40-0.59 are located in the medium risk zone, and finally, 2 land uses or 8.33% of the infrastructures with percent value of 0.60-0.79 are located in the low risk zone. None of the land uses in Yasuj are located inthe very low risk zone.
Saadi Mohammadi; Mehdi Saidi; soran manoochehri
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Natural and anthropogenic hazards have always endangered human society and settlements. These hazards disrupt normal life of human society and lead to crisis. In this regard, it is necessary for all sectors and institutions in the country to adopt smart strategies for dealing with these natural crises. Moreover, there should be a continuous emphasis on political and economic challenges. As an effective, efficient and precautionary strategy, passive defense explains related requirements and mechanisms, and thus can lead to a reduction of damages resulting from different crises. Materials and methods The present applied research takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method. With the aim of reducing vulnerability of rural border hazardous areas in Marivan County, it investigates passive defense indices from a spatial and comprehensive perspective. In this way, vulnerable areas are identified and appropriate strategies are selected in accordance with the situation of passive defense in villages of this county. Required information was collected using documentary resources, especially basic geological maps and land use of the region. Then, indices were weighed using binary comparison method and fuzzy logic, and a final compiled map was prepared for the situation of passive defense. In this regard, 14 security, social and natural indices were selected as passive defense indices in accordance with the regional conditions. Afterwards, indices were weighed using AHP method and a Fuzzy weight was assigned to each layer. Accordingly, specified indices were mapped and compiled using Arc GIS. Results and Conclusions The present study takes advantage of a comprehensive and spatial approach to investigate human and natural standards of passive defense in villages of Marivan region in Iranian border. Findings indicated that human standards, including population of villages, distance from main roads and village centers are the most effective and important parameters influencing the status of passive defense in the studied villages. Also, final zoning indicated that the region is mostly in an appropriate status regarding passive defense. But regarding the spatial zoning, most villages (89 villages) are classified as average (quite appropriate). Regarding passive defense, more than 65% of the villages in this county are classified in a quite appropriate (average) class, which indicates that short-term and applied programs must be rapidly adopted to improve the fragile condition of these villages and prevent from deterioration of their status in passive defense. Moreover, more than 75 percent of low populated villages (i.e. fewer than 150 people) are classified as average. Since services and facilities are also allocated based on the village population, it should be expected that low declining population of villages rapidly increases vulnerability and reduces the desirability of their passive defense status. On the other hand, among six rural district centers in the study area, five rural district centers are in an average condition and only one is in a good condition. In rural planning system of the country, rural district centers are considered to be the focal point of rural areas, and provide the most developed services. Thus, it is necessary to use these rural districts as communicational centers for crisis management. 84% of rural district centers in the study area are in an average or fragile state, which may increase vulnerability and result in serious concerns regarding the status of passive defense in these villages. Also, random and normal distribution of these villages is considered to be a relative advantage for passive defense situation. But based on this principle, similar actions must be carried out in all villages to improve passive defense status throughout the rural district. According to findings and field observations, following solutions are offered to improve the status of passive defense in villages of this county: - Considering principles of passive defense in planning of rural development in the county. - Moving toward human centered passive defense through people participation and their education. - Moving away from a purely military and structural viewpoint toward passive defense by officials responsible for city development and security. - Paying attention to standards of passive defense with the aim of determining the most appropriate rural centers or rural districts. - Detailed and accurate short term investigation of the status of passive defense in rural districts and elimination of deficiencies and weaknesses, especially regarding human standards, with the aim of improving the status of these centers. - Compliance with the principle of spatial justice in accessing and distributing services and economic and social facilities in villages of the county with an emphasis on low-populated and remote villages.
Gholamreza Latifi; Sina Shahidi
Abstract
Extended abstract Introduction Over the past 3 decades,major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the ...
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Extended abstract Introduction Over the past 3 decades,major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the Zionist regime (2006), the 22-day, 8-day and 40-day wars of the Zionist regime against the people of Gaza, the war of the ISIS terrorist group against Syria over the past 7 years and against Iraq over the past 3 years, and the war in Yemenover the past 3 years. The war of Yemen and the fight against ISIS are still going on, and it has become more difficult to resolve these conflicts due to the formation of a controversial coalition led by the United States of America. Due to its prominent position in its geopolitical and anti-arrogance policy, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been subjected to threats by the United States of America, the Zionist and othertotalitarian regimes in recent years.The expedients and guidelines of the Supreme leader of revolution are based on strengthening all infrastructure of the country against theenemy’s threats. In this regard, passive defense is considered as a complementary part for active or armed defense,which includes unarmed measures to increase deterrence and decrease vulnerability, sustaining vital activities, promoting national sustainability and favorable effectiveness of crisis management against threats and armed actions by the enemy.CivilDefense planning (Spatial organization) is a process which leads to the reduction of vulnerability and the increase of defensive reversibility, sustainability and tolerability against enemy’s attacks through reorganizing and rearranging spatial elements of a city.This research examines the passive defense indices in land use, urban texture and structure by taking the passive defense principles and requirements into consideration and then, zones the metropolis of Tehran from the civil defense planning perspective in an analytical manner,specifies its vulnerable and secure areas and providessolutions to increase its defensive sustainability. In this Regard, this research tries to zone different geographical regions of Tehran metropolis in the form of homogeneous classes based on their vulnerability conditions from the passive defense. For this purpose, 8 criteria were extracted after studying the literature and the history of the subject in the field ofnatural and man-made crisis management. Then, 48 indices or sub-criteria were determined, and classified under 8 predefined criteria in order to make these criteria measurable, based on accessible data. Afterward, using experts’ opinions, the criteria and sub-criteria were weighed by ANP method through paired comparisons in the form of questionnaire and then adjustedand modified in the Super Decision software (in order to maintain inconsistency rate of the comparisons within the acceptable limits). In addition to that, each indicator was categorized into 5 classes of desirability in order to achieve a result withgreater accuracy of comprehensiveness and more flexibility. Then, the maps related to each index were producedby inserting the indices into ArcGIS 10.5 and applying them to the city domain. By integrating and combining the sub-criteria maps related to each criterion, the zoning map based on that specific criterion, and finally, by combining the maps of these 8 criteria, the ultimate zoning map of civil defense spatial organizing was generated qualitatively (in 5 desirability classes). Materials & Methods Since this research seeks to discover causal relationships between indices and their effects on the city,based on the basic sources of research method, it is an exploratory research which uses an analytical-descriptive method with an applied goal to study and interpret the data. This research uses both qualitative and quantitative procedures that means using quantitative methods along with qualitative approach in data analysisto facilitate classifications, calculations, and deductions. The study area involves all 22 regions of Tehran municipality. Regarding the collection of data and information, this research is a documentary study that uses Persian and English books and articles, related maps, internet portals and other documents. In addition, questionnaires and interviews with experts have been used. Finally, the integration and classificationof the exploratory and documentary findings and research analyses are carried out using inferential statistics, then,research suggestions are presented. M.S. Excel, ArcGIS 10.5 and Super Decision were the software used to prepare tables, maps and to analyze data. Making use ofthe experts’ opinions to weighthe indices, these indices were inserted into M.S. Excel the elimination of the scale differences and normalization as well. Then, they were categorized into 5 distinct classes of desirability. In order to obtainthe final weight and priority of indices considering ANP method, theirpairwise comparisons were inserted into Super Decision software. Finally, the results in ArcGIS 10.5 environmentwere assigned to different areas of Tehran metropolis, and the final zoning map of the defensive vulnerabilitywas generated as a Likert spectrum based on 8 criteria and their 48 sub-criteria on 5 levels, through the combination and integration of the weighted indices layers. Results & Discussion, Conclusion According to the surveys, only 10% of the city of Tehran is in perfect, 27% is in moderate and appropriate,and about 63% is in completely inappropriate conditions. These numbers represent the critical state of passive defense in this metropolis, a densely populated city which is the capital city of a sensitive country in the geopolitics of the region and still has a centralizedmanagement method and has a serious and urgent need for attention and reorganization in this regard. Therefore, suggestions and solutions are proposed to increase the defensive tolerability and reducethe damages and losses following the occurrence of a possible attack. Some of the results of the research are as follows: - Providing the context to identify the vulnerable zones and to invest in order to increase their level of defensive tolerability. - Making use of secure zones in order to locate temporary habitation sites at the time of a possible attack and to copy the patterns of their defensive space organization in future developments. - Thinking ofimmediate measures to promote the level of defensive tolerability in inappropriate zones by building shelters, developing public safe havens, and developing permanent relief and rescue centers or temporary relief and rescue sites. - Locating important, sensitive and vital useswith regard to the performed zoning and determining the security effects resulting from them on the surrounding areas.
Alireza Soleimani; Ahmad Aftab; Ali Majnoony Tootakhaneh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, as well as the flourishing of talents, and social development. Creativity and valuable activity are not possible without security. The negative effects of border areas’ insecurity in the villages are more than cities. Because, rural areas are more vulnerable due to the developmental gap between villages and cities. Due to the vulnerability of the border villages, it is necessary to ensure the security of the villages through passive defense measures. West Azerbaijan Province with 980 km of common land border with Iraq, Turkey and the Republic of Azerbaijan and possessing ethnic cultural diversities has not been an exception to this rule. The conditions of the eight years of the imposed war, the crises of the neighboring countries of Iraq, Azerbaijan and ethnic conflicts in Turkey have caused insecurity in the geographical boundaries of the West Azerbaijani province. In this regard, the present research investigates the spatial structure and assessment of the vulnerability of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with an emphasis on passive defense approach. Materials & Methods The study area includes parts of West Azerbaijan province which is bordered by Turkey and includes the cities of Maku, Chaldoran, Khoy, Salmas and Urmia, and 1259 villages with a population of 568843. The main method of this research is descriptive-analytical. In order to carry out the spatial analysis of the rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with regard to the passive defense approach, the eight major criteria (water resources, natural hazards, landforms, security considerations, climate, demographic considerations, access to facilities, land quality) were selected with 17 sub-criteria based on internal and external sources investigation. Then, using the network analysis process, the amount of importance coefficients of the criteria have been determined. In the next stage, the information layers were produced by the GIS in proportion to the indicators, and were integrated with regard to the capabilities of the GIS, and the extent of the vulnerability of settlements was extracted through the overlapping of the information layers. Results & Discussion Based on the results, security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest effect and significance. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border has the highest role with the rate of 0.1021. Demographic considerations with a score of 0.232, and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand next with respect to the importance. In the cluster of demographic considerations, population density with a score of 0.0231, and in the cluster of environmental hazards, the distance from the flood-prone areas with a score of 0.0078 have had the highest effect. Among the main criteria examined, the quality of land and water resources are the least important with the importance rate of 0.019 and 0.026, respectively. Based on the results obtained, 17.9% of the study area was found to be a highly vulnerable zone. 123 villages with 8.3% of the population of the study area are located in this zone. The zone with the high vulnerability covers 17.5% of the area. 243 villages with 18% of the population are located in this zone. Conclusion The overall results of this research showed that by adopting a passive defense approach, the natural and human threats of border rural areas could be reduced. In this regard, in this research, in order to analyze the spatial structure of rural settlements in the border regions of Iran and Turkey with a passive defense approach, eight major criteria were identified. Security considerations with a score of 0.349 have the highest significance and impact on analyzing the rural settlements of the border areas of Iran and Turkey in terms of passive defense. Meanwhile, the index of the distance from the border with the rate of 0.1021 has the highest role with respect to the passive defense approach. In the next stage, demographic considerations with a score of 0.232 and environmental hazards with a score of 0.150 stand in terms of importance. Given these findings, the following solutions are proposed: • Identifying and eliminating the damages caused by the proximity of villages to the border point and the observation of the transboundary threats. • Creating job diversification among the border villages to reduce rural dependency on land. • Promoting the role and functions of border cities, including mid-range cities, in comprehensive rural development. • Encouraging people to stay in villages through investing in rural infrastructure. • Enhancement of the presence of military and law enforcement forces at the border level.
Sharare Saidpour; Dyman kashefidust
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Cities as the physical and human assets aggregation centers, will toll a lot at crisis time. So attending to passive defense matter can considerably decrease the damages. Passive defense is one of those matters that have become attended during recent years at urban plans ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Cities as the physical and human assets aggregation centers, will toll a lot at crisis time. So attending to passive defense matter can considerably decrease the damages. Passive defense is one of those matters that have become attended during recent years at urban plans and schematizations. And one of the passive defense policies - in all countries generally and in Iran specially - is constructing urban shelters to protect citizens’ lives and decreasing human harms. Staying in shelters provides the ability of habitation and temporary people lives for one or two months and also provides preserving and modulating the activities, managing the environment, resistance and securing urban life. The city of Saqqez, as the center of Saqqez division at Kurdistan province, is subjected to present research which experiences many natural incidents as a mountainous city, of which, flood is the most important one. Generally further to geological status of this city, there exist several agents which increase the probability of crisis at Saqqez such as existence of loose earth, hillsides susceptible for sliding or stone staving, unobserving the construction rules and precepts, instability of the earth, lack of rebuilding of damaged zones, lack of suitable pathways, lack of fundamental studies and works for solving the inundation problem and repelling flood, missing the basic plans for encountering future tensions and hundreds of other problems which appear now in Saqqez city, so that if they continue and remain unsolved, they may lead to some hard knots and unsolvable problems and if such situations occurred, unless expending immense charges and hard trying of planners can’t improve the created situation. One of the most important tasks that appear after accident is temporary or semi-temporary habitation and consequently permanent habitation of survivors of accident. So present research have been codified with the main aim localization of urban shelters with passive defense approach and the minor aims specification and utilizing some criterions for selecting the best shelter for temporary habitation, helping the urban guardians and deciders in prioritizing latent locations and selecting the best location for making shelter. Materials & Methods This research is regarded among applied researches, and descriptive-analytical method is used for codifying it. Needed information is imitated through library, documents, fieldwork, statistical results and census tables. In this research based on available statics at detailed plan of Saqqez city and also a fieldwork at 2014, the ANP model at environment of Super Decision software has utilized for evaluating the criterions. Thereafter informative layers and proportionate maps with criterions was provided finally the combined map of criterions has been extracted which shows the best location for building shelter in this zone. Result & Discussion According to the performed studies, in order to answer the first question, the most effective criterions at localization of safe space of shelters: criterions of distance from clinic and infirmary centers, distance from fire stations, distance from open areas, distance from educational centers, distance from police stations and military centers, population accumulation, adaptability of urban land uses and accessing to communication network have been considered. In order to answer the second question, suitable locations for generating shelters at crisis times, are those points of city which have enough open areas and at the same time are compatible with surrounding land uses which have rather better potential for habitation of injured people. Those zones with incompatible and medley urban use and insufficient area have minimum possible ability for planning shelters. Thus central part has a high ability for habitation of injured people because of having proper open areas and also suitable accessibility. Conclusion Achieved results of this research show that by compilation of different layers of effective urban land uses, final map of optimized areas for generating urban shelters classified at five parcels from very good to very lean and 9 preferred locations have been considered which among them green areas, arid lands and schools have maximum scores for temporal habitation. Thus 3 parks in the city, 1 school and other open and arid lands have been preferred. According to performed analysis and results, designation of equipment and necessary services at selected locations for temporary habitation specially parks and gardens such as specifying heliport, toilets, water sources, etc. are obligatory then it is not necessary to spend time for providing them during any misadventure in order to not any tribulation retards the fast relief process. Constructing the wide open spaces such as parks, gardens, sport fields, etc. with at least 2000 square meter area inside the neighboring units simultaneously with performing other constructional works among these areas are useful and effective to fast evacuation of injured people to this areas and establishing the temporal houses. Informing and introducing safe places for people habitation is necessary and all governmental and private places, gardens, military places, stadiums and sport fields, bureaus and agencies, relief centers, etc. which have suitable spaces among the city or around it, by respecting protection and safety principles can use their spaces multipurpose and contribute in this matter.
Hossein Hataminejad; Yaghob Abdali; Sara Allah Gholipour
Abstract
Abstract[1] Today, following the rapid changes in cities, part of urban texture has failed to establish a proper connection with its environment and servicing to the users due to deterioration and inefficiencies. The existence of a widespread worn texture is one of the most important challenges facing ...
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Abstract[1] Today, following the rapid changes in cities, part of urban texture has failed to establish a proper connection with its environment and servicing to the users due to deterioration and inefficiencies. The existence of a widespread worn texture is one of the most important challenges facing urban managers, urban planners and architects, because the lack of attention to these structures causes the decline of city and its heterogeneous development and the creation of new towns on the edge of the old city. Due to the fact that a significant part of the problems of Ahwaz city has appeared in district 1 of the city, it was considered as the study area, and the central part was studied due to the excessive wear of the texture and the severe deterioration process. The present research is an applied-developmental research in terms of objectives, and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of methodology based on library studies and field investigations. In order to achieve the research goals, the building Structure Indexes, material, number of floors and building age were extracted. Regression tools were used to explore pattern trends, and spatial autocorrelation method existing in Geoda software was used to weigh the layers in spatial data. To examine the vulnerability of worn out texture by using Anselin local Morans method, the cluster & outlier analysis tool from the tool set available in Spatial Statistics Tools relating to the ArcGIS Software was used. The results of this study indicate that 45.83 percent of the surface area is in the range of medium to high vulnerability, suggesting that a large part of the worn out texture in the central area of Ahwaz is somehow in need of passive defense planning. [1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Ahmad Pourahmad; Hossein Hataminejad; Mahdi Modiri; Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani
Abstract
Introduction
Preservation and maintenance of historical urban fabrics or fabrics containing cultural heritage of cities is of special importance, because these fabrics, in addition to creating a sense of identity and stimulating national pride, improve the citizens' quality of life. "Improvement"is ...
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Introduction
Preservation and maintenance of historical urban fabrics or fabrics containing cultural heritage of cities is of special importance, because these fabrics, in addition to creating a sense of identity and stimulating national pride, improve the citizens' quality of life. "Improvement"is one of the methods and, of course, the most appropriate one, of intervention in the historical fabrics of cities, because in this type of intervention, the principle is based on "loyalty to the past and the preservation of identity-stimulating effects".
Improvement activities are aimed at using available potential and actual facilities, strengthening positive aspects and weakening negative ones. In each of the improvement measures, no significant intervention is performedin the physical aspect, and only by replacing the proper functioning of activity, the erosion of this type of urban space is prevented, and by making changes in urban activities, favorable urban spaces are created. Since the observance of the "passive defense requirements" as well as the "sustainable urban development principles" is an essential requirement in selecting the appropriate pattern for the improvement of the old urban fabric, the study of the principles governing these two concepts indicates thatcontradictions exist between these principles. In the present study, we have mainly studied and examined these two important and influential concepts on the improvement patterns of historical urban fabric, and carried out a comparative study of the principles governing them. The purpose of this research is to outline the contradictions between the requirements of passive defense and the principles of sustainable urban development in the improvement pattern of urban historical fabric and to find a suitable solution in this regard.
Materials & Methods
The research method was applied in terms of the aim, and descriptive-exploratory in terms of conduct. The data gathering method was both documentary (secondary) and field surveys, and analyses were performed using the ArcGIS software and also by the Paired Comparison Analysis method. The historical fabric of the 12th district of Tehran, with an emphasis on the historical element of the museums, was the case study of this paper, which made it possible to achieve the results of the research. In order to prioritize some uses in positions where the studied historical element (museum) are located, from the point of view of passive defense as well as from sustainable urban development perspective, we can use the Paired Comparison Analysis method to achieve the most balanced result, so that the conflict between the two approaches is not significant. First of all, the importance of each single studied use is examined from either of the two perspectives through the spatial analysis ofthe position of that particular use relative to the location of the museums. Then, the view of passive defense concerning each use has been compared with that of sustainable urban development according to the relevant criteria, and scored on the basis of importance.
Results & Discussion
The results of the research show that, in order to find the most suitable pattern of intervention - of improvement type - in the historical fabric, it is necessary that along with emphasis on the requirements of passive defense and principles of sustainable urban development, we must, in addition to prioritizing changes in uses, reduce the grounds for the creation of any kind of contradiction in approaches. Therefore, in the present paper, the uses and elements affecting theregion have been analyzed in relation to the studied fabric (museums). In the investigated pattern, actions and predictions to improve the physical and spatialquality of environment through the replacement of proper operation of activity will prevent the erosion of the historical urban fabric, and by creating changes in urban activities, favorable spaces for the protection of historical fabric will be created.
Conclusion
In spite of the proof of the conflict between "passive defense requirements" and "principles of sustainable urban development", the emphasis on both concepts in the improvement pattern of city’s historical fabric isinevitable.
Therefore, by adopting an appropriate model for improvement and appropriate methods of intervention, it is possible to perform the important task of preserving the historical fabric by optimally changing some of the uses.
Ali Mohammadpour; Amir Hamzeh Zarghami; Saeed Zarghami
Abstract
Introduction
The natural situation, way of dispersion of uses, position or placement of infrastructures and urban installations and equipment are assumed as safety considerations in analysis of topography and security planning and passive defense of city. Therefore, it is necessary to employ ...
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Introduction
The natural situation, way of dispersion of uses, position or placement of infrastructures and urban installations and equipment are assumed as safety considerations in analysis of topography and security planning and passive defense of city. Therefore, it is necessary to employ defensive and security approaches in the designs of urban development where this indicates both a link between performances of activities on one hand and defensive arrangements on the other hand. Fortification of urban defensive installations, anticipation of escape exits from risks, and improvement of the status of services which are required during the period of defense will be assumed as the foremost objectives in urban survey respectively. As the capital of Kurdistan province and the location of important administrative centers and the vital and significant facilities, the city of Sanandaj is of great importance. In addition, due to location of this city near Iraq and the same language spoken in Iraq’s Kurdistan region and recent presence of Israeli agents in this region, Sanandaj may be subject to political and military threats. With respect to the experiences of recent wars, especially U.S attacks on Iraq, the critical and vital points of this city have been recognized as centroids of the city, which, if damaged, could lead to the surrendering of the city. Therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the topology (positioning) of urban installations equipment with respect to passive defense approach in order to reduce such damages.
Materials and Methods
The methodology of this study is of descriptive- analytical type. In this regard, the authors have determined vulnerable points of this city in order to recognize the vulnerable elements and extents of this city by passive defense approach. Accordingly, a list of vulnerable elements of the city has been prepared using comments from 14 experts and these elements have been scored by means of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Initially data have been prepared as vulnerability maps based on any element in Arc Map software environment. Then weighting of elements have been done by AHP technique and binary comparison of them in ‘Expert Choice’ environment to solve AHP model. The order preference of parameters will be determined with respect to each other. The standardization (fuzzification) method has been adopted to determine the range of the city’s vulnerability based on scores. With respect to the conducted analyses on each of urban elements, the rate of vulnerability of Sanandaj city has been specified at five vulnerability level, i.e. very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Then SWOT model was employed to identify and to reduce vulnerability elements in Sanandaj city and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) model was employed for order-preference of strategies.
Results and Discussion
The highest vulnerability score belongs to vital artery (0.623). This criterion is divided into four following sub criteria in which reservoir and water treatment unit possess the highest scores. This is because of the location of this important infrastructure at the entrance of this city. Afterwards, crisis management centers are placed at second rank of vulnerability with score of 0.300. One of the reasons for concentration of offices at the central point of the city and inappropriate access of medical centers to communication network is related to pending position of city hill to hospital. The crisis management centers include two sub criteria of important offices and hospital and medical centers among which hospital and medical centers have been more vulnerable. After those, urban equipment and military, disciplinary, and supporting centers have higher vulnerability respectively. In terms of vulnerability rate, some of layers are overlapped to specify the most vulnerable parts in this city. The municipal region 5 and lesser part of regions 3 and 4 are vulnerable. Due to the placement of some centers with high- vulnerability in these regions, it is necessary to pay attention to passive defense principles out of which topology is one of their subsystems.
Conclusion
With respect to the implementation of scores from AHP model on maps of the studied zone, Sanandaj municipal region 5 has been known as the most vulnerable part of Sanandaj city because of its location in the vital artery and other important urban centers. Topology of vital and significant installations has not favorably followed passive defense approach. Thus, with respect to the derived information from the existing documents and evidences, the conducted field visits and analyses on the given centers represented that the principles of passive defense have not been observed in these installations and equipment. These centers have been located beside important and critical equipment in a centralized form and they have not been dispersed. This might increase the risk of attacks on these installations from the air and the ground. Similarly, duly efforts have not been made for camouflage and hiding these centers. What is clear so far is that, the subject of passive defense has not yet been addressed in urban designs prepared for the positions in Sanandaj city.
Zohreh Fanni; Abdollah Roshan
Abstract
Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. ...
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Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. Firefighting stations, are among themost important and vital centers for providing services in cities that play an important role in ensuring the safety and comfort of citizens and the development of cities. Obviously the timely delivery of fire station services, will require them to be located in appropriate places more than anything else, in order to be able to arrive at the scene and carry out the relief efforts as fast as possible, without encountering any obstacles and limitations of the urban environment on one hand, and with the least negative impacts on the lives of the inhabitants of the city on the other hand.Therefore, the value of time in helping and reducing the time lag to help injured people in the urban network can be realized.Among the objectives of this research, it is possible to point out the study of existing status of fire stations, their operation in the event of accidents, the coverage of existing stations and locating the best place for the construction of new firefighting stations in the city of Behbahan. The results of this research show that Behbahan city has two fire stations, one in the East and one in the Southwest, and the Northeastern and Northwestern parts of the city are outside of the coverage of these two stations.Therefore, the present study uses the AHP model to analyze the existing stations and their service status in the event of accidents, and finally, with the emphasis on the principles of passive defense, the optimal location for the construction of new firefighting stations, which will be able to cover all the region with the help of existing stations has been carried out.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mohammad Hasan Yazdani; Afshar saidain
Abstract
Abstract
Regarding the geopolitical and strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region and the continuing threats of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, unfortunately, economic and infrastructure installations and projects have been established in the cities without security and defense ...
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Abstract
Regarding the geopolitical and strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region and the continuing threats of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, unfortunately, economic and infrastructure installations and projects have been established in the cities without security and defense considerations which have become an accessible threat to the enemy and any aggression available. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of cities from the passive defense perspective with the case of Ardabil city. This research is an applied- developmental research in terms of goal, and a descriptive- analytical one in terms of nature.Within the framework of the passive defense issues, 18 indicators were provided in the form of five components of critical arteries, crisis management centers, military and police centers, urban equipment and support centers with three strategic, mental and support destruction priorities. The collected data were weighted in ‘SuperDecision’ software (network analysis), then mapped in the GIS environment. The results of the surveys show that, in the situation of crisis and vulnerability, there are six major hazardous areas at Ardabil level, the most important of which: the northeastern exit of Ardabil (Jihad Square leading to the gate of Astara), Southwest of Ardabil (From Sar-ein Station leading to Basij Square and towards Shamasbi Village) and eventually parts of the North and northwest of Ardabil (Vahdat Square) with the sum of 17% of the total areas of land uses in the city, have the highest vulnerability. This is due to the inappropriate situation of physical characteristics and the concentration of administrative, organizational, military and provincial institutions in these areas of Ardabil.
Mohammad Zanganeh
Abstract
Abstract
Urban and regional planning is done for development, and natural and man-made hazards are obstacles to development. War is one of those dangers which has always been with mankind and has become more widespread in recent decades by contributing to conflicts in the interests of countries. Therefore, ...
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Abstract
Urban and regional planning is done for development, and natural and man-made hazards are obstacles to development. War is one of those dangers which has always been with mankind and has become more widespread in recent decades by contributing to conflicts in the interests of countries. Therefore, the passive defense as a measure in the pre-crisis phase, with the goal of reducing the vulnerability of infrastructure, should be considered in planning. Due to its proximity to Tehran, Alborz road network, is the link between the capital and the northern and northwestern provinces as well as transit route to the neighboring countries of the Northwest. In addition, the high concentration of population and industry on the sides of the roads will create a threat to the province. Therefore, planning to reduce the vulnerability of this vital infrastructure in times of crisis and maintain its efficiency is of great importance. In the present study, in order to identify areas and roads vulnerable to the threat of war, the vulnerability indicators were first determined and ranked using IHWP method, and the vulnerability maps were prepared in the GIS environment. Then, using the SWOT tool, strategies to reduce the vulnerability of passages were defined and prioritized.
The results of the study indicated that the eastern and central parts of the main east-west axis of the province’s road network will have high vulnerability to war threats, while the most important capabilities and opportunities ahead, are the same axis. Therefore, by completing ongoing and planned projects to create parallel axes as well as bridge reinforcement and displacement of some land uses, it is possible to reduce the vulnerability of the Alborz province’s road network.
Sima Poorhashemi; Ali Asanlu; Mohammad Reza Mansoory Daneshvar; Hamid Nejad Soleimani
Abstract
Neighboring of Khorasan Razavi province with the two countries of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, besides creating cultural and economic consequences in the border towns, has faced them with security challenges, especially in the context of strengthening the urban passive defense. One of the most importantfactors ...
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Neighboring of Khorasan Razavi province with the two countries of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, besides creating cultural and economic consequences in the border towns, has faced them with security challenges, especially in the context of strengthening the urban passive defense. One of the most importantfactors related to the security challenges in these border towns is the lack of full identification of geographical factors especiallytopographic and geomorphological characteristics in the formulation of the principles and strategies of urban passive defense. Identifying environmental capabilities and constraints can playa more effective role in the principles of designing and passive defense in these cities. The topographic study of border regions and border towns is of particular importance which, If neglected, potential capabilities in security utilities for the creation of sensitive military centers of the country will be neglected too, and it will also increase the vulnerability of human societies and the physical structures of these cities over time.Zavyn city in North Khorasan provinceis considered as one of the towns close to the borderwith special topographic features. The main objective of this researchis to investigate the topographic and geomorphologicalcapabilities of the region with the passive defense approach and to analyze the security challenges and topographic problems of the study area using GIS and providing strategies based on the passive defense principles for the use of natural environment capabilities. From the results of this research, it can be noted that the formation of the urban shape in the present dispersed and decentralized dimensions of the city of Zavin is such that, the triple cores of the city from the defense perspective by strengthening and empowering of the texture as well as the conversion of the linear paths of access to the network graph In the current situation will be acceptable
Hossein Hatami nejad; Ashraf Azimzadeh Irany
Abstract
Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood ...
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Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood (as the smallest and most effective urban unit) based on the requirements of passive defense, in order to deal with the crises (natural and man-made) and minimizing the hazards using geographical techniques and urban planning, are the objectives of this research. Therefore, the sixth district’s neighborhoods of Tehran’s 2nd region were selected as a case study and the results of the research were presented so that the possibility of generalization of similar surveys and studies in other urban areas would be provided. The present research is an applied- type, and the method of the research is normative-analytical. The scientific foundations of this research are based on the concepts of urban crisis management with an emphasis on geography and urban planning knowledge. In this research, after the recognition and evaluation of the present situation, the dimensions of the vulnerability of neighborhoods at the time of the crisis, the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the threats and opportunities of each neighborhood have been investigated with the passive defense approach, and the relevant conclusions have been drawn on this basis. Data collection was done based on library method and field studies, and a comparative method was used to provide the conclusions. In this research, the SWOT analytical technique was used to determine the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities, as well as to provide strategies, policies and suggestions for necessary actions, and ArcGis software was used to display and analyze the descriptive data. The results of the research indicate that the attention to components such as city structure, urban texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense. The results of the research reflect the fact that paying attention to the components such as city structure, city texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of the residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense.
Ali Mohammadpoor; Saied Zarghami
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 89-93
Abstract
Throughout history, locating urban facilities has always been necessary. Especially in the present era, it seems to be more important. Urban facilities are located using GIS, fuzzy model, overlap index, and etc.
In this regard, requirements must be observed with consideration of passive defense. Urban ...
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Throughout history, locating urban facilities has always been necessary. Especially in the present era, it seems to be more important. Urban facilities are located using GIS, fuzzy model, overlap index, and etc.
In this regard, requirements must be observed with consideration of passive defense. Urban facilities are among vital urban centers and the first target of enemies whose damages paralyze the city and result in its fall. In regard to their sensitivity, the present article investigate urban facilities and propose some suggestions for finding appropriate locations considering passive defense requirements.
Ali Jozi Khamselooei; Hoda Javaheran
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 87-92
Abstract
The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, ...
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The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, designing a defensible urban space is one of the most important topics in securing metropolises. These spaces may include designing secure residential spaces, integrating public spaces with different land uses (commercial centers, governmental offices and other important organizations), controlling population density in important urban areas in different time periods and improving transportation systems and crisis management. With access to comprehensive information and general data, we can prepare a map of urban crisis and improve urban security and safety by implementation of optimal solutions. The pattern of spatial changes in cities and the framework of urban land use are among the most important issues in urban security and safety which indicate the importance of passive defense planning. Urban spatial planning is among the most important leverages which shows the vulnerability of different urban areas in the case of natural and human crisis in different time and locations. Urban security and safety depends on very complex patterns of density related causes and multiple effects. The complexity of these patterns suggests that providing simple commentaries and describing specific causes have a limited value in optimizing urban security and safety. The present article seeks to evaluate the role of passive defense in providing and optimizing security of metropolises, and suggests fundamental strategies for decreasing secondary crisis (after the occurrence of primary crisis such as flood, earthquake, fire and urban chaos. It seems that the passive defense approach is a new strategic view in establishing the security of metropolises and building a healthy and secure city.
Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Kiomars Maleki; Farhad Barandkam; Arezou Shafa'ati
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 97-107
Abstract
Providing security, decreasing crisis in cities, and observing some principles and arrangements of passive defense with the aim of decreasing the consequences of such crisis are some of the most important issues which should be considered in urban designing and planning. Iran has always witnesses many ...
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Providing security, decreasing crisis in cities, and observing some principles and arrangements of passive defense with the aim of decreasing the consequences of such crisis are some of the most important issues which should be considered in urban designing and planning. Iran has always witnesses many catastrophes (war, etc.) and suffered many financial damages and casualties. Thus, theoretical and practical position of defense against crisis has gained significant importance in this area. Passive defense and considering its principles in urban designing and planning can decrease the damaging effects of such crisis. The ability to integrate data for modeling, locating and determining land suitability by rating territory are some of the most important capabilities of GIS, based of which it stands out as a special and exclusive system. GIS identifies hazardous points by integrating and combining benchmarks. The present article clarifies the relation between passive defense and urban planning, especially urban land use planning and assessing. Moreover, it considers the role of passive defense in protecting citizens and urban infrastructures across Sanandaj city using Arc GIS10 and AHP.
