Reza Borna
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Dust is one of the atmospheric and climatic disasters whose occurrence causes environmental damages, respiratory and heart diseases, land and air traffic, tourist and agricultural problems, etc. Considering the great damages of this phenomenon and the possibility ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Dust is one of the atmospheric and climatic disasters whose occurrence causes environmental damages, respiratory and heart diseases, land and air traffic, tourist and agricultural problems, etc. Considering the great damages of this phenomenon and the possibility of an increase in its occurrence in the coming years, the attention of the government and the implementation of appropriate solutions are essential in this regard. It is obvious that, before implementing the operational plans, the appropriate ways of dealing with this phenomenon can be found by having sufficient information and knowledge about it and the way and causes of its occurrence. To this end, it is essential to use the experiences and findings of other countries in this field in order to take a substantial step in this way by applying the right and principled methods. Some of the most important objectives of this research are to identify the factors affecting the dust phenomenon in Khuzestan province, to identify the methods of preventing the effects of dust in Khuzestan province, to use the AHP model for ranking the methods of preventing the effects of dust using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the study area.
Materials & Methods
The methodology of this research is analytical-descriptive, and the research is of applied type. In this research, the meteorological statistics of 12 meteorological synoptic stations of Khuzestan province were used during the period 0f 2001-2014 and, the map of the dispersion of dust storms in Khuzestan province was prepared. Considering the experts’ opinions, the major criteria which include the criteria of individual factors, extraterritorial factors and State factors were determined and then, the sub-criteria were determined for each criterion. After determining the criteria, the hierarchical graph of the criteria was created. Then, the criteria were compared with each other in the pairwise comparison matrices and the weight of each criterion relative to another one was assigned to that criterion in terms of the priority value. After the completion of the paired comparison matrices, the tree of criteria was created in EC2000 software, then, the applied scores were entered into the EC2000 software and the relative weight of each criterion resulted from the sum of the product of the significance of criteria and sub-criteria was obtained. The analysis of the inconsistency rate value is performed by EC2000 software during the pairwise comparison for each set.
Discussion & Results
Based on the yearly frequency of the occurrence of days with dust phenomenon during the 13 year statistical period (2001-2014), a total of 592.7 dusty days has been reported for the province of Khuzestan at the meteorological stations under study. The study of the data of all stations indicated that the highest frequency of dusty days was related to the Omidieh station with 125 days, then Dezful with 84.8 days and the lowest frequency was related to the Behbahan station with 22 days. The criteria studied in the dust phenomenon and the ranking of the methods for preventing its effects in Khuzestan, are diverse and complicated. Effective criteria in the ranking of the methods for preventing the effects of dust phenomenon are individual factors, extraterritorial factors and State factors that, each one of the main criteria has sub-criteria. In order to rank the methods of preventing the effects of dust phenomenon in Khuzestan province, observing the hygiene of houses and residential areas, keeping to personal hygiene (using masks and washing the mouth and nose), forming joint regional working groups (countries affected by dust), utilizing international facilities, adhering to regional and international commitments, Soil conservation programs, conservation and revival of wetlands and water resources, mulching, constructing windbreaks, sprinkling pebble, growing vegetation, providing medical equipment and informing people about the dangers of dust were selected, and using the Analytical Hierarchy Process ( AHP) model and Expert Choice software were evaluated.
Conclusions
The results of the calculations obtained from the application of Expert Choice software show that among the criteria studied, the State factors are the most influential index in ranking the methods of preventing the effects of dust phenomenon in Khuzestan, among other criteria. Considering the analysis of the sensitivity based on efficiency, the State factors criterion is more important than other criteria. In the analysis of sensitivity, individual factors, extraterritorial factors and State factors account for 29.7%, 16.3% and 54% of the total weight, respectively. Among the sub-criteria of individual factors, personal hygiene (using masks and washing the mouth and nose) with a weight of 0.750, accounts for the highest weight in ranking the methods of preventing the effects of dust phenomenon. Observing hygiene in houses and residential areas is at the next priority with a weight of 0.250. Among the sub-criteria of the extraterritorial factors, the formation of regional joint working groups of regional (countries affected by dust) with a weight of 0.540, adherence to the regional obligations has the highest role in the ranking of the methods of preventing the effects of dust phenomenon. The international sub-criterion with a weight of 0.297 and utilizing international facilities within the weight range of 0.163, have the subsequent priorities in the ranking of the methods of preventing the effects of dust phenomenon. Among the sub-criteria of the State factors, informing people about the dangers of dust with the weight of 0.263, soil conservation programs within the weight range of 0.155, providing medical equipment with the weight of 0.147, Conservation and revival of wetlands and water resources with the weight of 0.127 and creation of vegetation with the weight of 0.124 have the highest role in the methods of preventing the effects of dust phenomenon, respectively.
Zahra Bahari Sojahrood; Reza Aghataher; Mohsen Jafari
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Earth roughness represents a fluctuation of the earth’s surface, and it can be called the complexity of the earth (Wilson, 2012). Roughness calculation is of great importance and is the basis for lots of decision-making. There are various solutions for the roughness ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Earth roughness represents a fluctuation of the earth’s surface, and it can be called the complexity of the earth (Wilson, 2012). Roughness calculation is of great importance and is the basis for lots of decision-making. There are various solutions for the roughness calculation. The first description of roughness was presented by Kupers, in which the roughness surface is assumed to be a set of points (Kupers, 1957). According to this definition, the deviation from the height criterion of the points is considered as the roughness index. The calculation of roughness in vast areas is possible only through satellite interpretation. The images used for this purpose should be of considerable power (Ghafouri, 1394). The main purpose of this paper is to automatically determine the parts of the area using the digital elevation model (DEM), which are desirable for the user in terms of roughness. To achieve this goal, a local decision-making support system is needed. In most of the mentioned methods, roughness is calculated as a variable in a region. But, the purpose of the paper is to calculate the roughness in different parts and to select the optimal area of the user. In previous methods, in order to achieve the goal, the roughness variable had to be calculated in each range and these ranges had to be compared one by one. This process is time-consuming and sometimes the desirable accuracy is not obtained. Therefore, there is a need for a method that reduces the time and increases the accuracy. For other purposes of this paper, we can refer to the calculation of roughness on a surface. In this research, a new method was developed for determining the areas with the user’s desirable quality of roughness using a DEM and based on the fractal method and spatial decision-making support system and a system with robust tools was designed and implemented for estimating the roughness and it was tested by the digital elevation model of Iran. The results indicate that this method is very accurate. Materials & Methods Ground roughness is an important variable used in the sciences of the earth and astronomy. There is no unique definition for it. It can be defined as a variable to express the variability of the Earth’s surface on a certain scale. In this research, to determine the favorable areas of the user in terms of roughness, a number of methods including sigma T, sigma Z, fractal geometry and a developed method of fractal geometry were used to calculate the roughness. Various spatial analyses were also used in the system. Finally, the spatial decision-making support system was developed for ranking and selecting the patches. Results & Discussion The system was implemented in the ‘Visual Studio’ environment using the ‘C #’ language and the ‘arcengine’ library. This system consists of several parts. First part, is the determination of the area whose roughness is to be determined. The second part, is the extraction of the patches of that area, the third part, which is done after the extraction of spatial complications and descriptive information of each patch, is similar to a filter which is based on roughness calculation methods. The four parts is, the ranking of these patches, and the fifth part, is their classification. The system is designed in such a way that the digital elevation model of any areas with any accuracy can be used. In this research, a 90 meter digital elevation model of Iran and the raster layer of its slope (produced in ArcGIS environment) were used. To display, Google maps were used. This method has a high precision due to its pixel-to-pixel scanning capability of the area and it seems to be more accurate than the existing ones. In most roughness determination methods, there is a method that calculates the roughness in the determined area. But, in this paper, using a spatial decision-making system and using the division of the region into smaller regions, the desired qualitative areas of the user are determined in terms of roughness, therefore, this method is able to decide automatically with regard to the user’s needs. Quality is different for various applications in terms of roughness. Sometimes high roughness and sometimes low roughness is favorable. However, other methods only calculate an amount of roughness of a region and we have to extract the values for each part of the earth and apply the analysis to it, and then compare them to determine their desirability. Several methods of calculating the roughness can also be used in the system simultaneously. Conclusion Earth roughness is a term used to describe the irregularities of an area. In most cases, determining the roughness of the earth is very complicated. There are many methods for calculating the roughness. The proposed method in this project is an innovative idea which is based on spatial analysis, spatial decision-making support system and roughness calculation methods and is calculated using the Digital Elevation Model. The results show that this method is a powerful tool for calculating roughness. In order to improve and continue this work, the correlation of variables is suggested in the calculation and evaluation of the obtained results. In this paper, the values are also calculated at the surface of each patch and in rows regardless of the direction. Various models can be used to consider the order of cells in each patch and compare the results.
Ali Shakur; Raf'at Shokri; Morteza Zera'ati
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 19-24
Abstract
City is considered as one of the human-made phenomena in the environment, created with the aims of settlement, livelihood provision, social and economic relations and so on, but these are not considered as urban aims. The man has provided his own environment and has begun to live in it. Cities should ...
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City is considered as one of the human-made phenomena in the environment, created with the aims of settlement, livelihood provision, social and economic relations and so on, but these are not considered as urban aims. The man has provided his own environment and has begun to live in it. Cities should be based on the role and responsibilities they have in their region, and be developed in all aspects in a manner that minimizes their negative effects. Therefore, urban planning needs to be implemented in such a way that settlements and organizational patterns and the type of human activities be looked upon as a large community. Therefore, the main goal is based on the principle that urban planning be coherent. The urban hierarchy, according to a definition, is the classification of cities located in a geographical area based on population indices and the importance of their official functions, so that they can be categorized into different groups by calculation and measurable order. As we know, urban hierarchy is uneven in many provinces of our country, and there are many differences between cities in terms of ranking according to indicators. The cities of Fars province do not have regular hierarchies, and certain causes and factors have lead these hierarchies to be problematic. In this research, the urban hierarchy of Fars province has been studied based on three different patterns, the results have been compared with each other, and its hierarchy has been determined and some strategies to improve its ranking have been presented.