Vahed Kiani; Jahangir Feghhi; Aliakbar Nazari Samani; Afshin Alizadeh Shabani
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 29-31
Abstract
Multispectral remote sensing data is an important informational resource used for recognizing surface changes. To the extent that today, remote sensing images can provide the latest information on vegetation and land use. The present study seeks to detect changes in vegetation and land use across Taleqan ...
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Multispectral remote sensing data is an important informational resource used for recognizing surface changes. To the extent that today, remote sensing images can provide the latest information on vegetation and land use. The present study seeks to detect changes in vegetation and land use across Taleqan area in time period between 1988 and 2007 using remote sensing. Taleqan is located in Alborz province (Karaj) and Taleqan basin. Results indicate that area dedicated to gardening has increased to 2.28 percent, while agricultural lands have faced a 15.05 decrease. On the other hand, rangelands have decreased to 16.25 percent and bare lands have increased to 28.08 percent. The most important change happened with the construction of Taleqan storage dam in 1999 which submerged more than 1100 hectares of the most desirable lands in the area. Since bare lands have increased and rangelands have decreased, thus from an ecological viewpoint it is possible to say that vegetation is degrading. Therefore, in order to restore bare lands, performing rangeland plans and avoiding unplanned changes can be suggested.
Hooshmand Ataie; Sadat Hasheminasab; Marzieh Zarean; Reyhaneh Heydari
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 32-40
Abstract
Weather and climate, along with safety level and political-social situation of tourist attractions have the most influential role and contribution in tourist attractions. In this study, physiologic equivalent temperature (PET) was applied and climatic elements like average dry-bulb temperature, relative ...
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Weather and climate, along with safety level and political-social situation of tourist attractions have the most influential role and contribution in tourist attractions. In this study, physiologic equivalent temperature (PET) was applied and climatic elements like average dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, steam pressure and cloudiness (cloud amount) were used in 5 synoptic stations in a 20 year time period (1989-2009). Then, data were transferred to RayMan and results were inferred in the form of daily climatic calendars. The present article seeks to understand climatic-tourist conditions and the influence of each climatic elements on the human physiological structure in each days of a year. Results indicate that cold-stress exist in most days of the year which is the most important climatic limitation in these mentioned stations. Desirable climate covers only a short period of year, so that in Zarine-obato 65 days, in Saqez 46 days, in Bijar 43 days, in Qorve 40 days and finally in Sanandaj 33 days have desirable climate.
Hassan Ali Faraji Sabokbar; Mahdi Modiri; Rahim Ali Abbaspur; Saeed Rahimi
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 36-41
Abstract
Human beings have spent many decades trying to confront and overcome the nature. This is a continuous confrontation and fight against the nature whose unbounded forces enlarge and result in more catastrophes every day. Recently, this endeavor and fighting have appeared much more useful, due to the scientific ...
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Human beings have spent many decades trying to confront and overcome the nature. This is a continuous confrontation and fight against the nature whose unbounded forces enlarge and result in more catastrophes every day. Recently, this endeavor and fighting have appeared much more useful, due to the scientific development and related communication and information strategies in crisis management.
In competitive environment, survival depends on not being taken by surprise and success is the reward of taking someone by surprise. Therefore, the necessity of being prepared and having a coherent plan to fight natural forces in the context of crisis management is obvious. The present study tries to define crisis along with its different forms and investigate factors which result in the importance of these phenomenon in human societies. Moreover, it introduces concepts of crisis management and its different phases while defining Telegeoinformatics sciences. Finally, a Telegeoinformatic structure was proposed to launch crisis management system
Hossein Sarami; Hosseinali Kazemi
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 36-39
Abstract
New cities have a history of several thousand years as newly built settlements without initial nuclei, which are based on previously thought plan and structure (Narimani, 1998, p. 12). In Iran, due to changes caused by influence of capitalism, urban network and system have gone out of equilibrium, and ...
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New cities have a history of several thousand years as newly built settlements without initial nuclei, which are based on previously thought plan and structure (Narimani, 1998, p. 12). In Iran, due to changes caused by influence of capitalism, urban network and system have gone out of equilibrium, and phenomena such as concentration of regional metropolises, population accumulation, massive migration and accelerated urbanization have come into existence that have in turn led to many problems. In this regard, the policy of constructing new cities was raised in late 1985 as a practical and scientific solution for reduction of these problems and as a new experience and fundamental movement in the country's urban system.
Haniyeh Jafari; Ali Asghar Alesheikh
Abstract
With the increase in urbanization, the surface of the Earth and its climate have changed.These changes resulted in more frequent inundation(flooding) problems in urban areas. Prediction and monitoring systems can act as appropriate tools for quick decision-making and taking necessary actions to deal ...
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With the increase in urbanization, the surface of the Earth and its climate have changed.These changes resulted in more frequent inundation(flooding) problems in urban areas. Prediction and monitoring systems can act as appropriate tools for quick decision-making and taking necessary actions to deal with flooding in urban areas. In this research, we developed a Web-based GIS system for the prediction and monitoring storm inundation in urban areas. This system is based on service oriented architecture and uses web processing services. The architecture of the developed system has three tiers including data tier, business logic tier, and presentation tier. Data tier includes some data which is stored as spatial web services in a distributed database. Business logic tier includes two web processing services. These web processing services are hydrological characteristics calculation service and inundation calculation service. Hydrological characteristics calculation service uses WASI algorithm to calculate flow direction as well as flow accumulation. The output of hydrological characteristics calculation service is delivered to inundation calculation service as input. Inundation calculation service uses ASIISM model for inundation calculations. The output of this service is inundated points with inundation volume, area and its depth. A central web processing service chain these services. The duty of presentation tier is to take precipitation information from the user and show the resulting maps. A part of region 22 in Tehran was chosen as the case study area. The results showed that the um of the inundation area for selected storm event is about 0.81 percent of the study area. The system used by the users and its user interface, its inundation simulation ability and its ability of inundation evaluation were evaluated by these users. Its user interface and its ability of inundation simulation have the most and the least satisfaction among users. Using standard-based spatial web services to implement the system, provided reusable services.
Mahsa Polroudimoghadam; Saeid Hamzeh; Madjid Vazifehdoust
Abstract
Abstract
Nowadays, considering the reduction of water resources and the existing water crisis, it is necessary and important to pay attention to the proper and integrated water resources management, especially in border areas. One of the basic measures in this field is to know the amount of rainfall ...
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Abstract
Nowadays, considering the reduction of water resources and the existing water crisis, it is necessary and important to pay attention to the proper and integrated water resources management, especially in border areas. One of the basic measures in this field is to know the amount of rainfall and runoff and the trend of its changes in the watershed basins.
However, the lack of access to sufficient field data in the border areas poses a major problem. Remotely sensing data and global land models can be used to overcome this problem. The aim of this research is to investigate the trend of rainfall-runoff changes in the Doosti dam basin - which is important to decision–makers in Iran- using the Global Land Surface Model System (GLDAS). For this purpose GLDAS data were used in 7 pixels 1.5*1.5 degree between the Latitudes of 35-36.5 N and Longitude of 59.5-67 W. The type of changes and trend of model data were investigated seasonally and annually through simulation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Mann-Kendall and Mann-Kendall sequential tests over a period of 10 years from 2004 to 2013. The results of data analysis showed that the correlation between rainfall and runoff is weaker in the East and the Southeast of the studied basin than in other areas. Also, at 95% of the confidence level for annual rainfall data, the trend for the rainfall is negative only in pixel 7 and for runoff in pixels 6 and 7. Regarding seasonal data, the trend was detected to be negative for the rainfall only in spring in pixels 5 and 7, and for the runoff in winter and summer in pixel 7. The results of this model show that the GLDAS model can be very useful and practical for studying rainfall-runoff in areas with difficult access to terrestrial data because it is possible to study vast areas at low cost.
Ali Kalantari Oskouei; Mahdi Modiri; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Reza Hosnavi
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to determine Iran’s National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDI) readiness index, with the aim of identifying the basic restrictions that impede NSDI development. The framework of the research is constructed on the basis of survey and SDI readiness ...
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Abstract
The main objective of this research was to determine Iran’s National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDI) readiness index, with the aim of identifying the basic restrictions that impede NSDI development. The framework of the research is constructed on the basis of survey and SDI readiness model. In this research, Iran’s NSDI based on this fuzzy-based model has been assessed using 16 decision-making criteria in the form of five organisational, human resources, data and information, technological and financial factors.The required data for the research were collected through the questionnaire and interview with the experienced experts from the government agencies, Universities, and private sector of the country who were familiar with the spatial data infrastructure. The results of the implementation of the model demonstrated that Iran’s NSDI readiness composite index was 0.44. In addition, the assessment of the factors of Iran’s NSDI readiness showed that all of them, with the exception of the technology factor, were less developed. Moreover, the status of 75% of decision-making criteria was not satisfactory. In this research, the state of investment of the government and the private sector, communication infrastructure, organizational and individual leadership, legal issues, politicians' perspective, metadata, culture and education regarding the spatial data infrastructure were recognized as the most important limiting measures in the establishment of the NSDI. In spite of numerous factors inhibiting the development of NSDI, the status of criteria for connecting to the Web, access to data and digital spatial data, human capital, and access to geospatial software were evaluated at an appropriate level of development. Also, according to the results of this research, it seems that in the development of the NSDI, non-technical issues (organizational, human resources, and financial factors) can play a role as a limiting factor than technical issues (technological factor). At the end of the paper, recommendations have been presented to resolve the country’s NSDI development constraints.
Zahra Mohammadi; Hamidreza Eftekhari
Volume 22, Issue 86 , June 2013, , Pages 43-54
Abstract
A new phenomenon is that ICT which influenced in different areas of human life. In the course of evolution and population increase and become more complex. Also problems of human and his environment became more complex too. In response to these needs and problems that concepts such as welfare and Safety, ...
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A new phenomenon is that ICT which influenced in different areas of human life. In the course of evolution and population increase and become more complex. Also problems of human and his environment became more complex too. In response to these needs and problems that concepts such as welfare and Safety, Comfort, environmental protection and ecology highlighted the development of tools and different methods used to achieve them. In this Paper, at first we consider the definition of ICT and its concrete manifestation of the electronic city, the concept of sustainable development and the basic principles of that is checked, then the development of the most important will address the sustainable population, the number of components in this regard relating to information and communication technologies Such as Internet penetration Telephone, mobile phone in city Bandar Torkaman, province )Gorgan( and countries are compared. The most Commonly used statistic in the world which use the Internet is also provided. This study documents the methodology and results show that the features and tools related ICT in the country and especially in the provincial capitals and cities with deficiencies and problems we face, The youth are the most Internet users in the country that the Way Who are interested in, Show that internet Availability is necessary for them.
Seyyed Keramat Hashemi-Ana; Mahmud Khosravi; Taghi Tavousi; Hamid Nazaripour
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Precipitation is one of the vital climatic parameters that plays a major role in human life. Therefore, the impact of Precipitation in occurrence or non-occurrence of droughts and dry spells have been very effective. Identification and extraction length of dry spells ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Precipitation is one of the vital climatic parameters that plays a major role in human life. Therefore, the impact of Precipitation in occurrence or non-occurrence of droughts and dry spells have been very effective. Identification and extraction length of dry spells in arid and semi-arid regions are very important. According to the most recent climate classification that has been done, about 90 percent of the areas of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid climate, and more than 40 percent are facing a severe water crisis. Therefore, understanding the behavioral mechanisms of dry spells have a great significance in arid and semi-arid areas like Iran, especially with the pose of the phenomenon of climate change that caused the worsening dryness and desertification in some of the regions. Many researches simulated dry spells with climate change approach and use of the output of AOGCM models. Researches in this category are in less numbers, but the most recent research has been done by the authors (hashmy titles et al., 2015), investigating and modeling the length of dry spells in the Southwestern area of Iran. The aim of this research is to examine the Validation of AOGCMs Capabilities for Simulation Length of Dry Spells under the Climate Change and Uncertainty in Iran Materials & Methods According to the aim of this research, we used two databases in this study. The first database involves collecting and analyzing all data base information (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall and sunshine) on a daily scale in 234 synoptic stations (with different statistical period). But the format for the data station and point during the period of statistical modeling was needed for more than 30 years, which has a large statistical defects were excluded, and finally 45 synoptic stations that have favorable conditions (the maximum area coverage and continuous and reliabledata) were selected for the final processing of the first data base. The period of 1981-2010 was used as the base period.The second database contains data provided by version 5 models (LARS-WG) and on emission scenarios (B1, A1B, A2) from AOGCM models for the 2050s to be downscaled. In fact, this data is the first data base (minimum temperature, maximum, precipitation and sunshine) prepared based on the format models for analysis and predicting climate change, after downscaling it. Because this research was based on study and extraction length of dry spells in the range of long-term with the approach to climate change, so the methodology is based on several stages. At first, verification (validation) of LARS-WG, to ensure efficiency in the process model simulation will be discussed. Then the performance and capabilities of 15 AOGCM models in the new version of Lars-wg will be assessed. At the end, the precipitation threshold is defined and extraction of the longest length of dry spells and comparing it with the maximum length of the dry spells will be simulated. Results & Discussion After calibrating the model of statistical properties (comparison tests T, F and P values (decision criteria), all stations were used to confirm the validity of the model. The results of this calibration indicate that in more than 96% of the stations, for the minimum and maximum temperature and sunshine model, show high accuracy (results of error in Dezful and Gorgan stations were greater). In all of these stations like Abadan station, variables significant (P-value) were at./05. It is acceptable that the data generated is random.Considering the bias error, at more than 95 percent of stations there were very good agreements between the observed and modeling data (for every 4 variables). Based on the principles of (1 to 3), and using statistical methods and indicators, the AOGCM models to simulate and extract during dry spells were examined and it was found that two models (Hadcm3 and GFDL-CM2.1) had maximum performance (correlation) and the lowest error in estimating for simulation data precipitation. The model (INM-CM3 and NCPCM) have least amount of correlation and efficiency. To estimate the maximum length of dry spells Hadcm3 results were used under scenario (A2 and B1) for the decade 2050 and the use of the results of other models was skipped in this research. Maximum dry spells in Iran comply with dryness condition in central and eastern areas. So that the country could be on the threshold of ./1 mm divided into 6 orbital regions of the northern circuit during the period of 37 days (in Rasht station) minimum and 351-day observation period in Southeastern Chabahar stations. The values show that the threshold of ./1 mm at more than 65 percent of the area’s dry spells over 7 months there was no rain on them yet. With a threshold of 5 mm needs maximum length of dry spells that lasted about a year with 364 days in Yazd station. That is roughly the size of 5 mm precipitation a year not registered at this station. Conclusion Modeling dry spells by computing scenarios of climate change and taking into consideration uncertain resources at the AOGCM models output, showed that based on the worst-case scenario (A2), and the most critical situation (2080), the average temperature of the country has increased 2.7 degrees (ºC) and Despite increased precipitation in some Stations, the average rainfall is facing a 33% reduction in the whole country. According to the most optimistic scenario (B1), the average temperature of the country is increasing by 1.4 (ºC) and the precipitation is decreasing by 14% in relation to the observation period. The results of the uncertainty examination for dry spells in Iran showed that in both 2050s and 2080s and based on all three scenarios (B1, A1B, A2), length of dry spells increases in all areas of Iran. Most of the changes in length of dry spells belong to the northwestern areas of Iran (Urmia, Khoy, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Lorestan).
Amir Hossein Kazem; Farhad Hosseinali; Ali Asghar Ale-sheikh
Abstract
Modeling urban growth and land use changes are an integral part of planning for sustainable development. The present research intends to model the urban growth and development for Tehran metropolis from the aspect of timeand spatial distribution. To this end, land-use maps for the years 1988, 2002 and ...
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Modeling urban growth and land use changes are an integral part of planning for sustainable development. The present research intends to model the urban growth and development for Tehran metropolis from the aspect of timeand spatial distribution. To this end, land-use maps for the years 1988, 2002 and 2013 were categorized with the object-based approach using Landsat satellite time series images. In the next step, using the logistic regression model, the effect of independent variables in relation to urban growth including 14 variables in the form of two groups of environmental-natural and socio-economic variables during the period of 1988 to 2002 was calculated as the coefficient in the regression equation, and the potential map of urban expansion was produced. The evaluation of the logistic regression function using two Pseudo R2 and ROC indexes with values of 0.32 and 0.89 showed good regression fit and proper description capability. Subsequently, the area of change for the expected year was quantitatively predicted using Markov chain analysis.Finally, by using the outputs of the two models of logistic regression and Markov chain analysis and using the Cellular Automata Model, urban growth was modeled for the year 2013, comparison of which with the 2013 classified image, shows that the used model with a 93% relative accuracy for the estimated area and a Kappa coefficient of 0.87 has been a successful model. Accordingly, the same model was used to estimate the urban growth in 2025,using images from the years of 2002 and 2013.
Amir Shahrokh Amini
Abstract
Facilitation and automation of the process of visual and geometric reconstruction is one of the issues considered in 3D modeling of environment, especially in urban areas. Since the positions of the lenses of a stereo camera are fixed relative to each other, it can be used to facilitate the modeling ...
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Facilitation and automation of the process of visual and geometric reconstruction is one of the issues considered in 3D modeling of environment, especially in urban areas. Since the positions of the lenses of a stereo camera are fixed relative to each other, it can be used to facilitate the modeling process. This article shows that producing 3D environment model can be facilitated by using stereo camera calibration data without the needto matchthe process, especially in the areas where the matching has problem because of insufficient information required. Moreover, using camera calibration information, geometric information and depth map of the environment can be extracted and produced without the need to define the specified scale between features. The results of practical studies and the reconstruction done in the urban environment were assessed later in this paper.
Mostafa Kheyrollahi; saeed nadi; Najmeh Neisany Samany
Abstract
Abstract
Due to the sensitivity oftheir missions, urban emergency vehicles are alwayslooking forthe shortest timeto reach the destination. In big cities, in addition todistance, several factors and parameters with respect to the complexityand extent of thetransport and traffic, are influencing time ...
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Abstract
Due to the sensitivity oftheir missions, urban emergency vehicles are alwayslooking forthe shortest timeto reach the destination. In big cities, in addition todistance, several factors and parameters with respect to the complexityand extent of thetransport and traffic, are influencing time of arrival of an emergency vehicle, some of which are qualitative or quantitative, dynamic or static. In this paper, the modern approach used, is based on composing conflation models, Gamma quantification methods, travel time prediction formulas and meta-heuristic algorithms in order to find most optimal route. In this paper, first we have tried to introduce all the calculated, available, qualitative and quantitative, affecting factors related to emergency routing, thenwith converting qualitative parameters to quantitative ones, we normalize each parameter by the maximum approach and conflate them in such a way that thepriority and impact of each parameteris determined to find the optimal route. In order to calculate the priority and impact of factors, the Gamma test method, as a data derived method is selected. The procedure is implemented by the use of road network and traffic volume data from two regions of Tehran. Based on this approach, the considered weights for each following criterion of degree of difficulty including quality, width, slope, category, and route directness are 0.331, 0.286, 0.188, 0.172 and 0.020, respectively. Finally, genetic meta-heuristic algorithm is used to select the optimal route and the results compared with common Dijkstra routing algorithm. The length of the selected route by GA is about 130 meters in one time and about 300 meter in the other time more than the selected one by Dijkstra algorithm. Based on the implemented comparison, the represented approach in this paper had a considerable superiority over the simple current methods.
Abolfazl Ranjbar; Farshad Hakimpour; Siamak Talat Ahary
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The problem of locating bank branches is classified asNP-Hard problem which can possibly be solved only in exponential time by the increase in the number of banks and the large number of customers, especially when the location model includes various datasets, several ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The problem of locating bank branches is classified asNP-Hard problem which can possibly be solved only in exponential time by the increase in the number of banks and the large number of customers, especially when the location model includes various datasets, several objectives and constraints. As a consequence, we need to use heuristic methods to solve these types of problems. Also, since majority of data and analyses applied in the locating problems are spatial; GIScience’s abilities should be employed besides optimization methods.
Nowadays, to perform particular financial tasks, bank customers often need to be present at their bank. For the sake of its customers, a bank should increase its branches in the city to attract more customers in the race with competing banks. However, establishing new branches is too expensive and banks prefer to carry out an optimal location finding procedure. Such procedures should consider many criteria and objectives including spatial data of customers, new and existing bank branches as well as the level of attraction of banks. Customers often select a bank that is closer to them, has better services or financial records and also consider other human or physical factors. Hence, planning to increase the number of customers for a new branch of a bank considering spatial criteria and various other objectives appears necessary.
Materials & Methods
This paper determines the location of bank branches. Finding an optimum site for branches depends on many factors and these problems are known as NP-hard problems. Despite being approximate methods, meta-heuristic algorithms seem suitable tools for solving NP-hard problems. In this paper, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cultural Algorithms (CA) and Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) are applied for finding the best location for bank branches. From marketing point of view, the aim is to attract more customers while the number of attracted people to a new branch should be acceptable. The new methods have capability to find the optimum location for new branches. The location of a new branch should be as far away as possible from branches of the same bank. The other condition is that the total number of customers for the new branch should not be less than a specified number, while the new branch should not attract customers of old branches of the same bank. To fulfill this propose, a part of the city of Tabriz was selected for implementation.The assumptions for the defined problem can be expressed as the following statements:
a)We consider four different banks (Melli, Mellat, Sepah and Mehr) in our study area.
b)Population density (of people over 15 years of age) is available at the building block level.
c)Banks have infinite capacity for accepting customers.
d)Each customer refers to only one bank.
e)New bank branches should have maximum distance from the branches of the same bank, so that, it attracts minimum number of customers from branches of the same bank.
Conclusion
To evaluate the quality and accuracy of the algorithms, several iterations are performed. The results of statistical and final tests indicate that the accuracy and convergence speed of Invasive Weed Optimization are more than other Algorithms in finding optimal location of bank branches.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 45-47
Abstract
The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of ...
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The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of the country, examine specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.
Homayoun Khoshravan; Sorena Ghaseminejad; Faezeh Salami
Abstract
Abstract [1]
The global warming in the twentieth century led to an increase in ocean levels, and the drowning of vast areas of the coastal regions and the emergence of erosion phenomena were its adverse consequences. Determining the severity of the vulnerability and the risk of erosion hazards in the ...
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Abstract [1]
The global warming in the twentieth century led to an increase in ocean levels, and the drowning of vast areas of the coastal regions and the emergence of erosion phenomena were its adverse consequences. Determining the severity of the vulnerability and the risk of erosion hazards in the coastal area of Port Astara is considered as the main objective of the research. Coastal morphological forms were identified by studying and interpreting satellite imagery. In field observations, the sedimentary morphodynamics status and geometric structure of the dry section of the coast were monitored at five measuring stations located in the three coastal zones. The geometric structure of the Astara coast was measured by performing mapping and hydrographic operations, and the texture characteristics of sea bed sediments were evaluated. The Caspian Sea coastlines were compared over a period of 52 years by satellite imagery analysis and aerial photos in the GIS software, and the displacement of the coastline was calculated. The main results indicate that the rate of coastline displacement in the Astara city area is different. The very gentle slope of the Astara coast has caused an increase in the severity of the vulnerability as the level of the Caspian Sea rises and the risk of erosion hazards in the southern areas of Port Astara is high due to human intervention with relation to other areas. In the oscillatory scenario model, the reaction of the Astara cost will cause serious different challenges and environmental threats, so that, with a 2-meter increase in the level of the Caspian Sea, 30 hectares of coastal lands will be flooded and various economic utilities will be destroyed.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Manuchehr Farajzadeh; Mohsen Ahadnejad; Hadi Targholizadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Due to the large dimensions of earthquake damages and losses, more rapid procedures are required to identify damaged buildings. Field studies and old procedures are no longer efficient enough because of being time consuming, costly and requiring lots of workforce. ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Due to the large dimensions of earthquake damages and losses, more rapid procedures are required to identify damaged buildings. Field studies and old procedures are no longer efficient enough because of being time consuming, costly and requiring lots of workforce. This research seeks to identify the buildings damaged by earthquakes through analyzing the spectral response of urban houses to the reflective bands and effective factors, before and after the earthquake, for recognizing buildings damaged in the earthquake and compare the results of the reflective bands with each other, and then, determine the most efficient band among them. The earthquake stricken city of Bam was selected as the case study of this research. In order to identify the damaged urban houses, satellite imagery and remote sensing reflective bands were considered for detecting the changes, distinguishing the bands, and analyzing the spectral reflection profile.
Materials and Methods
The high resolution Quick bird satellite, photographed the city of Bam just eight days after the earthquake on January 3, 2004. The satellite also had taken a clear image of Bam about three months before the earthquake on September 30, 2003, that, with regard to the objectives of the research and the capabilities of the images taken, these Quick Bird satellite images were selected to study and investigate in this field. The method of this research is to analyze the spectral reflection profile and the factors affecting it. Since the multi-spectral remote sensing is a set of reflective, emissive or backscattering energy from the study area in electromagnetic multi-spectral bands, the aim of this research is to describe why terrestrial phenomena show different responses to the electromagnetic spectrum, and to analyze their spectral curve as well. To this end, we established an analytical strategy to achieve a better interpretation of the blue (band 1: 450 - 520 nm), green (band 2: 520 - 600 nm), red (band 3: 630 - 690 nm), and infrared (band 4: 760 - 900 nm) reflective bands. And the earthquake stricken city of Bam was selected as the case study of this research in order to identify the damaged urban houses by analyzing the spectral reflection profile and factors affecting it.
Results and Discussion
Urban housing is composed of various materials (concrete, asphalt, metal, plastic and soil) by man in various ways for building houses. When earthquake strikes, these houses might be destroyed. Therefore, satellite multi-temporal images before and after the earthquake were selected as data for analyzing the electromagnetic spectrum curve of the study area. In this research, the vulnerability of urban houses is different from one place to another. Therefore, educational samples of the case study from different parts of the city such as those which have been completely destroyed, partially destroyed or have remained intact, were selected. Then, the spectral response analysis of the urban houses was carried out in 4 blue (band 1: 450 - 520 nm) green (band 2: 520 - 600 nm) red (band 3: 630 - 690 nm) and Infrared (band 4: 760 - 900 nm) reflective bands before and after the earthquake in order to identify effective factors and the bands independent of these factors comparing with other bands. The results show that, before the earthquake occurs, some factors such as shadows cause a sharp decrease in the reflection in all bands, the atmospheric scattering at short wavelengths with increasing spectral reflection, the angle of sunshine, type of material, the surface smoothness or roughness of the surface, the time of the day, the height and texture had a great impact on the 3 blue, green and red reflective bands. Infrared band with a rectangular shape in spectral curve is a band independent of the aforementioned factors (with the exception of the shadow and surface smoothness of the materials).
Conclusion
The results obtained from analyzing the spectral response of the urban houses in four reflective bands (Blue, Green, Red and Infrared) indicated that in general, the urban houses had high reflection and shadows had less reflection before the earthquake. After the earthquake, urban houses showed an irregular and significant reduction in spectral reflection, and the spectral reflection curve was irregular as well. However, the method of analyzing the spectral reflection profile is a point estimation method and does not result in a map, and this method is often used to check the accuracy of other methods.
Hossein Asakereh; hadis kiani
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Global warming and its consequence which occurs as climate change are of the world's major problems in the current century. Climate change and the warming of the earth have adverse effects on resources such as water, forests, pastures, agricultural land, industry and ultimately human ...
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Extended Abstract
Global warming and its consequence which occurs as climate change are of the world's major problems in the current century. Climate change and the warming of the earth have adverse effects on resources such as water, forests, pastures, agricultural land, industry and ultimately human life. The initial effect of climate change is on the atmospheric elements, particularly on the precipitation and temperature. Through evaluating long-term temperature trends we can be provided with a better insight as to how to plan for the upcoming years.
Temperature is one of the elements influencing this issue. That is why monitoring and assessing its behavior is very important to humans. Therefor the simulation of these variables can be vital to gain a perception of human future. There are various methods to simulate and predict climate variables. The most reliable one is using the data from the atmospheric general circulation models or GCM. The GCM models are only able to simulate the atmospheric general circulation data on large surfaces. The implementation of these models for long periods of time is time consuming and requires high processing speeds. To overcome this problem some simplifications should be done including a reduction in spatial resolution and removing some of the physical and thermodynamic processes at the micro scale. These simplifications increase the errors in the atmospheric circulation models and also they cause errors in the prediction and evaluation of the earth’s future climate. To solve this problem, the outputs of general circulation models are down-scaled through dynamical and statistical methods. In recent years, from the various methods of downscaling, researchers have been interested in the statistical downscaling method more than other methods. In the statistical downscaling, statistical methods such as regression and air generator models can be used. The statistical downscaling methods which also include the SDSM model, do the reducing scale based on the statistical history of large-scale predictors and the dependent variables. One of the most widely used models for downscaling GCM data, is the statistical model SDSM. In this study, the competency of this model for downscaling mean temperature was evaluated in Kermanshah station. Several data series including the mean daily temperature in Kermanshah station, data from the function of the national center for environmental prediction and the data from HadCM3 general circulation models were used under the A2 and B2 scenarios. Based on the A2 scenario a world is imagined in which the countries are operating independently, they are self-reliant, the world's population constantly increases, and economic development is region-based. And according to the B2 scenario, the population steadily increases but its growth rate is lower than the A2. The emphasis is on local solutions rather than having global solutions for economic, environmental and social stability, moderate economic development and Rapid technological changes. Kermanshah station data includes daily average from the beginning of 1961 until the end of 2010 which were used for calibration of the model. To this end, collecting the independent variables and the calibration of the model were done for the mean temperature by applying the daily temperature data of Kermanshah’s synoptic station and the data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction. In order to calibrate the observed data from Kermanshah’s station and the data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), it was divided into two 15-year periods (1975, 1961) and (1990 to 1976). The first 15 years was used to calibrate the model using the least square error method optimization. This work was done for the period of 40 years from 1961 to 2000. Then the mean temperature for the 10-year period 2010 -2001 data based on two basic periods of 15 years (1990-1961) and the 40 years (2000- 1961) under the two scenarios A2 and B2, were Predicted and were compared with the observed data of this period to evaluate the predicting performance of the model. The results of the evaluation period (2000-1961 and 1990-1976) using NCEP data showed that the SDSM model has an acceptable capability in simulating the variables such as the mean temperature in the evaluation period and the basic. It should be noted that with an increase in the prediction base period to 40 years, the differences according to the NCEP model and the observed data turned to zero. This can be considered as one of the model’s defects which is due to the use of linear regression because, by reducing the base period to simulate the mean temperature, the results of it, falls away from the average of the observed period, but by increasing the period duration, the outcomes will be valid. Also the amount of variance, the maximum and minimum temperature which are applied by the model to calculate the mean temperature, are not suitable and competence and it commits several errors. This can be caused by poor capability of the model to evaluate and reveal temperature fluctuations; this could be the consequence of adherence to linear regression of the model, although the station’s local conditions and the Hadcm3 model’s errors could intensify the inability.
dr saadi mohammadi
Abstract
Extended abstract Introduction One of the new products, destinations and types of tourism that can be well utilized for the socio-economic reconstruction of the border areas, is war tourism. Almost after World War II, the war tourism idea which had no objectives except reviving the war zones and improving ...
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Extended abstract Introduction One of the new products, destinations and types of tourism that can be well utilized for the socio-economic reconstruction of the border areas, is war tourism. Almost after World War II, the war tourism idea which had no objectives except reviving the war zones and improving the economic conditions in these areas attractedthe attentions. War tourism is a type of black tourism, which is considered to be the most visited type of black tourism. Despite the public fear of death, the interest of tourists to visit the places which have experienced natural and human disasters is on the rise. The main issue addressed in this research is that, up until now, tourism activities related to the war have failed to gain a considerable place in economic and social sustainabilityin the city of Marivan considering its potentials in this city. The main objective of the present research is to identify and analyze the status of tourism in the region with a systematic approach, because tourism as a system composed of various elements can only play its role in the realization of developing war-torn areas, once all elements of the system in terms of quantity and quality are placed together in a coordinated set in such a way that includesall the players of the extensive scene of tourismso that the obstacles and problems of war tourism development in the city are detected in the first place and then, the practical solutions for the development of this type of tourism to create the bases for economic and social reconstruction of the war-torn region of Marivan are suggested. Methods and Materials The present applied research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method.Documentary resources were used to collect information in the theoretical part;and in the field part, a survey method based on interviews and questionnaires was used. The statistical population of this exploratory research includes two groups, officials, specialists, local experts in the field of development and tourism of the city, as well as those people who have travelled to the areasand war memorials of Marivan city in the form of Rahian-e-Nour camp. Discussion and Findings Analysis of interviews with tourists, informed people and experts in the field of tourism and development authorities of the cityidentified 43 indicators in 9 components (categories) and in two main dimensions of supply and demand. Meanwhile, 3 components of motivation and low willingness to visit the region, the lack of familiarity with the area and its attractions, and theexpensesof travelling to the region are related to the demand dimension, and 6 components of the lack of facilities, welfare and accommodation services,inappropriate quality of information, education and advertising, poor transportation structures, inappropriate quality of tourist attractions, the lack of attention, supervision and desirable performance of public institutions, and poor local participation are related to supply dimension of the region’s tourism. In the next step, the results of the factor analysis testwere used to confirm the extractedresults from the research findings, summarizationand determination of the factors (obstacles and problems) affecting the development of war tourism in the region. The results showed that the formed factors are capable of explaining 66 percent of the changes and shaping the present situation. Five main factors were formed. The highest factor load was related to the shortage of service, accommodation and welfare facilities, and the expenses of the trip; and the lowest was related to the motivation factor and low tendency to visit the region as well as the weakness of transportation structures. The results of the course analysis test showed that the undesirable conditions of the supply dimension had the greatest impact on the development of war tourism in the region. This dimension also affects the status of the demand dimension indirectly. The type of relationship and effectiveness were also calculated positive and direct so that it can be said that the more desirable the status of the components of the tourism supply dimensions of the region,the more will improve the status of demand dimension and its indicators which means that, by improvement of the conditions of supply dimension, more demands will be created for visiting the region and the war tourism will revive in the region. Conclusion Given the fact that the quality of demand is subject to the conditions of supply dimension, undoubtedly the undesirable conditions of war tourism of the Marivan city, have a significant role in the formation of the weakness in this demand dimension. Therefore, it is necessary to organize and improve the conditions of the war tourism supply dimension of the city at first, in order to increase the resultant of the issue and continue the demand for visiting the attractions of war. In the meantime,the role of responsible governmentalagencieswhich requires a great deal of coordination and efficiency with regard to the multidimensionality of tourismwill be very significant.
Abolghasem Sadeghi Niaraki; Mahmoud Reza Delavar; Somaiieh Rokhsari Talemi
Abstract
Nowadays Smart traffic sensor network is considered as one of the newest ways of data acquisition in traffic management which with the possibility of intelligent monitoring of urban roads, leads to road accident reduction. Despite the importance of installing and deployment of such equipment, the most ...
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Nowadays Smart traffic sensor network is considered as one of the newest ways of data acquisition in traffic management which with the possibility of intelligent monitoring of urban roads, leads to road accident reduction. Despite the importance of installing and deployment of such equipment, the most important concern is to determine the optimal location for their installations. Therefore, what we are aiming at in this research, is to provide a suitable method to optimize the location of traffic sensors. The proposed method is a combination of FUZZY AHP and TOPSIS method. It should be noted that, in order to test the proposed method in this study, part of the urban road network in North America was selected as sample data. In the next step, according to traffic experts, the criteria for determining the optimal location were selected which included average annual traffic, crash severity, average slope and the distance of each connection in the urban network to places requiring traffic control. The FUZZY hierarchy method was used to determine the significance of input criteria. This method using FUZZY numbers in a pairwise comparison of criteria to calculate their weights, leads to an increase in the accuracy of computations. In the next stage, the weights calculated using TOPSIS method were used to rank the urban connections in the study area.
Eventually, after applying the above analysis using the score obtained from TOPSIS method, urban connections in the study area were classified in 3 different categories. Urban connections in the 1st category were selected as the ones with the highest priority for the installation of sensors. Therefore, these connections will be the top priority for the installation of traffic sensors.
Saleh Arekhi
Abstract
The face of the earth is always changing due to human activities and natural phenomena. Therefore, in order to optimize the management of the natural areas, knowledge of the ratio of land cover / land use changes is considered necessary.The present study was conducted to detect changes in land cover/land ...
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The face of the earth is always changing due to human activities and natural phenomena. Therefore, in order to optimize the management of the natural areas, knowledge of the ratio of land cover / land use changes is considered necessary.The present study was conducted to detect changes in land cover/land use in Abdanan region over a period of 25 years. In order to carry out the research, images of the years of 1985, 2000 and 2010 from TM, ETM + and TM sensors of Landsat satellite were used, and the map of the change detection was prepared and the final results was presented after performing the necessary corrections in the preprocessing stage, by the object-oriented classification of the images in the IdrisiSelvi software environment.The results show that during the period from 1985 to 2010, we are witnessing the decreasing trend of lands with moderate and good rangeland cover, which indicates the general trend of destruction in the region through the replacement of moderate and good pastures by the uses of poor pasture and barren lands. The extracted coefficients of validity assessment (total accuracy and kappa coefficient of 95% and 94% respectively) indicate the high accuracy of this classification method.
According to the results obtained from this research, it is suggested that the object-oriented classification method to be used in the preparation of land cover / land use maps and also the detection of changes.
Mehran Maghsoudi; Abdolhosein Hajizadeh; Mohammad Ali Nezam mahaleh; Zeinab Bayati Sedaghat
Abstract
The Lut Desert is in the southeast of Kerman province and one of the largest deserts of the world, which is one of the world’s driest and hottest places.Granulometric analysis of sediments can indicate the characteristics of the old formative processes and the morphology of landforms. Yardangs ...
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The Lut Desert is in the southeast of Kerman province and one of the largest deserts of the world, which is one of the world’s driest and hottest places.Granulometric analysis of sediments can indicate the characteristics of the old formative processes and the morphology of landforms. Yardangs (Kaluts) ofthe Lutplain have a very interesting and unique morphology in Iran and in the world, and recognizing the relationship between their granulometric characteristics and their rough and uneven shape, which is a set of diagonal hills or more or less parallel strands, can provide useful information. In this study, two samples of yardang or kalutfrom the Lut plain in the northeast of Shahdadcity located in north of Kaluts were selected and a number of sediment samples from different heights were taken in accordance with sampling principles. The sediment samples were measured in laboratory using pipette method. This method was first designed and implemented by the authors at the Faculty of Geography in Tehran University. In these two Yardang samples, it was found that water and wind erosion are among the dominant processes forming the Yardang shapes of the North of the Lut plain. In this research,calcimetry test, determination of sediment color was performed, and statistical parameters such as the mean of grains, standard deviation (SD), kurtosis and skewness of data were also calculated. According to the results derived from the granulometry and its related parameters, it can be concluded that the Yardangs of the northern part of the Lut plain at all altitudes of this form of roughness contain mainly muddy deposits. The results have also showna higher amount of silty sediments at higher altitudes of these two Yardangs. This research indicates that, the studied morphology of ovoid yardangs is in relation with the upper part’ssilty sediments and the lower part’s clayey sediments of these forms of roughness. It should be noted that, this article was taken from a research project which was completed through financial support of the Faculty of Geography-University of Tehran.
Ali Shojaeeian; Sadegh Mokhtari Chelche; Leila Keshtkar; Esmaeil Soleymani rad
Abstract
Nowadays, remote sensing data is able to provide the latest information for the study of land cover and land uses. These images are of high importancedue to the presentation of timely information, diversity of forms, being digital and the possibility of processing in the preparation of user maps.Determining ...
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Nowadays, remote sensing data is able to provide the latest information for the study of land cover and land uses. These images are of high importancedue to the presentation of timely information, diversity of forms, being digital and the possibility of processing in the preparation of user maps.Determining the land cover will be of great help to the area managers to make decisions. In this regard, the purpose of this researchis to compare the efficiency of parametric (least distant and box) and nonparametric (supporting vector machine) methods in land cover classification by using Landsat 8 satellite images in part of Dezful city. The nature of this research has been developmental-practical and its method has been descriptive-analytical. For this purpose, satellite data including Landsat 8 satellite images (13/8/2013) were prepared and analyzed using ENVI software. The efficiency of each classification method was investigated by calculating the two general accuracy and kappa coefficient. The results of the comparison of the methods used in the research showed that the SVM algorithm, especially the three linear, radial and polynomial kernels, had a better and more desirable accuracy than the parametric methods with 97.15%, 95.89% and 95.63% respectively. This study confirms the efficiency and more desirable capability of SVM algorithms in the classification of remote sensing images compared with parametric methods.
Hamed Amini Amirkolaee; Hamid Enayati; Maryam Veisi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a statistical presentation of the earth surface using some points with predefined 3D coordinates. Extracting the DTM as an important product of photogrammetry and remote sensing that is the basis of many practical projects, has always been considered ...
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Extended Abstract
The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a statistical presentation of the earth surface using some points with predefined 3D coordinates. Extracting the DTM as an important product of photogrammetry and remote sensing that is the basis of many practical projects, has always been considered by experts. LiDAR is a powerful equipment that can provide 3D point cloud with high accuracy from the earth. Nowadays, advances in technology make the generating 3D point cloud from the digital aerial images by dense matching feasible. These point clouds represents an approximate Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the earth. The DSM contains both terrain points and off-terrain points, but the DTM contains only the terrain points. In other words, the DTM presents a bare earth without any natural and artificial objects. Generating the DTM using the DSM is a challenging topic in photogrammetry and remote sensing. In this paper, an algorithm with two independent approaches is proposed. Before beginning the process, the irregular point clouds was gridded, interpolate and convert to the image by specifying a point interval.
The first proposed approach was a progressive morphological filter that detects the off-terrain points from the DSM. This approachused the simple morphological filter in a specific procedure with four steps. In the first step, a minimal surface was generated by identifying the points which have minimum elevation in predefined scan windows. The structural element of the morphological filters should be determined. As it is a progressive filter, a vector that contains the structural elements sizes was determined in the second step. In the third step, a morphological opening was applied on the point cloud with a structural element in accordance with the produced vector in step1. For each window size in the vector, an elevation threshold was calculated by multiplying the interval distance and supplied slope parameter. Then, the difference between initial surface and the result of applying the morphological opening was computed. The points with the difference values of more than the calculated elevation threshold were selected as off-terrain points.
In the second approach, an iterative procedure was designed which was based on morphological filters. The geodesic dilation was a combination of traditional morphological filter. Although the morphological filters operated based on the image and structural element, geodesic dilation operated with two images including the mask and the marker. In geodesic dilation of size one, the marker image was dilated by an elementary isotropic structural element and the resulting image was forced to remain below the mask image. In other words, the mask image acts as a limitation for the dilated marker image. Image reconstructing by using geodesic dilation on an image was done by performing some successive geodesic dilations on the image. The results of geodesic dilation was depending on the elevation value. If this value was low, only the building ridge line was extracted andoff-ground. Moreover, if the elevation value was high, some of the bare earth was cut as off-terrain, wrongly. Hence, an iterative procedure was proposed to make the extracting of the most of the object possible. In this way, the probability of error was reduced. In each loop, the elevation value was increased and some objects was extracted using geodesic dilation. Among the extracted parcels in each loop, the parcels which have local range variation more than a threshold were selected and the others were removed. The local range variation for each point was computed by specifying a window and calculating the difference between maximum and minimum elevation value in that window. This procedure was repeated utill analyzing all of the elevation values.
Finally, the results of detecting the off-terrain points using both of approaches were accumulated to acquire the final class of off-terrain points. Then, this points were removed and the cubic interpolation was employed in order to retrieve the elevation of the lost points and to generate the DTM.
In order to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm, 7 test areas were used. The point cloud of the areas 1, 2 and 3 were produced using dense matching of digital aerial images (Ultracam) by National GeographyOrganization of Iran. The point spacing of these areas is about 0.5 meter. The point cloud of the areas 4, 5, 6 and 7 were captured using LiDAR by International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. The point spacing of these areas were 3, 1, 2.5 and3meters respectively. The data set covered the most of the features such as steep slopes, mixture of vegetation and buildings, bridge underpasses, roads and buildings with various roof shapes. Evaluating the performance of proposed algorithm represented the 4.85% error for extracting the off-terrain points and 0.68 meter error for generated DTM in all test areas, averagely. The evaluation results clarify the ability of proposed practical algorithm in generating the DTM using the DSM.
Saeed Azadnejad; Yasser Maghsoudi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a technique for detection and analysis of a network of coherent pixels referred to as the Permanent/Persistent scatterer (PS) which have high phase strength over long time periods. This technique has been widely used ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a technique for detection and analysis of a network of coherent pixels referred to as the Permanent/Persistent scatterer (PS) which have high phase strength over long time periods. This technique has been widely used by the scientific community to measure the displacement related to thesubsidence/uplift, landslide, tectonic, and volcanoes. As the density and quality of PS pixels are important factors in PSI algorithms, the concept of polarimetric optimization in the PSI algorithms was proposed to improve the number of PS pixels. The recent launch of radar sensors operating with a polarimetric configuration can help improvingthePS-InSAR analysisby increasing the PS density. Therefore, the combination of thepolarimetric and interferometric techniques helpsimprove the PSI techniques, especially in non-urban areas which suffer from lack of the PS density. In this study, we investigated how the contribution of the S1A and TSX data in the PSI analysis could lead to the improvement of the results of the PSInSAR algorithm. Indeed, the main objective of this paper is to illustrate the capability of each dataset for improving the polarimetric optimization results.
1. Materials & Methods
2.1
The proposed method was tested using a dataset of 40 dual-pol SAR data (VV/VH) acquired by Sentinel1-A between February 2017 and May 2018 and 20 dual-pol SAR data (HH/VV) acquired by TerraSAR-X betweenJuly 2013 and April 2014.
2.2 Polarimetric SAR Interferometry
The general principle of polarimetric SAR interferometry was proposed by (Cloude & Papathanassiou, 1997) for the first time. The scattering matrix S represents the polarimetric information associated with each pixel of the image. Considering the monostatic configuration, the scattering matrix S is defined as follows:
(1)
Where and are co-polar channels, is the cross polar channel. This matrix can be represented with the target scattering vector as:
(2)
Where, is the transposed operator. The Pauli vector for the dual-pol data (HH/VV) of the TerraSAR-X sensor, is written as :
(3)
Similarly,the Pauli vectorfor the dual-pol data (VV/VH) of theSentinel1-A sensorcan be expressed as:
(4)
In order to generate scattering coefficient μ, projecting the scatteringvector on the projection vectorwould be sufficient:
(5)
Where is thelinear combination of the elements of matrix S, i is the correspondent of the 2 images, and * represents the conjugate operator. The projection vectorfor the dual-pol data isdefined as:
(6)
Where, and are two real parameters whose ranges are finite and known and are related to the geometrical and electromagnetic properties of the targets. In our research, the main purpose of the polarimetric optimization is to find theoptimum projection vector, in a 2-dimensional search space, and
2.3 Amplitude Dispersion Index Optimization
Substituting (5) into (7), the ADIfor the polarimetric case () can be expressed as follows:
(7)
(8)
According to (6), the polarimetric optimization problem isreduced to finding a suitable and in a finite and known range,so that (8) is minimized.
2. Results & Discussion
The results showed that the proposed method improved the performance of the PSInSAR algorithm in two terms of phase quality and density of the PS pixels. Compared with the VV channel, , the number of PSC and PS pixels increased about 2 and 1.7 times In S1A data, using the ESPO method while, compared with the normal channels like HH and VV, the number of PSC and PS pixels in ESPO method increased about 3.5 and 3 times in TSX data.Based on these results, the optimization methods are more effective in improving the quality of the PSC densitythan in increasing the number of PS pixels. This is mainly because the employed optimization is based on minimizing ADI criterion which is used in the PSC selection. Moreover, ESPO method has been more successful for TSX data compared to the S1A data. This result is due to the higher capability of the TSX data in creating more diverse scattering mechanisms and hence identifying more optimum scattering mechanism compared to S1A data. We also investigated the effect of polarimetric optimization in increasing the PS density in urban and non-urban areas. The experimental results showed that the method succeeded to significantly increase the final set of PS pixels in both urban and nonurban areas.
3. Conclusion
The results show that the optimization methods have been more successful in the improvement of PS density for the TSX data compared to the S1A data. This result is due to the higher capability of the TSX data in creating more diverse scattering mechanisms compared to the S1A data. In summary, thanks to the polarimetric data, it is possible to exploit a larger number of pixels compared with the single polarization case.
Mehrdad AhangarCani; Seyyed Hossien Khasteh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective Due to the location of Iran in dry regions of the Middle East, and also because of the rapid increase in its urban population and water consumption, every day the issue of water scarcity becomes more severe in Iran. In recent years, Iran has faced serious ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective Due to the location of Iran in dry regions of the Middle East, and also because of the rapid increase in its urban population and water consumption, every day the issue of water scarcity becomes more severe in Iran. In recent years, Iran has faced serious water scarcity and excessive consumption of water resources. Therefore, patterns of urban water consumption, different geographic, spatial, demographic, social, and economic parameters, and the relation between these parameter and water consumption are considered to be among important issues affecting management of water resources. The present study seeks to investigate and analyze the spatial pattern of domestic water consumption in Babol County, and also to identify parameters affecting the pattern of water use. This is achieved by extracting association rules from some spatial and socio-economic parameters and based on the water use level in this County. The study also aims to determine regions with high/low level of water use, investigate spatial distribution of water consumption and finally, identify and categorize parameters affecting domestic water consumption at neighborhood level in this County using Decision Tree model. Materials and methods Data: Domestic water consumption data, census data, spatial and socio-economic parameters such as distance from main roads, distance from Babolrood, total area of garden and green space in each building, building site and standing property (total area of house yard), population density, total number of houses vs. apartments, number of housing units, average number of people per household, percentage of young/old people per household were extracted from the Statistical Center of Iran for the time period of 2011 to 2016. Then, these data were used to analyze urban water consumption in Babol County. Methods: Apriori algorithm - a data mining algorithm used to extract association rules- has been used to discover and extract relationships between different spatial socio-economic parameters and domestic water consumption patterns. Moreover, a decision tree has been developed which takes advantage of these parameters to predict domestic water use. Results and Discussion Results indicated that number of houses, number of household members, green space in each house, total area of house yard and distance from main roads are directly related with the household water consumption. On the other hand, population density, percentage of youth population, number of residential units and distance from Babolrood River are inversely related to domestic water consumption. Among all parameters considered in the present study, total area of house yard, distance from Babolrood River, number of residential units and number of household members exhibited a stronger relationship with water consumption. Thus, they were located on higher branches of the final decision tree. Additionally, results of global Moran’s I index indicated that there exists a spatial autocorrelation among household water consumption data. Moreover, this index indicated the clustered nature of residential water consumption distribution in Babol County. Also, spatial distribution of domestic water consumption in this County demonstrated that western and coastal areas with minimum distance from Babolrood River have the highest level of domestic water consumption. Therefore, it can be concluded that with an increase in distance from Babolrood River, domestic water consumption decreases. Only terraced and semi-detached houses exist in these neighborhoods. Thus compared to other neighborhoods, they have a lower population density, larger green space and larger yard. Conclusion and Future Works The present study applies Apriori algorithm to extract association rules and discover the relationship between spatial and socio-economic parameters and domestic water consumption. Results indicated that spatial and socio-economic parameters affect the spatial distribution of domestic water consumption in Babol County. Developing a decision tree, parameters associated with domestic water consumption were categorized and amount of water consumption was predicted. Extracted rules predicted domestic water consumption of test data with an accuracy of 75%. In this study, global Moran’s I index indicated the existence of a spatial autocorrelation among water consumption data. It also proves the clustered nature of domestic water consumption distribution in the study area. Additionally, spatial distribution of domestic water consumption in Babol County indicated that western and coastal neighborhoods have the highest level of domestic water consumption, while southern neighborhoods of Babol County have the lowest level of domestic water consumption. Model developed in the present study provides an opportunity for analyzing and predicting the level of water consumption. This will make planning for the reduction of water consumption and management of water resources possible. We suggest that future works evaluate the effect of other spatial and socio-economic parameters such as water cost and educational status of household members in a longer period (more than 5 years) to improve the accuracy of the model.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Narges Arab; Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny; Alireza Mikaeili Tabrizi; Thomas Houet
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction:The Land surface temperature is one of the most important factors in controlling the biological, chemical and physical processes of the earth.Land surface temperature data provide information about the spatial and temporal changes of the Land's surface on a global ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction:The Land surface temperature is one of the most important factors in controlling the biological, chemical and physical processes of the earth.Land surface temperature data provide information about the spatial and temporal changes of the Land's surface on a global scale.Land surface temperature is used as the main parameter in many studies, including energy stock estimation, humidity and evapotranspiration, climate change, urban heat islands and environmental studies. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the temperature of the Land surface in order to plan its use. In general, LST investigation is important and necessary to deal with interdisciplinary issues in earth sciences, urban climatology, environmental changes and human-environment interactions. LST can provide important information about surface physical properties as well as climate, which plays a vital role in many environmental processes. In such a situation, LST maps, which are prepared from satellite images, are a desirable option because they provide a permanent data collection.Materials and methods: Many algorithms have been used by researchers to estimate LST using satellite images, especially thermal bands. In this research, Split window and Mono window algorithms are used from Landsat 8 satellite images to obtain land surface temperature (LST) in Mashhad city.The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of the Land surface temperature and also to determine an accurate method for preparing the Land surface temperature map.In the present study, using the Split window algorithm, the land surface temperature (LST) data was used from the TIRS sensor in Landsat 8. Also, in addition to TIRS, OLI sensor data are also needed to estimate LST when using the Split window algorithm. In the first stage, the OLI bands of Landsat 8, bands 3, 4 and 5 are layered on top of each other and the NDVI image is produced using bands 4 and 5. The FVC image is obtained using the NDVI image. FVC is calculated by considering the fraction of vegetation in the area. The split window algorithm uses the FVC image to generate the land surface emissivity (LSE) image. The LSE image measures the internal characteristics of the Land surface, which shows the ability to convert thermal energy into radiant energy. Estimating land surface emissivity (LSE) requires soil and vegetation emissivity for bands 10 and 11. LSE images from bands 10 and 11 are obtained separately and then the average and difference of LSE are calculated. The NDVI image is classified into soil and vegetation and is obtained separately for soil and vegetation. Landsat 8 has two TIRS bands. TB, or brightness temperature, is estimated for bands 10 and 11. The thermal calibration process is done by converting thermal digital numerical values (DN) of thermal bands 10 and 11 of the TIRS meter to spectral radiance of the atmosphere (TOA) and then to TB. Finally, LST is estimated using SW, TB, average LSE, LSE difference and water vapor constant.Results and discussion: The results showed that the temperature of the Land surface calculated by the Mono-window and Split-window method compared to the air temperature calculated in the desired weather station showed a difference of 5.1 and 1.7 degrees Celsius respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the Split window method has higher accuracy and the temperature obtained from it is more consistent with the actual temperature.The regression analysis between the results obtained from these two algorithms for LST shows the value of R2 equal to 0.96, as shown in Figure 8.The close correlation between the LST retrieved using the Split window algorithm, with the LST retrieved from the Mono window algorithm, shows that they can be transferred with a small accuracy error.The difference in LST estimation from Mono-window and Split-window algorithms can be attributed to the spectral bands and atmospheric water vapor content used in LST retrieval. The SW algorithm uses two spectral bands (band 10 and 11) with wavelengths of approximately 11 and 12 μm, while the Mono-window algorithm uses one spectral band (band 10) with a wavelength of approximately 11.5 μm to retrieve LST. In addition, the SW Split window algorithm uses the water vapor content of the atmosphere, which represents the true value of the prevailing conditions at the site. On the other hand, the water vapor content of the atmosphere is not used in the Mono window algorithm. The water vapor content of the atmosphere is a sensitive parameter that affects the climate and the temperature of the Land surface. Since two spectral bands are used in the SW algorithm to determine the emission rate and brightness temperature, and these values are used together with the atmospheric water vapor content in LST retrieval, the SW algorithm is able to record the conditions in the region more accurately. and provide better results compared to the Mono window algorithm.Conclusion: The results showed that the air temperature calculated by the Mono window and Split window method compared to the air temperature calculated in the desired weather station shows a difference of 1.7 and 5.1 degrees centigrade on average, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the Split window method has a higher accuracy and the obtained temperature is more consistent with the actual temperature. The calculated LST values can differ by up to 5 degrees Celsius with the observed air temperature measurement at the station. In the parts covered with greenery, there are low LST values, while in the southeast with barren lands, non-cultivable lands and urban areas, there are high LST values. The results of this research can provide planners and experts with useful information about the temperature status of different regions where the possibility of building weather stations is impossible, and identifying regions with the potential to create thermal islands and its relationship with land use. and provide protection of natural resources.
Fatemeh Rahimpour; Rahim Ali Abbaspour
Abstract
Awareness of the spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrationfor monitoring soil contaminationand maintaining the quality of the environment is essential. This research was carried out with the aim of providing the spatial distribution map of Manganese, Copper, Zinc, and Iron heavy metals contamination ...
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Awareness of the spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrationfor monitoring soil contaminationand maintaining the quality of the environment is essential. This research was carried out with the aim of providing the spatial distribution map of Manganese, Copper, Zinc, and Iron heavy metals contamination concentration in agricultural landsof Harris city located in the province of East Azerbaijan. To this end, 370 surface soil samples were collected at the depths of 0 to 30 cm using a randomized systematic sampling method, and the total concentration of these metals was measured in them.In order to model the spatial variations of heavy metals concentration in the soils of the region, the ordinary Kriging and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) were used in the ArcGIS environment. Among the various models of ordinary kriging and Radial Basis Functions, the lowest RMSE and MAE values and the very close proximity ofthe MBE statistic to zero, and the highest correlation coefficient (R) were considered as the criterion for the evaluation of the best method for modeling the distribution pattern and the scattering of heavy metals.Both methods had a good accuracy, but based on the evaluation criteria,the Kriging method with Exponential model was selected for Magnesium and Copper, and with spherical model for zinc, andthe RBF method with Multi-quadric function was selected for iron. The zoning map was drawn after selecting the superior model for each of the elements, and was classified by taking the standards of the Soil and Water Conservation Institute into consideration, and the elements were categorizedinto four classes ofscarce, adequacy, high, and contaminated.The analysis of the spatial distribution map of the heavy metals contamination under study showed that most of the lands were in the range of adequacy for the Manganese element; for Copper element it was found that about 92% was in the high class, and about 8% of the study area was contaminated. For the zinc and iron elements, not only no contamination was observed, but about 96% and 80% were scarce respectively.
Hojat Hatami Nejad; Mojtaba Sabet Kushki; Mahdi Saqaee; Hossein Hatami Nejad
Volume 21, Issue 84 , February 2013, , Pages 55-84
Abstract
This paper investigates the affective factors in rural migration from Takan village in Kashmar to urban areas. This topic is of importance because of the increase in migration to towns or rural areas surrounding towns. According to climatic classifications, the area has arid and cold weather with a precipitation ...
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This paper investigates the affective factors in rural migration from Takan village in Kashmar to urban areas. This topic is of importance because of the increase in migration to towns or rural areas surrounding towns. According to climatic classifications, the area has arid and cold weather with a precipitation of 189.4 ml and mean temprature of 7.7C. (1989-2008). The mean population growth rate between 1996 and 2006 was -2.5 which indicates migration. The present study take advantage of a descriptive – analytic method. The results indicate that unemployment, low income and shortage of social sevices are the main affective factors in rural migration.
Alireza Arofteh; Taher Reza Mohammed; Ali Hossingholizade; Ehsan Hoghoghi fard
Abstract
Increasing development of urban areas, the need for various information from the urban environment, and also technological advancements have increased the importance of automatic and semi-automatic classification and identification of this type of land cover. The diversity of remote sensing data have ...
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Increasing development of urban areas, the need for various information from the urban environment, and also technological advancements have increased the importance of automatic and semi-automatic classification and identification of this type of land cover. The diversity of remote sensing data have created a wide scope for urban feature detection. Moreover, by launching satellite sensors with a spatial resolving power of less than 1 meter, a dramatic revolution has occurred in the tendency of remote sensing researchers toward classification of urban features. The existence of various features and different applications of spatial information in urban areas have made it possible to integrate various data sources with the aim of identifying different urban features. The present study seeks to integrate optimal properties extracted from optical and LiDAR data in order to identify urban features in the study area. In this regard, colored features, normal difference vegetative index (NDVI), first-order statistical texture in three windows of 5×5, 7×7 and 9×9, second-order statistical texture in three windows of 7×7, 11×11 and 15×15 extracted from the multispectral optical data were calculated along with features of normalized difference index (NDI), slope, slope direction, profile curve, surface curve, roughness, variance, laplacian, smoothness and normalized digital surface model (nDSM) extracted from the LiDAR data. Since increased amount of information has made the process of identifying features in the region time-consuming, the present study applies intelligent genetic algorithm to select optimal features from the calculated features. A total number of 361 features were produced from this data, including 9 colored features, a vegetation index, 144 first-order statistical texture, and 192 second-order statistical texture from multispectral optical data and 14 features from LiDAR data. Then, 17 features including seven features of the LiDAR data and 10 features of the multispectral optical data were determined using genetic algorithm as the optimal features for more appropriate identification of urban features. Finally, support vector machine (SVM) classification method was used to identify the desired features. Results indicate that compared to LiDAR data, multispectral optical data have a better performance in classifying vegetation features, while LiDAR data have been more suitable for the classification of road and building features. In other words, multispectral optical data work appropriately in identifying features with different radiometric information, while classification of features with similar radiometric information, such as roads and buildings is problematic. Thus, LiDAR elevation data help in identification of these features. Additionally, using optimal features along with the primary bands have increased the accuracy of urban features classification. Using optimal features and initial data, the accuracy of support vector machine algorithm classifier in the study area is calculated to be 88.734, which shows 25.438% improvement compared to the initial multispectral optical data classification, and 18. 236% improvement compared to the initial LiDAR data classification.
Ramin Mokhtari Dehkordi; Reza Shahhoseini
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, studying urban expansion is very importantin developing countries. Rapid growth of cities has devastating environmental impacts,and irreparable economic and social consequences. Moreover, studying urban expansion is of great importance for managers and planners ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, studying urban expansion is very importantin developing countries. Rapid growth of cities has devastating environmental impacts,and irreparable economic and social consequences. Moreover, studying urban expansion is of great importance for managers and planners of a society. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the important parameters in urban-regional planning.Urban heat, which is usually referred to as urban heat island, can affect human health, theecosystem, surrounding air, air pollution, urban planning, and energy management. The phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI) is closely related toland-use changes in urban areas, especially when natural surfaces turn intoimpermeable urban surfaces, and increases heat flux and reduces latent heat. Materials & Methods In this study, a collection of Landsat-5 multi-temporal satellite images received in 1986, 1989, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2008, and Landsat 8 multi-temporal satellite images received in 2013, 2015 and 2017, was used along with night images of the MODIS sensor recieved in 2001, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017 (on the same day Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 satellite images were received). In order to classify land cover and calculate land surface temperature usingLandsat 5, Landsat 8 and MODIS sensorsatellite images, initial pre-processing (radiometric and geometric corrections)was performed.In order to classifyland cover in the study area, training areas were selected using Google Earth andthen, land cover classification was carried outusing Neural Network Algorithm. Since, classifying urban areas wasthe priority ofthe present study, Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) was also used.Ultimately, pixelidentified by classification algorithm and NDBI index was allocated tourban areas. A simple relationship suggested by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) was used to estimate land surface temperature from Landsat-5 imageries.Split-window algorithm was also used to estimate land surface temperature from Landsat-8 and MODIS imageries. Since, Landsat-8 and MODIS imageries were collectedwith only afew hours (or less than that)time difference, and their thermal bands’spectral rangeswere close to each other, Landsat-8 thermal bands’emissivity coefficient with a higher spatial resolution (30 m) was used to calculate land surface temperature from MODIS images. Results & Discussion Classifying land cover in Shahr-e Kordusing Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 imageries received in 1986, 1989, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2008, 2013, 2015, and 2017 indicated that in this31-year time period,residential areas were approximately duplicatedand reached from 1004 hectares to 2112 hectares. Analysis of land surface temperature maps using Landsat 5, and Landsat 8 imageries indicated that urban areas and areas with dense vegetation had lower surface temperatures compared to areas with thin vegetation cover. Therefore, land surface temperature of urban areas is lower than the surrounding areas. However, land surface temperature obtained from MODIS imageries indicated that land surface temperature of urban areas is higher at nights. Therefore, urban heat islands in this city occur at nights. Results indicated that with increasingexpansion of urban areas, urban heat islands also intensifyat nights. Conclusion Although, Shahr-ekordis a less developed urban area as compared to other Iranian metropolises,expansion of its constructed areas can stillhave negative effects on the environment and climate of the region. The present study investigates urban growth, and itsinfluence on land surface temperature and occurrence of urban heat island. Thermal maps produced in the present study indicated that daytime air temperature of this city was relatively lower than other regions. But this is not the case at nights: compared to other areas,residential areas have a higher temperature at nights. This indicates the existence of a heat island in the city, and possibly have adverse and devastating effects on humidity, reduces precipitation, changes local winds and the climate. Results also indicate that urban expansion have directlyaffected urban heat islands. Thus, urban heat islandshave intensified and expanded during this time period. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a direct relationship between land surface temperature and land use type.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Seyedeh Kosar Hamidi; Asghar Fallah; Nastaran Nazaryani
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionVarious Climate factors considerably affect the environment and different vegetation covers show different levels of sensitivity to climate factors in the spatial-temporal scale. Data specifically collected from vegetation cover plays an important role in micro and macro ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionVarious Climate factors considerably affect the environment and different vegetation covers show different levels of sensitivity to climate factors in the spatial-temporal scale. Data specifically collected from vegetation cover plays an important role in micro and macro planning and information generation. Methods using air temperature recorded in weather stations to estimate the relative heat in urban areas are considered to be both time-consuming and costly. On the other hands, data with relatively high spatial resolution are capable of measuring ground surface parameters more efficiently and accurately. Thus, remote sensing technology is now considered to be a solution used to improve previously mentioned methods. Remotely sensed data are now widely used to find the quantitative relationship between patterns of vegetation cover and the elements of climate. Predicting the conditions of vegetation cover is considered to be essential for planners seeking an efficient plan for its exploitation and protection.Materials & MethodsThe present study seeks to investigate the effects of climatic factors on the vegetation trend observed in Frame forest in Mazandaran province using Sentinel 2 images and to determine the most suitable index for this area. Climatic Data collected from the nearest weather station in Farim City have been used to model climate factors (temperature and precipitation). Changes in the height above mean sea level were also considered. Following the pre-processing and processing of the Sentinel 2 images, the corresponding digital values were extracted from the spectral bands and applied as independent variables. ENVI software was used for image processing and STATISTICA and R software were used for modeling. 70% of the resulting data were used for training and the rest were used for testing or evaluating the model. Mean square error, correlation, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were used to evaluate the presented models. Models with the highest correlation and the lowest standard error, the mean square error, the Akaike information evaluation criterion and the Bayesian evaluation criterion were selected as the best models for the studied variables.Results & Discussion A correlation coefficient of 0.43 and 0.56 was observed between temperature and precipitation and vegetation indices. AIC and BIC values equaled (565 and 3209) and (739 and 3383) respectively. Differential Vegetation Index (DVI) has proved to be the most effective parameter in relation to both temperature and precipitation factors in the region. Results indicated that differential vegetation index, green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and green difference vegetation index (GDVI) have a positive correlation with temperature, while there is a negative correlation between temperature and normalized vegetation index. Precipitation is considered to be one of the most important factors affecting vegetation. Results indicate that differential vegetation index, green difference vegetation index, green normalized difference vegetation index, non-linear vegetation index and normalized difference vegetation index have the highest impact on precipitation. In forest ecosystems, changes in climatic factors may affect trees differently. ConclusionCollecting information about the state of vegetation cover in forests is considered to be very important. Thus, the present study has endeavored to investigate the relationship between indices of vegetation cover and climatic variables. To reach this aim, satellite data are used as a suitable and efficient tool for investigating forest ecosystems with a relatively low cost. This provides the possibility of continuously monitoring land surface. Results indicated that climatic factors affect vegetation indices in the study area. Vegetation cover protects and stabilizes the environment and thus, many researchers have tried to investigate the growth and spatial patterns of vegetation cover in different regions. It is also suggested to study the effects of climatic factors on the vegetation cover of the study areas in different geographical directions. In addition, using other climatic factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, evaporation, transpiration, and higher resolution images can increase the accuracy of the study.
Saeideh Zamani; Majid Rahimzadegan
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Evaporation from the lakes behind the dams and freshwater lakes is one of the most important parameters in water resource losses. Therefore, zoning evaporation is very important in water resources management. There are various methods for measuring and estimating evapotranspiration ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Evaporation from the lakes behind the dams and freshwater lakes is one of the most important parameters in water resource losses. Therefore, zoning evaporation is very important in water resources management. There are various methods for measuring and estimating evapotranspiration (ET) that are used according to their accuracy and cost. These models include using evaporation pan and using meteorological models such as Bowen ratio and eddy correlation methods. Nowadays, modern methods such as utilizing satellite remote sensing images are developed to estimate evapotranspiration in different regions. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is one of these algorithms which is highly regarded. SEBAL estimates ET as a residual in energy flux in the surface of land. This is done by calculating the difference in the soil heat flux and the sensible heat flux from the net radiation. Material and Methods Initially, SEBAL was extensively used for mapping evapotranspiration in lands and vegetation cover such as crop field, but it was rarely used to estimate evaporation from water bodies, especially freshwater bodies. The aim of this study was to use SEBAL algorithm to map evaporation from freshwater of dam lakes. In this regard, three Landsat Thematic Mapper images (TM) acquired in May 29th, July 9th, and August 1st, 2011 were provided from Amir Kabir (Karaj) dam and the downstream agricultural lands. The selected area is located between two provinces of Tehran and Karaj. Amir Kabir dam supplies a part of drinking and agriculture water for these two provinces. To implement SEBAL method, radiometric and geometric corrections were performed and image bands were converted to radiance and reflectance values according to their wavelengths. In order to prepare required parameters of SEBAL, meteorological data measured by Karaj meteorological station at the selected dates were provided. These data included elevation of meteorological station, daily solar radiation, dew point temperature, wind speed, and air temperature. Furthermore, the evaporation values recorded by Tehran Regional Water Authority located at the southwestern part of the dam using evaporation pan were used as ground truth data which measurements and were performed in related dates. All of the implementations of this research were accomplished using the ENVI 5.1, Excel 2007, Ref ET, and MATLAB R2012a software. The instantaneous ET at the time of satellite overpass was calculated calculate using SEBAL method and in order to calculate the daily ET, the calculation of the reference ET was necessary. To compute reference ET in this research, Ref ET software developed in Idaho University was utilized. One of the required data in the Ref ET software is hourly solar radiation. Because of the lack of hourly solar radiation data in the selected meteorological stations, angstrom method was used. Then, the ratio of instantaneous ET to reference ET was used to calculate the 24 hour ET. Results and Discussion In each stage of SEBAL method, its components, such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were checked to prevent the undesired errors. After performing implementations, the results showed that the absolute difference values of evaporation acquired from SEBAL method and ground truth data were 0.2, 0.2, and 0.3, in selected days, respectively, which leads to the Root Mean Square Value (RMSE) of 0.27 mm that is an acceptable value. Moreover, the total evaporation values from the entire dam surface for selected days were 8.037, 10.634, and 5.435 meters per day, respectively, which were significant values. The acquired map of evaporation from dam lake surface illustrated that the value of evaporation was increasing from coastal areas to deep regions. This was proved in the same researches. The values changed from 0.5 mm in the shoreline to 3.5 mm in deep water. One of the uncertainty sources of this research was the use of daily solar radiation due to the lack of meteorological data and computing hourly values by using Angstrom method. Another uncertainty source is utilizing empirical relations such as relation of estimating atmospheric transmissivity, and narrow band emissivity and broad band emissivity which is better to calibrate before use. Another shortage of SEBAL method which can lead to uncertainty is empirical process of selecting cold and hot pixels which are used to estimate air temperature and soil temperature, respectively. Conclusion Despite the mentioned shortages of SEBAL method, the results showed the applicability of SEBAL method to mapping and estimating evaporation from freshwater lakes and dam lakes as an accurate and inexpensive method. Furthermore, the evaporation from freshwater lake surface was calculated using SEBAL model which were significant values in selected days and proved the requirement for protective operations.
Hosseyn Najafi; Rasul Afzali; Hosseyn Hataminejad; Roghayyeh Shams
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 59-78
Abstract
Nowadays the air Pollution is one of the must serious problems in urban areas. More than 90 percent of total pullotion in urban environments consist five kinds of air pollutants. Comparation of static and daynamic resources of air pollution shows that share of dynamics resources is highly more ...
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Nowadays the air Pollution is one of the must serious problems in urban areas. More than 90 percent of total pullotion in urban environments consist five kinds of air pollutants. Comparation of static and daynamic resources of air pollution shows that share of dynamics resources is highly more than section.
Different Organizations and institute have role in field of environmental management and specially in air pullation management investigation about municipalities as local and administrative managers roll in laws shows that local management role in neglected in laws and many duties of municipalities are remove to other urban organizations.
In This paper the main gole is studing the role and legal situation of municipalities in field of air pullotion management. This research is apply with describtive analytical method. Data gathering is documentary by referring to laws and regulations of municipalities and national environment organization. The result show that the role of municipality is participatory like other organizations such as police. The role of local management is neglected in law collection some studies instead of municipality are remove of macro level organization like environmental organization. So lack of attention to role of municipalities for reduction of air pollution is one of reasons for failure of air pollution control programs.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Maryam Kouhani; Abbas Kiani; Yasser Ebrahimian Ghajari
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionVegetation has always been affected by various environmental and human factors that have directly or indirectly affected the conditions and performance of the environment over time. Consequently, monitoring and investigating the vegetation cover in the northern regions of ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionVegetation has always been affected by various environmental and human factors that have directly or indirectly affected the conditions and performance of the environment over time. Consequently, monitoring and investigating the vegetation cover in the northern regions of Iran is also highly considered important. Research suggests that the destruction and change of vegetation cover and forests are among the most important factors influencing natural hazards such as floods, erosion, and earthquakes. In addition to processing and presenting well-known spatial data, remote sensing can also be used to improve human understanding of annual changes in vegetation cover, from a local to a global scale. In this regard, the anomaly evaluation criterion with high differentiation can separate and display anomalous areas in order to recognize the change process and reveal the areas with anomalies over time. Thus, medium-resolution images, vegetation indices, and anomaly criteria can be used to evaluate long-term vegetation changes. Therefore, a positive step in reducing the environmental effects of a region can be made by locating the urban areas that have experienced changes over time and making decisions related to future planning.Material and methodsThis study utilized a time series of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images downloaded from the Google Earth engine. To get the best representation of the vegetation in this study, spring and summer were chosen because vegetation at this time is at its greenest. The main focus of this study was on the evaluation of vegetation changes over time quantitatively and qualitatively, using remote sensing data from Google Earth Engine to prepare a map of vegetation changes over time. The general process of implementing this research can be summarized in 7 phases. The first phase involves taking Landsat images and preparing statistical meteorological data. In the second phase, the time series images were collected according to the specific period and in the third phase, the obtained images were corrected and pre-processed. As a next step, the EVI index is extracted from all Landsat images, and then to determine the anomaly of changes, a series of statistical analyses, including the mean and standard deviation, are applied. The next step involves generating the map of anomalous time series changes and extracting the map of vegetation changes to improve understanding. The end of the process also includes evaluating the results obtained from this research. Results and DiscussionSince vegetation and drought changes are non-uniform depending on location and distance from the sea and humid areas, and vegetation is destroyed to build villas, residential areas, commercial areas, and towns, several study areas were divided into smaller pieces. Then each area was analyzed and evaluated separately for its changes. It has been observed in the first and third study areas that vegetation has generally been on the rise in the past 36 years, although sometimes there have been anomalies and fluctuations in EVI value. It was significant to see the reduced vegetation in 2008 in both regions. For example, 262.5 mm of precipitation in the first region fell this year, indicating a rain shortage. The results obtained from the second region, considered one of the coastal regions, indicate that the anomaly graph in the region during the period had a downward slope in the direction of decreasing vegetation, and EVI values reached 0.14 in 2005 and 0.09 in 2013. The 4th and 5th regions have shown a lot of fluctuations in anomalous changes and EVI values, although the trend has generally been downward. Results obtained in the 4th region show that vegetation cover peaked in 2004 and 2011. Rainfall in the 5th region, a highland region, in 2008 was deficient, with 259.8 mm reported by the meteorological station. The anomaly value in this year was -1.96. According to the Department of Meteorology in Mazandaran province, most droughts that have affected the underground water in the province have taken place in coastal and plain areas in the province's east and center, and in western cities, they have mostly affected mountainous areas.ConclusionThirty-six years of EVI time series images obtained from Landsat images were utilized in this study to investigate the changes and identify anomalies. In order to conduct a more detailed investigation, the study area was divided into several different regions, and each region was evaluated separately. The results obtained with existing meteorological statistical data were analyzed because vegetation can be affected by climatic and environmental conditions such as weather conditions. According to the results from study area )4(, vegetation cover has consistently decreased over the last three decades due to various factors like tree cutting, landslides, or land use changes. As shown in the map showing the obtained changes, there appears to be an increase in the value of the vegetation index in some northern areas of Chalus city until around 2002, indicating an improvement in greenness. While In some areas close to the Caspian Sea and the coastline, because of the construction of villas and commercial areas, there has been a loss of vegetation, such as in area (2) based on the changed map, a major part of the vegetation in that area has been destroyed because of the establishment of a settlement and construction of a road. As a result of comparing the evaluation of two anomaly approaches, it has also been concluded that both modes show almost the same trend of changes, but the graphs in "Anomaly compared to the overall average" mode compared to "Anomaly compared to the average of each set" display the change process better.
Mohammad Reza Zand-e Moghaddam; Sepideh Habibi Kutanaei
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 62-68
Abstract
Nowadays, tourism industry is among the largest and most varied industries of the world to the extent that many countries consider it as their main source of foreign exchange earnings and job creation, establishing social justice, cultural growth, increasing welfare level and a field for the growth of ...
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Nowadays, tourism industry is among the largest and most varied industries of the world to the extent that many countries consider it as their main source of foreign exchange earnings and job creation, establishing social justice, cultural growth, increasing welfare level and a field for the growth of private sector and a means for the development of their infrastructure. The present article seeks to find an answer to this research question: “what are the reasons for this country not benefiting from various advantages of tourism?” The research method is applied-descriptive which is performed in the form of a case study. While collecting information about the tourism development of the provinces and categorizing them, its potentials were ranked using TOPSIS. Results indicate that for most of the cases the province’s potentials are not in a good situation in terms of development index.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Raheleh Ostadhashemi; Khosrow Mirakhorlou; Jamshid Yarahmadi; Mohamad Reza Najibzadeh
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionNowadays, natural resources are exploited for the purpose of economical development in developing countries. Expansion of agricultural lands, supply of charcoal and fuel wood and wood production play an important role in forest degradation which affects biodiversity, ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionNowadays, natural resources are exploited for the purpose of economical development in developing countries. Expansion of agricultural lands, supply of charcoal and fuel wood and wood production play an important role in forest degradation which affects biodiversity, soil conservation, the quantity and quality of water and the global climate conducted to the importance of forest conservation and reforestation. Therefore quantitative assessment of forests is required for conservation programs and forest monitoring is defined as a tool for sustainable forest management.Today, remote sensing techniques and satellite images can widely provide functional information in environmental studies. In this work, sentinel-2 satellite images with high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution were applied to determine the area, distribution and density of the Arasbaran forestsas well as other land use classes in the area.Materials and MethodsArasbaran area is located in Qaradagh mountainous region inthe north of East Azerbaijan province between 38°25′ 59 " N- 39°20′ 7.7 " N latitude and 46°09′ 18 " E- 47°16′ 5.3 " E longitude which covers an area of 551211 hectares and the deciduous forests of this area are known as the 11th Biosphere Reserved in Iran. The altitude varies from ca. 256 m tomore than 2000 m. the importance of the area is in having a rich flora (about 1334plant species) and unique vegetation among the vegetation of the country.For the first time, the Sentinel-2 images with a combination of high spatial and temporal resolution were used to classify the land use of the area.The best band combination was found for bands 2, 3, 6, 12 and NDVI index. Land use classification included dense, semi -dense, sparse and very sparse forests as well as rangeland, agriculture, residential area-bare soil, garden and water was implemented using 9 different algorithms in a pilot area to find the best algorithm. 280 training sample points were collected from all different land use classes in the area.Consequently, supervised classification technique and Maximum Likelihood algorithm with the Kappa coefficient of 0.886 and anoverall accuracy of 89.6% was identified as the best classification method for the Arasbaran area.Accuracy assessment of the final map was done using ground control points and Google earth images with a total accuracy of 95%.Finally creating an error matrix with 880 ground reference test pixels revealed the accuracy indices.ResultsThe final land use map of the Arasbaran area based onthe Supervisedclassification technique and Maximum Likelihood algorithm was created.Based on the results, the accuracy assessment of the final map showed that the Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy of the classified map were 0.88 and 89.8% respectively.The forest distribution and canopy cover density map were extracted from the land use area map. The total area of forests with a canopy cover of more than 5%, obtained 131019 ha consisting of 39% dense forest, 36% semi -dense forest, 17% sparse forest and 8% very sparse forest. In addition, the largest type of land use accounted for rangeland with 270000, forest with 131019, agriculture with 101974, residential area-bare soil with 30028, garden with 15434 and water with 2756 hectares respectively. Based on the error matrix table and correct classified points as well as total ground control points, the highest user’s and producer’s accuracy belonged to the densed forest class as well as the lowest user’s accuracy and lowest producer’s accuracy belonged to garden and agriculture classes respectively.ConclusionThe results conducted supervised pixel-based image classification based on the Maximum Likelihood algorithms an acceptable method. It can be because of well -distributed training sample points, the high spatial resolution of sentinel-2 images or Environmental heterogeneity of the area. According to the results, dense forests declined(from 56910 to 50628 ha)however semi -dense and sparse forests have increased (from 35280 to 47930 ha)with respect tothe last forest survey project in the Arasbaran area in 2003.In addition, the results revealed an overlap between agriculture and garden as well as rangeland and residential area-bare soil classes because of multi culture of crops and fruit trees together as well as dried or low vegetation cover of rangelands in the area. These results can provide useful information for decision- making and sustainable forest management for reducing forest degradation and it seems to be an important next step to manage these forests based on conservation policies.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Reza Karimi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe city, as human life, plays a fundamental role in creating a feeling of satisfaction, and in fact, it shapes the lifestyle of a person and determines the quality of his life. It should be noted that the quality of housing is directly related to the quality of life and ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionThe city, as human life, plays a fundamental role in creating a feeling of satisfaction, and in fact, it shapes the lifestyle of a person and determines the quality of his life. It should be noted that the quality of housing is directly related to the quality of life and the social and economic development of different communities; in such a way that the accommodation of families in inappropriate housing has become the basis of social problems and anomalies, which in turn, unfavorable social conditions will cause negative economic effects for societies. Quality of life studies can identify problematic areas, causes of people's dissatisfaction, residents' priorities. In life, the influence of socio-demographic factors on the quality of life and to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of policies and strategies in the field of quality of life. According to the above, the purpose of this research was to measure the quality of life in Urmia city and five regions based on housing indicators. The originality and innovation of the current research can be expressed in the application of the new BWM (2015) and MARCOS (2019) models as well as the combined physical, economic, social and demographic indicators.Materials & MethodsAccording to its purpose, this research is an applied research and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. The information was collected through library studies, field studies and census data of Iran Statistics Center in 2015. Thus, after studying the sources related to the research topic, 12 indicators have been selected to reach the research output, which include household density in a residential unit, population density in a residential unit, building age, building quality, building strength, land value, access to services. Education and treatment, housing ownership, plot area, infrastructure level, access to green space and residential density. Considering that each of the housing indicators used to model the quality of life has a different importance coefficient, therefore, in this article, the opinions of elites have been used to determine the weight of the indicators. In order to weight the indicators based on the BWM method, 10 questionnaires whose content is based on the pairwise comparison of indicators based on the preference of the best indicator over other indicators and the preference of other indicators over the worst indicator have been compiled. In the next step, the data of the questionnaires were entered into the GAMS software and were calculated and analyzed. The highest weight obtained is related to the building quality index with 0.201 and the lowest is related to the age of the building with an importance coefficient of 0.017. After calculating the weight of the indicators, in order to perform spatial analysis, first the information layers of the indicators were digitized and edited in the software of the geographic information system, and by converting the information layers into a raster and standardizing them based on the purpose of the research, the importance coefficient calculated from BWM in each of The indicators have been multiplied and the combination of the indicators has been discussed by applying weighting. In the last step, the MARCOS model was used to evaluate the quality of life in the five regions of Urmia.Results & DisscussionAfter the 12 indicators of housing to measure the quality of life in the geographic information system software were classified and analyzed using the reclassification command and based on the research objectives, in order to model the quality of life in the city of Urmia by using the summation command and applying the obtained weights Based on the best-worst method, the indicators have been combined. The results of the combination of 12 housing indicators to model the quality of life in Urmia show that 23% of the city is in the very low quality of life zone, 34% in the low quality of life zone, 13% in the medium quality of life zone, 20% in the The quality of life is high and 11% is in the area of very high quality of life. Based on the output obtained from the Marcus model, in Urmia city, region one, region five, region two, region three and region four are ranked 1 to 5 in terms of quality of life based on housing indicators.ConclusionThe obtained results indicate that in general the quality of life in the eastern, northern, and northwestern parts of Urmia city is at an inappropriate level due to the presence of informal settlements, and the Shahrchai River border, which includes the 1st and 5th May areas. Due to the newly built area, it is in high quality. The results of the separate analysis of the indicators show that the quality of life in Urmia city based on the indicators of households in a residential unit, people in a residential unit, the strength of buildings, the area of plots, access to educational and medical services and green space in a medium to high condition and based on the indicators The age of the building, the quality of the building, the value of the land, the level of infrastructure, housing ownership and residential density are in a medium to low condition.
Aerial photography
Alireza Afary
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction3D similar transformation is used in various applications such as photogrammetry, geodesy, robotics and machine vision. Calculating the parameters of this transformation using the least squares method requires determining the initial values as close as to the final values. ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction3D similar transformation is used in various applications such as photogrammetry, geodesy, robotics and machine vision. Calculating the parameters of this transformation using the least squares method requires determining the initial values as close as to the final values. If the initial values used are not close to the final values, especially in the case that the rotation angles related to this transformation have large values, the least squares method will either not converge or converge to a wrong solution. In this paper, a direct and new closed-form method for determining the parameters of this transformation is presented. This method is able to determine 3D similar transmission parameters by using at least three corresponding points in both model and ground coordinate systems. In general, direct and non-iterative methods are faster and have lower computational cost, and most importantly, they do not require initial values. In contrast to these advantages, these methods are sensitive to noise in observations and outliers and have less accuracy than iterative methods. Iterative methods, although they have better accuracy, on the other hand, have more computational cost and their speed is low. Most importantly, these methods require initial values and if the initial values used in these methods are not close enough to the final values of the parameters, these methods will either not converge to the correct solution or converge to a wrong solution. Methods and MaterialsThe method presented in this article is based on one of the characteristics of 3D similar transformation, i.e., establishing the same 3D similar transformation relationship between the gravity centers of corresponding points. By transferring the origin of the coordinate systems of the corresponding points to the gravity center points, the 3D similar transformation parameters between these two sets of points can be calculated in a closed-form manner, with the presented method. Two datasets were used to show the effectiveness of the presented method. The first dataset was created by simulation with large rotation angles and four times scale factor and with the minimum number of required points, i.e., three points. To simulate the real state in this dataset, random errors with normal distribution were added to each set of the corresponding points. The second dataset was selected from the real data obtained from LiDAR operations. Results and discussionThe results of the method presented in this article were compared and evaluated with the results of the least squares method and two other closed-form and direct methods, i.e., the SVD method and the dual quaternion method. The results of the method presented in this article are close to the final values of these parameters and the values obtained from other methods. Tables (6) and (8), respectively, show the difference values of 3D similar transmission parameters between the results of using direct and closed-form methods with the least squares method for simulated dataset and real LiDAR dataset. The data in Tables (5) and (8) show that the presented closed-form method in this paper provides similar 3D transmission parameters for both simulated data sets and real data with a slight difference of about 0.02° for rotational parameters and with a slight difference of less than 0.2m in the displacement vector parameters and with a slight difference of less than 0.002 in the scale parameter. ConclusionsAs can be seen from the obtained results, the accuracy of the values calculated by the presented method in this article is to the extent that it can be used directly for most applications, especially in online applications. On the other hand, the lower volume of calculations of the method presented in this article, compared to the SVD and dual quaternion methods as well as the iterative least squares method, justifies the use of this method for online applications. Also, the results of this method can be used as accurate initial values for the least squares method, in Close-range and UAV photogrammetry applications, where the rotational angular parameters can have large values.
Mohammadreza Servati
Volume 1, Issue 4 , May 1992, , Pages 12-13
Abstract
Geomorphologic maps indicate different forms of the surface of the Planet and their process of formation, i.e., the product of operation of internal and external geodynamic forces on the land surface. In other words, geomorphologic maps represent the sum of the effects of internal and external geodynamic ...
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Geomorphologic maps indicate different forms of the surface of the Planet and their process of formation, i.e., the product of operation of internal and external geodynamic forces on the land surface. In other words, geomorphologic maps represent the sum of the effects of internal and external geodynamic forces on the Earth's Crust, which is the Relief-Sphere. Geomorphologic maps reveal morphography, morphometry of land forms and especially morphogenesis and morphodynamics governing these forms.
Ahmad Ali Naderi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , November 2009, , Pages 14-18
Abstract
The reasoning behind the existence of careful planning in any issue or task is to achieve aims through logical ways and to remove obstacles and problems. Logical thinking about solving problems and consideration of possibilities is as important as logical approach toward obtaining our goals, and in fact ...
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The reasoning behind the existence of careful planning in any issue or task is to achieve aims through logical ways and to remove obstacles and problems. Logical thinking about solving problems and consideration of possibilities is as important as logical approach toward obtaining our goals, and in fact it is the main basis of implementing predicted plans. Basically, comparison of Iran’s share and status in tourism industry with those of other countries indicates difficulties of this industry in Iran. As long as these problems are not dealt with practically, it is vain to expect any further development of this industry.
Mahmoud Mohebbi
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 15-16
Abstract
In November 1979 India, following one of its major spatial plans to implement and complete its natural resources management system, launched a satellite (Bhska 1), which had television and radiometric cameras. Then, to achieve better results and collect more detailed visual information, the satellites ...
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In November 1979 India, following one of its major spatial plans to implement and complete its natural resources management system, launched a satellite (Bhska 1), which had television and radiometric cameras. Then, to achieve better results and collect more detailed visual information, the satellites IRSP2, P3, P4, IRS 1A, 1B were launched which, in addition to removing the shortcomings and weaknesses of their sensors, improved the ability of sensors installed on these satellites. At present, IRS / 1C / 1D satellites can be mentioned as among the existing and operational satellites of this country. The function of these satellites is global, and in addition to India, nine other countries including Germany, the US and Canada have receiver stations for these satellites. The Geographic Organization has installed and set up a multi-purpose satellite data receiver station, which in the first phase of operation has the capability of receiving images from IRS / 1C / 1D satellites. In the next phase, according to the multi-purpose design of the station, it is possible to receive satellite data from other Indian satellites including IRS P5, P6 as well as other European satellites, such as ENVISAT and SPOT.In this paper, we have tried to introduce the ability of satellite imagery, especially of the IRS type, to help users’ better utilization.
Iraj Maghfoori Moghaddam; Seyyed Aref Alavi
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 17-21
Abstract
Living organisms are confronted with two different and opposing forces, one internal (genetic changes) and the other external (environmental changes). The outcome of this interaction is the evolution of organisms over time. The environmental changes that lead to the evolution of organisms can be divided ...
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Living organisms are confronted with two different and opposing forces, one internal (genetic changes) and the other external (environmental changes). The outcome of this interaction is the evolution of organisms over time. The environmental changes that lead to the evolution of organisms can be divided into four groups: A. Ecological changes leading to Microevolution and natural selection become more or less stable in communities. B. Milankovitch cycles that cause severe changes in climate through cycles of twenty to one hundred thousand years, with the result of destruction of living communities and elimination of changes accumulated through ecological changes. C: Geological changes that cause the isolation of different populations of a species and cause major evolutionary changes (Macroevolution). D: Mass extinctions of organisms that averagely occur on the Earth every 26 million years and cause destruction of large groups of organisms in a very short time.
Mohsen Saghaei
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 17-20
Abstract
Alhough the thought and movement of creating new cities in Iran has had a significant history in creating residential settlements, settlements neighboring industrial districts and corporate townships, its prominence as an essential movement in the country's urbanization system, mainly with the aim of ...
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Alhough the thought and movement of creating new cities in Iran has had a significant history in creating residential settlements, settlements neighboring industrial districts and corporate townships, its prominence as an essential movement in the country's urbanization system, mainly with the aim of balancing the population in the metropolitan area and major population centers, goes back to the second half of the 1980’s. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, as the department responsible for physical and systematic planning of residential system and regular development of settlements in the second half of the 1980's, considered planning and establishment of new cities in its programs.
In the year 1989, the Construction Company of the New Cities was formed in accordance with the statutes approved by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and appointed as responsible for policy planning, design and implementation of new cities. During the years 1989 to 1991, eighteen new city construction companies were formed as subsidiaries of the parent company triangle.
In the current situation, after about a decade from the beginning of the movement of creation of new cities as a new experience in the country’s urbanization, evaluation of the past performance of new cities seems essential, considering the limitations and problems of these cities and at the same time the necessities and capacities created by their development. It should be noted that when planners fail to design proper plans for their people, and services and facilities are concentrated in big cities and not distributed fairly throughout the country, the population will flood toward large cities and so bring about crises, causing attitude toward creating new cities. In this article, we have tried to study the new cities around Isfahan and analyze their weaknesses and strengths, and, finally, propose the necessary solutions in the conclusion.
Ashraf Azimzadeh (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 32 , February 1999, , Pages 17-19
Abstract
Once technology overshadowed humans’ imagination, but now those minds have risen in protest against the technology. According to Robert Barr, we must learn how to distribute and spread data, instead of merely piling them up.Advancements in development of GIS have made this industry available to ...
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Once technology overshadowed humans’ imagination, but now those minds have risen in protest against the technology. According to Robert Barr, we must learn how to distribute and spread data, instead of merely piling them up.Advancements in development of GIS have made this industry available to everybody through computers and especially the internet and intranet, and have thus spared us the trouble of seeking data sources and methods of processing.All these developments must have made life easier for us, but with reduction of technical barriers, political and economic obstacles have replaced them. If we are able to transfer data freely from one place to another, or if we can store them with insignificant cost, one question still remains: where should we store information? It is not correct to claim that we can answer: wherever it is suitable” or “we can transfer them whenever necessary”, because such attitude is out of question in today’s world.At least four factors concerning information are required to be clarified for answering this question: costs of storage and transfer, right of possession, methods of conversion and process of integration.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 18-22
Abstract
The deposits existing in the ice is formed by materials part of which is deposited by water (in terms of particle size) and irregularly structured in melting ice. Sedimentation can occur on, opposite to, or under the destination area of the ice river, and is possible to be irregular and individual. ...
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The deposits existing in the ice is formed by materials part of which is deposited by water (in terms of particle size) and irregularly structured in melting ice. Sedimentation can occur on, opposite to, or under the destination area of the ice river, and is possible to be irregular and individual. Ice is likely to melt from the contact with sediment collected beneath it, or from the position beside it, which leads to falling, subsidence or slipping. Principles of formation of land by this process are the rows of sand and small hills of rock and soil belonging to the Ice Age.
Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
Golpayegan is one of the cities of Isfahan province, located 180 km northwest of Isfahan city and 350 km southwest of Tehran.
The altitude of the city of Golpayegan is about 1818 meters and the average height of the Golpayegan watershed is 2122.1 meters above the sea level, and 63 percent of the of ...
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Golpayegan is one of the cities of Isfahan province, located 180 km northwest of Isfahan city and 350 km southwest of Tehran.
The altitude of the city of Golpayegan is about 1818 meters and the average height of the Golpayegan watershed is 2122.1 meters above the sea level, and 63 percent of the of the area of the basin has an altitude greater than 2100 meters (Figure 1). Therefore, Golpayegan Basin is considered as one of the highlands of Iran, in which the frosts are long-lasting and their danger period throughout the basin is 7 months. Snowfall is one of the typical features of Golpayegan’s climate, and from late November on its precipitation possibilities are high and in most of the years the area is covered with snow throughout the winter. For this reason, the people of the Golpayegan region have developed interesting beliefs and ideas about these matters, and they use terms whose study can help understanding the climatic realities of the basin and traditions and cultural elements of the people of the region.
The author attempts to elucidate the beliefs of the people of the Golpayegan region concerning snow and frost, and to combine it with scientific subjects. Perhaps, in this way, there can be a passing point to the climate and environmental issues caused by snow and frost as well as the popular culture of people in this regard.
Hamid Malmirian (Tanslator)
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 19-23
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 19-28
Abstract
Students must emphasize on successful application of remote sensing which has been described based on collection of relevant data sources and the process and methods of analysis. No unique combination of sensor and method of interpretation is suitable for all environmental research applications and explorations. ...
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Students must emphasize on successful application of remote sensing which has been described based on collection of relevant data sources and the process and methods of analysis. No unique combination of sensor and method of interpretation is suitable for all environmental research applications and explorations. In fact, full realization of many remote sensing research projects is not possible.
Ahmad Ali Naderi
Volume 9, Issue 35 , November 2000, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
Climatic conditions, along with other environmental factors, are considered as among the most effective factors in life. Basically, any type of human intervention in environment is to a large extent a function of climatic conditions. One of the main reasons of the great attention paid by scientists in ...
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Climatic conditions, along with other environmental factors, are considered as among the most effective factors in life. Basically, any type of human intervention in environment is to a large extent a function of climatic conditions. One of the main reasons of the great attention paid by scientists in different fields to climate is the importance this factor has on human and natural environments.
Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
The “Mars 96” Russian satellite began its mission in the fall of 1996. This satellite carries HRSC (stereo cameras with high resolution) and WAOSS (scanner and electronic stereo-optical with obtuse angles) German cameras.
This satellite provides amending images and colored visual mosaics ...
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The “Mars 96” Russian satellite began its mission in the fall of 1996. This satellite carries HRSC (stereo cameras with high resolution) and WAOSS (scanner and electronic stereo-optical with obtuse angles) German cameras.
This satellite provides amending images and colored visual mosaics with fully-automatic process and uses calibrated geometrical information from WAOSS, HRSC and CCD cameras for producing amending images. Orbital information for any line is derived from the whole band of visual information (improved by photogrammetric bundle adjustment) and digital terrain models (DTM) through the Image Matching Method and interpolation techniques.
The geometric aspect of making such mosaics is controlled by the bundle block adjustment method and mosaic’s radiometry is improved in this way. Coverage areas, division lines and characteristics necessary to be known in advance are implemented automatically, and do not have mutual effect on the screen of the image processing system.
High-quality colored mosaics can produce valuable colored information using IHS color conversion and considering their high resolution. This is particularly true about colored topographic images of maps on scales 1: 500,000 to 1: 50,000, and contour lines are derived from a DTM; they are desirable products of this cartographic mission to the planet Mats.
