Mohammad Mosayyebi
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 42-46
Abstract
The planet's atmosphere is not a closed and independent physical system, but other spaces affect and transform it. Climate change is the result of complex and less well-known factors, some of which operate outside the Earth's atmosphere, and a number of them terrestrial systems, part of which are in ...
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The planet's atmosphere is not a closed and independent physical system, but other spaces affect and transform it. Climate change is the result of complex and less well-known factors, some of which operate outside the Earth's atmosphere, and a number of them terrestrial systems, part of which are in human control and change in trend by human actions.
In this paper, the effects of human activities on increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases and its effects on the ecosystems of desert and semi-desert regions have been studied, and, in addition to the study of the properties of these ecosystems, the mechanisms of climate transformation and reversal of ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions by greenhouse gases are examined.
Alireza Owsati (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 42-61
Abstract
Water resources forms part of hydrology that is linked to hydrological characteristics that are clearly variable in time and space. The information contained in the archive basically provides cheaper information sources and this issue should be considered before new measures are initiated. For small-scale ...
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Water resources forms part of hydrology that is linked to hydrological characteristics that are clearly variable in time and space. The information contained in the archive basically provides cheaper information sources and this issue should be considered before new measures are initiated. For small-scale studies, measurements with ground-based equipment provide a very good solution for engineering issues. Ground-based devices are able to acquire highly precise data over a range of time frequencies and are able to operate under any atmospheric conditions. Their major fault is that they perform the measurement only for one point that represents the whole. In order to compensate for this defect, the number of ground-based measurements for the point, which is determined by the time needed to install the equipment, manpower for installation, process and analysis of the data, and most importantly the cost of purchase and operation, can be increased.
Remote sensing methods are able to measure surface level variability, which can never be measured from the ground surface, and include the alignment of ground-based measurements precision. Ground-based measurement control, such as a spectral reflector, should often accompany remote sensing data acquisition. Refer to Figure 1.
Integrating a limited number of ground-based measurements can prevent great waste of the staff’s time in the desert. In this part, remote sensing performance is discussed in terms of behavioral evaluation of the hydrological changes that are of importance for civil engineers.
Aliakbar Rasuli
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 42-51
Abstract
The main purpose of GIS is to prepare and direct special spatial information. In Clarke's view, the GIS mechanism includes software tools that use computer hardware to feed, store, modify, interfere, change, analyze, and finally display geographical data. Furthermore, according to an authority in the ...
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The main purpose of GIS is to prepare and direct special spatial information. In Clarke's view, the GIS mechanism includes software tools that use computer hardware to feed, store, modify, interfere, change, analyze, and finally display geographical data. Furthermore, according to an authority in the field, the GIS process refers to a set of information series and modeling methods that present final results through computer. Therefore, this system, as an internal automated reference, is able to use the provided special information and analyze the results or present them in the form of maps.
Abbasali Arvin
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 43-47
Abstract
Cluster analysis and trend line comparison were used to investigate the trend of circadian changes in tropospheric ozone in Isfahan. First, we categorized similar changing patterns in the statistical period using cluster analysis. In this regard, circadian changes of ozone were divided into four groups ...
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Cluster analysis and trend line comparison were used to investigate the trend of circadian changes in tropospheric ozone in Isfahan. First, we categorized similar changing patterns in the statistical period using cluster analysis. In this regard, circadian changes of ozone were divided into four groups (daily maximum, night minimum, daily increase trend, night decrease trend). Validity of these categories was tested using ANOVA. In this way, assigning 646 days (88.3 percent) to the aforementioned category was confirmed in 95 percent confidence level. In Lale station, 94.6 percent of days in each year followed daily increase and night decrease trends. Moreover, investigating mean trend lines and seasonal and annual limits shows that ozone possesses a regular trend in circadian changes. This regularity is more apparent in Lale station.
Rahim Sarvar; Mahdi Gir Roodi
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 43-47
Abstract
The rapid expansion of urbanization and the disproportionate physical development of Tehran metropolis due to the increasing growth of population in recent decades has damaged many of the recreational and tourist areas of old Tehran. The existence of those regions could play an important role in reducing ...
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The rapid expansion of urbanization and the disproportionate physical development of Tehran metropolis due to the increasing growth of population in recent decades has damaged many of the recreational and tourist areas of old Tehran. The existence of those regions could play an important role in reducing mental and emotional pressures of urban life in the present age. This has led to the emergence of high-rise buildings, the density and compression of the living space of Tehran's citizens and the decline in the amount of per capita allocations to green space and recreational use, due to the shortage and high prices of land. It seems that one of the ways out of the current situation and of compensation for the lack of per capita allocations to green space uses is the empowerment of the tourism industry with utilization of unused and immediate areas around Tehran, such as the tourist site of Rudbar-e-Ghasran in the city of Shemiranat with its natural attractions, activating of which, through removing constraints and enhancing capabilities, will play a major role in reducing the issues of Tehran metropolitan area and creating sustainable development of the studied area.
Esmaeil Nasiri; Maryam Alizadeh Zonuz
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 43-45
Abstract
Considering that the district 22 is located in the corridor of the air flow from west to east of Tehran, its pollutants are very little in comparison with other areas. Therefore, in order to measure the pollutant in air pollution studies, 9 stations were selected in different locations, each with special ...
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Considering that the district 22 is located in the corridor of the air flow from west to east of Tehran, its pollutants are very little in comparison with other areas. Therefore, in order to measure the pollutant in air pollution studies, 9 stations were selected in different locations, each with special characteristics. Due to the diversity of neighborhoods in the district and the impact of various factors, these stations will indicate air pollutants in relevant locations.
Khosrou Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 43-46
Abstract
For more than three decades, measurement of distance has been carried out during routine and normal surveying tasks. Today, thanks to advancements in computer technology, automatic collection and processing of large volumes of field data and laser fields have become possible. Short-distance laser 3D ...
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For more than three decades, measurement of distance has been carried out during routine and normal surveying tasks. Today, thanks to advancements in computer technology, automatic collection and processing of large volumes of field data and laser fields have become possible. Short-distance laser 3D mapping systems that are derived from these advancements, have the ability to provide accurate computer models with great details from a wide range of objects including construction works, industrial complexes, works of art and architecture within very short periods of time. The authors of this paper discuss the operation and possibilities of systems for preparation of short-distance laser 3D mapping. They also compare the supporters and critics of this technique with the supporters and critics of photogrammetric system.
Hosein Azizi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 43-47
Abstract
In most of warm and humid regions’ soils, the kaolinite horizon covers most of the gibbsite horizon, but this cannot be due to a simple process of washing. By measuring the amount of chemical elements returned to the layer on organic matters in the ecosystem in forest cycle, this process has prevented ...
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In most of warm and humid regions’ soils, the kaolinite horizon covers most of the gibbsite horizon, but this cannot be due to a simple process of washing. By measuring the amount of chemical elements returned to the layer on organic matters in the ecosystem in forest cycle, this process has prevented the silica from being washed down to the lower parts, causing more kaolin stability in the upper parts. The combination of minerals in these soils is also affected by biological activity.
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 43-45
Abstract
On March 25, 1989, the US Department of Defense confirmed great fear of the civil users of GPS while S.A is activated. What S.A does is damaging and degrading the precision of GPS signals in order to prevent GPS users from gaining access to this system’s high precision. Experts state that S.A has ...
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On March 25, 1989, the US Department of Defense confirmed great fear of the civil users of GPS while S.A is activated. What S.A does is damaging and degrading the precision of GPS signals in order to prevent GPS users from gaining access to this system’s high precision. Experts state that S.A has less impact on surveying applications than other GPS applications.
When S.A is on, It disrupts satellite data, which occurs through falsifying of satellite clocks and orbital information. Indeed, according to Dr. Javad Ashjaei, head of the “Ashtek and colleagues” Corporation., S.A. will add to the GPS signals’ noises. In fact, signals move forward, backward or around. S.A. falsifies signals to the extent that they report a problem in the orbit of satellites. "S.A only affects the Bloom II satellites, which is conditional on completing the set of GPS satellites."
Maliheh Sadat Madanian; Alireza Sofianian
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 44-49
Abstract
Change detection is the process of identifying changes in an object or phenomenon by observing it in different time intervals. Careful and timely detection of changes in land forms and reliefs provides a better basis for understanding relations and the interactions between human and natural phenomena. ...
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Change detection is the process of identifying changes in an object or phenomenon by observing it in different time intervals. Careful and timely detection of changes in land forms and reliefs provides a better basis for understanding relations and the interactions between human and natural phenomena. In this way, it makes managing and exploiting resources possible. Remote sensing data is a wonderful resource for different applications in detecting changes, due to its temporal magnification, spectral and radiometric variety, appropriate digital format and integrated view. Many methods have been developed to detect changes, all of which have advantages and disadvantages. According to the studies, these methods show different results in the same environment. Generally, change detection methods are classified into 3 different classes: pre-classification comparison, post- classification comparison, advanced methods. The present article analyzes some of these methods like image subtraction, image division, main components analysis, detection of controlled changes, and detection of uncontrolled changes, hybrid, artificial neural networks, vegetation-impermeable surfaces-soil model and geographic information systems. Pre-classification methods detect changes caused by multi-temporal data without producing classified vegetation and land-use maps. Yet, post-classification methods provide a precise matrix of changes and they usually need input analysis. There are diverse advanced methods which are usually developed in response to specific studies. Studies indicate that image subtraction, main components analysis and post-classification methods are the most popular methods used for change detection. However in recent years, artificial neural networks and combinations of remote sensing and geographic information systems are regarded as important techniques.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 45-50
Abstract
This paper discusses the main aspects of automatic transfer of points as a basis for determination of justification parameters of digital images. The selection of points, techniques of forming digital models, role of approximate values, structure of image and existing conditions have been discussed, ...
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This paper discusses the main aspects of automatic transfer of points as a basis for determination of justification parameters of digital images. The selection of points, techniques of forming digital models, role of approximate values, structure of image and existing conditions have been discussed, and then the three methods of transfer of points in aerial triangulation have been compared.
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Hoseini; Mohammad Soleymani; Farhad Azizpour; Zahra Porbar
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 46-53
Abstract
Annually, earthquake damnify many countries dramatically and damages human communities physically and psychologically. Regarding absolute annual average of people facing earthquake threat, Iran ranks 7th in Asia and 13th in the world. Throughout history, Qiru Karzin city has always faced devastating ...
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Annually, earthquake damnify many countries dramatically and damages human communities physically and psychologically. Regarding absolute annual average of people facing earthquake threat, Iran ranks 7th in Asia and 13th in the world. Throughout history, Qiru Karzin city has always faced devastating earthquakes which have resulted in many losses and damages in rural and urban areas. In this regard, spatial information system can play an influential role in identifying areas facing earthquake hazard, their dispersion, the quality of physical structure in danger and analyzing economic, social and demographic features of the area in danger. The present study seeks to identify secure and unsecure zones and find appropriate locations for crisis management bases in Qiru Karzin. To reach this goal, information received from different criteria is studied and classified into three classes of natural variables, physical variables and institutional-management variables. Then, information layers of different criteria are entered into GIS environment and standardized using Fuzzy linear functions. Later, maps are integrated using Fuzzy Plus. Finally, appropriate and inappropriate zones are identified regarding risk taking and construction of crisis management bases. According to the research results, three villages were selected based on their capability for creating crisis management bases in three levels. These villages will aid rural municipalities (Dehyaris) in the process of crisis management in Qiru Karzin and in reaching goals of crisis management bases using geographic information system capabilities .
Mahdi Modiri; Mehrdad Karami; Sahand Bani Kamali
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 46-51
Abstract
The study of world records suggests that the application of GIS in planning tourism management started for the first time in the early 1990's, but the development of the application of GIS in this field has not been as rapid as its development in other areas. Obviously, this ability offers plenty of ...
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The study of world records suggests that the application of GIS in planning tourism management started for the first time in the early 1990's, but the development of the application of GIS in this field has not been as rapid as its development in other areas. Obviously, this ability offers plenty of help for planners and tourists to do their own planning. The planners use this ability to identify possible deficiencies and weaknesses, as well as the trend of changes to plan for improving conditions and the development of tourism activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate and describe the functions of geographic information systems in the emerging tourism industry in the country. This research is descriptive-analytical and technical. The results of this study indicate that GIS can be used to estimate different information needs, estimate the indicator, and generally help planners and tourists, as well as to monitor and evaluate tourism activities.
Darab Fattahpour
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 47-50
Abstract
Specific geographic conditions, climatic diversity and special topographic and geomorphic situation of Iran shows unique potentials for ecotourism which is mainly based on the natural extent of geographic areas in western parts of Iran. Yet, tourism and especially nature tourism (eco-tourism) has not ...
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Specific geographic conditions, climatic diversity and special topographic and geomorphic situation of Iran shows unique potentials for ecotourism which is mainly based on the natural extent of geographic areas in western parts of Iran. Yet, tourism and especially nature tourism (eco-tourism) has not been well-developed in this country which shows diverse potentials for the development of ecotourism. Therefore, it is beneficial to consider this issue at local and national level and provide the possibility of changing the poor and isolated areas of western Iran which act as the traditional supporter of their surrounding area.
Hamid Reza Varesi; Reza Mokhtari Malek Abadi
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 48-51
Abstract
The inquiring mind of human being has always been looking for new and unique phenomena, and humans have undergone a great deal of suffering pursuing the recognition of unknown lands, and in fact they can be considered as the first tourists. Tourism is not a phenomenon peculiar to this day. It is ...
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The inquiring mind of human being has always been looking for new and unique phenomena, and humans have undergone a great deal of suffering pursuing the recognition of unknown lands, and in fact they can be considered as the first tourists. Tourism is not a phenomenon peculiar to this day. It is a phenomenon that has long been considered by human societies, and has continued to advance in time according to different economic, social, historical and other needs. Tourism in today's world is pursued with various goals and objectives such as exchange of information and culture, increasing knowledge and awareness of past societies and spending leisure time, and it is becoming more and more valuable in economic, social and international structures. Domestic and foreign travels and, in parallel, formation of related activities in tourism competitions, will have many economic, political, social and cultural consequences for nations. According to information published by the World Tourism Organization W.T.O, today the tourism industry has become one of the most important economic sectors and, as a capable rival, is on the way to overcome industries such as oil, petrochemical and even automobile industry. In addition to economic aspects of tourism industry such as earning foreign exchange and ... the cultural, social and political aspects of tourism can be pointed out, which lead to closeness of nations and establishment of lasting peace in the world.
Taher Parizadi; Sorayya Rowshangar
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 51-57
Abstract
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a platform for saving, storing, managing and analyzing geographic information. It is designed to simultaneously work with geographic and descriptive data.
Nowadays, possessing timely data and exploiting necessary information are especially important. In this regard, ...
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Geographic Information System (GIS) is a platform for saving, storing, managing and analyzing geographic information. It is designed to simultaneously work with geographic and descriptive data.
Nowadays, possessing timely data and exploiting necessary information are especially important. In this regard, Geographic Information System, as an important tool in managing ground related data, provide the possibility of exploiting necessary information and finding complex and hidden relationships among different phenomena. The present article investigates different applications of Geographic Information System in urban planning and urban development plans. To reach this aim, we first investigate background, evolution process, the systems’ principles and capabilities in the framework of software collections and then propose the procedure used in preparing two samples of urban development plan and explain the role of each GIS applications in the production of this plan and its function. Results indicate that with growing development of modern technologies, the application of geographic information system in urban planning has increased and satisfy urban development plan in the context of qualitative, quantitative and digital analysis. Then, some problems facing GIS application in the system of macro planning and urban planning in Iran are mentioned.
Farhad Khoshhal
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 51-52
Abstract
Geography is a science that studies the relationship between man and the environment. Space and its phenomena are considered as amongst the important topics in the science of geography. In the value engineering, the functional analysis and the assessment of values form the basis of work, and also ...
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Geography is a science that studies the relationship between man and the environment. Space and its phenomena are considered as amongst the important topics in the science of geography. In the value engineering, the functional analysis and the assessment of values form the basis of work, and also part of it is about human issues, which is being discussed as a common theme between geography and value engineering. Unlike other disciplines, this engineering field shows particular attention to human relationships. Geography, if armed with a broad view on space, focuses on the proper utilization of facilities and resources, and value engineering within a particular spatial area of interest pays special attention to the optimal use of resources. The most important link between geography and value engineering is to find the most suitable place by geographers for the implementation of plans and projects.
Majid Mokhtarani (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 52-64
Abstract
One of the abilities of the S band (SAR sensor) in the “Almaz” Russian Satellite is observation of oceanic phenomena during its mission in 1991-1992.
The SAR Almaz-1 Satellite showed us different oceanic phenomena such as surface and middle (lower) waves of the oceans, the floor of ...
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One of the abilities of the S band (SAR sensor) in the “Almaz” Russian Satellite is observation of oceanic phenomena during its mission in 1991-1992.
The SAR Almaz-1 Satellite showed us different oceanic phenomena such as surface and middle (lower) waves of the oceans, the floor of oceans, rise of water surface, topography of depths of oceans, the effect of ship’s passage over water, pieces of ice flowing on seas, oil spots and various climatic phenomena. This paper is the result of the final examination of the Almaz-1 oceanographic mission and its practical assessments for study of oceans and their display. In this paper, examples of interpreted images have been presented.
Iesa Piri
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 54-59
Abstract
The present article focuses on metropolitan economy which is in fact a potential platform for periodic crisis, from the view point of the recent theory of systematic risk proposed by great scholars of political economy, such as David Harvey, Jivany Origi, John Belami Faster, and Joseph Estiglitz. Systematic ...
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The present article focuses on metropolitan economy which is in fact a potential platform for periodic crisis, from the view point of the recent theory of systematic risk proposed by great scholars of political economy, such as David Harvey, Jivany Origi, John Belami Faster, and Joseph Estiglitz. Systematic risk is informed by accumulated surplus challenge which is discussed in Marxist theory. But the main difference between systematic risk and Marxist theory is in the platform in which it is realized. Systematic risk is realized in modern financial and credit capitalism, while accumulated surplus theory is realized in industrial capitalism and Fordist manufacturing. Dominant debate in urban policy is parallel with accumulated surplus, concentration, prosperity government and municipalism, while systematic risk mainly emphasizes on a kind of spatial, social-economical post Fordist system and scattered consistency caused by local social events and multiplied urban policy and good governance.
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 58-60
Abstract
An introduction to of the book “Atlas of Islam’s History”, published by the Geographic Organization of Armed Forces, selected as Iran’s “Book of the Year”.
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An introduction to of the book “Atlas of Islam’s History”, published by the Geographic Organization of Armed Forces, selected as Iran’s “Book of the Year”.
Omid Binesh; Ali Panahi
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 60-63
Abstract
Iran is located in the belt of dry and semi-arid regions of the world. Due to its geographical situation, it has severe rainfall fluctuations, especially in arid areas. It is necessary to study this behavior for drainage basin operation, flood estimation for design and ... In this research, the IDF method ...
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Iran is located in the belt of dry and semi-arid regions of the world. Due to its geographical situation, it has severe rainfall fluctuations, especially in arid areas. It is necessary to study this behavior for drainage basin operation, flood estimation for design and ... In this research, the IDF method has been used to study the intensity-duration-frequency of precipitation, which shows the intensity of precipitation in a desired period of time with a specified return period, and it can be used to estimate the flow rate according to intensity of precipitation. Garmsar is also located in a hot, dry climatic zone. The recognition of precipitation regime as well as the intensity of showery and exceptional rainfall can be useful for future planning. By examining the IDF curves, it was found that the highest rainfall has been in April, March and May, and the lowest rainfall in September, August and June, respectively.
Kheder Farajirad; Ali Mohammadpour; Ribaz Ghorbaninejad
Volume 22, Issue 86 , June 2013, , Pages 75-86
Abstract
Border regions in most countries, especially in developing ones are more low-level in terms of development level in comparison to the central regions. However, progress in globalization processes in recent decades has been resulted to time-space compression and decreasing of dividing role of borders ...
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Border regions in most countries, especially in developing ones are more low-level in terms of development level in comparison to the central regions. However, progress in globalization processes in recent decades has been resulted to time-space compression and decreasing of dividing role of borders between neighbor countries. This phenomenon has been increased economic relationships between countries and role of non-governmental actors. The border regions in recent decades, also, became cross-border regions and the conflict and tension space have became interaction regions.
Iran and Iraq have appropriate background to expand their commercial and economic interactions and developing of border regions because of many common values between two countries. In recent years and after revolution in Iraq's government structure, specially increasing in autonomous in northern region of that country, the relations and interactions between Baneh county and northern regions of Iraq, has been increased. This research, therefore, poses this fundamental question that which factors have been shaped Baneh Cross-border region flows and what development impacts of this phenomenon are. The aim of this article is to exploring the influential factors and explanations of flows and interactions in Baneh cross-border region by an analytical-descriptive method.
The results show that increasing in commercial interaction and enhancement of security in northern regions of Iraq have more impacts respectively in comparison to other factors. The results also show that impacts of these interactions are economic effects (3.84 score), social-cultural ones (3.61 score), spatial-physical ones (3.04 score) and political effects (2.79 score) respectively.
Bahman Karegar
Abstract
Rural tourism is one of the tourism types that attracts more enthusiasts every day andIt is expected that the rural areas to become one of the most important tourist destinations in the future, an issue that many countries have managed to improve their social and economic conditions.
Therefore, by using ...
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Rural tourism is one of the tourism types that attracts more enthusiasts every day andIt is expected that the rural areas to become one of the most important tourist destinations in the future, an issue that many countries have managed to improve their social and economic conditions.
Therefore, by using SWOT analysis (matrix) in this study, effective indices in the development of sustainable tourism based on field observations, opinions of experts involved in rural development and tourism have been studied and evaluated.
The results show that among the studied indices, the existence of unique tourism attraction in terms of housing and architecture in the target village is considered as the most important point of strength, the index of shortage and inappropriateness of residences and residential places for tourists as the most important weakness, and the index of environmental destruction as a threat to the sustainable tourism development of the village studied.
Masoud Torabi Azad; Kamran Lari; Faramarz Rostaei
Abstract
In this research, the large-scale currents have been investigated using field data of the Caspian Sea temperature, salinity and density at the stations near west of the South Caspian, related to two field patrols. The geostrophic current is created due to the balance of the gradient pressure force and ...
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In this research, the large-scale currents have been investigated using field data of the Caspian Sea temperature, salinity and density at the stations near west of the South Caspian, related to two field patrols. The geostrophic current is created due to the balance of the gradient pressure force and theCoriolisEffect, and is the major factor in the creation of large-scale currents. After analyzing the data, the speed and direction of these types of currents were calculated using satellite imagery.These images were extracted from Aviso satellite with a spatial resolution 0.25 degrees.The calculations for the five vertical sections in the westpart of the South Caspian Sea werecarried out using Excel software and the depth profile of the geostrophic currents speed was obtained speed in each of these sections.In the Southwestern part of theCaspian, the average velocity of these currents for field data was calculated to be 5.85 and 15 cm /s is for the summer and winter respectively. The direction of these currents was also obtained to be 285 in the summer and 44 in the winter. With regard to the satellite images, counterclockwise currents up to 4.5 cm/s velocities and, eastward counterclockwise currents at the velocities of 8 cm/s are observed in the summer and in the winter respectively. The value of the currents velocity (the magnitude of the vectors) indicates that the average currentsvelocity is higher in the winter. One of the reason for this is due to the difference in density caused by the increase in rivers flow rate (especially the Volga), precipitation, wind, etc.
Sima Poorhashemi; Ali Asanlu; Mohammad Reza Mansoory Daneshvar; Hamid Nejad Soleimani
Abstract
Neighboring of Khorasan Razavi province with the two countries of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, besides creating cultural and economic consequences in the border towns, has faced them with security challenges, especially in the context of strengthening the urban passive defense. One of the most importantfactors ...
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Neighboring of Khorasan Razavi province with the two countries of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, besides creating cultural and economic consequences in the border towns, has faced them with security challenges, especially in the context of strengthening the urban passive defense. One of the most importantfactors related to the security challenges in these border towns is the lack of full identification of geographical factors especiallytopographic and geomorphological characteristics in the formulation of the principles and strategies of urban passive defense. Identifying environmental capabilities and constraints can playa more effective role in the principles of designing and passive defense in these cities. The topographic study of border regions and border towns is of particular importance which, If neglected, potential capabilities in security utilities for the creation of sensitive military centers of the country will be neglected too, and it will also increase the vulnerability of human societies and the physical structures of these cities over time.Zavyn city in North Khorasan provinceis considered as one of the towns close to the borderwith special topographic features. The main objective of this researchis to investigate the topographic and geomorphologicalcapabilities of the region with the passive defense approach and to analyze the security challenges and topographic problems of the study area using GIS and providing strategies based on the passive defense principles for the use of natural environment capabilities. From the results of this research, it can be noted that the formation of the urban shape in the present dispersed and decentralized dimensions of the city of Zavin is such that, the triple cores of the city from the defense perspective by strengthening and empowering of the texture as well as the conversion of the linear paths of access to the network graph In the current situation will be acceptable
Mohammad Reza Sarvati; Reza Mansoori
Volume 22, Issue 88 , January 2014, , Pages 81-91
Abstract
With the development of new science, two quite different methods were applied to reach scientific explanation. There is an explicit distinction between these two methods (induction and analogy). In induction, generalization is reached by experience and observation. Final explanation is generally dependent ...
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With the development of new science, two quite different methods were applied to reach scientific explanation. There is an explicit distinction between these two methods (induction and analogy). In induction, generalization is reached by experience and observation. Final explanation is generally dependent on the available data, in a way that these facts cannot be separated from the final theory. Classification is a key mechanism in this approach. Thus, the proposed explanation depends on the classification method used and also on the available data and concepts used for data classification. Analogy can be considered a cause for the new research trends in geomorphology. By using analogy to explain research topics, geomorphology has become explicitly “scientific”. This requires adaptation of quantitative and mathematical techniques and establishing experience and observation as foundations of this science. With the beginning of quantitative geomorphology and its development, attention to the explanation of geomorphological processes and the performance of such processes have increased. Using theory of systems as the general structure of explanation is an important feature of scientific geomorphological revolution. Systematic approach presents the general structures in which geomorphological models can be adapted. Chorli (1966) explains the main branches of geomorphological activities as follows: field observations, experimental, secondary research and theoretical works.
Zohreh Fanni; Abdollah Roshan
Abstract
Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. ...
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Abstract[1]
One of the fundamental principles of passive defense, is the location of fire stations. Safety of city against accidents, particularly fires in various applications, and ensuring the safety of lives and properties of citizens are the responsibilities of the most important element of city. Firefighting stations, are among themost important and vital centers for providing services in cities that play an important role in ensuring the safety and comfort of citizens and the development of cities. Obviously the timely delivery of fire station services, will require them to be located in appropriate places more than anything else, in order to be able to arrive at the scene and carry out the relief efforts as fast as possible, without encountering any obstacles and limitations of the urban environment on one hand, and with the least negative impacts on the lives of the inhabitants of the city on the other hand.Therefore, the value of time in helping and reducing the time lag to help injured people in the urban network can be realized.Among the objectives of this research, it is possible to point out the study of existing status of fire stations, their operation in the event of accidents, the coverage of existing stations and locating the best place for the construction of new firefighting stations in the city of Behbahan. The results of this research show that Behbahan city has two fire stations, one in the East and one in the Southwest, and the Northeastern and Northwestern parts of the city are outside of the coverage of these two stations.Therefore, the present study uses the AHP model to analyze the existing stations and their service status in the event of accidents, and finally, with the emphasis on the principles of passive defense, the optimal location for the construction of new firefighting stations, which will be able to cover all the region with the help of existing stations has been carried out.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Hosein Nazmfar; Ali Eshghei Char Borj; Saide Alavi; Ali Jasaraty
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Road accidents and casualties are one of the main causes of death worldwide, which has imposed a lot of economic costs on the economies of the countries.Four human, vehicle, road and environment factors are involved in the road accidents, among which, the environmental and climatic factors ...
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Abstract[1]
Road accidents and casualties are one of the main causes of death worldwide, which has imposed a lot of economic costs on the economies of the countries.Four human, vehicle, road and environment factors are involved in the road accidents, among which, the environmental and climatic factors account for a significant share.The components of "frost, humidity and temperature" are among the most effective climatic factors that play a major role in road accidents.Therefore, the present study has been conducted to analyze the distribution of road accidents leading to death with climatic approach in different seasons of the year using Geographic Information System (GIS) in Ardabil province.The research method is descriptive-analytic.ترجمهSince the crash is a spatial phenomenon and Arc GIS analyses are also location-based, GIS and Kriging's interpolation method have been used for analysis.In this research, road accidents in Ardebil province in different seasons of the year and considering the climatic factors of freezing, temperature and humidity in the time period from 1389 to 1393 have been studied.The results of this study show that out of 762 accidents, 35% happened in summer, 25.75% in the spring, 24.55% in autumn and 14.7% in winter.The comparison of the diagram of accidents leading to deaths based on the months of the year, with the diagram of days of frost in Ardebil province indicates that road accidents in Ardebil province during the freezing months are lower due to the reduced traffic of tourists' vehicles compared to non-frosty months. Most of the accidents have occurred with a moisture content of 69-72% in terms of humidity, and at very low temperatures of 8 degrees Celsius and very high temperature of 16 degrees Celsius in terms of temperature.
Keywords:Road Accidents, Climatic Factors, GIS, Ardebil
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Taghi Tavousi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Land degradation process that affects the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid zones of the globe has been interpreted as desertification that great many debates have grown up around the concept. A fundamental debate has been whether desertification actually exists? If ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Land degradation process that affects the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid zones of the globe has been interpreted as desertification that great many debates have grown up around the concept. A fundamental debate has been whether desertification actually exists? If so, how it might be defined, measured and assessed (Herrmann and Hutchinson, 2005). In fact, the term "desertification" was used by Aubreville (1949) to describe the change of productive land into desert, which was the result of human activities in the tropical forest zone of Africa (Tavousi, 2010).However, the United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD), held in Nairobi in 1977, launched the desertification issue into the global arena (Herrmann and Hutchinson, 2005). Desertification as defined in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and also in the United Nations Convection to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (Cardy, 1993). Also, on the basis of this Convention, arid, semi-arid and sub-humid arid regions are regions in which the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration is in the range of 0.05 to 0.65 (Tavousi et al, 2010).
Determining the contribution of climatic variability to desertification is very complicated, and it is virtually impossible to separate the impacts of drought and desertification, because these processes often work together (Nicholson et al., 1998). Although now a more understanding of climatic variability has emerged, the understanding of the causes of this variability is still unfolding.
Two prevalent paradigms are expressed for climatic variability: One Internal feedback mechanisms such as Biophysical feedback mechanisms between land surface and precipitation due to modification of land cover characteristics in dry land regions and the other are External forcings, such as influence of the El-Nino Southern-Oscillation phenomenon and other major driving forces that promote changes in atmospheric circulations. Most probably, nor of these two prevalent paradigms (internal and external forcings) are mutually exclusive. Relative contributions of climate variability and human agency to desertification will likely depend on specific regional contexts (Herrmann and Hutchinson, 2005).
On the basis of UNEP index we observed that most areas of Iran have arid and semi-arid climates. With respect to the desertification intensity class, these two kinds of climates have classes of severe and very severe conditions. After those two kinds of climates, ultra arid, dry sub-humid, very humid and sub-humid climates cover most areas in Iran respectively (Alijani et al, 2015).
The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of fluctuations in annual precipitation and the trend of UNEP aridity index of diverse climatic zones in the west and northwest of Iran.
Materials & Methods
In order to study the increase of aridity index in diverse climatic zones of the west and northwest of Iran, in the first step, the area was isolated by cutting 32 N latitude and 50 E longitude. Then, annual temperature average and total annual precipitation data was provided from 43 meteorological stations in the study area during the period of (1981-2010).
This period was divided into three decades: 1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2010. Then, for each decade, a zoning map was drawn.
In order to classify the climate, evaluate the Aridity Climatic Index and displacement of climatic zones in the northwest of Iran, the aridity index of UNEP (United Nation Environment Program) was used. Also, Kendall's nonparametric test was used to determine the significance of changes in annual precipitation.
Since the air temperature determines the potential evapotranspiration, the UNEP relationship is expressed based on the average total of annual precipitation relative to the average total of annual evapotranspiration.
Discussion and Results
In order to analyze the change in the Aridity Coefficient for each year, the UNEP index was calculated for 43 weather stations in the west and northwest of Iran. Based on the average UNEP index in each decade, the zoning map of the Aridity Index was drawn for three consecutive decades. Then, the UNEP Aridity index was subtracted in successive decades and the change occurred in the studied area was investigated. The spatial displacement of climatic zones over these three decades, represents the increase in the aridity coefficient and expansion of the territory of arid and semiarid climate in the area.
Conclusion
The results clearly indicate climate change from humid climate to semi-humid arid climate and semi-humid arid climate to arid climate. Based on Aridity Index of UNEP, in most parts of the northwest of Iran investigated in this study, the coefficient of Aridity has increased from the moderate risk class to severe and very severe Aridity. Although the results of Mann-Kendall test showed that 32 stations have a negative trend, this trend is significant for the 6 stations of Urmia, Tabriz, Khoy, Miandoab, Piranshahr and Sanandaj at = 0.05 .
Mohammad Nasrollahi; Maryam Mombeni; Sara Valizadeh; Hasan Khosravi
Abstract
Oneof the direct methods of land use impacts on thehydrological conditions of each region is the relation between landuse changes and the groundwater table fluctuations that can assistmanagers in optimal management of natural resources. In thisstudy, to evaluate the impacts of land use changes on thegroundwater ...
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Oneof the direct methods of land use impacts on thehydrological conditions of each region is the relation between landuse changes and the groundwater table fluctuations that can assistmanagers in optimal management of natural resources. In thisstudy, to evaluate the impacts of land use changes on thegroundwater level drops in Gilan-E gharb plain, satellite imagesfrom MSS, TM and ETM sensors in 1985, 2000, 2010 were used. Afterprocessing and analysis of images, the region were classified intosix classes in terms of land use including forest, pasture, dry and water farming, farming, and residential areas. Quantitative statistics of piezometric wells in the plain during1999 -2010was used to examinethe aquifer changes and the resulting layerswere also classified. The results showed that pasture land useholds the largest area with more than 50% of the maximum area, so thatit formed 61.8% (9927 ha) and 67.15% (10782 ha) of the area in1985and 2000 respectively. Its area has decreased during the period from2000 -2010,so thatit has covered 50.23% (8066 ha) of the region in 2010. Evaluation of dry andwater farming also showed that it has facedan area reduction of 0.84% (130 ha) during1985-2000,but these changes in the period of 2000 to 2010 has increased to 1429ha which formed 8.9% of the region. Investigating the rate of groundwater dropsshowed that ground water drop has increased by replacing the pasture land use class with water and dry farming classes.These changes have caused 83.93% ofthe area to have a groundwater drop of more than 50 cmper year in 2010, so that the area of this region has been43.85% of the regionin 2000. Human intervention is undoubtedly one of the most important factors ofthe region destruction.
Zohreh Maryanaji; Hamed Abbasi
Abstract
Abstract
Two important characteristics of Hamedan climate are irregular precipitation time and maximum 24-hour precipitation in the months of March (20th) and April (20th). This factor, namely severe rainfall, has increased the risk of flood in this province. The precipitation is snowy in the winter ...
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Abstract
Two important characteristics of Hamedan climate are irregular precipitation time and maximum 24-hour precipitation in the months of March (20th) and April (20th). This factor, namely severe rainfall, has increased the risk of flood in this province. The precipitation is snowy in the winter season, and the melting time accompanied by the rain, causes rivers to flood. The land’s lack of the crop and vegetation cover in other months of the year and the dryness of the soil and ..., increase the flood. Flooding factors are diverse in Hamadan province. Some of the most important factors influencing the flooding of an area are climate, inequalities of vegetation, etc. In this paper, maximum daily rainfall has been investigated in order to predict the amount of water that can be extracted from floods and to plan for management of the region’s water resources. For this purpose, on the basis of maximum 24-hour precipitation, the map of the elevation and rainfall gradient model and the rain map of the region for the return period of 2,10,25,50 with the ‘best statistical distribution’ method for the region (Gamble distribution) are estimated and zoned in the GIS environment (by Kriging method) and the probable daily precipitation decreases by the reduction in the return period.Accordingly, during the aforementioned return periods, the southeast and northwest regions of Hamadan province (Dasht-e-KaboodarAhang) have the most probable daily precipitation.The abundance of the number of floods in the province reflects the fact that the aforementioned regions have the highest numbers and the (the most terrible floods in the province (1987 flood in KaboodarAhang region). According to these maps, the eastern parts of the province have the least probable daily precipitation. The results of this study can be used in flood zoning and forecasting as well as planning and management of water resources in the region.
Hojat Shirmard; Abbass Bahroudi; Amir Adeli
Abstract
Due to the costly and time consuming drilling operations andits high risk of mineral exploration, this stage is of great importance.In order to determine optimum drillingpoints, it is essential to prepare a mineral potential map using the Geographic Information System(GIS), to integrate all exploratory ...
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Due to the costly and time consuming drilling operations andits high risk of mineral exploration, this stage is of great importance.In order to determine optimum drillingpoints, it is essential to prepare a mineral potential map using the Geographic Information System(GIS), to integrate all exploratory factors.Various methods have been developed for preparing the potential mapso far. One of the most effective ones, considering the nature of the geological and mineral phenomena, is the hierarchical method (AHP) in combination with fuzzy logic.In this research, a combined method consisted of hierarchical and fuzzy methods has been used under the name of fuzzy analytic hierarchy (FAHP). In this study, GIS technology has been used as one of the most effective tools for data and exploratory information management for the integration of various data in order to prepare the mineral potential map. In this research, the Naysian Porphyry copper deposit was used as a case study, because this mine, located in Isfahan province on the Uromieh-Dokhtar Volcanic belt of the country, has been under exploratory study, and because of the geological and mineral complexities, the optimal location of drilling sites has a significant sensitivity for detailed studies.The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimum drilling location using FAHP methods. To produce geological, geochemical factor maps, all available data of the Naysian copper deposit have been collected and analyzed. Fuzzy hierarchical process is used to calculate the weight of exploration layers and to implement this precisely, the geological and geochemical experts are used. In the process of integrating the resulting information layers in the GIS, fuzzy operators are used, and to evaluate and validate the obtained mineral potential map, the exploratory boreholes are used. Comparing the generated potential map with the boreholes shows a significant and positive adaptation between suggested drilling locations resulted from this study and the previous drillings. In this regard, the proposed points for the required drilling are provided.
Hossein Hatami nejad; Ashraf Azimzadeh Irany
Abstract
Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood ...
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Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood (as the smallest and most effective urban unit) based on the requirements of passive defense, in order to deal with the crises (natural and man-made) and minimizing the hazards using geographical techniques and urban planning, are the objectives of this research. Therefore, the sixth district’s neighborhoods of Tehran’s 2nd region were selected as a case study and the results of the research were presented so that the possibility of generalization of similar surveys and studies in other urban areas would be provided. The present research is an applied- type, and the method of the research is normative-analytical. The scientific foundations of this research are based on the concepts of urban crisis management with an emphasis on geography and urban planning knowledge. In this research, after the recognition and evaluation of the present situation, the dimensions of the vulnerability of neighborhoods at the time of the crisis, the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the threats and opportunities of each neighborhood have been investigated with the passive defense approach, and the relevant conclusions have been drawn on this basis. Data collection was done based on library method and field studies, and a comparative method was used to provide the conclusions. In this research, the SWOT analytical technique was used to determine the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities, as well as to provide strategies, policies and suggestions for necessary actions, and ArcGis software was used to display and analyze the descriptive data. The results of the research indicate that the attention to components such as city structure, urban texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense. The results of the research reflect the fact that paying attention to the components such as city structure, city texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of the residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense.
Mohammad Eskandari; Mahdi Modiri; Babak Omidvar; Aliasghar Alesheikh; Mohammadali Nekooie; Ali Alidoosti
Abstract
Abstract The earthquake phenomenon is a natural disaster that causes many fatal, financial and environmental damages every year. Iran is extremely vulnerable to earthquakes due to its seismicity and its location on the earthquake belt. Also, a large number of facilities were built before the formulation ...
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Abstract The earthquake phenomenon is a natural disaster that causes many fatal, financial and environmental damages every year. Iran is extremely vulnerable to earthquakes due to its seismicity and its location on the earthquake belt. Also, a large number of facilities were built before the formulation of earthquake resistant standards and, unfortunately, the quality of construction in some cases in the country is not optimal. Therefore, considering the suspicious behavior of the networks regarding the occurrence of possible earthquakes, the issues of assessing the seismic vulnerability of critical infrastructure are of particular importance. In this paper, a model has been presented in which, first, the risk analysis of the area of interest (based on the two existing attenuation relations for the country) is carried out, which, given the uncertainties involving in the earthquake occurrence (including magnitude of earthquake, focal depth and position of the earthquake epicenter), this operation is randomly selected at each time of the analysis, and after each hazard analysis, the outputs resulting from the earthquake hazard including the maximum acceleration values, the maximum speed and the displacement of the ground are calculated. If the area has a landslide or liquefaction potential, then the outputs resulted from the earth fault risk, including the values of liquefaction and landslide displacements, should be introduced into the model for each feature. Then, seismic vulnerability functions are used which are placed on the model database for both ground shaking hazard and ground failure for the arteries. At the end, based on the existing vulnerability functions, the network damage analysis is dealt with. All these steps are for a single analysis. Therefore, based on the Monte Carlo simulation, all of these operations are repeated 10,000 times to include all uncertainties and failure states, and the outputs in the database are averaged to account for all failure states. For this purpose, due to the large volume of descriptive and spatial data, on the other hand, large spatial analysis of data and the high volume of mathematical equations for repetition of operations, coding in the Visual Studio environment with the C # programming language was done, using the Net Framework and Arc Engine libraries which led to the production of a software system using a database and with spatial analysis and deduction capabilities based on spatial information systems (GIS) that could assess the possible slight, moderate, extensive and complete failure rates of each artery separately in the form of maps and tables for each feature. In this paper, to better illustrate this research, the existing model for the city of Neyshabur was implemented and analyzed.
Mohammad Mardani Shahrbabak
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Recognizing the performance and ability of advanced remote sensing technologies is one of the essential necessities to hide subsurface structures and facilities. One of these detection technologies that has used in Ionospheric Powerful Electromagnetic Heater Systems, ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Recognizing the performance and ability of advanced remote sensing technologies is one of the essential necessities to hide subsurface structures and facilities. One of these detection technologies that has used in Ionospheric Powerful Electromagnetic Heater Systems, is HAARP. This system uses electromagnetic fields signals in the frequency range 3 to 10 MHz. HAARP emits waves into one of the layers of the ionosphere and then warm the desired area. This leads to emit very low frequency waves in the range of VLF and ELF. The main objective of this research is to analyze the exploratory capabilities of the HAARP system remote sensing in detecting subsurface targets. In the case of the accuracy of remote sensing capabilities and the ability to identify subsurface targets by HAARP, it can be concluded that this system is a very serious threat to identifying major subsurface targets in the country and poses a serious challenge to inactive passive actions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out strategic, operational and tactical planning to deal with this serious threat. However, in case of inaccuracy of this capability, it will resolve the uncertainties and anxieties of the minds of the commanders and officials of the country, especially in the field of passive defense of the country.The only research published in the country by the men of Mardani and Razavi Nejad (Mardani et al., 2011), published as a two-volume book, address the issue of the ability of the HAARP to make climate change. But in the area of detecting subsurface targets, no published scientific research has ever been presented.
Materials and Methods
This research utilizes a combination of multiple data analysis based on analyzing the data collected from scientific and theoretical sources, official and authoritative reports the results of experiments performed and finally the main research question has been answered by taking the viewpoints of experts and scholars of research statistical population. The type of research is applicable and the research method is descriptive-analytical and case-based. In this research, the required information is obtained through the search of Internet resources, authoritative scientific documents, books, internal and external publications, dissertations and researches carried out on the topic, opinions of experts based on interview and used to the Delphi scientific method in the field.The statistical population of this research includes scholars, academic experts and research centers in the fields of remote sensing, Ionospheric Powerful Electromagnetic Heater Systems and high-power radars in the country. The sample population of the study was 32 experts who were purposefully selected from the statistical population of the study.
Results & Discussion
The main objective of this research is to analyze the capability of remote sensing of high-power electromagnetic heat sink systems (HAARP) in identifying subsurface targets. The HAARP system uses electromagnetic fields with signals in the frequency range of 3 to 10 MHz, and can operate in the same way as the frequency domain electromagnetic geophysics. The Harp system, as an ionospheric heater, modifies the ionospheric heating using polar electrodes of the desired frequency waves and uses it as a source of waves for remote sensing and identifying subsurface targets.
The results of this research show that the electromagnetic ionospheric heater power systems have remote sensing capabilities and can recognize subsurface targets. Accordingly, in this research, some solutions for passive defense against Remote sensing threats of HAARP system is provided. In general, HAARP provides the capability of a remote sensing system and subsurface radiography globally, and is a good option for underground exploration with the CSAMT approach. In this research, using the combined method of analyzing multiple data based on the description and analysis of data collected from scientific and theoretical sources, official and authoritative reports, examining the results of empirical experiments, and finally obtaining expert opinions and owner the statistical community of the field survey has responded to the main question of the research.
Conclusion
The results of this study show that high-power electromagnetic immune systems (HAARP), has remote sensing and the ability to identify subsurface targets. Accordingly, these systems are considered to be a serious threat to identify sub-targets, and therefore, in-depth research has suggested inaccessible defense strategies against this threat .Also, the results of the research showed that if the equipment is buried in a high conductivity ground, they cannot be detected by the HAARP VLF waveforms. If the waves of the HAARP system are of the type of ELF waves used in the CSAMT method, it can be used to prevent detection in addition to conductive ground, to deploy structures at depths of more than 150 meters.
Nosrat Moradi; Mir Najaf Mousavi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction In today’s complex and growing world, population growth, changes in the patterns of consumption and quality of life in rural areas have led to many environmental problems. One of the most important problems derived from this issue is the production of rural wastes ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction In today’s complex and growing world, population growth, changes in the patterns of consumption and quality of life in rural areas have led to many environmental problems. One of the most important problems derived from this issue is the production of rural wastes and their inappropriate management. In the past to the present, waste management has been carried out in an improper and insanitary way, such as removing wastes from residential areas, dumping them on the roadside and burning them. Waste disposal in the aforementioned methods is not only the solution to the problem in the right way, but also the transformation of one type of contamination to another one. This method of waste disposal which is conducted without observing the technical principles, environmental standards and conditions of the region, will create the possibility of environmental, economic and social harms to the region and threaten the rural environment. The solution to this problem is to locate appropriate landfills for rural wastes. This research has selected the southern Soma village in the city of Urmia as the area of interest or study area of this research, considering the above mentioned topics. Material and Methods In this research, which is an applied research in terms of the objective, and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of nature, Multi Criteria Evaluation method (MCE) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used to identify suitable waste disposal sites. Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) is a method used to combine data in terms of their importance in a particular decision-making process. Conceptually, MCE methods including weighting, scoring or quantitative and qualitative ranking of criteria are for demonstrating their importance with regard to one or a set of goals (Ian 2010: 239). Considering the objective of this study and the analysis tools, the implementation stages of the research are as the following: - Identifying the required parameters - Preparing and producing the parameters - providing the geodatabase and managing the data - Standardizing the sub-parameters - Weighting the parameters - Overlaying the layers Results and Discussion Identifying the Determinants Based on the determinants and according to the Boolean logic, the areas of the South Soma village are either suitable (1) or unsuitable (0) for burying waste materials. The result of this action showed that nearly 70 percent of the village’s area is not suitable for waste burial. In fact, based on the environmental standards of the Environmental Conservation Organization (ECO) of Iran and the related resources, no waste burial should be done in 70% of the village’s area and these areas have been identified as the restricted areas for landfill. The first phase of locating landfill site Based on the statistical information of the landfill locating map, 88.92% of the total area of the village is not suitable for waste disposal. Due to severe and hard conditions of the region, the major part of the suitable lands have also many limitations and might be exploited for waste burial only with high economic costs .Therefore, waste disposal in the lands of this zone is practically unjustifiable economically or the topographic situation of the region makes it very difficult to exploit these lands. Accordingly, if we add the limited suitability zone lands to unsuitable and determinant zone, 94% of the village’s area is not suitable for waste burial, and only about 6% of the total area of the village can be used for burying waste materials. The second phase of locating landfill site: The use of the slope control layer Accordingly the slope parameter was overlaid on the landfill suitable zone. The slope factor managed to place about 2% of the total 6% of the suitable zone in the medium and low suitability zone, therefore, about 4% of the total area of the village with suitable slope and less than 15% will be suitable for landfill. Conclusion In the present research, the suitable landfill sites were identified using Multi-Criteria Evaluation and Geographic Information System. To do this, the suitable lands were proposed for landfill by producing the maps of constraints, geomorphology, climate, water resources, socio-economy, environment and geology-hazards. The results of the first phase showed that about 88.92% of the total area of the village was not suitable for landfill and the determinants and severe geographical conditions are the main obstacles for waste disposal in these areas. Based on the first phase of site location, only 6% of the total area of the village was identified to be suitable lands for landfill. In the second phase, the sites proposed in the first phase were screened again by applying slope control layer. The results of this overlay showed that by applying slope, 2% out of the total 6% suitable area in the previous phase were placed in moderate and low suitable zones. Accordingly, in general, 4% of the total area of the village with a slope of less than 15% were proposed for landfill.
Arash Karimi Zarchi; Reza Shahhoseini
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Heat island phenomenon occurs when the land surface temperature and the air temperature in urban areas are higher than that of the surrounding areas. This temperature difference is shown as the urban heat islands on thermal maps. Information obtained from the urban heat ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Heat island phenomenon occurs when the land surface temperature and the air temperature in urban areas are higher than that of the surrounding areas. This temperature difference is shown as the urban heat islands on thermal maps. Information obtained from the urban heat islands can be a useful source in urban planning applications. The availability of reliable information about the urban heat islands plays an important role in predicting and preventing the occurrence of many heating risks in urban areas. One of the common methods of calculating heat islands intensity in urban areas is the use of two temperature sensors installed in the city and around it. Given the limited temperaturemeasuring stations, there is no accurate estimate of the urban heat islands. With the introduction of Remote Sensing technology into the space arena, and with the help of satellite images processing, a precise map can be produced for the land surface temperature, i.e. a precise estimation of the urban heat islands is obtained by calculating the pixels temperature difference at the urban areas and around them. Therefore, one of the important issues in such studies is to detect the urban and non-urban pixels and to separate them from each other. Materials&Methods The most important reason for the occurrence of the heat island phenomenon is the change in land use from rural to urban, which is well exhibited in the urban cover index maps.In this paper, in order to measurethe intensity of surface urban heat islands, a method based on generating the urban percentage map was proposed by combining the Land Surface Temperature (LST) map, the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) map and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map.Considering the relationship between the land surface temperature and the land cover type, it can be said that the relationship between the land surface temperature and the urban percentage map follows a linear function which can be fitted to the land surface temperature graph in terms of land cover type. Finally, the Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) map was calculatedfrom the slope of the fitted line.In order to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed method, a classification-based method was used to separate the urban and non-urban pixels and to calculate the urban heat island intensity. The proposed method was implemented on the Landsat-7 ETM + satellite data in the city of Rasht and on the Landsat-8 OLI / TIR satellite data in the city of Langroud. Results&Discussion The results of the classification-based method indicated a large difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature of the urban areas, which led to a high-temperature changein all land cover typesin the study area. Therefore, the use of the average temperature of each class to calculate the heat island intensity is not a suitable method and the accuracy of the heat islands maps is not high and they cannot be used in applications that require high precision.Although, this problem can be solved by increasing the number of classes, increasing the number of classes requires more training data and a sensor with higher spatial resolution. By contrast, the results indicated that the proposed method (based on the urban percentage map) had a high accuracy for calculating the urban heat island intensity which was similar for both study areas. Also, fitting a linear function to the values of land surface temperature and the urban percentage map led to decreasing the effect of suspicious pixels (noisy pixels) on the overall accuracy of the estimation of the urban heat island intensity. Meanwhile, the results obtained on two datasets indicated that this method did not require any training data or any other background information about the study area and it can be applied for many satellite images having thermal band with any spatial resolution. However, because of the ineffectiveness of urban cover indicators in desert areas, the heat islands intensity in these regions was underestimated. Conclusion In applications that do not require high accuracy in calculating the urban heat island intensity, and there are high spatial resolution satellite imagery and sufficient training data in a region, the use of a classification-based approach seems to be suitable. Since the collection of such data and information is costly, a new method based on the urban percentage map was proposed in this paper by fitting a line to the LST parameter diagram in terms of the NDBI index for measuring the heat island intensity. The results indicated the higher efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method compared to the conventional classification-based methods for calculating the urban heat island intensity.
Reza Mansouri; Amir Safari
Abstract
Parts of the earth's crust have tectonic motions in the present time and will be susceptible to danger in the future. Therefore, geomorphologicforms are very sensitive to the tectonic activities and change by this movements. The assessment of tectonic activities using some quantitative indicators ...
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Parts of the earth's crust have tectonic motions in the present time and will be susceptible to danger in the future. Therefore, geomorphologicforms are very sensitive to the tectonic activities and change by this movements. The assessment of tectonic activities using some quantitative indicators plays an important role in identifying these activities and helpsto interpret the tectonic condition of the areas
Research Methodology: In this research, indices such as Stream length gradient index (SL), Valley floor-valley height ratio (VF), Asymmetric factor (AF), Topographic inversion symmetry (T), Drainage basin shape ratio (BS), and meanders of rivers (S)have been used to determine the tectonic activities in Frahzad basin in north of Tehran metropolis. The research method is based on the analytical method. The Physical and conceptual tools used in this research include the topographic and geological maps of the study area, satellite images and GIS software in the form of ARC GIS 10. Also, the quantitative results obtained during several stages of fieldwork were evaluated Discussion and Results: This basin, with an area of 35.8 kilometersis one of the sub-basins of the mountainous area in north of Tehran city which is considered to be an appropriate place to evaluate the relative tectonic activity due to the occurrence of the foothill processes (mainly sliding and falling). Farahzad River of this basin comes from the eastern heights of Imam ZadehDavood.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that the Farahzad basin is in active status based on the SL, VF, AF, T, SMF, EU, FD and S indices, and is only in Semi-active status based on the BS index.
The analysis of these quantities in general indicate the activity of this basin in the present time and the basinis classified in Class 1 based on the IAT(Index of relative active tectonics)index. These results are consistent with geomorphological evidences including landslide occurrence in the region.
Seyyed Eskandar Seydaei Seyyed Eskandar Seydaei; Seyyedeh Somayeh Hosseini
Abstract
Abstract
In the sustainable tourism development approach, not only market needs are considered, but also the needs of society and the natural environment are emphasized. In this regard, GIS can be used for many tourist, planning and modeling activities. The present study aimed to provide a model for ...
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Abstract
In the sustainable tourism development approach, not only market needs are considered, but also the needs of society and the natural environment are emphasized. In this regard, GIS can be used for many tourist, planning and modeling activities. The present study aimed to provide a model for access to tourist attractions for the sustainability in tourist hubs of Isfahan province. Regarding the studied components, this research is an applied one in terms of type and a descriptive-survey in terms of method. This research was conducted based on the closest access considering the speed of access (road quality) in terms of minutes, and in order to provide a model for the stability of areas with the highest attraction and concentration of tourist in a zone rather than a point. The cities of Isfahan and Kashan (historical-cultural) and the cities of Semirom and Fereydoon Shahr (natural tourism) have the highest tourist capacity in the province, respectively. The results of the study show that according to the "Closest Access" model, five classes have been taken into consideration for the sustainability of the four tourist hubs in the province. The first class covers the potential rural and urban locations to a 60 minute radius (according to experts, the 60 minute distance is the distance that the tourists tend to travel by car on the way to the desired attraction) from the natural tourist hubs, the West (Fereydoon Shahr), the Southwest (Semirom) and the historical-cultural tourist hubs of Isfahan and Kashan which should be addressed by the authorities and tourism planners of the province to instruct tourists.
AhmadReza Ghasemi; Foruh Sadat Sayedi
Abstract
Wind is one of the main elements in the climate of each region,and its changes can affect phenomena such as dust storms and the severity of evapotranspiration.The declining trends of surface windreported by previous studies are generally small, but it is still important to assess the distribution of ...
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Wind is one of the main elements in the climate of each region,and its changes can affect phenomena such as dust storms and the severity of evapotranspiration.The declining trends of surface windreported by previous studies are generally small, but it is still important to assess the distribution of the trend of wind speed at the continental to global scale in order to betterunderstand the causes of the trend. This research was carried out aiming to predict wind speed in Iran by 2020 with the Holt-Winters model and using data from a 50-year statistical period (1961-2010). The results showed that this model has the ability to predict wind speed in most parts of the country. The values of the coefficient of explanation of this model varied in 34 stations under survey from 0.39 in Abadan to 80.0 in Babolsar, and the error values in most of these stations were acceptable. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test used to evaluate the normalized residuals of model showed that the model residuals are normal in most of the stations that show the suitability of the model to estimate and predict the wind speed in Iran.The results showed that this model has also simulated the wind speed extreme values in most stations as well. The results of the Holt-Winters model to predict wind speed by 2020, indicate that wind speed in the Eastern half of the country as well as the southern slopes of the Alborz, which have dry and semi-arid climates, will increase by 2020, while the Western half, Southwestern and central regions of the country will experience a decreasing trend of wind speed. The maximum amount of wind speed increase will be at Gorgan station by 2020 with a value of 1.8 meters per second, and themaximum rate of wind speed reduction will occur in southwest stations of the country, so that in the Abadan station, wind speed will decrease from 48.6 m / s to 31.8 m / s by 2020.In other words, we can say that the wind speed in most arid and semiarid regions of the country will increasein the future, while moderate and mountainous areas in western parts of the country will experience a decreasing wind speed.
Abdolhossein ZarifianMehr; Laala Jahanshahloo; Hossein Zabihi; Bohloul Alijani
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Obtaining reliable environmental values in vast geographic areas is usually costly and difficult; therefore, the ability to predict unknown values or in other words, the use of better interpolation methods is very important. Interpolation methods utilize a set of different ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Obtaining reliable environmental values in vast geographic areas is usually costly and difficult; therefore, the ability to predict unknown values or in other words, the use of better interpolation methods is very important. Interpolation methods utilize a set of different mathematical and statistical models to predict the unknown values. The similarity of the unknown points to the nearest known points or the principle of the nearest neighbor is the basis of interpolation methods, and how this principle is used depends on the selected model. In a general classification, interpolation methods are divided into two large classes. The first method is deterministic, in which interpolation is carried out based on determining the level of sampled points and also based on the similarities such as Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method or Radial Basis Function (RBFs). In the second method, interpolation is probabilistic – geostatistical, that is done based on the statistical properties of the sampled points. On the other hand, due to the growing increase in the problems of urbanization and urban heat islands, current cities need to have a detailed planning for future developments and preserving the quality of urban environment. Also, the geometry of urban valleys, which is defined by changing the height, length and distance of buildings, has a significant impact on the energy exchange and thus, the temperature of urban areas. But, this temperature, in turn, depends on a number of geographical - geometric factors (such as SVF) and meteorological variables. The Sky View Factor (SVF), as one of the usual indicators of describing urban geometry that refers to the amount of sky observable from a point on the Earth, has become one of the most important predictors of UHI due to its applicability in the urban climate, its contribution to the spatial data, and the existence of available techniques. In the climatic studies, the SVF is also considered as an important geometric parameter due to its correlation with the local temperature performance and its potential importance in the urban design process.Although urban Climatologists know this indicator well, it is not that much known among the urban designers and planners. This issue has not progressed much in Iran and there are no reliable sources about it. Despite the fact that different methods and models have been introduced for interpolation of Point data, no specific method has been proposed for estimating this index. Hence, this study has empirically compared the interpolation models with an emphasis on the Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK). This comparison is important since EBK has automated the most difficult aspects of the construction of a kriging model. This is while in other Kriging methods, the parameters are adjusted manually to obtain accurate results. EBK automatically simulates and calculates these parameters through a setup process. In classical kriging, it is also assumed that the estimated semivariogram is a true semivariogram of the observed data. This means that the data are generated from Gaussian distribution with the correlation structure defined by the estimated semivariogram. This is a very strong assumption, and it rarely holds true in practice. Accordingly, measures should be taken to make the statistical model more realistic. Materials & Methods The present study is an applied research in terms of its objective and it is quantitative in terms of the data analysis method. The study area is district 6 of Shiraz Municipality (496 hectares). Due to the multiplicity of interpolation methods and techniques as well as kernel functions and model fit functions, about 138 interpolation scenarios arewereimplemented. Also, four indices of Root-Mean-Square (RMS), Mean Standardized (MS), Root-Mean-Square Standardized (RMSS) and Average Standard Error (ASE) have been used for evaluating the models. The input data (sample) contains 6157 points, measured at intervals of 30 m distances in the study area. These points are werecreated based on the SVF calculation software method and using the GIS base model in ArcGIS10.6. Results & Discussion Out of 138 scenarios, seven scenarios with the lowest RMS values arewereseparately examined in detail taking into account three other indicators. Another variable called “Neighborhood type” iswas added to the surveys in two standard and smooth modes. The results show that simple kriging and EBK have better results than the other models. Also, among the simple Kriging fitted models, the RQ model shows better results than other fitting models. Conclusion Based on the RMS index, EBK is one of the best reliable automatic interpolation models (ranked second) for estimating the SVF. In general, based on RMS, MS, RMSS, it is the best automatic interpolation model for estimating SVF.
Abolhasan Modarreszadeh Barzaki; Rahim Sarvar
Abstract
Abstract[1]
Establishing and updatingthe estate database is an infrastructural and sustainable entity for the municipality’s revenue generation and is considered as a key tool in monitoring the development of cities.Access to accurate and up-to-date information on real estate is one of the most ...
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Abstract[1]
Establishing and updatingthe estate database is an infrastructural and sustainable entity for the municipality’s revenue generation and is considered as a key tool in monitoring the development of cities.Access to accurate and up-to-date information on real estate is one of the most important prerequisites for decision makers in urban planning. With the advancement of information technology in recent decades, the traditional mechanism for keeping property information has also been replaced by computerized spatial information systems. Nowadays, the issuance of fairer and more accurate real estate renovation tax is not feasible except byimplementing a system based on database.
In this research, the audit process and results of over 6600 estates inthe city of Noosh Abad (Kashan) in the year of 2014 were investigated. In the field stage, surveying and the completion of the audit forms were performed and then,a software with the capabilities of entering data, displaying data, defining the formula for calculating taxes, preparing reports and issuing bills was designed.In the meantime, the GIS software was implemented after refining data and correcting the drawing errors using topology.
The statistical analysis of this database about the number of estates, area and total debt indices in each neighborhood indicates that there is a linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.9 among these indices. Providing a debt distribution map in the neighborhoods of Noushabadwhich shows the total calculated tax in each region was another outcome of this plan. According to the plan, a total of7459 million Rial renovationbills were issued for the estates which, compared to the municipality’s budget in the year of 1393, it suggests that this revenue as a continuous source of incomecould compensate for a significant portion of the municipalities’ budget deficit.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
faeze Soleimani vosta kolaei; Mehdi Akhoondzadeh Hanzaei
Abstract
Extended abstract
Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Emissivity are two significant physical features of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. The calculation of land surface temperaturehas a great significance in environmental studies, meteorology, evapotranspiration study, interactions between ...
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Extended abstract
Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Emissivity are two significant physical features of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. The calculation of land surface temperaturehas a great significance in environmental studies, meteorology, evapotranspiration study, interactions between land surface and the atmosphere, detection of earthquake- related thermal anomalies, monitoring the drought, fire and energy balance models on the surface of the earth on a regional and global scale.The use of remote sensing technology and types of satellite images as one of the most important sources of data collection to study and monitor the land and environmental resources has attracted the attention of many experts and specialists of various sciences including environment, meteorology, hydrology, etc. in recent years.In recent years, hyperspectralthermal images have become a powerful tool for estimation of the land surface temperature due to the large number of thermal bands. The main purpose of this research is to obtain land surface temperature and emissivity using two distinct methods of TES (Temperature/Emissivity Separation Algorithm) and ARTEMISS (Automatic Retrieval of Temperature and emissivity using Spectral Smoothness) from the HyTES thermal hyperspectral images. The HyTES (Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer) is an airborne thermal hyperspectral sensor with 256 spectral channels within the range of 7.5 and 12 micrometers in the range of thermal infrared of the electromagnetic spectrum designed by NASA.
The scope of this study was to retrieve land surface temperature, emissivity and atmospheric parameters from the HyTES sensor in two different methods: ARTEMISS and TES. We used the ISAC method that estimates the transmission and upwelling radiance of the atmosphere. In ISAC method, it is necessary to fit a straightforward line to optimize upper boundary of data. We used the smoothness of the spectral emissivity in the ARTEMISS algorithm in order to retrieve temperature and emissivity. Atmospheric parameters that were obtained from ISAC were used in ARTEMISS and TES. In the next step, the TES algorithm was applied to derive surface emissivity and LST. This method is designed to reduce systematic errors in LST and LSE and also to limit errors in the amplitude and shape of emissivity spectra. This algorithm first estimates the normalized emissivity and then, calculates emissivity band ratios. Next, anempirical relationship predicts the minimum emissivity from the spectral contrast (MMD) of the normalized values, permits recovery of the emissivity spectrum with improved accuracy by using an empirical relationship between emissivity contrast and minimum emissivity, the nondeterministic problem of TES was solved. The basic problemof TES is, as indicated by Realmuto 1990 that we obtain spectral measurements of radiance and need to find unknowns ( emissivities and one temperature). This is a nondeterministic problem, so at least one additional constraint must be considered. Several methods have been developed to resolve these problems such as Normalized Emissivity Method (NEM), RATIO and Minimum-Maximum emissivity Difference (MMD). In the NEM module of TES, we guessed preliminary values of temperature and LSE assuming a value for the maximum local emissivity (for blackbodies). Then, in RATIO module, we estimated emissivity normalized spectrum (). In order to scale the spectrum to actual emissivity values, we used the MMD module of TES. After applying NEM, RATION and MMD module, TES estimates and reports pixel-by-pixel precisions for LST and LSE. Finally, we compared the results of LST and LSEs derived from these algorithms with products of HyTES. The results shown in this study prove the feasibility of retrieving accurate estimates of atmospheric parameters, surface temperature and emissivity with HyTESdata.It should be noted that the noise and water vapor absorption bands of HyTEShyperspectral image were removed, therefore, 202 optimal bands were selected. Then, TES algorithm consists of modules NEM, MMD and RATIO was applied. ARTEMISS method is based on (1) in-scene atmospheric transmission estimation, (2) matching of the transmission to a database and (3) retrieving a spectrally smooth emissivity by an iterative method used on hyperspectral data. The ARTEMISS algorithm was applied. The final outputs of these two algorithms include thermal and emissivity images. In order to evaluate these two methods and quality assessment, we used the satellite products that have been prepared by NASA. The results of the quality assessment show that temperature RMSE for TES and ARTEMISS methods are 0.6 and 1.2 kelvin respectively, and also emissivity RMSE for band 171 are 0.01 and 0.02 respectively. Therefore, TES algorithm is a more accurate method than ARTEMISS which was implemented for the first time on this type of data.The obtained results show that the thermal hyperspectral data are suitable for accurate retrieval of emissivity and land surface temperature in any kind of land cover.
Heydare Lotfi; Hosseyn Musazadeh
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction In order to analyze the reduction of the impacts of natural hazards, particularly the earthquakes, four basic constituents such as conceptual understanding of development, vulnerability, recognition of the concept of risk, conceptual understanding of capacity building, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction In order to analyze the reduction of the impacts of natural hazards, particularly the earthquakes, four basic constituents such as conceptual understanding of development, vulnerability, recognition of the concept of risk, conceptual understanding of capacity building, and also, the recognition of risk management approaches are essential. Earthquakes and mass movements are a function of environmental factors, and identifying and segregation of seismic areas and hazard zonation is an important step in assessing environmental hazards. Therefore, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making systems are the appropriate tools for zoning land in relation to seismic hazard. In this regard, the study of earthquakes and the areas with high seismic potential for all-round planning and management is imperative and inevitable. Therefore, the present research aims to study the vulnerable areas against natural hazards in Iran. Materials & Methods The present research is descriptive-analytical with regard to the nature of the problem and the study subject, and is a type of applied studies with an emphasis on quantitative methods. The purpose of the study is to investigate the vulnerable areas against natural hazards with an emphasis on earthquakes (Case study: Iran). In this research, the Modis Image (MOD11A1 product) of Terra satellite was used for the years 2000 to 2018. These images have a resolution of one kilometer. Therefore, each pixel of these images covers an area of about 100 hectares of land. To identify the sites with high seismic potential, criteria such as: altitude, earth temperature, the numbers of seismic events between the years of 2000 and 2018 were taken into consideration. In order to calculate the density and intensity of the earthquakes occurring, the data from the United States geological site (related to Iran) was used, and the final output was calculated by the interpolation methods of geo-statistical IDW model - a technique which predicts unknown points based on the correlation between the measured points and their spatial structure - and the arithmetic overlapping in the GIS environment. All processes and data analysis were used in the GIS environment and eventually the overlay of the final output was determined in the form of a map (vulnerability). Results & Discussion In order to measure the impact of effective factors on earthquakes, the analytical software mentioned in the research methodology section was used and also, to determine the indexes effective in determining low and high risk areas for identifying the seismicity and land evaluation for different types of activities and the amount of importance of each of these criteria relative to each other with regard to the present state and the collected information and the investigation and study of the books, previous plans and experts’ opinions have been implemented, which has ultimately entered into the GIS in the forms of information layers. In the next stage, the information layers are given weight proportional to the degree of importance and its effect on the selection of the appropriate field. In order to achieve these indices, a series of maps and databases were needed so these were prepared in the GIS environment. In this research, it is assumed that by analyzing long-term time series of satellite data, such modifications can be monitored. Therefore, in this research, the profile of temperature changes was analyzed using the MOD11A1 product of the Modis sensor during the years 2000 and 2018 in Iran. the results of the research show that the temperature variation pattern for each class is different, and in general, show the increase, stability, and then logical increment over the 18-year period, which can help researchers to identify temperature changes and consequently, to select the appropriate time period to take an image to investigate the changes in the coverage of the study area. Conclusion The study area, with regard to the mainly low topography, tectonic activity and high seismicity, diverse geological and climatic conditions, have the major natural conditions for the creation of a wide range of earthquakes, and these earthquakes bring a lot of financial losses to the region annually but unfortunately, all periodic studies have been carried out without accurate and efficient planning by the relevant authorities to date. Therefore, studying and zoning of susceptible seismic areas is necessary from an absolutely scientific view. Given the obtained finalized map and the study of temperature changes and occurring events, it can be concluded that parts of the south and southwest (Bushehr, Kermanshah, Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Ilam) are very vulnerable and exposed to severe damages. Also, the latitudes related to the central half and the southeast of the country (Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, southwest of southern Khorasan, east of Yazd) are exposed to moderate to high damages, and the northern part of the country (Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Ardebil) are located in low damage zone because with regard to the thermal investigations within the framework of the seismic identification, they are located in the high to low thermal zones. Therefore. We find out that more than one third of Iran is faced with high, one third with moderate and one third with relatively low risk. One of the main causes of the earthquake is the high heat inside the Earth where is very hot and reaches to five to six thousand degrees Celsius. Wherever there is heat, there is movement as well, so the heat of the Earth’s center moves to the top layers and displace them.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Nastaran Nazariani; Asghar Fallah
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Estimation of forest habitat characteristics is a necessary issue in order to collect information for sustainable forest management (Ahmadi et al., 2020). Data collection methods require a lot of time and money. Therefore, it is always tried to use ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Estimation of forest habitat characteristics is a necessary issue in order to collect information for sustainable forest management (Ahmadi et al., 2020). Data collection methods require a lot of time and money. Therefore, it is always tried to use complementary methods, with lower costs and acceptable accuracy, using the achievements obtained in various scientific fields (Sivanpillai et al., 2006). Sentinel 2 is a new generation optical satellite for Earth monitoring developed by the European Space Agency with new spectral capabilities, wide coverage and good spatial and temporal resolution for data continuity and enhanced Landsat and Spot missions (Wang et al., 2017). When the size of the population is not very large, the application of each of the simple random, classification and systematic methods leads to a more or less similar result. But when the size of the community increases, these methods are associated with problems such as: preparing a sampling framework, high cost of surveying sample units with high dispersion and preparing a sampling plan from units far from each other (Zubair, 2007). The cluster method is one of the recommended methods for large areas in which instead of one sample plot, several sample plots are harvested in one part of the study area (Yim et al., 2015). Among the researches done on the mentioned subjects are the research of Kleinn (1994), Ismaili et al. (1396), Behera et al. (2021), Sibanda et al. (2021), Praticò et al. (2021), Nazariani et al. (1400) and Dabija et al. (2021). Although studies on estimating quantitative forest characteristics using distance measurement data and nonparametric algorithms in Zagros forests may have been done extensively, the effect of main and artificial bands to estimate canopy characteristics and density (number Per hectare) using Sentinel 2 images in the forests of Watershed Orfi Olad Ghobad Koohdasht with the aim of selecting the optimal cluster design to save time and money to achieve forest inventory has not been reported, so in this study, we tried to investigate this issue. Materials and methods In order to conduct the present study, a part of the Zagros forests located 35 km north of Koohdasht city, named Watershed Olad Ghobad was selected. Sampling points were determined in a regular-random manner using a grid with dimensions of 600 × 500 meters. Then, at each sampling point, 16 different cluster sampling designs with four circular and square subplots were designed and implemented. The radius of the circular subplots was 15 meters, the diameter of the square sample was 37 meters and the distance between the subplots was 60 meters. Then, the information on the characteristics of the number per hectare and canopy of trees including the number, of two large and small canopy diameters per sample was measured. In this study, Sentinel 2 sensor images related to August 6, 2021, equivalent to summer 1400, were used at the L1C correction level. This level of correction is geometrically error-free due to the reference ground and because their reflection is at the upper level of the atmosphere. In the present study, four bands (2-blue band, 3-green band, 4-red band, and 8-near-infrared band) of this sensor with a resolution of 10 meters were used. In general, Sentinel 2 image preprocessing operations involve radiometric and geometric correction. The image processing also includes various operations such as grading, texture analysis, band integration, and fabrication of plant features (Naghavi, 2014). In addition to the main bands, artificial bands were created by applying appropriate processing, which was used in the modeling process. Spectral values equivalent to ground plots were extracted from the main and artificial bands and used as an independent variable in the models. In order to evaluate and fit the regression models, 25% of the data were randomly selected (Lu et al, 2004) and excluded from the evaluation data set. The validity of statistical models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination of the mean squared error squared, bias, mean squared error, and squared percentage. In total, ArcGIS software was used to implement the sample parts on the image, ENVI software was used for image processing and STATISTICA software was used for modeling.ResultsIn this method, during data validation, the results showed the characteristic of number per hectare of cluster 16 and the characteristic of canopy cover of cluster 15 with a coefficient of explanation (0.66) and (0.59), respectively, it has the highest accuracy. The results obtained from the application of the nearest neighbor algorithm with four criteria of Euclidean distance, Euclidean square, Manhattan, and Chapichev showed that for the number of characteristics per hectare, the Euclidean distance criterion with cluster 16 and for the canopy characteristic of the Euclidean distance criterion with cluster three, respectively (R2 = 0.59 and RMSE=5.70%) and (R2 = 0.62 and RMSE= 12.30%). The accuracy and efficiency of the support vector machine algorithm are influenced by the type of kernel used. The results of different kernels by considering different cluster sampling designs in the backup vector machine method showed for the characteristic number of linear kernel trees and 13 cluster sampling designs with an explanation coefficient of 0.72 and for the canopy characteristic. The linear kernel and the cluster sampling design of seven with a coefficient of determination of 0.65 have the best results. Evaluation of the artificial neural network model showed that the MLP algorithm is more suitable than the RBF algorithm in estimating the studied characteristics with its high accuracy and average squared percentage. Based on this, among the 16 designs used with the MLP algorithm, they showed the most suitable results for the number of characteristics per hectare of cluster six with a coefficient of reflection of 0.86 and for the canopy characteristic of cluster 10 with a coefficient of reflection of 0.76, respectively. Based on the values of the coefficient of explanation and the lowest squared percentage of the mean squares of error, the most appropriate model was selected from the four types of algorithms studied in modeling and the results showed both characteristics of the artificial neural network model respectively (with MLP algorithms MLP 80-20-1 and MLP 80-11-1) presented optimal results with explanation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.76.Discussion and conclusionThe modeling results with four studied algorithms for the canopy characteristic showed that the artificial neural network model algorithm with a cluster sampling design of 10 with an explanation coefficient of 0.76 was the most suitable method. The results are consistent with the study (Yim et al., 2015;) and show the superiority of using cluster sampling, nonparametric modeling of the artificial neural networks and Sentinel 2 images in the structure of the forest ecosystem. Yim et al. (2015) acknowledged that in natural environments, the correlation between sub-plots and habitat conditions in terms of their shape and size should be more sensitive to forest structure. According to the study of Sivanpillai et al. (2006) in poorer masses, due to the presence of more gaps in the canopy, absorption and distribution occur. In contrast, Dabija et al. (2021) compared support vector machine and stochastic forest algorithms for canopy mapping using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery to evaluate regional and spatial classification and development in three different regions. Catalonia, Poland, and Romania paid. The results showed that Sentinel-2 satellite images were better than Landsat 8 data inaccuracy (8-10%) in land cover classification and radial-based support vector algorithm than in random forest with accuracy (6-7%). Function. Nazariani et al. (1400) also had the stochastic forest algorithm as the most suitable model for estimating the canopy characteristic, which is not consistent with the results of the present study. The reason for the difference can be found in the type of algorithm obtained and the accuracy achieved.
Sara Sheikh Fakhradini; Ahmad Abbasnejad; Somaye Zahab Nazoori
Volume 21, Issue 84 , February 2013, , Pages 105-120
Abstract
Bidkhan inactive stratovolcano lies at 40 km southest of Bardsir in Kerman Province between 56 26 to 56 30 eastern longitude and 29 35 to 29 40 northern ...
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Bidkhan inactive stratovolcano lies at 40 km southest of Bardsir in Kerman Province between 56 26 to 56 30 eastern longitude and 29 35 to 29 40 northern latitude and it is 400 km2 in area. This paper deals with the geoecology of this volcano. For this purpose, after introducing the geoecology discipline, first, geology and topography of this volcano are described. Afterwards, the influence of this volcano on climate, hydrology and vegetation of the area is discussed. And finally its influence on human life is explained. Accordingly, due to the presence of this volcano (as a positive landform), the annual precipiatation has increased about 13 million m3 and the annual temperature has decreased about 4C . So climate of the area has change so that Dommarton index has increased from 15 to 28. In accordance with the climatic change, which has been an increase in precipitation and decrease in temperature, the conditions changed and become appropriate for the creation of a humid valley and a semi-permanent stream draining in its caldera. Also, the vegetation over the stratovolcano has become much denser.
These conditions has led to establishment of several villages in the above – mentioned valley which, as a result of lacking convenient surface for cultivation and also cold climate, depend only on cultivation of nut trees in the valley and herdering on convenient pastures at the surface of the volcano. Hence, the presence of this volcano as a positive landform, has helped human residence and influenced the location of residential areas and human life.
Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei; Mohammad Rahmani Asl
Abstract
Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban ...
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Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban waste disposal, but their burial is more important and there has not been a perfect alternative to that so far. Choosing a suitable landfill site for waste is the most important step in waste management. It is a complicated matter that requires a vast evaluation process and the environmental, economic, social & tectonic standards should be taken into consideration. With regard to the fact that most of effective factors in determining the suitability of lands for special purposes such as waste burial, are not of the same significance, they must be weighed for more accurate evaluation. The analysis of the layers and numerous factors which are effective in the site location process will only be possible in the framework of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) systems and the use of GIS technology. Due to the importance of the subject matter, the present research has sought to locate the landfill site in the city of Ghaleh Ganj in order to take a step towards environmental protection and achieving sustainable development in this city. To achieve this goal, Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making systems have been used. Materials and methods The present research is an applied one in terms of the goal, and its approach dominating the research space is exploratory with regard to the nature of the subject. To develop the theoretical framework of the research and review the previous researches and extract the indices being used as well, the library method (documentary) was used. Field information was provided through questionnaire and field observations. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used for weighting the indices and its calculations were carried out in Excel software. The Fuzzy method was used for location and zonation that was implemented in GIS environment, which, according to many researchers, is the most accurate and the best method of site location. The study area of this research is the city of Ghaleh Ganj in the province of Kerman located at 440 km from the capital of the province with a population of 12663 in 3034 families according to the general census of population and housing in the year 1390 (2011). Results and discussion AHP model was used to weight the landfill site location indices in the city of Ghaleh Ganj. In this regard, a questionnaire was edited based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and pair-wise comparison matrix, which was completed by 10 experts. The experts ranked the indices from 1 to 9, whose weights were calculated after entering the weights of indexes in Excel software. Then, landfill site location in the city of Ghaleh Ganj was carried out using GIS-Fuzzy model. The stages are as the following: Preparing the shape files of the layers. Forming the spatial matrix of the layers (Rasterising the layers). Fuzzification of the layers by special methods of each layer. Multiplying fuzzy maps by the weights obtained from AHP model. Designing fuzzy inference network and integrating the layers to extract the final map. 15 layers were used to locate the landfills of the city of Ghaleh Ganj which are: Distance from agricultural lands and gardens, land cover, distance from flood zones, distance from floodways, distance from drinking water wells, wind direction, distance from the city of Ghaleh Ganj, distance from rural centers and residential areas, distance from communication lines, distance from industrial park, distance from facilities, distance from the fault, type of soil, slope and finally, the material of bedrock. After preparing the shape file related to each layer, the layers were grouped into 3 groups, each of which had its own method in rasterisation and fuzzification of the maps. The layers of the first and second groups were programmed using Python programming language and were modeled in GIS environment, and the layers of the third group were fuzzified by the “Raster Calculator” tool. In the next step, the fuzzy maps were multiplied by the weights obtained from the AHP model. Finally, in order to identify the appropriate zones for burying waste materials in the city of Galeh Ganj, the weighted fuzzy maps were combined with each other using “Fuzzy AND” operator, which is a subset of the Fuzzy Overlay tool operators, and the final map was obtained. The obtained map was reclassified and the lands of the city were classified into three classes of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Finally, the land capability map for waste burial in Ghaleh Ganj was presented. Conclusion Based on the results of the research, the lands of the city were classified into three groups of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Lands with very suitable capability are 1451.5 Hectares and lands with relatively suitable capability are2425.2 Hectares. The results also showed that the current location of the landfill in the city of Ghaleh Ganj is in the lands with unsuitable capability and it is imperative that the municipality abandon the current location as soon as possible and select a site from the lands with very suitable capability for waste disposal of the city, and if this is not possible, the lands with relatively suitable capability can be used. Finally, the results showed that the application of the AHP-FUZZY method in the GIS environment for locating the uses, including landfill sites, has a high efficiency and the method used in this research can be generalized to different cities of the country.
Sara Haghbayan; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Recently, different volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)databases and websites have been launched for a variety of purposes and different groups of users. Various groups and portals collect and share these data. Thus, there is a huge potential for the participation ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Recently, different volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)databases and websites have been launched for a variety of purposes and different groups of users. Various groups and portals collect and share these data. Thus, there is a huge potential for the participation of millions of people who can act like remote sensors and share their data with other members of the group without any cost.Therefore,diffrent users with different skill levelscan provide spatial data through personalized measurements. Various research perspectives have shown that sometimes Volunteered Geographic Information can compete with business data.The present research seeks to solve the problems in searching and finding properties, and describe indoor space using visual components in web-basedplatforms. The impact of spatial information on satisfaction of residentsortheir problems has made this research especially important.Most of related studiessought to provide models for estimationof prices, and the impact of environmental factors on the price of real estates. They also have endeavored tocreate websites for residential real estatesearch with an emphasis on descriptive information.The present research seeks to describe indoor space of residential real estate using spatial tools.In this regard, criteria like height, dimensions, topological relationships, shape, color, geographic location, and directional relationships are considered.Description of residential properties’ indoor space requires information in both spatial and descriptive dimensions. Due to the especial potential of Geospatial Information System in the simultaneous visualization of spatial and descriptive information, spatial analysis was used in the present study.
Clearly, any research is performed based on a set of presuppositions. Particularly when we seek to theoretically investigate a process like modeling or design an information system, the work scope will be very wide and serious challenges will occur without proper assumptions. The present study assumes equal spatial perception, verbal expression and visualizationabilityin all people. It is also assumed that all estate visitors havecell phones equipped with cameras and Global Positioning System and their response to qualitative relationships is better than that of quantitative relationships. Moreover,real estateis used as a synonym for apartmentin this research.
Materials & Methods
Considering the critical role of the ordinary users and the fact that survey processes are usually expensive and time consuming, volunteered spatial information environments are the most appropriate way of gathering people’s spatial perception. Not only these environments are rather easy to use, but also they simultaneously receive up-to-date information from the participant and provide them with appropriate services according to their status.
After modeling and designing, the proposed systemwas implemented in Visual Studio 2012 platform using ASP.NET framework andC#language. Server Structured Query Language (SQL) Database 2012 was usedto save spatial information. Tehran District 14 (longitude: 51.46207, latitude: 35.66905) was chosen as the study area and data collected from several residential properties was recorded in our database.
Results & Discussion
Results indicate more than 65 percent conformity between the mental image generated using the proposed method and the reality. Users’ satisfaction with the proposed model was compared with their satisfaction with three popular Iranian sites, and a foreign site regarding. The impact of tools applied in these websites was also investigated. Results indicate 78.78% satisfaction with the proposed system, which is the highest level of satisfaction as compared to other studied websites.Moreover, compared to other toolsinvestigated in the present study,virtual tours and thenmaps are more in visualization.Sincespatial perceptions depends on various parameters such aspersonal interests, spatial dimensions, gender, age, education, culture, and fields of study, different groups were investigated in the present study.
Conclusion
Using information collected inVolunteered Geographic Informationenvironments, ordinary people can share information and use each other’s experiences and opinions. This improves their knowledge level and results in a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different real estates. Due to increased knowledge level, people will not select undesirable properties. This will create a competitive market and increase designers and engineers’attention to indoor space, which will consequently increase ordinary users’welfare.
Rasul Afzali
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 111-126
Abstract
Scientific research is a regular activity collection which is based on a standard visionary sight, which is efficacity of specific methodology, answer to questions which begets into the main of researcher. Each theory or paradiam exist three element antology, epistemology and methodology. Systematically ...
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Scientific research is a regular activity collection which is based on a standard visionary sight, which is efficacity of specific methodology, answer to questions which begets into the main of researcher. Each theory or paradiam exist three element antology, epistemology and methodology. Systematically revelance this three elements each other, can rebound in a research with scientific identity. Political Geography and Geopolitices theories are transmitting to new status and its appearance graduating vicissitudinous. First, the new significance and words overtrue (for example the international political economy, feminism Enviroment, critical geopolitics, Popular geopolitics, and globalization) in discussion political geography and geopolitics. Second, some prevalent significance and thougth in political geography and geopolitics definite at new style (for example government, autonomy, ridge, security, minority laws and Pistemologies in political geography and Geopolitics, cause upheaval in theorization structure in political geography and geopolitics. So in this theme have pay off to postmothern theories role . This paper is a fundamental research wich uses discribtive and analysis method. Data were collected throught library.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Seyed Hossein Mirmousavi
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) as the lowest part of the troposphere is the most dynamic part of the atmosphere that is directly affected by the interactions of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth (Stell, 2012 and Gert, 1992). These atmospheric surface interactions ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) as the lowest part of the troposphere is the most dynamic part of the atmosphere that is directly affected by the interactions of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth (Stell, 2012 and Gert, 1992). These atmospheric surface interactions occur in short periods of time and play an important role in the development of the boundary layer. The height of this layer is also influenced by atmospheric conditions, topography characteristics, and type of land cover, and is an important parameter for many meteorological phenomena that have various applications such as monitoring air quality, cloud formation and evolution, surface fluids, and atmospheric hydrological cycles (Garrett 1994). Since the height of the boundary layer indicates the depth of turbulent vertical mixing, it is very effective in increasing or decreasing the concentration of pollutants near the surface and is considered as an essential parameter in air quality monitoring (Su and Khan, 2018). In addition, the height of this layer is a key factor in numerical weather forecasts. Since the height of the base of clouds is usually close to the height of the boundary layer, this layer determines the extent of cloud development and causes the transition from shallow convection to deep in the clouds. MaterialsThe data used in this study included re-analysis data on the monthly time scale of the planetary boundary layer height for the entire Iranian region with a resolution of 0.25×0.25 which was obtained from the ERA5 version of ECMWF site during the period 1959-2021. In order to analyze the relationship between different climatic variables (mean temperature, mean relative humidity and air pressure), the meteorological data of 187 synoptic weather stations during the statistical period 2000-2022 has been used.MethodsIn this study, in order to prepare the data using programming capabilities in MATLAB software, maps with an average of 62 years old have been prepared and then using ARC GIS software to map the monthly average height of the boundary layer in Iran. In the next step, spatial statistics index of Getis-Ord Gi* was used to analyze the spatial changes in the height of the boundary layer in different months. In order to analyze the effective variables in elevation changes in the boundary layer temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, etc. Multivariate standard regression method was used.Conclusion and DiscussionThe annual average elevation map of the boundary layer also shows that the maximum height of this layer in Iran is 1600 m which is located in the south of Iran in Kerman province and south of Sistan and Baluchestan province and in general, the southern half of Iran with the exception of a narrow strip of southern coasts is higher than the northern half. The lowest elevation between 520 and 1000 meters is mainly located in the northern half, the eastern part and a narrow strip of southern coast. The average height of the entire boundary layer of Iran during the year is 1131 meters. The height of the boundary layer in different months of the year has significant changes in Iran and in terms of spatial changes it follows severe cluster patterns. Analysis of hot and cold spots showed that the spatial distribution of the height of the boundary layer has completely homogeneous spatial patterns so that the northern half of the country, especially the northwest and northeastern regions of the country, have a high significance as cold spots in most months of the year.ResultsThe results of this study showed that the elevation of the boundary layer in Iran during the year has a lot of spatial and temporal changes due to geographical diversity and climatic characteristics in different regions of the country. The existence of diverse topography, expansion in latitude, large differences in relative moisture content and soil moisture content are among the factors that have caused significant changes in the height of the boundary layer at different times and places. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that the height of this layer is mainly affected by six parameters in particular, temperature and relative humidity.
