نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

چکیده

پیشرفت سه دهه گذشته در زمینه­های کارتوگرافی، سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، به علت ضرورت ایجاد ارتباط جدید بین مقررات فنی موجود مشخص شده است. تلاش زیادی برای جمع­آوری مطلوب فنی موجود مشخص شده است. تلاش زیادی برای جمع­آوری مطلوب انواع مختلف داده­های کارتوگرافی وبه کارگیری موفقیت­آمیزتر داده­های سنجش از دور بانک­های داده منطقه­ای و جهانی، به عمل آمده است.
اهمیت سنجش از دور به عنوان یک زیر سیستم اطلاعات زیست محیطی به علت افزایش چندین ماهواره، جدید با سنجنده­های الکترونیکی و تصویری که قادر به فراهم نمودن «داده» و تصویر از عناصر فیزیکی و انسانی اتمسفر زمین هستند، بطور چشمگیری افزایش یافته است.
نمایش کارتوگرافیکی تغییرات فضایی و زمانی عناصر کره زمین مهمترین هدف کارتوگرافی موضوعی را نشان می­ دهد. این هدف به طریق زیادی بوسیله برنامه­ ریزی­های مختلف تهیه نقشه، در سطوح جهانی، منطقه­ ای و محلی تأیید شده است. تهیه نقشه موضوعی توسط انجمن­ های زیادی به عنوان یک فعالیت مهم و حیاتی برای کشف ذخائر زمینی، مدیریت محیط زیست و برنامه­ ریزی به رسمیت شناخته شده است. پیشرفت سریع سیستم­ های ماهواره­ ای موجب افزایش دریافت داده­ های سنجش از دور و کاربرد آن در فعالیت ­های کارتوگرافیک و تکمیل نقشه گردیده است.
ارتباط کارتوگرافی، سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) ممکن است بالگردهای مختلفی نشان داده شود (Fisher and lindenberg,1989). به نظر می­ رسد مدل فعل و انفعالی سه طرفه نگاره (1-1-) روابط موجود بین سه سیستم را بدون وجود مقررات ویژه حاکمی منعکس می­ سازد.

عنوان مقاله [English]

Preparation of Thematic Maps Using Satellite Images - Part III

نویسنده [English]

  • Hamid Malmirian (Translator)

چکیده [English]

The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.

1- ANDREWS,H.C. and HUNT, B.R. 1977.Digital Image Restoration. Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
2- ASRAR, G. 1989. Theory Applications of Optical Remote Sensing, chapter9, The atmospheric effect on remote sensing and its corrections. Kaufman, Y.j.(Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
3-AVERY,T.E., 1987. Interpreatation of Aerial Photographs, Burgess Publishing Company, Minnesota.
4-BRYANT, J.1978. Applications of Clustering in Multiimage Data Analysis. College Station, Texas, Department of Mathematics, Texas A & M University, Report No.18.
5- COLWELL,R.N. 1961. Some practical applications of multiband spectral reconnaissance. American Scientist, Vol. 49, No. 1, March 1961, pp.9-36.
6- COLWELL, R.N. 1965. The extraction of data from aerial photographs by human and mechanical means. Photogrammetria, Vol.20,pp.211-228.
7- COLWELL, R.N. 1987. Remote sensing-Past, present and future. Proceedings, Study Week on Remote Sensing and Its Impact on Developing Countries, Vatican City, Italy, 16-21. Jine 1986, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, pp. 3-141.
8- ESTES, J.E. 1980. Attributes of a well- trained remote sensing technologist. Proceedings, Conference of Remote Sensing Educators (CORSE-78), Stanford University, California, 26-30 June 1978; NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office, Conference Publication 2102,1980, pp.103-118.
9- FONTANEL, A., BLANCHET, C. and LALLEMAND C. 1975. Enhancement of Landsat imagery by combination of multispectral classification and principal component analysis. NASA Earth Resources Surv. Symp. July 1975, Houston, Texas. NASA-TMX-58168, PP.991-1012.
10- FASNIGHT, E.A. 1988. Applications of spatial postclassification models. International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 21 st, Ann Arbor, Michigan,October 1987. Ann Arbor, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, pp.469-485.
11- GALLO, K.P. and DAUGHTRY, C.S.T. 1987. Differences in vegetation indicies for simulated Landsat-5 MSS and TM, NOAA-9 AVHRR, and SPORT-1 sensor systems. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 23, pp. 439-452. Elsevier Science Pubkishing Comoany, Inc., New York.
12- JENSEN, J.R. 1986. Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
13- JENSON, S.K. and WALTZ, F.A. 1979. Principal components analysis and conconical analysis in remote sensing. Proceedings American Society of Photogrammetry / American of Surveying and Mapping Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 18-23 March 1979.
14- LAUER, D.T. 1986. Applications of Landsat data and the data base approach. Photogrammetric Engineerring and Remote Sensing, Vol. 52, No. 8, pp.1193-1199.
15- LILLESAND, T.M. and KIEFER, R.W. 1979. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
16- MAYERS, M., WOOD, L. and HOOD, J. 1988. Adaptive spatial filtering. Proceedings American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ASCM), American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Fall Convention, Virginia Beach, Virginia, September 1988. Falls Church, Virginia, ASPRS, PP.99-105.
17- Mccartney, E.J. 1976. Optics of the Atmosphere: Scattering by Molecules and Particales. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
18- MOIK, J. G. 1980. Digital Prcessing of Remotely Sensed Images. NASA-SP-431. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
19-NYQUIST,M.O. 1987. The Integration of remotely sensed data into a geographic information system-rediscovered!?? Proceedings 21st  International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 26-30 October 1987, pp.487-493.
20- PINSON, L.J. and LAKFORD, J.P. 1981. Research on Image Enhancement Algorithms. Tullahoma Tennessee, Technical Report RG-CR-81-3. University of Tennssee Space Institute.
21- RICHARDS, M.E. 1985. An evaluation of a new statistical approach to traditional linear destriping. Proceedings Amercan Society of Photogrammetry Annual Meeting, 51 st, Washington, D.C. March 1985. Falls Church, Virginia, American Soceiety of Photogrammetry, vol. 2, pp.557-575.
22- SCHOWENGERDT, R.A. 1983. Techniques for Image Processing and Classification in Remete Sensing, Academic Press, New York.
23-SIMON, K. W. 1975. Digital image reconstruction and resampling for geometric manipulation. Proceedings International Symosium of Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Ist. West Lafayette, Indiana, 1975. West Lafayette, Indiana, Purdue University. Pp. 3AI-3AII.
24- US Department of Agriculture. 1966. Foresters Guide to Aerial Photo Interpretation. US Forest Service, Agricultural Handbook 308. Washington, D.C.
25- WILLIAMS, J.M. 1979. Geometric Correction of Satellite Imagery. Farnborough, Hants, United Kingdom. Technical Report 79121, Royal Aircraft Establishment.