فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی اطلاعات جغرافیایی « سپهر»

فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی اطلاعات جغرافیایی « سپهر»

تعیین منطقه مناسب و مکان‌های بالقوه برای توسعه گردشگری میراث دفاعی در شهرستان گلوگاه، استان مازندران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 استادیار دانشکده علوم گردشگری، دانشگاه علم و فرهنگ، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه بیرجند، خراسان جنوبی، ایران
3 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد GIS- کارشناس سازمان نظام مهندسی معدن ایران
4 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد - کارشناس باستان شناسی اداره کل میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری مازندران، ایران
چکیده
در ده سال اخیر، عبارت گردشگری میراث دفاعی بجای گردشگری جنگ مورد توجه محافل علمی جهان قرار گرفته است. با وجود قلاع، دژها و میادین نبرد بسیار زیاد تاریخی درایران، این رویکرد نو در میان محققان می تواند ضمن کمک به  شناسایی و معرفی نقاط و پهنه ­های بسیار زیاد مغفول مانده از کشورمان،  آنها را مورد حفاظت و بهره برداری از راه توسعه گردشگری پایدار قرار دهد. بنابراین با توجه به اهمیت میادین نبرد و استحکامات نظامی پیرامون، شناسایی محدوده ­های مستعد توسعه گردشگری میراث دفاعی در آنها ضروری و لازم است. هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر بررسی پتانسیل توسعه گردشگری میراث دفاعی منطقه گلوگاه در شرق استان مازندران با استفاده ازروش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی است. برای انجام این پژوهش از داده ­های متعدد شامل داده‌های باستان‌شناسی، جمعیتی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیرساخت­ های شهری و موقعیت روستاها و پراکندگی نقاط تاریخی نظامی استفاده شد. پژوهش حاضر بر مبنای مطالعات اسنادی، مشاهدات میدانی، مصاحبه و بااستفاده از تحلیل داده‌های مکانی در سامانه ArcGIS  انجام و نقشه پهنه ­بندی برای توسعه گردشگری میراث دفاعی شهرستان گلوگاه ارائه شد. همچنین، سایت های مستعد برای گسترش گردشگری میراث دفاعی این شهرستان که تاکنون مورد توجه قرار نگرفته بودند، مشخص شدند. با داده‌های فوق الذکر و با استفاده از برخی داده­ های ثانویه به تعیین معیارهای ارزیابی مکان های میراث دفاعی محدوده مورد مطالعه نیز اقدام شد. در نهایت طبق معیارهای ارزیابی تعیین شده و مشاهدات دقیق میدانی، به ترتیب دیواره دفاعی کُلباد در اولویت نخست و پس از آن میدانگاه نبرد گلوگاه در اولویت دوم، قلعه باستانی قلعه پایان در اولویت سوم سرمایه گذاری برای بازسازی فیزیکی و توسعه زیرساخت های گردشگری تشخیص داده شدند و سایت های مناسب تا خیلی نامناسب ارزش گذاری و بر روی نقشه نشان داده شدند. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که منطقه گلوگاه برای توسعه گردشگری میراث دفاعی، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. سرانجام راهکاری با پیشنهاد احداث مرکز تفسیر میراث دفاعی ارائه شد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Determining the suitable area for the development of defense heritage tourism in Galugah city, Mazandaran Province, Iran

نویسندگان English

Bahram Nekouie Sadry 1
Zahra Tavazo 2
Parisa Safarbeyranvand 3
Hosein Nemati Lojandi 4
1 PhD; An adjunct senior lecturer at the faculty of tourism sciences, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D candidate,, Dep. of geology at the faculty of science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Southern Khorasan Province, Iran
3 Master's degree in GIS, Expert in Iranian mining engineering organization
4 Master's degree, Expert in tourism and handicrafts office, Mazandaran cultural heritage, Iran
چکیده English

Extended Abstract
Introduction
In the last ten years in the world, the phrase "defense heritage tourism" instead of "War tourism" has attracted again the attention of scientific circles. The development of defense heritage tourism in Iran, which is several thousand years old, has not been paid attention to till now. This new approach among researchers, considering the existence of many historical castles, forts and battlefields in Iran, can help to identify and introduce many neglected points and areas of our country, and make them protected and exploited through the development of sustainable tourism in Iran. Meanwhile, Golugah city is a place where the fate of two historical dynasties was determined, but such historical heritage has not been considered for tourism development.
Methods and Materials
The main purpose of this research is to investigate the potential of defense heritage tourism development in Galugah region located in the east of Mazandaran province by using descriptive-analytical research method. To carry out this research, numerous data were used, including archaeological, demographic, economic, social, urban infrastructure, location of villages, and distribution of historical military points. The main method of the research was based on documentary studies, field observations, interviews with experts, and using spatial data analysis in Arc GIS system, and it was carried out to provide a zoning map for the development of defense heritage tourism sites in Galugah city.
Also, with the aforementioned data and the use of some secondary data, it was decided to determine the evaluation criteria of the defense heritage sites in the study area and priority of the determined sites in the area were valued, and shown on the map based on predetermined criteria.
 Discussion and Findings
In Golugah city, a general area with six main sites such as Jarkalbad defense wall (trench), Gravdin Tepe, GalePayan, and Lemarask and Nameneh barracks and the main historical battlefield zone were identified. Finally, according to the determined evaluation criteria and detailed field observations, the Kolbad defensive wall is the first priority, Golugah main historical battlefield in the second priority, the ancient castle of GalePayan in the third priority of investment for physical reconstruction and development of tourism infrastructure were recognized.
The interpretation center was also placed next to the battlefield so that, in addition to this battlefield, it can also provide interpretation services to the other three suitable and very suitable sites in the study area.
Conclusion
Golugah region is very important for the development of defense heritage tourism due to the occurrence of many wars. The existence of this defense heritage along with the recreation and the use of methods of bringing the past alive in the main historical battlefield - if the infrastructure is created - will be among the attractions of Golugah city for defense heritage tourists.
Three defense heritage sites: Kolbad defensive wall, Gravdin Tepe Castle and the main historical battlefield needs accurate identification, restoration and re-habilitation in the future, and in case of government investment to build a defense heritage interpretation center next to the interpretation museum and use advanced technological tools and ICT to tell the stories of the battlefields to tourists - according to Beck and Cable's principles, 1998 - can attract tourists and generate employment in the region. The rest of identified defense heritage sites, before any development measures, need archaeological excavations by experts, and after completing these measures, they can be used and invested for other aforementioned uses.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Defense Heritage Tourism
Battlefield of Galugah
Defense Heritage interpretation
Tourism development in Mazandaran
1- Abazari,M., Ranjbaran,B., Fathi,S., &Ghorbani, H. (2009) The effect of internal index on market orientation and organizational performance in the Hotel industry.Journal of Business Management. 31 (25-35). (In Persian).
2- Askari, A., (1971). Behshahr (Ashraf al-Balad), Tehran: Iran Publication House.
3- Azhari-Lemraski, H., (2016). Historical geography of Kolbad, A Quarterly Journal of Tarikhname –ye- Kharazmi,,  3 (4), 5-26.
 https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20160518145617-9971-76.pdf (In Persian).
4- Badman, T., (1994). Interpreting earth science sites for the public, In: D. O’Halloran, C. P. Green, M. Harley, M. Stanley & J. L. Knill (Eds.) Geological and Landscape Conservation. London: Geological Society, 492-432.
5- Bagaeen, S. & Clark, C., (Eds.)(2016). Sustainable Regeneration of Former Military Sites; Routledge.
6- Bal’ami, A., (1994). Tarikh Bal’ami, (Vol. I) (Corrected by Mohammad Roshan), (2th  edition), Alborz Publishing House, Tehran. (In Persian).
7- Bartold, W., (1979). An Historical Geography of Iran (Volume II) (Translated into Persian by Hamzeh Sardadvar), Toos Publishing House: Tehran.
8- Beck, L., & Cable, T., (2002). The Meaning of Interpretation, Journal of interpretation research, 7 (1),7-10.
9- Benakti, D. B. M., (1969). Benakti History, The Society for the National Heritage of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian).
10- Brebbia, C.A.,& Clark, C., (Eds.) (2016). Defence Sites III: Heritage and Future, WIT Press, the UK.
11- Brebbia, C.A. & Clark, C., (Eds.) (2014). Defense Sites II: Heritage and Future, UK: WIT Press.
12- Buhler A., (1996). Travelogue and geography of Gilan and Mazandaran. Edited by M. P. Jaktaji, Lahijan: Gil publishers. (In Persian).
13- Cable, T. & Beck, L., (2001). The need for interpretation: Now more than ever. Legacy.12 (5):47.
14- Clark, C., & Marks, M. (2021). Barracks, Forts and Ramparts: 2020: Regeneration Challenges for Portsmouth Harbour’s Defence Heritage. Tricorn Books Publishing, the UK.
15- Clark, C. & Brebbia, C.A., (Eds.) (2012). Defence Sites: Heritage and Future, WIT Publishers: UK.
16- Dobbels, J., & Bertels, I., (2012). Community involvement and military heritage conservation: a case study of the demolition of the Antwerp sixteenth-century fortifications. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment,(123), 267-278.
17- Fazli, A., (2017). We should use tourism to introduce the holy defence. The proceedings of the first national conference of Holy Defence Museums and Tourism, Tehran: Holy Defense Garden-Museum, Persian Gulf Hall, 21rd of February. (In Persian)
18- Firouzi, M.A., & Goodarzi, M., (2016). Identifying the obstacles to the development of war tourism in Khuzestan province. Journal of Tourism and Development, 5(1), 1-25. https://www.itsairanj.ir/article_110377.html (In Persian)
19- Hagen, J., (2018). Historic Preservation in Nazi Germany: Practices, Patterns, and Politics. In: Glenn Hooper (Ed.) Heritage at the Interface: Interpretation and Identity (pp: 56-71).Florida: University Press of Florida.
20- Hedayat, R., (2001).Rouza al-Safai Naseri,(Volume 9), (edited by Jamshid Kianfar), Asa’tir publications: Tehran. (In Persian).
21- Ibn-Rusta, A., (1986). Kitab al-Alaeq al-Nafisa, (translated into Persian by Hassan Qara Chanlu), Amir Kabir publications, Tehran.
22- Ibn al-Faqih, A. (1970). Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan, (translated into Persian by Masoud), Iran Culture Foundation, Tehran.
23- Ibn-Isfandiyar, M.H., (1987). History of Tabaristan. By the efforts of Abbas Iqbal, the second edition of Padhe Khavar publications, Tehran. (In Persian).
24- Karimi Qutb-abadi, F., (2014). War tourism in Iran. Tehran: Karimi Qutb-abadi Publication.(In Persian)
25- Khateri, Sh., (2010).War tourism in the world and the lessons we learn from it to promote the culture of peace. Tehran: Aftab Graphic Publishing, 155 p. (In Persian).
26- Khwanruthai, B., & Yuji, M., (2011). Site Suitability Evaluation for Ecotourism Using GIS and AHP: A Case Study of Surat Thani Province,
Thailand. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 21, 269–278.
27- Leopold, A., (1949). A sand county Almanac, Oxford University Press.
28- Lemelin, R.H. & Bird, G.R. (2019). What Is Battlefield Tourism? Retrieved from website: http://battletourism.ca/battlefield-tourism.html
29- Lloyd, D., (1998). Battlefield tourism, pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939. Library of Congress cataloging-in-publication data.UK: Oxford International Publishers Ltd.
30- Macadam, J., (2018). “Geoheritage: getting the message across. What message and to whom?”In: E. Reynard & J. Brilha (Eds.) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection and Management (267-288), Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.
31- Mac Cannell, D., (1976).The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, London: MacMillan.
32- MacKenzie, C.F. (1980). The Travelogue of the North, (translated into Persian by Mansoureh Ettehadieh), Tehran: Gostareh Publication.
33- Madelung, W. (1975). The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran. In: Frye, R.N. (Ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. (translated into Persian by Anoushe in 2002, Tehran: Amir Kabir Publication).
34- Mahfirozi, A., et al., (2002 to 2004). The archaeological Survey of East Mazandaran (from Neka to Golugah), A collection of reports of the General Department of Mazandaran Cultural Heritage Organization. Mazandaran (In Persian).
35- Mahjuri, A., (2001). History of Mazandaran, (Vol. I), Toos Publication House, Tehran. (In Persian)
36- Manouchehri, S., (2013). The Relationship Between Development, Tourism and the Security on Security and Law Enforcement Agencies. The Specialized Quarterly of Police Knowledge of the Capital Police. 4(23), 114-97. (In Persian)
37- Melgunov, G., (1985).Melgunov’s travelogue to the shores of the Caspian Sea (translated into Persian by M.Golzari), Dad’joo Publications, Tehran.
38- Mirisaee, M., (2014). Post War Reconstruction for Tourism Development Case Study Khorram-Shar in Iran, Proceedings of Inter. Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ICAACE’14), Dubai, (Dec. 25-26, pp57-63).
39- Mirza Ebrahim, (1977). Travelogue of Estrabad and Mazandaran, (by the efforts of Masoud Golzari), Farhang Iran Foundation: Tehran. (In Persian).
40- Mohammadi, S., (2018). Identification and analysis of factors affecting the development of War Zone Tourism in Kurdistan Province -Case Study: Marivan City.Journal of Geographical Data (SEPHR), 27(107), 49-66. (In Persian). https://www.sepehr.org/article_33561.html?lang=en
41- Mousavi-Kohpar, M., (2007). Archaeological Atlas of Iran. Tehran: Research Institute of Archeology of Iran. (In Persian)
42- Nami-Esfahani, M.S., (1984). Tarikh Giti-gosha in the History of Zandiyeh, (A Foreword by Saeed Nafisi), Iqbal publications: Tehran. (In Persian).
43- Namjooyan, F., (2012). A passage on the transformation of barracks into efficient urban spaces in Iran, and in the world: with an emphasis on the Bostan Bozorg-e Velayat project. Bimonthly of Shahr-Negar (57 & 56), 152-166. (In Persian).
44- Nasri-Ashrafi, J., (Ed.) (2020). Encyclopedia  of Tabarestan and Mazandaran. (third volume); Tehran: Nashr-e Ney Publishing House, 3252 pages
45- Neyestani J, & Taghavi A.  (2011). Finding the Location of Military Garrisons of Tabaristan in the Early Islamic Period Based on Documentary Sources, JHS, 2 (4):127-143. Retrieved from: https://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-6477-fa.pdf (In Persian).
46- Piekarz, M., (2007). Hot War Tourism: The Live Battlefield and the Ultimate Adventure Holiday. In: Ryan, C., (Ed.) Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation-153-172, Oxford: Elsevier.
47- Rabino, H. L.,(1986). Mazandaran and Strabad, (translated into Persian by Vahid Mazandarani)(third edition), Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
48- Rajabi, A., &Yazerlo, M., (2014). Study on the situation of war tourism in Iran and presenting a strategy for its development, Geographical Journal of Tourism Space, 3 (11), 17-47. (In Persian).
49- Raji, Z., & Naderi-Rad, H.R. (2020). An overview of the factors affecting war tourism demand. Horizons of humanities, 4(37), 41-52. (In Persian). http://ensani.ir/fa/article/427773/
50- Razeghi, N., Firozjaeyan, A.A., Sharifi-Moghadam, P., & Hashemiyan, B., (2016). War Tourism: A Qualitative Analysis of Rahiyan Noor Trips to War Areas. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 5(17), 97-114. (In Persian).
51- Ryan, C., (2007). Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation, UK: Elsevier.
52- Sabokbar, H.,  Baghiani, H.R., & Noorani, H., (2012). The role of warTourism in improvement of quality of life in urban war areas of Khuzestan province using TOPSIS method. Journal of Spatial Planning, 1(2), 83-94. https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_15900.html?lang=en
53- Sadeghi, A., (2021). The role of war tourism and holy defense monuments in strengthening the soft power of the Islamic Republic”. Journal of Holy Defense Studies, 7(3), 209-228. https://hds.sndu.ac.ir/article_1639.html? lang=en
54- Sadeghloo, T., (2016). Identification of Participators’ Motivational Factors in Battlefield Tourism (Case Study: Khuzestan Province). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 5(16), 188-208. https://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1242.html.
55- Sadry, B.N., Ghourchian, N.G., & Mohammad Davoudi, A.H. (2022). Developing a Conceptual Model for Heritage Interpretation in Geoparks Based on Authentic Methods in the World. Journal of Tourism and Development, 11(1), 69-85.(In Persian).
56- Sadry, B.N. & Tavazo, Z.,(2019). Defence Heritage Tourism: An opportunity for the sustainable development of Golugah city. The Proceedings of the first conference on the opportunities, challenges and development of Golugah city in the horizon of 1418, Mazandaran: Golugah city (with the cooperation of Golugah governorate and Institute of Geography of Tehran University), 19th and 20th of September. (In Persian).
57- Sadry, B.N., (2017). Interpretation of Defence Heritage in the Tourism Industry: Strengths and Weaknesses in Iran. A keynote speech in, and the proceedings of the first national conference of the Holy Defence Museums and Tourism, Tehran: Holy Defense Garden-Museum, Persian Gulf Hall, 21rd of February. (In Persian)
58- Sadry, B.N., (2009). Fundamentals of Geotourism: with special emphasis on Iran, (4th Print Publication: 2020), SAMT Organization publishers, Tehran. 220p. (English summary retrieved from: https://journals.openedition.org/physio-geo/4873?lang=en ).
59- Saeid Izadi,M.,& Amiri, N., (2016).Internal development, concordant, balanced and stable pattern to develop and promote the urban quality, planning for redevelopment of urban military land. BAGH-E- NAZAR, 13 (41), 35-46. (In Persian).
60- Sohrabi, M., & Zargham Borojni, H., (2013). Recognizing the Achievements of the Internal Tourists in Touring War Regions of Iran (Benefit-oriented Management Approach). Journal of Islamic Management, 21(1), 147-167.‌ https://im.ihu.ac.ir/article_201773.html?lang=en.
61- Sortichi, S., (2002). Mazandaran Ancient Castles (from Surkhani River to  Kolbad District). Iran’s Cultural Heritage Organization, Tehran. (In Persian)
62- Sotoudeh, M.,(1988). From Astara to Estarabad (Volume 4). Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (In Persian)
63- Strange, G. Le, (1930). The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. USA, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers  (June 27, 2023) (translated by Mahmood Irfan in 1994 into Persian: Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publication).
64- Tabari, M., (1994). The History of Prophets and Kings (The History of al-Tabari), (Translated into Persian by Payandeh), Vol.5, Tehran: Asatir Publication House.
65- Tilden, F., (1977). Interpreting Our Heritage. 3rd ed.  University of North Carolina Press.
66- Vafaei, Sh., (2002). Cultural Heritage of Mazandaran, Cultural Heritage Organization: Directorate of General Education, Publications and Cultural Productions: Tehran. (In Persian)
67- Vusouqi, L., & Rajabi-Moghadam, N., (2017).  Motivational Factors in War Tourism:The case of Khorramshahr War Museum.  Journal of Social Studies in Tourism, 11 (6),1-26. http://journalitor.ir/en/Article/35371/FullText (In Persian).
68- Wanyonyi, J. W., Imwati, A., & Boitt, M., (2016).GIS In Analysis of potential sites for ecotourism- A case study of Kwale County. J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol, 10(10), 43-49.
69- Yaqoubi, A., (1977). Al-Baldan, (Translated into Persian by A.M. Ayati), (third edition), Tehran: Tehran Book Translation and Publishing Company.
70- Zanitchkhah, P., & Razeghi, A., (2022). Position of Military Heritage Values in Conservation and Tourism of Qazaghkhaneh and Mashq Square in Tehran from the Viewpoint of the Students in BagheMelli Campus-University of Art. Journal of Tourism and Development 11 (2), 353-373.
 https://www.itsairanj.ir/article_141566.html
71- Zarrinkoub, A., (1984). Iran’s history after Islam.Amir Kabir Publishing House, Tehran.
72- Zarrinkoub, A., (2000). Two Centuries of Silence, Sokhon Publishing House, 9th edition (Translated into English by Paul Sprachman in Mazda Pub. 2017), Tehran.