Hossein Hatami nejad; Ashraf Azimzadeh Irany
Abstract
Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood ...
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Given that cities have the majority of the country's population and are often the economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, theirreadiness against crises (passive defense) should always be considered by the relevant experts. Organizing the city on the scale of the neighborhood (as the smallest and most effective urban unit) based on the requirements of passive defense, in order to deal with the crises (natural and man-made) and minimizing the hazards using geographical techniques and urban planning, are the objectives of this research. Therefore, the sixth district’s neighborhoods of Tehran’s 2nd region were selected as a case study and the results of the research were presented so that the possibility of generalization of similar surveys and studies in other urban areas would be provided. The present research is an applied- type, and the method of the research is normative-analytical. The scientific foundations of this research are based on the concepts of urban crisis management with an emphasis on geography and urban planning knowledge. In this research, after the recognition and evaluation of the present situation, the dimensions of the vulnerability of neighborhoods at the time of the crisis, the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the threats and opportunities of each neighborhood have been investigated with the passive defense approach, and the relevant conclusions have been drawn on this basis. Data collection was done based on library method and field studies, and a comparative method was used to provide the conclusions. In this research, the SWOT analytical technique was used to determine the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities, as well as to provide strategies, policies and suggestions for necessary actions, and ArcGis software was used to display and analyze the descriptive data. The results of the research indicate that the attention to components such as city structure, urban texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense. The results of the research reflect the fact that paying attention to the components such as city structure, city texture, city form, urban land use, and finally the social contributions of the residents of each neighborhood, can make it possible to organize urban neighborhoods based on the requirements of passive defense.
Nahid Sajadian; Mortaza Nemati; Ali Shojaian; Parivash Oraky
Abstract
One of the characteristics of the tribal system and communities with tribal structures is usually kinshipism (Khishavandgerayi). Heterogeneity in tribalism and geographical variations usually reduces the national cohesion of the state. For this reason, the present research was carried out with ...
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One of the characteristics of the tribal system and communities with tribal structures is usually kinshipism (Khishavandgerayi). Heterogeneity in tribalism and geographical variations usually reduces the national cohesion of the state. For this reason, the present research was carried out with the aim of assessing the role of tribalism in feeling the social security of the citizens in the city of Izeh.The research methodology is descriptive-analytical with a practical-theoretical approach. The required information was collectedthrough a library and field procedure(questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population included all the citizens above 15 in the city of Izeh and a sample of 348 people was obtained using the Cochran formula. In the next step, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson and Spearman tests and the results were presented in tables. GIS software has been used to edit maps. The results of the study show that52.6 % of the respondents were women and 45.1 % were men. 36.5 % were single and 50.9 % were married. 55.2 % of the respondents considered the tribal environment of the city as the cause of feeling insecure, and 43% considered the tribal clashes to be the cause of such feeling. 21.5% have left their home because of tribal conflicts. 19 % do not commute in the city during the conflict among the tribes. One of the other results of this study is that, there is a direct and significant relationship between education, the tribalism environment of the city and the citizens’ feelings of insecurity, but there is a reverse and significant relationship between prejudice in favor of their own tribe and feeling social insecurity.
Yasser Ebrahimian GhaJary; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Mahdi Modiri; Reza Hosnavi; Morteza Abbasi
Abstract
Throughout the history, cities have neverbeen safe due to the damages caused by human and natural disasters. So that inthe past, the cities were the war’s last target, but now with the development of technology, those hindrances have turned into the first wartargets. In fact, what poses war andair ...
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Throughout the history, cities have neverbeen safe due to the damages caused by human and natural disasters. So that inthe past, the cities were the war’s last target, but now with the development of technology, those hindrances have turned into the first wartargets. In fact, what poses war andair raids as a threat, is just the problem ofencountering it and being. One major way to prepare facing such threats, is the knowledge about the degree of its vulnerability whenthey occur. So, it depends on taking up some methodsto diminish the vulnerability instability. Whatthe researchers were looking for, was the modelling the vulnerabilityof the city buildings (one of the most important urbancomponent) in one part of theTehran (region 6 of Tehran municipality). Since vulnerability is made upof various criteria, so the proposed model in this researchis a kind of multi-criteria model (multi attribute decisionmodel), and according to the spatial essence of the criteria, this model has been carried out in GIS (MCDM-GISmodel). Delphi method has been used to survey major vulnerabilityfactors with the help of urban passive defense, structure, andarchitecture experts. The modelling of the 9 criteria has resulted throughAnalytic Hierarchical Process (AHP), and it shows that about 38percent of building has low vulnerability, about 60 percent has mediumvulnerability and 2 percent has high vulnerability (over 60 percent of buildingshas plus-average vulnerability) which shows the necessity for taking actions in order todecrease vulnerability through passive defense.
Sohrab Asgari
Volume 22, Issue 85 , May 2013, , Pages 79-96
Abstract
Managing a country is one of the most important issues in the world. This aim will achieve through evealuated and scientific planning processes. Good fulfillment of the plans will cause positive results. In Iran, palnning and territory management has a long history. In contemporary era, planning was ...
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Managing a country is one of the most important issues in the world. This aim will achieve through evealuated and scientific planning processes. Good fulfillment of the plans will cause positive results. In Iran, palnning and territory management has a long history. In contemporary era, planning was an organization agenda from the Qajar period,. In Reza shah's kingdom planning was an important issue General information office and Statistics Bureau were the first offices founded. Applying regional planning approach was the first steps in governmental economic programs, 5 years planning policy was applied in the Pahlavi period. The Islamic revolution metamorphosed all former political and social structures. Because of Mismanaging of main affaires in the country, many devastating crises appeared. One of the mismanaging was encouraging population increase. Some sensitive laws were ratified and as a result, a migration trend in a vast shape emptied many villages and caused slum and shanty town. Imposed war and international embargoes were 2 samples of big crisis which accelerated migrations. To face job cuts, and also to produce more strategic crops, idea for cultivating in pasture lands and grass lands was approved, This was a formal aggression forests and pasture lands bases. This aggression caused soil erosion in the country and millions tons of soil erode and destroy completely. Deforestation is the main cause of floods in recent years. In other sides mismanaging has caused environmental disasters around the country. The main issue of this article is evaluating of political decision impacts in geographical space organizating from environmental viewpoint in the country in recent decades.
Hamid Reza Varesi; Maryam Askari
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 92-98
Abstract
Recently, city services have faced many problems and issues due to rapid increase in urbanism and lack of a codified system of planning and management in different cities. Irregular and hasty population growth results in heterogeneous constructions without correct urban planning and distribution of facilities ...
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Recently, city services have faced many problems and issues due to rapid increase in urbanism and lack of a codified system of planning and management in different cities. Irregular and hasty population growth results in heterogeneous constructions without correct urban planning and distribution of facilities and services in a way that makes it impossible for everyone to take advantage of economic, environmental facilities. This results in the centralization of specific institutional-political and economic land use in specific urban areas. Residential areas are also an important part of urban land use and the largest area in most cities is allocated to them. They also face problems like shortage and lack of clear standards in buildings, disregard of quantitative and qualitative household indexes, shortage and costliness of urban lands, materials, establishment in inappropriate places and etc. Thus considering issues and problems facing urban household, an analysis and evaluation of the present house hold situation in different neighborhoods of Ilam was necessary for appropriate planning, qualitative and quantitative improvement of households and preventing irreparable damages.
In order to identify different insufficiencies in neighborhoods, it was necessary to collect information using questionnaire and analyze them using SPSS and Excel.
Results indicate that different urban neighborhoods have different qualitative and quantitative indexes, they have different level of access to urban facilities and services and their appearance is completely different. So that among 16 neighborhoods, suburban areas including 3 neighborhoods do not have access to the least household possibilities and standards. It is assumed that other neighborhoods have better situations and there is a significant relation between income level and the household quality.
Masoud Taghvaei; Fahimeh Soleimani
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 66-73
Abstract
Flood is an exceptional, extreme water stream that may be overflowed from the natural bed of the river and occupy the land around the bed. Flooding can be the result of heavy rain, quick melting of snow and ice, or the destruction of dams. Whatever the reason for this process, when it enters the urban ...
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Flood is an exceptional, extreme water stream that may be overflowed from the natural bed of the river and occupy the land around the bed. Flooding can be the result of heavy rain, quick melting of snow and ice, or the destruction of dams. Whatever the reason for this process, when it enters the urban areas, it causes damage and sometimes heavy casualties, as the city invades the natural hydrological spaces (rivers and river beds) during its development.
Over the past few decades, new methods have been developed to deal with floods, and these methods are of a more pre-emptive and non-therapeutic nature. By laying down and implementing specific plans for urban land use, regulations and laws, as well as education of people, flood damage can be reduced and minimized, while avoiding heavily costs of the construction of flood control structures.
In this regard, the present study, by documentary study, identifies the effects of natural factors (precipitation) and the resulting crisis in urban planning, which results in attention to crisis management in urban planning in order to prevent flooding and reduce rainfall damages as well as extending the optimal use of rainwater in a variety of aspects.
Esma'il Salehi; Saeed Negahban; Zohreh Ja'farian Dehkordi
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 29-33
Abstract
Cities are open systems that have always been the origin of change and are themselves changing and evolving, and given the growing population of cities in today's world, the physical space of the city has also expanded and occupied the surrounding land. The physical growth of cities has absorbed and ...
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Cities are open systems that have always been the origin of change and are themselves changing and evolving, and given the growing population of cities in today's world, the physical space of the city has also expanded and occupied the surrounding land. The physical growth of cities has absorbed and destroyed high-quality land. Human societies have been established in the early stages of formation with the aim of using high quality soils for agriculture, alongside or among high quality agricultural land. Over time, along with the expansion of the villages and their conversion into cities, and then the development of cities, high-quality agricultural lands have been added to the urban area and agricultural activities are retreating to poor lands. This article tries to understand the environmental impacts of urban development using a method based on secondary sources, and the results show that this issue is taking place continuously in parts of the suburbs of any city with potential of development and expansion. This physical growth of cities causes the destruction of the environmental balance between the city and its surroundings, which not only reduces the quantity and quality of resources and living conditions, but also causes major complications such as air and water pollution, noise pollution, and In general, the destruction of the environment.
Hossein Hataminejad; Mohammd Hossein Janbabanejad
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 61-66
Abstract
Postmodernism is considered to be the most prevalent feature of modernism, which is characterized by a combined imitation (Pastiche). The postmodern moment comes when the avant-garde (modern) is no longer able to continue and advance, and can not go a step further. The postmodern response to modernity ...
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Postmodernism is considered to be the most prevalent feature of modernism, which is characterized by a combined imitation (Pastiche). The postmodern moment comes when the avant-garde (modern) is no longer able to continue and advance, and can not go a step further. The postmodern response to modernity implies acknowledgment of the fact that the past must be reconsidered or revised, because the past can not really be destroyed, because the destruction of the past leads to silence. Postmodernism indicates a new kind of crisis in the modernist culture itself. This crisis emphasizes that scattered, decomposing, passing, turbulent and disordered aspect in Baudelaire’s formulation. Post-modern state of affairs has been closely associated with the growth of cities, particularly with the dramatic trend of urbanization and migration to major cities in recent decades. But this growth of cities was beyond what Le Corbusier and Max Weber considered to be for civilized and rational groups. In general, modernism and postmodernism have influenced various fields of literature, art, architecture, urban sociology, social theory, and urbanization, and their influence is still evident in these areas. In this article, written by descriptive-analytical method, we try to consider the concepts and characteristics of modernism and postmodernism in the field of urbanization, their differences and effects, especially of postmodernism, in different urban areas including physical and non-physical.
Hossein Hatami Nejad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaii
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 48-54
Abstract
Geography, as a cross-disciplinary science, has greatly benefited from the social and philosophical sciences during its evolution. Functionalism is one of the influential ideas in geography and especially in urban planning as one of the subcategories of this science. In this study, considering ...
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Geography, as a cross-disciplinary science, has greatly benefited from the social and philosophical sciences during its evolution. Functionalism is one of the influential ideas in geography and especially in urban planning as one of the subcategories of this science. In this study, considering functionalism as an essential activity for social life, we have dealt with the key elements of this theory that helped to the life and survival of city. After studying the history and concepts of this theory and its relation with geography based on evidence and secondary documents, we have examined the position of this theory in the urban system and urban planning. What can be said as the result is as follows: The validity of this theory in geography has been most accepted during the period 1920-1960 as the peak and flourishing period of its application after the formation of the Charter of Athens and the prevalence of comprehensive planning. The period from 1960s onwards has been the period of decline and inefficiency of the theory due to the prevalence of a systematic approach and the strategic structural patterns.
Seyyed Ramin Ghaffari; Pejman Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 25-27
Abstract
Limitation of resources and spatial constraints in the territories of the country in general, and in urban areas in particular, along with the increase of human population, requires that the organization of the spatial system in human settlements (urban - rural) be carried out with a preparatory approach. ...
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Limitation of resources and spatial constraints in the territories of the country in general, and in urban areas in particular, along with the increase of human population, requires that the organization of the spatial system in human settlements (urban - rural) be carried out with a preparatory approach. Understanding and attempting to establish a reasonable balance in the urban network system is one of the effective strategies in organizing space and facilitating the process of achieving sustainable development. In this paper, using rank-size model, we examined and analyzed the spatial distribution and dispersion of the population and the dominant system of urban hierarchy in each of the cities of Shahrekord county (the studied area). The results show that of the total of 12 studied cities, Shahrekord city as the first city has 51.5% of the county’s population. After that, Farrokhshar, as the second city (small city) and then 10 other cities are among the very small cities. Providing guidelines for optimal and proportional distribution of the population and reducing inequality (gap) between the first city and other cities within the studied area are among the approaches addressed in this paper.
Hojjat Mahkouei
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 68-71
Abstract
Places have fundamental differences in terms of scale and natural characteristics; in a complex way, they are overlapping and interdependent. Therefore, no map of the places in the world can be drawn to show definite boundaries. There are many examples of difference in places: Sand Book (1984), about ...
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Places have fundamental differences in terms of scale and natural characteristics; in a complex way, they are overlapping and interdependent. Therefore, no map of the places in the world can be drawn to show definite boundaries. There are many examples of difference in places: Sand Book (1984), about changing the spatial distribution of the industry and moving it away from interconnected urban areas - which turned out as a motivation for a full research program with general title of "Localising Program "-, explains this matter through local fabric. Every place bounded by a border is a land whose characteristics can be clearly expressed; its boundaries can be defined - whether on the ground or on the map - these borders can be defended, and their qualities can be specified. Therefore, governments’ understanding of the locating process is important for understanding how contemporary society behaves; the economy associated with the place of the capitalist system is based on competition. The provision of the interests of every place’s inhabitants has to be largely based on opposition to the interests of the inhabitants of other places, which often require the spread of positive view of the fellow-citizens and negative opinions towards the strangers. For sustainable urban development, the characteristics of the place where the city is set or is intended to be set is of great and decisive importance. The development of urban location is one of the basic steps taken by the governments for the well-being of the people living in the city. Since humans are interdependent and not able to live, progress, and develop without communication, places of human life, whether rural or urban areas are interdependent and related to each other in a way that It is not possible for one to develop without the others; this mutual interaction of places will cause their development. The nature of places can be summarized as follows: 1. Places are created by society. 2. Places make their own counterparts. 3. People have control over places and can change them. 4. Locations are not separate and independent from each other. In this research, we tried to investigate the relationship between city location and sustainable urban development as well as city location’s role in urban places; the method of research is descriptive-analytic.
Gholamreza Latifi; Alireza Samani
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 41-44
Abstract
The transfer of the capital is a problem that has always been a concern of the past governments of Iran, so that after various experiences of the transfer of the capital by Shah Abbas, Nadir Shah, Karim Khan Zand and others to cities such as Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz, Aghamohammadkhan of Qajar, ...
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The transfer of the capital is a problem that has always been a concern of the past governments of Iran, so that after various experiences of the transfer of the capital by Shah Abbas, Nadir Shah, Karim Khan Zand and others to cities such as Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz, Aghamohammadkhan of Qajar, determining Tehran as the everlasting capital, sewed the dress of traffic jams on Tehran's body and started the process which led to multi-billion trades in this city so that the small village became such a metropolis. The capital or political center in Iran, like its political boundaries, has had many ups and downs during the history of the country, and, subject to the change of government, its capital, except in a few cases, has been moved from city to city. A glance at the historical past of this change reflects the various motivations that have displaced the political center of the country in accordance with the time, place and social structure of the state, by preserving the political strategy and geopolitical issues of the time. These motives were mainly first political-security, and in the second place economic-social. Tehran, which today is the capital of Iran, does not have a long urban history. This city has long been one of the small villages of Rai, and the city of Tehran has grown since the Qajar period and its capitalization. These days, some have raised the issue of transferring the capital or the center of the country to another place. Concerning this suggestion, various and different opinions have been expressed. In this paper, we tried first of all to consider the transfer of the capital, in general and by considering the circumstances we are in on the one hand, and on the other, the experience and objectives of the countries that have chosen the new capital. Then, in contrast to the proposal to transfer the capital in the present situation, which public opinion may consider as a kind of escape from responsibility, we attempted to examine the main issue or the search for a solution that would allow the gradual elimination or modification of the problems of Tehran metropolis.
Mahdi Gharkhlou; Mohammad Hossein Janbabanejad Touri
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 35-41
Abstract
Today environmental sustainability and improvement of urban environment are among the main concerns of urban experts and designers, which have become more pronounced in metropolitan areas due to complexity of spaces and functions. To solve this problem, various solutions have been suggested by experts ...
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Today environmental sustainability and improvement of urban environment are among the main concerns of urban experts and designers, which have become more pronounced in metropolitan areas due to complexity of spaces and functions. To solve this problem, various solutions have been suggested by experts whose implementation is not practical due to high costs. Hence, a more convenient way of resolving this problem is to create urban green space. The green space of city, which has both social and environmental efficiency, determines shape of city as a vital factor along with city's body, and it is important to develop it as a solution to the environmental problems. The construction of green space and tree planting across the city have their own standards and regulations that should be considered in their design. In this research, which is of applied type and uses descriptive-analytical method, the degree of acceptability of green space utilization in the city, per capita standards of green space in Iran and the world, existing and applicable standards in the field of tree planting, appropriate standards concerning their density and deploy, as well as rules and regulations related to their design in the urban area are studied.
Ali Shakur; Raf'at Shokri; Morteza Zera'ati
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 19-24
Abstract
City is considered as one of the human-made phenomena in the environment, created with the aims of settlement, livelihood provision, social and economic relations and so on, but these are not considered as urban aims. The man has provided his own environment and has begun to live in it. Cities should ...
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City is considered as one of the human-made phenomena in the environment, created with the aims of settlement, livelihood provision, social and economic relations and so on, but these are not considered as urban aims. The man has provided his own environment and has begun to live in it. Cities should be based on the role and responsibilities they have in their region, and be developed in all aspects in a manner that minimizes their negative effects. Therefore, urban planning needs to be implemented in such a way that settlements and organizational patterns and the type of human activities be looked upon as a large community. Therefore, the main goal is based on the principle that urban planning be coherent. The urban hierarchy, according to a definition, is the classification of cities located in a geographical area based on population indices and the importance of their official functions, so that they can be categorized into different groups by calculation and measurable order. As we know, urban hierarchy is uneven in many provinces of our country, and there are many differences between cities in terms of ranking according to indicators. The cities of Fars province do not have regular hierarchies, and certain causes and factors have lead these hierarchies to be problematic. In this research, the urban hierarchy of Fars province has been studied based on three different patterns, the results have been compared with each other, and its hierarchy has been determined and some strategies to improve its ranking have been presented.
Hossein Hatami Nejad; Hadi Hakimi
Volume 15, Issue 58 , August 2006, , Pages 31-34
Abstract
Postmodernism has been interpreted as a broader concept than modernity, and it is the offspring of modernism. The era of modernism, which was based on trust to human intellect and did not accept a world beyond reason, was influenced by philosophers such as Hegel, Kant, Rene Descartes, and before that, ...
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Postmodernism has been interpreted as a broader concept than modernity, and it is the offspring of modernism. The era of modernism, which was based on trust to human intellect and did not accept a world beyond reason, was influenced by philosophers such as Hegel, Kant, Rene Descartes, and before that, Francis Bacon, which caused profound changes in various areas of human life, and perhaps it was only in this period that mankind reached full self-confidence and considered itself to be ruler over its own destiny. But modernism, as it originally seemed to have succeeded, had major effects on crises such as the first and second World Wars and the racial, gender and environmental crises in the twentieth century. These factors led the philosophers and thinkers of the second half of the 20th century to doubt the wisdom of pure reason, and those like Karl Raymond Popper believe that rationalism must itself be criticized. Therefore, a period in the name of postmodernism has come to the fore which has had profound effects in various scientific and artistic fields. In this paper, we have tried to understand the concepts and definitions of modernism and postmodernism to the extent possible, and to analyze the similarities and differences between them and the impacts that each period have had on different urban areas, both physical and non-physical.
Bahman Kargar
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 19-25
Abstract
Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects ...
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Modern cities abound with insecurity and social damages. Provision of security in a city which has developed and extended formlessly and inordinately on the scale of thousands of kilometers seems very difficult, if not impossible. For this reason, large cities which have now gone beyond human aspects and suffer from every kind of conflicts and irregularities have led to appearance of all-out damages, so that they seem unable to supervise and control irregular behaviors and make human environments safe for different social groups in any of social, cultural and economic aspects. This is why they are basically considered unsafe environments
In this regard, urban security is one of the important scientific, technical, practical and official matters that is now examined as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive field in terms of urban sociology, laws, geography and police-security sciences, and deals with the destiny of the body of citizens, the totality of social and economic system of the country and the city, and specially the large-scale security issues.
Tehran, the two-hundred-year-old capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has assumed a multi-lateral character in political, cultural and economic terms through various historical stages. This has led to heavy concentration of population and economic and cultural activities, as well as vast physical development.
This situation has caused lack of coordination among activities, population, space, infrastructures and security equipment, so that Tehran has become the hotpot of urban crimes and insecurity among all the cities of Iran. The increasing growth and vertical and horizontal extension of Tehran, especially after the Revolution, as well as initial migrations after Iran-Iraq war, caused to the emergence of social, economic and housing issues that led to a major gap between the police’s limited potentials and the increase and breadth of crimes and new criminal equipment.
Concentration of crimes is not the same at all twenty two districts of Tehran. In this paper, the city of Tehran and the security issues concerning the daily-increasing physical and demographic development of this city have been studied, and the Ozgol 164 police station and its area of activity, which includes districts 4, 5, 6, and 10, have been investigated as a case study.
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