Issues of the border regions of the country
Mehdi Safari Namivandi; Seyed Ali Ebadinejad; Mehdi Kazemi; Yahya Ghobadi; Sadegh Yasami
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Protecting the borders and establishing security and defense in the border and internal areas of every country has been the concern of the rulers of their time. To some extent, all countries throughout history have faced insecurity, chaos, crisis and war at the borders to stabilize their country. In the past years, many ethnic, racial and religious groups have lived side by side in unstable political and social frameworks and have lived on the borders. Throughout history, the country's border strips have seen the most significant conflicts and confrontations between governments and nations; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments, so borders have a special place in every country. One of the most difficult tasks of any government is the control and security of political borders, and if this issue is not paid attention to and there are no appropriate plans and solutions, the country's political sovereignty will be threatened. In order to turn threats into opportunities and benefit from conditions and situations in order to maintain security and secure national interests, we must have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the level of border areas and its surrounding spaces. In the meantime, one of the most important measures is planning according to the geomorphological capabilities of the border areas. One of the measures that increase security in the border strip is to identify areas prone to establishing military bases and surveillance centers. Considering that the border strip of Kurdistan province, including Marivan city, has a sensitive location, therefore, in this research, the areas prone to the construction of military bases and observation centers in this city have been identified.
Materials and methods
In this research, according to the subject and objectives, library information, SRTM 30 meters high digital model and digital layers of information have been used as research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS (for the purpose of preparing necessary maps) and Expert Choice (for the implementation of the AHP model). In this research, in order to identify the vulnerable areas of Marivan city against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers, the integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, the parameters used are identified. In the second step, the used parameters are fuzzification. In the third step, using the Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP) and based on the opinions of experts, weight has been given to the information layers and then the obtained weight has been applied to the information layers. In the fourth stage, the layers of information are combined and finally, a map of areas prone to enemy infiltration and areas prone to establishing military bases and observation centers is prepared.
Discussion and results
In this research, in order to identify vulnerable areas against enemy infiltration, 6 parameters of height, slope, field of view, distance from the river, distance from urban areas and distance from military bases have been used. Also, considering that the study area corresponds to the border strip, therefore monitoring and controlling these areas is very important. One of the ways to control and monitor the border areas is to create military bases and observation centers, which has been addressed in this research using 6 parameters. Investigations have shown that Marivan city has a lot of diversity in terms of geomorphology, and this problem has caused its different parts to have different potentials for creating military objectives. Considering the importance of creating security in the border strip, it is necessary to pay attention to the geomorphological capabilities of this city in order to create security in the region. In this research, based on the geomorphological capabilities of Marivan city, vulnerable areas were identified against the enemy's influence, as well as areas susceptible to the construction of military bases and observation centers.
Conclusion
According to the results, due to the geomorphological situation of Marivan city, parts of this city lack sufficient visibility and are far from the monitoring and control of military bases, and this problem has caused these areas, which mainly include the southwestern and southern regions. Is a city, have a high vulnerability potential. Also, the results of this research have shown that parts of Marivan city, which mostly correspond to the central areas of the city, have a high potential for building military bases and observation centers. Due to high altitude, low slope, western directions, wide field of view, proximity to main roads and being far from military bases, these areas have high potential for the desired goals. The total results of this research have shown that in locating military bases in Marivan city, geomorphological factors have not been given much attention and it is necessary to establish security in this region, military bases and observation centers. He built a new building in accordance with the geomorphological strength of the region.
Sepide Imeni; Hassan Sadough; Shahram Bahrami; Ahmad Reza Mehrabian; Kazem Nosrati
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Geomorphologists have always considered geomorphological processes such as weathering, erosion, and sedimentation, and tectonic processes as the main factor creatingdifferent landforms in the ecosystem. Moreover, a large part of the earth’s surface is affected ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Geomorphologists have always considered geomorphological processes such as weathering, erosion, and sedimentation, and tectonic processes as the main factor creatingdifferent landforms in the ecosystem. Moreover, a large part of the earth’s surface is affected by the presence and existence of organisms, thus these biological species play a major role in environmental changes and consequently in the creation of landforms. In fact, geomorphology is one of the important factors affecting vegetation heterogeneity in the scope of landscape. Alluvial fans are among the important and majorgeomorphologicalforms in which two natural parameters of landform and vegetation coexist. Various methods are used to study vegetation density. Vegetation variables are commonly estimated using land surveying, but satellite images have made more accurate methods of rangeland management and alsoestimationof plant quantities in inaccessible areas possible. However, usingdata obtained from satellite imageries for partial measurements has some limitations due to unavailabilityof high spatial resolution images such as QuickBird satellite images or high expenses of retrieving such imagery.In the present study, plant variables were investigated using large-scale aerial imagery and field sampling. Plant density and percent canopy cover were also determined in the study area using the same methods.
Materials & Methods
Study area
The area under study is located in the northeastern regions of Semnan province, northernShahroud city. The study area includes three alluvial fans including Saran, Moghatelan and Hot-Sokhteh.
Methods
Based on field observations, Google Earth images, and drainage pattern, alluvial fans were divided into active (young surfaces) and inactive (old surfaces) parts. Six sites (P1 to P6) including upstream, downstream, active and inactive parts of the alluvial fans under study were selected in order to determine the density and percent of canopy cover in channels, interfluves (in old surfaces), bars and swales (in young surfaces). The aerial image was acquired using a Dji Phantom 4 Pro Drone with a relative flying height of 100 m, and a 20 megapixel, FC6210 digital camerain December 2018 (Table 1 and Fig. 3). The canopy covers in alluvial fan landforms (including channels, interfluves, bars and swales) were measured using large-scale images (1: 500) acquiredby drone. In the next stage, 50 rectangle and squareshaped plots were selected to determine the density and percent canopy cover of the aforementioned landforms in the upstream and downstream of the three alluvial fans; 5 squareshaped plots with a dimension of 10*10 m were selected from the interfluves, 45 rectangularshaped plots with a dimension of 3*10 m were selected from the channels, swales and bars. Then, percent canopy cover was calculated in each plot and the average percent canopy cover was finally calculated for the 50 plots of each site.
Experimental studies
In order to investigate physical and chemical characteristics of soil and its effects on the density and vegetation type across alluvial fans, 48 soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-20 cm in the three alluvial fanseach including active and inactive parts, bars, swales, channels, and interfluves. PH, EC, phosphorus (P), absorbable potassium (K) and sodium (Na), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), Saturation percentage (Sp), water retention capacity of soil (WHC), soil texture, and total organic carbon (OCT) were also measured in the samples.
Sampling vegetation and identifying plant species
In order to identify plant species, field work was carried out in June 2019. Plant species of the study area were identified and a sample was collected, dried and pressed. Systematic random sampling was used in the specified types. In fact, a 200-meter transect was selected in each site, and 8 plots with a dimension of 8 * 8 m were identified along each transect including channels, interfluves, swales, and bars of the upstream and downstream alluvial fans. Therefore, 43 vegetation sampling plots were selected along the 200-meter transect.
Results & Discussion
In the active surfaces of both upstream and downstream alluvial fans, density and percent canopy cover of bars arehigher than those of swales, because of the higher amount of silt and clay in bars. Larger plant species such as shrubs and sub-shrubs requiringfine-textured soil grow in these bars. On the other hand, swales have a higher amount of organic materials and calcium carbonate. EC and PH are lower in the bars as compared to the swales. Water-holding capacity (WHC) and Saturation percentage (Sp) of the soil are higher in the swales as compared to the bars. There are more absorbable potassium and phosphorus in the bars. However, vegetation density and percent canopy cover in swales are lower than those of bars despite their high soil fertility and moisture. This is probably due to the lower stability of the swales whichresults in their higher exposure to unstable currents during occasional storms and floods.
Overall, plant species adapted to the specific environmental conditions are settled in each landform. PerovskiaAbrotanoides is the dominant plant species in active surfaces ofbars. The vegetation type is more limited in the swales of active surfaces including species likePoabulbosa and Bromusdanthoniae.
In inactive surfaces of alluvial fans, elementsrequired for soil fertility (organic materials, calcium carbonate, absorbable potassium and sodium, phosphorus, pH, saturated moisture of the soil, and soil retention) are higher in the interfluves as compared to channels. The relative higher fertility of interfluves can be attributed to their gentle slopes, higher stability and hence higher possibility of soil formation. Long-term exposure of sediments or alluviums to weathering elements on relatively flat surfaces of interfluves has resulted in the formation of more clay and silt, and thereby denser vegetation in interfluves compared to channels. Herbaceous and shrub species, which require fine-textured soils, settle in interfluves. On the other hand, vegetation density of channels with higher amounts of sand and pebbles is lower likely due to their steep slopes as well as their higher level of erosion. However, percent of canopy cover is higher in channels as compared to interfluves. Channels have a relatively higher level of moisturesince they are in the shade and in vicinity of groundwater. Hence, shrubsare settled in these landforms. These species havea denser canopy cover, and deeper roots and require coarser soil texture.
Artemisia sieberi is the dominant plant species in inactive surfacesofinterfluves.This species is a sun-loving plant requiring lots ofsunshine to grow.Apart from Artemisia sieberi, other plants such as Astragalus sp., Acanthophyllum sp., Peganumharmala, AmygdalusScoparia and convolvulus acanthocladus have also settled in the interfluves.
Conclusion
Analyzing vegetation density and percent canopy cover of alluvial fans and their related landforms indicated that bushes are more frequent in the interfluves of old surfaces as compared to other parts of these fans. Despitelower vegetation densityin bars of young fans and channels of old fans, they have a larger type of vegetation (mainly shrubs) and thus, a higherpercent canopy cover. Generally, this study has revealed that bushes are more frequent in the old alluvial fans, especially upstream parts of the fans as compared to other areas. Overall, the results indicate that geomorphological processes such as aggradation and degradation affect the texture and fertility of soil as well as type and density of vegetation.
Mohsen Pour Khosravani; S. Elham Mousavi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Natural conditions and physical limitations determine the suitability of an area for the development of the city. Therefore, ignoring the effects of these factors and conditions such as the position of the floodplain, steep, existence of bedrock ... on the development can ...
Read More
Extended Abstract Introduction Natural conditions and physical limitations determine the suitability of an area for the development of the city. Therefore, ignoring the effects of these factors and conditions such as the position of the floodplain, steep, existence of bedrock ... on the development can cause serious and complex problems (sarvar, et al., 2014, 96). Urban development is the harmonious and balanced expansion of the surface assigned to the residential buildings in a city, with the surfaces required by other applications at a standard level (ghrekhloo et al, 2011). In many sources, the physical expansion of cities is defined as a dynamic and continuous process in which the physical limits of the city and its physical spaces increase in vertical and horizontal directions in terms of quantity and quality (Pour Ahmad et al, 2014). High population growth and migration caused unplanned constructions and unrestrained expansion of cities and has created a lot of changes in their spatial constructions. The lack of knowledge and awareness of these limitations and the lack of preserving their limits led to the development of the city towards these obstacles and ultimately, urban areas will face serious problems. Therefore, the balanced development of cities requires planning principles. Accordingly, this research tries to determine the optimal areas for the physical development of the Dalaky and Vahdatiyeh towns, while considering the variables affecting the location of these two towns with the help of the Geographic information system (GIS) and mathematical methods of MCDM. Research Methodology The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, based on practical type. In this research, the required information was collected using field and library methods and then, the subject under study was investigated using Excel, AutoCad, ARC GiS and GOOGLE Earth software and SAW, Dematel and AHP methods in two stages. At the first stage, geomorphological maps were prepared as the base maps using 1: 100000 geological and 1: 50000 topographic maps -K753 series, pages 6148 IV and 6248 I, digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite imagery. Then, at the second stage, the AHP method was used to weight the sub-criteria and the SAW, DEMATEL and AHP methods were used to weight the main criteria of the research and ultimately the final map was prepared. In general, AHP helps decision-makers to choose the best option by comparing criteria and sub criteria. In this way, decision-makers compare criteria and sub-criteria in pairs, and there is no need to consider all criteria at one stage. Results and discussion The variables and indices in this study are 5 criteria: slope, mother materials, geoform, land surfaces and climatic elements; and 6 sub-criteria: distance from human elements, distance from runoff, distance from the tectonic structure, temperature, precipitation, wind speed; and 10 indices: distance to urban settlements, distance from the road, distance from groves, distance from agricultural lands, distance from the alluvial fans, distance from the river, distance to Galli, distance from alluvial terraces and distance to reverse and strike-slip faults. After evaluating these indices, AHP, Dematel and SAW techniques were used to analyze them. Conclusion Urban physical development is one of the main issues of urban growth, and if the physical development is not a desirable location in cities, there will be many negative impacts both from natural and human aspects on the cities. Unauthorized growth of urban areas and the development of these areas in the natural environment regardless of natural hazards, recognizing regional geomorphic conditions, environmental hazards, and urban planning are necessary to determine the safe and sustainable environment for the expansion of cities. In this research, the geomorphological and environmental hazards in the study area have been investigated using the Saw, Dematel and AHP models; the opportunities and constraints have been expanded in different directions of the Dalaki and Vahdatiyeh cities, and finally the best direction for the expansion of these cities in the future was determined. Although both the DEMATEL and AHP model compare each parameter to other parameters, but, because the AHP model compares the weight of the classes of each criterion based on the preference of one class to all classes of that criterion, it provides better results. The results show that the SAW method also suggests some results by direct determination of the weights. Therefore, with regard to the contradiction of the final results of parameter weighting, the weights have been integrated in this research using the average rating method. Accordingly, the mother material parameter with an average rating of 1.33 is the most preferred parameter, and the slope and land surface parameters with an average rating of 3.67, have the least preference in weighting factors. According to these surveys, the lands of the south-east, north, north-east and the eastern slopes are the most suitable directions for the physical development of two towns of Dalaki and Vahdatyeh.
Samad Shadfar
Abstract
One of the types of environmental hazards that causes the destruction of agricultural lands, rangelands and Infrastructure in many parts of the country is gully erosion. In this research, fuzzy logic operators were used with the aim of determining the different hazard zones,obtaining the area of each ...
Read More
One of the types of environmental hazards that causes the destruction of agricultural lands, rangelands and Infrastructure in many parts of the country is gully erosion. In this research, fuzzy logic operators were used with the aim of determining the different hazard zones,obtaining the area of each one of them, and presenting the map of the gully erosion hazard in Troud watershed. In order to achieve this goal, satellite imagery, interpretation of 1:20000 scale aerial photos, 1:50000 scale topographic maps, 1:100000 scale geological maps, field studies and ArcGIS software have been used as the main research tools. To do this, at first, some of the effective variables which had more important roles in the formation and development of gully erosion, as well as the areas with gully erosion, were identified. In the next stage, the effective factor classes were weighted and the gully erosion map was prepared using fuzzy operators including fuzzy algebraic sum, fuzzy multiplication, fuzzy gamma 0.5 and fuzzy gamma 0.8 in the GIS environment.The results indicate that in the fuzzy algebraic summation method, 100% of the gully areas are located in very highclass, in the fuzzy algebraic multiplication, 83.29% of the gully areas are located in low class, in 0.8 fuzzy gamma method,60.93% of the gullies are located in low class and about 17 %are located in high and very high classesbut, in 0.5 fuzzy gamma method, around 1.5% of the gully areas are located in low class and about 62% are located in high and very high classes.
Marziyeh Mokarram; Saeed Negahban
Abstract
Landform is a feature of land or landscape, the establishment of which is formed by natural processes that can be described and defined by index feature, and if detected, the landformprovidesinformation aboutits own structure along with its composition, texture, or integration. The existence of landforms ...
Read More
Landform is a feature of land or landscape, the establishment of which is formed by natural processes that can be described and defined by index feature, and if detected, the landformprovidesinformation aboutits own structure along with its composition, texture, or integration. The existence of landforms variety and their diversity are mainly controlled by the change inthe shape and the position of the Earth. Therefore, the classification and identification of different areas with regard to their morphological characteristics is essential. This research attempts to classify different landforms in the southern city of Darab. This research is Descriptive-analytical based on quantitative, field, software and modeling methods in which the Topographic Position Index (TPI) method was used for the identification and classification of landforms of the study area. The input data in this model includes slope, transverse curvature, minimum and maximum curvatures. The results of the morphological classification of the study region showed that the region includes 10 types of landform (waterway, valleys of middle waterways, high drains, upstream, u-shaped valleys, small plains, open slopes, upper slopes, elevated ridges, middle slope ridges, mountain peaks). Most of the landform types in the study area are related to the waterways (32/19 %) and then, the peaks (25/36 %).
Mohammad Mahdi Hoseinzadeh; Saeed Rahimi Harabadi
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 77-80
Abstract
Exploring the changing processes of land forms is considered to be one of the key topics in geomorphological studies. Nowadays, geomorphological studies analyzes and clarifies geomorphic forms and processes at ground level. This shows the dominance of a systematic view in this field. In systematic view, ...
Read More
Exploring the changing processes of land forms is considered to be one of the key topics in geomorphological studies. Nowadays, geomorphological studies analyzes and clarifies geomorphic forms and processes at ground level. This shows the dominance of a systematic view in this field. In systematic view, geomorphic analyses are performed based on the relation between land form and process. Geomorphologic threshold is one of the key concepts in systematic theory and thus is of significant importance in geomorphology. It indicates borderline situations during the occurrence of changes and shows temporal changes. The present article is based on secondary research and exploits theoretical and applied concepts related to thresholds, seeking to reach a balanced systematic analysis. It tries to study geomorphologic thresholds and classifications using different Persian and English resources. Moreover, we propose a short overview of some geomorphological issues, such as gully erosion, alluvial fan and river systems. Results indicate that geomorphic thresholds separates different situations of a system and are thus distinguishable. In fact, occurrence of a threshold changes the dominant processes in a geomorphologic system. This concept shows the situation in which a process operates to establish a new balance in the system. Siyum classifies geomorphic thresholds into two categories: 1) Internal which is related to the inside of a geomorphic system and 2)external which is under the influence of external variables such as climatic and tectonic changes.
Hosseyn Azizi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 64-67
Abstract
Geomorphology is a very good guide for urban planning. Geomorphologic maps not only propose new ideas regarding the variables of the perspective, but also indirectly facilitate evaluation of resources in an environment. The present article demonstrates the capability of satellite data in identifying ...
Read More
Geomorphology is a very good guide for urban planning. Geomorphologic maps not only propose new ideas regarding the variables of the perspective, but also indirectly facilitate evaluation of resources in an environment. The present article demonstrates the capability of satellite data in identifying main geomorphologic units in an industrial area like Korba city. Moreover, it is possible to identify the importance of the area using geomorphologic maps along with other geo-information like Lithology and geology structures. Each area is appropriate for a special kind of development and urban planning. The present article emphasizes on how a simple perspective like logical accumulation of geomorphologic and geologic information can provide valuable input for urban planning and development.
Teimur Ja'fari
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 27-35
Abstract
The present article aims to investigate causes of flooding in Esfarayen County and introduces different applications of geomorphology in providing structural methods of floodwater management. Considering the present situation, structural methods like canals, bridges and retarding reservoirs are used ...
Read More
The present article aims to investigate causes of flooding in Esfarayen County and introduces different applications of geomorphology in providing structural methods of floodwater management. Considering the present situation, structural methods like canals, bridges and retarding reservoirs are used for introducing flood controlling methods. In order to design these structures, maximum annual instant discharge was calculated using Dakin equation and statistics received from Bidvaz River hydrological station. Then, sections of the buildings and their dimensions were determined for a return period of 5 to 500 years using Manning relation and finally discharge was calculated by multiplying average current velocity to section area. Results indicate that apart from natural factors like precipitation regime, impermeability of formations, drainage density, vegetation poverty and slope, human factors like settlement and development of villages across fans, redirection and integration of waterways, unnecessary arches in canals and ignoring probable maximum precipitation in construction intensify flooding in villages. According to the findings, any changes to the dimensions, types and forms of drainage network must be in accordance with geomorphological theories. Moreover, this subfield of physical geography is especially potential in proposing structural methods for floodwater management.
Mahdi Ahmadi; Omid Ebrahimi; Arman Gheisvandi
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 104-109
Abstract
Tourism development in deprived regions with necessary tourism potentials is a strategy which has recently attracted the attention of different countries of the world. In different parts of the world, preserving the environment, ecosystem and the wildlife are considered important. The present article ...
Read More
Tourism development in deprived regions with necessary tourism potentials is a strategy which has recently attracted the attention of different countries of the world. In different parts of the world, preserving the environment, ecosystem and the wildlife are considered important. The present article investigates geomorphology of Ilam Province in Western parts of the country emphasizing on geotourism resources. Geomorphologic diversity of the province have created unmatched resources in geotourism which are able to turn the Province into a tourist attraction. The present study identifies geologic and geomorphologic characteristics of straits in this Province and provides necessary solutions for using this valuable resource. Moreover, it identifies unique features of this landforms emphasizing on their attraction.
Hiva Elmizadeh
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 79-83
Abstract
The surface of the earth is composed of the continuity of a more or less extensive surface, which is called the slope. The main feature of this feature is its skewness. This surface is generally covered by soil and surface deposits. Since the soil is the most important element of the earth's biosphere, ...
Read More
The surface of the earth is composed of the continuity of a more or less extensive surface, which is called the slope. The main feature of this feature is its skewness. This surface is generally covered by soil and surface deposits. Since the soil is the most important element of the earth's biosphere, without which the life in the land will not be running and durable, preserving and protecting it is of particular importance (Badrifar, 2000). Sometimes humans, by cultivating slopes and plowing in the direction of slope, have caused vertical cuts in the slopes; plowing the slopes and building irrigation networks along the level curves and also digging the canals along the direction of the slopes have greatly contributed to the intensification of the process of destruction and erosion of the soil and the elimination of this valuable material. In this paper, the status and shape of erosion in different directions of the slopes and the effect of morphology and slope on erosion and its type have been studied in Natchi basin. In this research, in addition to field studies, various documents such as topographic maps, geology, vegetation, aerial photos and satellite imagery have been used as research tools.
Siavush Shayan; Gholam Reza Zare; Shahram Amiri
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 37-45
Abstract
The science of Geomorphology is the study of ground surface unevenness. Geomorphology provides the best basis for classifying the ground. One of the outcomes of the work of Geomorphologists is the preparation of geomorphologic map, which is the result of long-term research efforts. The preparation of ...
Read More
The science of Geomorphology is the study of ground surface unevenness. Geomorphology provides the best basis for classifying the ground. One of the outcomes of the work of Geomorphologists is the preparation of geomorphologic map, which is the result of long-term research efforts. The preparation of these maps always follows certain principles and methods. Obviously, in recent years, geomorphologic maps have been developed using new techniques and computer manipulations such as GIS. The important issue of geomorphologic maps is the standardization, which has been remarkable, and some action has been taken in this regard. The purpose of the preparation of geomorphologic maps is to record the information on landforms, materials, soil and rock, ground processes and, in some cases, the age of the landforms. In this way, they provide a basis for ground-based assessment that is useful in many environmental issues. Therefore, geomorphologic maps are not only a scientific and research basis for different researchers, but regarded as a tool for sustainable development and advancement. Familiarity with it, the way of drawing and its developments, the necessity and the aspect of its applicability are of significant importance.
Siavush Shayan; Kazem Bahrami; Shahram Bahrami
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 55-60
Abstract
Aggregates are part of building materials including hard materials such as sand, gravel and rubble, which, after being combined with other adhesive materials, can be used in the production of concrete, mortar and plaster, and in the construction of roads and railways, Bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, ...
Read More
Aggregates are part of building materials including hard materials such as sand, gravel and rubble, which, after being combined with other adhesive materials, can be used in the production of concrete, mortar and plaster, and in the construction of roads and railways, Bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, and other construction purposes. The present study investigates the formation, dispersion and distribution of aggregates in relation to landforms and geomorphologic processes. The result of this study is that a large part of aggregate resources are formed in river landforms or alluvial environments such as the current and old river basins, the intersection of the rivers, the new alluvial terraces, and parts of the alluvial fans. In glacial environments, forms such as alluvial ice plains, kames and eskers are considered as among prone areas for the formation and exploration of aggregates. In coastal areas, continental shelf sediments and littoral drift and some ancient geomorphological forms, and dunes in the desert areas are capable of exploring aggregate resources. In erosional anticlines or anticline ridges that are hard at the top and loose at the bottom, there are large zones of debris that, if fresh or poorly weathered, can be a very good source for extraction of aggregates. Also, geomorphologic processes such as weathering, erosion and transportation of materials, physical and chemical degradation, as well as tectonic factors and geomorphologic changes play very important role in the formation, dispersion and quality of aggregates and building materials.
Mohammad Reza Asghari Moghaddam
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 54-56
Abstract
The Desert and Kavir (salt pan) are two familiar words for the Iranians, which unfortunately most people do not know in real terms and often consider as synonymous, while these two are different in terms of their conditions of formation, their influential processes and their current conditions, so that ...
Read More
The Desert and Kavir (salt pan) are two familiar words for the Iranians, which unfortunately most people do not know in real terms and often consider as synonymous, while these two are different in terms of their conditions of formation, their influential processes and their current conditions, so that it can be said that deserts are geographic-climatic phenomena, that is, their geographic conditions on the one hand and their geographic-based climatic conditions on the other hand affect them and transform these areas into poor and fragile ecosystems, while salt pans are formed in the vicinity of the deserts and sometimes among them, lack vital ecosystem, and are basically geomorphologic-hydrological phenomena. This means that salt pans are holes that the hydrographic networks end in, and that high level of groundwater and the presence of a salt layer that prevents the growth of the plant at the surface are among their features.
Hiva Elmizadeh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 63-67
Abstract
Basically, the establishment and emergence of a city is more than anything subject to environmental conditions and geographic location, since natural features and phenomena have a decisive influence on location, dispersion, penetration area, physical development, urban morphology and the like, and sometimes ...
Read More
Basically, the establishment and emergence of a city is more than anything subject to environmental conditions and geographic location, since natural features and phenomena have a decisive influence on location, dispersion, penetration area, physical development, urban morphology and the like, and sometimes act as a positive and temporal factor, and in some cases as a negative and deterrent one (Rev. 1382, p. 133). In recent decades, the city of Karaj has gone through a great deal of physical development due to the increase in population, and the increasing expansion of urban space without regard to geomorphologic processes has caused problems that are studied. In this research, the attempt will be made to analyze briefly the geomorphic phenomena and processes affecting the locating process in the city of Karaj, and to remind the urban planners of the consequences of failure to pay them due attention.
Mohammad Abbaasi
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 32-34
Abstract
Gully erosion is one of the types of ever-intensified water erosion whose occurrence and spread makes noticeable changes in terms of land degradation and environmental destruction. Considering the diversity and extent of the effect of various factors on the formation and expansion of gully erosion, which ...
Read More
Gully erosion is one of the types of ever-intensified water erosion whose occurrence and spread makes noticeable changes in terms of land degradation and environmental destruction. Considering the diversity and extent of the effect of various factors on the formation and expansion of gully erosion, which change from one point to another in terms of type and extent of effects, and in order to identify the most important factors contributing to the development of gully erosion on the lands, in this research, IRS satellite imagery of India, field inspection and vast field operations through GPS were used and the map of gully erosion distribution was prepared In order to identify, by aerial photographs to a scale of 1:20,000, the ways of preventing and controlling this type of erosion in the basin of Rahjerd, which is a watershed located in the province of Qom. Studies showed that lithology characteristics, slope, resources and land suitability, direction of slope and land use are the main factors affecting the occurrence of gully erosion. The results of this study showed that the lithological units of 25.88 per cent Mpa.bvt and 74.12 per cent QFt2 and the land type of fan debris flow in the form of gravel (alluvial fan) have affected 100% of the areas struck by gully erosion. In addition, the slope of 0-10% (93.6%), eastward slope (63.09%), and medium range pastures use (100%) have the most expanses of areas affected by gully erosion in the studied basin area.
Mehran Maghsoudi; Bahram Nekouei Sadri
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
Geotourism, as a subcategory of ecotourism, has, along with other tourism areas such as rural, cultural, etc., a potential for employment of a great number of related professionals. This industry can have an effective role in the economic development of the country, which is why tourism industry is considered ...
Read More
Geotourism, as a subcategory of ecotourism, has, along with other tourism areas such as rural, cultural, etc., a potential for employment of a great number of related professionals. This industry can have an effective role in the economic development of the country, which is why tourism industry is considered the most important industry in the world. Of course, the idea of a large number of experts and non-experts concerning tourism industry is merely recreational tourism, which is contrary to the new perspective of the subject in the world. In fact, today in many cases tourists from advanced societies are looking for science, culture, and ecological, geomorphologic and geologic attractions. It is worth noting that this industry is still not well known in Iran and potential capabilities of Iran have not yet been evaluated in this regard. With a variety of geomorphologic and geological structures, Iran has a wide variety in this regard and calls for new grounds in the field of tourism industry in the country. According to the abovementioned matters, the identification and marketing of geotourism and ecotourism phenomena in Iran in order to exploit this great potential is unavoidable. In this article, while studying concepts and dimensions of geotourism, it is tried to discuss some of the geotourist general qualities and attractions of Iran.
Bahram Azadbakht (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 16-18
Abstract
Digital models of the Earth and satellite information through structural analysis of the Earth lead us to a new understanding of the relationship between volcano and the science of formation of the earth. A DTM was presented from the Mount Erciyes (3917m high), which is on the scale of 10 meters with ...
Read More
Digital models of the Earth and satellite information through structural analysis of the Earth lead us to a new understanding of the relationship between volcano and the science of formation of the earth. A DTM was presented from the Mount Erciyes (3917m high), which is on the scale of 10 meters with transverse and longitudinal sections and with an area of about 3800 km2. The ETM satellite data is used to identify the morphological characteristics of the Erciyes mountain range. These observations and analyses are capable of analyzing, measuring and monitoring the behavior of the Earth's layers using the DTM satellite data. To make use of both RST and DTM simultaneously provides a new perspective for understanding the morphological characteristics of mountains and volcanoes in the Earth sciences. A 3D image of Mount Erciyes not only played a role in identifying its volcanic formation characteristics, but also in determining the location of the volcanic behavior. Several maps were provided using DTM at different slope levels. The morphological characteristics of the Erciyes volcano mountain include glacial masses and linear land marks, which are discussed separately in this paper using both RES and DTM methods.
Mojtaba Yamani
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 30-34
Abstract
So far, geomorphology has not found its true status in environmental studies as an applied science. Perhaps one of the most important reasons for this issue is lack of sufficient knowledge of users and managers about this branch of environmental sciences. Geomorphologic studies are not of long history ...
Read More
So far, geomorphology has not found its true status in environmental studies as an applied science. Perhaps one of the most important reasons for this issue is lack of sufficient knowledge of users and managers about this branch of environmental sciences. Geomorphologic studies are not of long history on the international level, but nevertheless they have been widely used in many European and American countries due to their applications as well as practical necessities. In this regard, practical geomorphologic maps are considered as the most important tool for geomorphological studies. Since geomorphologic phenomena are highly complex and varied, the information on these maps are diverse and complex as well. Obviously, the ability to use these maps is equally dependent on the skill and knowledge of its suppliers and users. In general, the information on detailed geomorphological maps is divided into 4 general groups. This group of information can be emphasized according to the goals and fields of study, and become thematic. In addition, the scale of maps is also a determining factor in the possibility to display details. Therefore, in order to prepare a geomorphologic map from each region, there is first a need for sufficient scientific background and then knowledge of the goals, details and necessity of geomorphological studies.
