Geographic Information System (GIS)
Jalal Samia; Manouchehr Ranjbar Shoobi; Amer Nikpour
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Visiting Mazandaran province could be a fascinating and memorable trip due to its amazing natural touristic attractions such as Caspian Sea and mount Damavand. The three main roads naming Kandovan, Haraz and Firoozkooh can be used to access Mazandaran province. Among ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Visiting Mazandaran province could be a fascinating and memorable trip due to its amazing natural touristic attractions such as Caspian Sea and mount Damavand. The three main roads naming Kandovan, Haraz and Firoozkooh can be used to access Mazandaran province. Among them, passing through Kandovan road is fascinating with its beautiful natural landscapes. At the same time, this road is also known as one of the most dangerous roads of Iran due to its mountainous location and the potential occurrence of different types of climatic and geomorphologic hazards. Apart from these dangers, the occurrence of accidents in Kandovan road is one of the main concerns of tourists visiting west parts of Mazandaran province and also the local governments providing relief and rescue services and facilities to injured people. Therefore, it is crucial to identifying the dangerous sections of this road in order to minimize fatalities and socio-economic losses. The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatio-temporal density pattern of road accidents and also to identify accidents clusters along Kandovan road.
Material and methods
To this end, we used road accidents information along Kandovan road, collected by the relief and rescue bases of Red Crescent organization of Mazandaran province in the period of 2016 to 2022. Information like location, date, and the number of death and injuries in the road accidents along this road were used in this research. First, we used GIS, spatial and statistical analyses in order to get insight from road accidents distribution and statistics. In the next step, Kernel Density Estimation – a Geostatitical measure – was used to investigate the general spatial density pattern of road accidents in the period of 2016-2022 and also the spatio-temporal density pattern of road accidents in every year from 2016 to 2022. Furthermore, the hot spot analysis was implemented to the distribution of road accidents in this period in order to find out whether accidents are clustered, dispersed or randomly distributed. Both general spatial pattern and annual spatio-temporal patterns of accidents were investigated using hot spot analysis. With this, accidents clusters reflected as hot spots were identified based on the Getis-Ord Gi*index and the associated Z-score, P-value and Gi-bin statistics. In this context, the number of accident clusters, the length of road in the accident clusters and the percentage of observed accidents in the clusters were computed from 2016 to 2022.
Results and discussion
Results show that 2084 accidents were occurred in the period of 2016-2022 with 9076 injuries and 52 deaths. The most number of accidents was occurred in 2022 following the end of Corona lockdown in 2021. Also, several parts of Kandovan road indicated to contain the highest number of accidents density. Besides, the accident density pattern changes spatially and temporarily with an increasing trend in the number of accidents density from the end year of Corona disease epidemic in 2020. Results from hot spot analysis also identified several accidents clusters along this road in the period of 2016-2022. In this context, road accidents clusters were identified in Zangouleh Bridge, Majlar, Siah bisheh, Knadovan tunnel and Ushen Bridge with average Z-score value of 3.12, average P-value smaller than 0.05 and confidence interval of 90 to 99%. The total length of road in these clusters was more than 14 kilometer which contains around 60 % of the total accidents. The spatio-temporal distribution pattern of accidents clusters and also road lengths in the identified clusters change decreasingly in the period of 2016-2022. The results of this research can be used to investigate the reasons behind the occurrence of road accidents in the high accidents density sections and also in accidents clusters identified along the road. Taking proper preparation and mitigation strategies can be beneficial in proper crisis management of road accidents in order to avoid human causalities and socio-economic losses.
Conclusion
We conclude that kernel density estimation and hot spot analysis are effective geostatistical approaches to investigate the density pattern of road accidents and also to identify accidents clusters. In order to increase the safety of Kandovan road, the factors contributing to accidents occurrence in highly dense accidents sections of road and also in accidents clusters need to be identified, and with implementing proper measures, their effects can be minimized.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Mahdi Ebrahimi Boozani; Asghar Norouzi; Hengameh Khaksar
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionPassive defense refers to a set of non-armed actions and activities which reduces the vulnerability of buildings, manpower, facilities, equipment, funds and vital arteries of the country against destructive and hostile operations of the enemy as well as natural disasters ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionPassive defense refers to a set of non-armed actions and activities which reduces the vulnerability of buildings, manpower, facilities, equipment, funds and vital arteries of the country against destructive and hostile operations of the enemy as well as natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. The Including passive defense policies in most countries of world and especially Iran is Building public shelters to protect and maintain of Citizens' lives, also minimizing possible damages in the human domain. But what is important in Proportion with the proposed policy, location and choice of place is suitable for the construction of urban shelters. That People can take refuge to these shelters during enemy attacks or during natural crises. For this end, the aim of doing this study is locating potential areas of urban shelters based on passive defense principles in Ilam city. Materials & MethodsPresent research In terms of the purpose, is of the type applied research and in terms of the nature and method of investigation, is of the type descriptive-analytical. Also, in terms of the data collection method, is included in the category of documentary and field research. The statistical population studied is including experts, professors and experts working in academic centers and higher education institutions. Sample size for research based on pairwise comparisons it's limited According to Saati (2002) and are selected Minimum 5 and maximum 15 people for this type of studies. Therefore, in this research, 15 university professors and experts were selected by available sampling method. To weight to information layers used from Saati's 9-option spectrum (superiority of one criterion over another) in the form of a questionnaire and a plan of language expressions. In this Research selected 10 location index of urban shelters (Distance from densely populated places, Distance from the centers of population, Distance from the canal, river and surface water, slope of the land, Distance from vulnerable areas and worn tissue, Distance from main roads for access and movement, Distance from historical and cultural monuments, Distance from industrial centers and hazardous products, The distance from the target centers of enemy and Distance from centers with support functions in times of crisis) in the form of four general criteria (Demographic, functional, physical and natural-environmental). In the next step was determined Coefficients of importance of indicators and criteria using the network analysis process technique (ANP), Eventually has been identified the most preferred places In proportion to the purpose through overlapping layers of information and applying the obtained coefficients. Data analysis has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and Using Analytical Network Process (ANP) and also by using Excel, Super Decisions and GIS software.Results & DiscussionThe research results show that: Among the general criteria studied, two demographic and functional criteria in order with weights 0.427 and 0.305 and among the studied indicators, two indicators Proximity to densely populated places and Establishing at a suitable distance from the enemy's targets in order with weights 0.303 and 0.236 have been highest coefficients of importance. In the following Results of combined analysis GIS- ANP showed that: All four urban areas of Ilam (including Haniwan, Ostandari, Markazi, Banborz, Sabzi Abad, Nowruz Abad, Janbazan and Razmandegan districts) is prone to shelter construction, But is in priority Respectively Region 2 (Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts), Region 1 (Haniwan and Ostandari) and Region 3 (Nowruz Abad).ConclusionExamining the first question based on Current status of urban shelters in Ilam city show that, most urban shelters located in the average status from the aspect of spatial distribution. The result of second question based on identification most important indicators affecting on location of urban shelters show that, two demographic and natural-environmental criteria identified as the most important and least important effective criterion in Location of urban shelter respectively with weights of 0.427 and 0.056. Eventually the results of third question based on identification best places to build urban shelters in Ilam city show that, most suitable place to build urban shelter situated in Haniwan, Ostandari and central districts of region 1, Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts of region 2, Nowruz Abad district of region 3 and Janbazan and Razmandegan districts of region 4.
Geographic Data
Majid Goodarzi; Farkhondeh Hashemi Ghandali
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionUrbanization is a developing phenomenon, and the analysis of the appropriate location and the geographical distribution of urban green space plays a significant role in the development and future of the city. Although in the past, green spaces were primarily manifested in ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionUrbanization is a developing phenomenon, and the analysis of the appropriate location and the geographical distribution of urban green space plays a significant role in the development and future of the city. Although in the past, green spaces were primarily manifested in the beautification and appearance of urban areas, nowadays, for several reasons, it is considered as a breathing space of the cities. The growth of industry and the increase in population in cities have led to speculative constructions that do not pay enough attention to health issues, provision of sufficient light and healthy air, and leisure spaces in buildings. Moreover, the necessity of creating new urban land use to meet the ever-increasing needs of urban dwellers has gradually reduced the share of urban green space, which is the consequence of limiting the access of urban dwellers to nature. But for some reason, at the beginning of the 20th century, the urban man showed a renewed attention to nature and green spaces, which manifests itself in creating functional gardens instead of recreational gardens that respond to the new needs of citizens. The present study aims to Rank the influencing factors to locate urban green spaces in Masjed Soleyman city. Materials & Methods The present applied study employed an analytical-descriptive method. Reliable internal and external sources related to the subject were reviewed, and in some cases, field studies and referrals to related organizations were conducted for data collection. In this research, the DEMATEL-ANP-integrated approach was employed, and the criteria weights were calculated. Then, the layer of each weight was entered into the Arc GIS software.Results & DiscussionAs the research findings show, 14 criteria are involved in the optimal location of urban green spaces in Masjid Suleiman, distance to commercial centers, distance to waste and empty lands, distance to administrative centers, distance to medical centers, distance to educational centers, distance to existing green spaces, distance to industrial centers, distance to urban facilities and equipment, distance to military centers, distance to religious centers, distance to communication paths, and density.ConclusionThe results of this study showed the priority of the mentioned 14 indicators in order from low to high: proximity to residential centers (0.09263, rank 1), proximity to educational centers (0.07428, rank 2), proximity to cultural centers (0.07268, rank 3), population density (0.07154 and rank 4), proximity to communication ways (0.07092, rank 5), proximity to religious centers (0.06979, rank 6), proximity to existing green spaces (0.06967, rank 7), proximity to medical centers (0.06934, rank 8), proximity to commercial centers (0.06923, rank 9), proximity to urban facilities and equipment (0.06902, rank 10), proximity to military centers (0.06874, rank 11), proximity to administrative centers (0.06761, rank 12), proximity to industrial centers (0.06729, rank 13) and proximity to empty and barren land (0.06726, rank 14).
Remote Sensing (RS)
Nazanin Hassanzadeh; Reza Hassanzadeh; Mahdieh Hosseinjanizadeh; Mehdi Honarmand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionAir pollution is one of the most crucial environmental problem in the glob and its impact on human live and ecosystem is undeniable. The International Agency for Research on Cancer introduced air pollution as one of main causes of cancer. Therefore, by monitoring air pollution ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionAir pollution is one of the most crucial environmental problem in the glob and its impact on human live and ecosystem is undeniable. The International Agency for Research on Cancer introduced air pollution as one of main causes of cancer. Therefore, by monitoring air pollution would be a necessity in industrialized cities. Air quality index include evaluation of the amount of NO2, SO2, O3, CO and Aerosol in the air. As, ground station has limited ability to assess the amount and distribution of these harmful gases in the urban and rural areas, therefore, remote sensing technology become a popular tool in assisting research to shed light on this subject. The current study evaluates air pollution caused by Khatoonabad Copper Smelting Factory using Sentinel P5 satellite images.Materials & MethodsThis research investigates the air pollution created by Khatoonabad Copper Smelting Factory and determines its impact radius, using Google Earth Engine system and Sentinel P5 satellite images. Khatoonabad Copper Smelting Factory is located in the northwest of Kerman province at the latitude of 29 Degree 59 Minute to 30 Degree 32 Minute and longitude of 54 Degree 52 Minute to 55 Degree 55 Minute. By performing the coding operation in the Google Earth Engine system, the images related to the average air pollution for So2 and No2 in the area of 50 km from the factory and in a period of 30 months from 07/04/2018 to 12/30/2021 were obtained. The amount and distribution of pollutants were examined based on one-day, seven-days, fourteen-days, one-month, two-months, three-months, six-months and twelve-months’ time periods from December 2020 to assess the concentration of pollution in the cold months of the year, also for the same time periods from June 2021 to assess the concentration of pollution in the warm months of the year.In order to map distribution of each pollutants, Natural Break Classification and Hot Spot Analysis methods were performed on the images obtained from Google Earth Engine in GIS. Natural Break Classification method is based on Jenk optimization and classify spatial data based on statistical properties of each input where variances between classes maximize. Hot Spot Analysis methods is a spatial and statistical method that consider spatial autocorrelation among the spatial data to classify the data according to statistical significance of each class. Points that surrounded by high values and they are statistically significant called hot spot and areas that are surrounded by low values and have high negative Z score and low P values ( P value < 0.05) are called cold spot.Results & DiscussionThe results based on an averaged image for the period of 30 months indicated that the amount of So2 from 0.0000987 to 0.000698 (mol/m2) and the amount of No2 from 0.00005854 to 0.00006932 (mol/m2) in the study area that by increasing the distance from the factory, the amount of So2 and No2 decreased. Furthermore, analyzing the average amount of So2 and No2 in different period of daily, weekly, two weeks, and monthly have showed dispersed spatial distributions in warm and cold season of the year. Therefore, Sentinel 5P data in short-term periods such as daily, weekly, two-week and even one-month cannot provide accurate information on the spatial distribution of No2 and So2 in the study area.In the data obtained from the two-month, three-month, six-month and one-year intervals, the amount of sulfur dioxide concentration has less dispersion than the short-term intervals, and as the time interval increases, the images show less dispersion of sulfur dioxide gas in polluted areas. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that Sentinel 5P images with longer time intervals of two months are able to provide more accurate and logical information about the concentration of sulfur dioxide gas in the area. However, in case of nitrogen dioxide, the imaged longer than two weeks can provide accurate information regarding the spatial distribution of this pollutant in the area.Hot spot analysis was also performed on the images obtained in one-day, seven-day, fourteen-day, one-month, two-month, and three-month intervals from June in order to investigate the concentration and dispersion of pollution in the hot days of the year. Then the maps obtained from the hot months were compared with the maps of the same period from the cold months of the year. This comparison showed that in the maps obtained from the short-term intervals related to the hot months of the year, the density of hot spots was more observed in areas prone to the presence of sulfur dioxide gas. For example, the one-day image from December showed a lot of dispersion, while the one-day image from June indicated less dispersion and more density of gases in polluted areas. In addition, in the one-week, two-week and one-month maps from December hot spots and cold spots show much greater dispersion compared to similar maps in the same periods from June. However, by comparing the two-months and three-months hot spot maps of the cold months to the same maps of the hot months of the year, almost similar results were obtained, even more density were observed in the hot spot map of longer periods (more than two months) in winter time. The same trend happened by analyzing nitrogen dioxide in the studied area. ConclusionThe results obtained from the classification of images related to sulfur dioxide gas showed that the concentration of sulfur dioxide gas in the area around the desired factory has the highest concentration value and as the distance from the factory increases, the concentration of sulfur dioxide gas decreases. Also, according to the minimum and maximum concentration of sulfur dioxide in the studied area, it is concluded that more sulfur dioxide is observed in the cold months of the year than in the warm months of the year. However, in the cold months the concentration of sulfur dioxide has a greater range of changes than the hot months of the year.According to the results, the dispersion of sulfur dioxide concentration in short time intervals such as daily, weekly, fortnightly and even one month was very high in these time intervals. As a result, Sentinel 5P images are not able to provide logical and accurate information about the distribution of atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentration in daily, weekly, two-week and one-month intervals. In order to obtain accurate and logical information, images with time intervals longer than one month should be used, and the longer the time interval is, the more reliable the results will be.The results of the hot spot analysis of the images related to sulfur dioxide concentration also indicated a high concentration of sulfur dioxide gas in the area around the factory. According to the obtained results, the activity of the studied factory can be a reason for the increase in the concentration of sulfur dioxide gas in this area, which has affected a radius of about 4 to 6 kilometers and an area of about 10,700 hectares around the factory.The results obtained from the classification of images related to nitrogen dioxide gas show that the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the area around the factory has a higher limit. According to the minimum and maximum concentration of this gas in the study area, it can be concluded that in the hot months of the year, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide gas is higher than in the cold months of the year. Considering the rapid spread of nitrogen dioxide gas in the atmosphere by the wind due to the high dynamics of this gas (Vîrghileanu et al., 2020), it can be concluded that the images obtained from the time intervals of two weeks of more can provide more information about the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.The results of the hot spot analysis of the images related to nitrogen dioxide gas showed that in the time intervals of two weeks to two months in the cold months of the year, there are hot spots that indicated the presence of nitrogen dioxide gas in the atmosphere located above the factory. However, in long-term intervals such as three months, six months, one year and thirty months, in the cold and hot months, hot spots are observed towards the northwest and at a distance from the factory.The result of this research can assist environmentalist and researchers in using and interpreting Sentinel 5P data by considering different periods in cold and warm seasons for making informed decisions.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammad hassan Yazdani; Ata GhaffariGilande; Farahnaz Veismoradi
Abstract
Extended Abstract1-IntroductionA crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 ...
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Extended Abstract1-IntroductionA crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale occurs in the country for 11 years (Attar), 2012: 8).From the point of view of geology, Iran has a zone of lithological structure such as Central Iran, Zagros, Northeastern Iran, Northwestern Iran and Azerbaijan zone, which the thrust and elevated structure of Zagros is considered as one of the most active of these zones. It includes faults such as Sahne, Durood, Qala Hatem. The seismic characteristics of Zagros show that compared to other structural zones, the frequency of earthquakes is high. The central Iranian and Arabian plates are constantly pressing on the Zagros region, and this is the reason why more earthquakes occur in Zagros than in other regions. The studied area of Kermanshah region is an earthquake zone in terms of seismicity. This province, which is located in the Zagros region, has high seismic activity. These earthquakes usually occur around known seismic faults in the province, including the High Zagros Fault (High Zagros Fault, 2014: 114). Despite numerous researches in the field of locating temporary accommodation on the subject of seismic vulnerability, its suitable and usable place after the earthquake with the approach of crisis management in urban areas has received less attention. The city of Kermanshah is a prone region in terms of earthquakes, and due to its location in a geographical area with a high risk of earthquakes, knowing the vulnerable and resistant areas and planning for the correct and appropriate location of temporary accommodation in time The occurrence of an earthquake is necessary to prevent or reduce the possible danger in this city. This research is complementary to the previous research and with more effective criteria and indicators by providing a practical, efficient, simple and logical method for locating temporary accommodation in order to prepare the city with their specific complexity in responding to crises caused by earthquakes. Is. As an example, the Ezgele earthquake in Kermanshah in 2016 with a magnitude of 3.7 on the Richter scale occurred 11 km from Ezgele section and 32 km from Sarpol-Zahab city, which killed and injured more than 12 thousand people. And since then, due to the lack of single policies in the field of emergency, temporary and permanent housing, problems have been created for housing people. Therefore, the existence of a suitable place to live in Sharat after natural hazards, especially earthquakes, is essential for the city of Kermanshah. The present study, taking into account the stages of crisis management of an earthquake-prone city, tries to address the problem of locating suitable spaces for the construction of temporary accommodation camps.2-MethodologyThis research is of an applied type and according to the investigated components, the approach that governs it is the descriptive-analytical method. The aim of the present research is to analyze the important and influential criteria for the correct location of temporary accommodation in Kermanshah city. In order to achieve this goal, in accordance with the objectives of the research, the required information has been collected using library research, documents and interviews with experts, and then the criteria used for positioning have been selected based on the positioning criteria. The current approach to spatial analysis has been carried out by using the weighted sum model and the ranking method and ArcGIS software.3-Results-Road situation: The analysis of the results of the Kermanshah city situation based on the road access index using GIS analysis software shows that 75% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 7% is in the low vulnerability zone, and 5% is in the vulnerability zone. On average, 3% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Population density: Examining the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the population density index using GIS analysis-mapping software, shows that 27% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 27% in the low vulnerability zone, 26% in the medium vulnerability zone. 11% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Location to administrative, law enforcement and military centers: Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of access to administrative, law enforcement and military centers using GIS software, shows that 7% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the vulnerability zone low, 13% in the medium vulnerability zone, 12% in the high vulnerability zone and 57% in the very high vulnerability zone.-The location of fire stations: the analysis of the results of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to fire stations using GIS analysis software shows that 2 percent of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 5 percent in the low vulnerability zone, 8 percent in In the medium vulnerability zone, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 53% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Land slope: This criterion is measured by the slope index. Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the land slope index using GIS analytical-mapping software, shows that 46% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 33% in the low vulnerability zone, 11% in the medium vulnerability zone, 6% in the vulnerability zone. high and 4% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Distance from flood-prone areas: The evaluation of the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of distance from flood-prone areas using GIS analysis-mapping software shows that 16% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 11% in the low vulnerability zone, 19% in the low vulnerability zone. In the zone of moderate vulnerability, 25% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 29% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Distance from hazardous facilities: To measure this criterion, the indicators of electrical facilities, gasoline pumps, gas pumps and gas pressure reduction stations have been used in terms of their functional nature and hazard. Analyzing the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the index of distance from dangerous facilities using GIS analytical-mapping software, it shows that 13% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the low vulnerability zone, 25% in the medium vulnerability zone. 34% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 16% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.-Status of water sources: The results of Kermanshah city situation based on the index of access to water resources using GIS analysis-mapping software show that 9% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 17% in the low vulnerability zone, and 15% in the vulnerability zone. On average, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 27% is in the very high vulnerability zone.-Location to power sources Construction of camps and temporary accommodation sites in the power transmission routes due to the provision of lighting and the use of heating devices. The evaluation of the results of the status of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to electricity resources using GIS analytical-mapping software shows that 9% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 8% in the low vulnerability zone, 8% in the medium vulnerability zone, 26% in The zone of high vulnerability and 49% is placed in the zone of very high vulnerability.-The final map of the optimal location of temporary accommodation bases after defining the important criteria and analyzing the indicators in the studied area is as follows: The results of the combination of 9 indicators in the city of Kermanshah indicate that 1% of the city area In the area of very low desirability, 11% is in the area of low desirability, 37% is in the area of medium desirability, 38% is in the area of high desirability, and 13% is in the area of very high desirability.4-Discussion&ConclusionsIn this research, according to the nature of the research and examination of the environmental conditions of Kermanshah city and the important indicators that are selected and evaluated according to the topic. After examining the determining and influencing factors on the temporary accommodation system and identifying the factors, the results were 9 indicators, which should be applied in the present study with general and specific evaluations (relative to the conditions of the study area). It became a scientific source of consolidation. Investigating and identifying the most accurate features in choosing the location of safe shelters: (slope, access to roads, distance from centers and management, access to firefighting centers, access to water and electricity sources, distance from flood-prone areas, and distance of dangerous risks) is considered And the results of the research showed that the important criteria and options in choosing the right place for temporary accommodation are centers that are identified as the best places that are far from the river and sensitive and dangerous uses such as gas stations and pressure lines. It should be maintained strong and close to essential service centers such as medical centers and fire stations, provided with water and electricity sources, accessible by communication lines, and the probability of damage and blocking of roads should be low. Examining the points selected in the final map shows that in the city of Kermanshah, these points are suitable for use according to important criteria such as: accessibility, distance from sensitive uses, proximity to service areas and distance from flood prone areas. It is in critical condition. The results of the current research show the capability of multi-criteria decision-making methods and geographic information system in identifying areas prone to temporary settlement. Therefore, according to the findings and results of this research, it is suggested that relevant organs, departments and organizations such as the municipality, the governorate, the crisis management center of the Kermanshah Fire Organization, etc., by creating comprehensive and updated databases of all details and elements A city based on the geographic information system should always be prepared for the temporary settlement of the population in the wake of the earthquake crisis. -Preparation of basic and suitable infrastructures for selected sites such as sanitary facilities, water sources, lighting system, etc., so that in case of an earthquake, it has the necessary conditions to accommodate the population, and the need to spend time for not provide these services. Accommodation centers should be located near roads that provide access to different parts on the one hand, and on the other hand, the probability of damage and blockage of these roads is low so that the risk of cutting off access, accommodation, relief and rescue operations does not stop. Zagros seismic zone has its own seismic mechanism. The fault systems and the earthquakes that occurred there follow the special pattern of the Zagros earthquake province, so planning and management should be done by evaluating the existing conditions and taking into account all the conditions of the region and the needs of the people. be carefully examined.
Abbas Tajaddini; Zahra Sabzi; Ladan Zarif
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Determining the landfill site for municipal waste is an important issue in the urban planning process due to its great impact on the economy, ecology and environment of each region. In the process of site locating, it is tried to consider areas with the least risks to the ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Determining the landfill site for municipal waste is an important issue in the urban planning process due to its great impact on the economy, ecology and environment of each region. In the process of site locating, it is tried to consider areas with the least risks to the environment and human health and conservation. During the recent three decades, the production of municipal solid wastes has increased considerably, beside that their specifications has been changed meaningfully due to the change in people’s life style, progress of industrialization and world economies. Still, one of the best methods of waste disposal is waste dumping or burying. Optimized selection of landfill sites may minimize any negative environmental or financial effect. Searching various places to locate landfills requires choosing an appropriate method. Therefore, applying mathematical methods and determining the influence of different criteria the selection of a suitable place can be very useful. This subject was examined here for the city of Karaj, which is one of the Iran’s megacities with a fast and uncontrolled population growth and increase in waste production. Materials & MethodsIn this research, the indicators and effective criteria in locating the landfill of Karaj city were identified, evaluated and prioritized with a sustainable development approach using GIS and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The research data were collected through literature review, internet searching, and technical survey. Using fuzzy logic and decision making techniques based on expert opinions, it was tried to limit the gap in the research field. The current research is descriptive-survey, and functional. To carry out the research, at first, the major influencing criteria were identified. The criteria were categorized into five major groups of geotechnical, environmental, municipal developing, socio economic, and hydrological items. Afterwards, an initial survey was utilized to control the items, and then, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed to collect the expert opinions. The research population was 30 experts, adopted from academia, industry, and environmental engineering sector, that 27 of them were selected randomly to answer the questions. It was adequate according to the Cochran’s formula. To ensure the data collected were acceptable, the validity and reliability of the questions were examined sufficiently. Due to its simplicity and accuracy, the triangular fuzzy number was adopted to assess the descriptive variables. In continue, and based on the GIS analysis method, extra specifications of the potential landfill sites proposed were further examined. It was accomplished through categorizing the information layers, then by weighting the potential landfill sites according to the total scores obtained. The information layers included: geotechnical effect, ground slope, land use, permeability, being subjected to flood, water quality, water level, distance from the city, and distance from power transmission lines. Based on the influence level of these layers upon the landfill sites, they were categorized into four classes of highly suitable, suitable, relatively suitable, and unsuitable. For overall ranking, the score of each landfill site in each information layer was calculated by multiplying each layer score by its weight. After completion of this computation phase, all available information layers obtained their own scores, demonstrating their suitability level to be a landfill site. Using the ArcView software, the simple additive weighting method was utilised for site locating. Results & DiscussionThe results showed that the urban development criteria with a weight of 0.270 was the most important criterion in locating municipal waste landfill, followed by the environmental criterion with a weight of 0.226. Accordingly, the socio-economic criterion with a weight of 0.152 was placed in the last rank. Moreover, in the geological group, the fault index weighted 0.261 and the climatic conditions index weighted 0.236. In the environmental group, the surface water distance index weighted 0.201, and the landfill odor index weighted 0.172. In addition, in the urban development group, the land use index with a weight of 0.283 and the access to equipment and facilities with a weight of 0.258 were the most influencing items. The Inconsistency Ratio of pairwise comparison matrix (I.R) for all matrices was less than 0.1, which confirmed the compatibility of the components. Conclusion In the complementary analysis, using the Fuzzy TOPSIS technique and the Geographic Information System (GIS) and utilizing the simple incremental weighting method (SAW), it was determined that Nazarabad site and Halqe Dare new-site are the most suitable options for constructing a new landfill site.
Sara Haghbayan; Behnam Tashayo; Mehdi Momeni
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, one of the most complex issues in most countries is the high crime rate and the increase in social anomalies in them. One of these anomalies is residential burglary, which is one of the most widespread crimes in most countries of the world. Because spatial and ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, one of the most complex issues in most countries is the high crime rate and the increase in social anomalies in them. One of these anomalies is residential burglary, which is one of the most widespread crimes in most countries of the world. Because spatial and time play a very important and undeniable role in the formation of hot crime spots such as residential burglary therefore, by identifying the spatial and temporal of hot crime spots can be largely prevented. Previous studies have focused more on identifying and analyzing spatial crime hotspots and performing temporal analysis of crimes independently of spatial crime hotspots. However, in order to prevent the occurrence of these crimes in the future, a combination of time and spatial hot crime spots is needed to provide a more complete and accurate analysis. The aim of this study is to provide a systematic method for combining spatial and temporal information of residential burglary. The proposed method is based on spatial analysis and allows investigating the temporal distribution of events in hot crime spots. For this purpose, GIS capabilities have been used to perform statistical and graphical tests to identify and display crime hotspots. The results showed that hotspots follow a spatially clustered and temporally focused pattern. The research findings showed that the highest frequency of burglary is in hot spot No.4 in 2016 August, on Wednesday at 8 am, and the lowest frequency of burglary is in hot spot No.1 in 2018 January, on Sunday at 4 am.
Materials & Methods
The statistical tests used in this study include mean center, standard deviation ellipse test for clustering. The first step in identifying crime hotspots is to use the tests for clustering. For this purpose, in this study, the method of the average nearest neighbor is used. The results of residential burglary test for clustering showed that this crime is a cluster pattern in the study area. After proving to be clustered, graphical methods including point map display and kernel density have been used to display the hot crime spots. The results of the kernel density test cause to the identification and display of four spatial the hot crime spots in the study area.
The data used in this research include information on the time, place and type of crimes in the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018. The total number of crimes is 319073, of which 5573 were related to residential burglary, which was used as a statistical population in this study.
Results & Discussion
Statistical analysis was performed over a period of four years, which is equivalent to 48 months and 35064 around the clock for each hot crime spot. The results show that the highest incidence of crime in hot spot No.4 is equivalent to 1172 cases of residential burglary, which of all these four hot spot has a smaller area equivalent to 1117 hectares. Temporal analyzes of hot crime spots were performed annually, monthly, weekly and hourly. The results of the annual analysis of all four hot spots show that the highest rate of residential burglary is in 2016 and the lowest rate is in 2018.
The findings of this study show that the combination of spatial and temporal of hot crime spots analysis lump-sum by temporal analysis regardless of the spatial hot spots in monthly, daily and hourly intervals is significantly different. The combination of spatial and temporal of hot crime spots in the monthly interval shows that the maximum and minimum rates of residential burglary per month are different in these four hot spots. The highest number of residential burglary respectively occurred in hot spot No. 1 in October, in hot spot No. 2 in August, in hot spot No. 3 in June and in hot spot No. 4 in August. However, the results of the statistical analysis of time without considering the spatial hot crime spots show that August is the highest and April is the lowest. Daily statistical analysis shows that the highest number of residential burglary occurs in hot spot No. 1 and hot spot No. 3 on Friday, while in hot spot No. 2 it is Thursday and in hot spot No. 4 it is Wednesday. This analysis is different with a general daily analysis that shows Friday as the highest number of occurrences. Hourly analysis also shows that the peak of residential burglary in all four centers is at different hours; Thus, the peak of residential burglary areas in the study area is in the hot spot No. 1 hour 22, in the hot spot No. 2 hours 17, in hot spot No. 3 hours 12, in the hot spot No. 4 hours 8. However, statistical analysis of the time without considering the spatial hot spot shows the peak of residential burglary at 12 noon.
Conclusion
In this study, a new framework for the simultaneously displaying the pattern of crimes in two dimensions of spatial and time was presented, which can be used to identify the pattern of distribution of spatial and temporal of hot crime spots. The results of kernel density estimation analysis are four spatial-temporal crime hotspots where the spatial hotspot distribution pattern is clustered and the temporal of hot crime spots distribution pattern is focused. The results show that 78% of burglaries occur in these four crime hotspot, which cover only 25% of the total area of the study area. Therefore, by identifying the spatial and temporal of hot spots, crime can be largely prevented. This method is used to identify and display any type of crime in each study area and allows the identification and display of the combination of spatial and temporal hot crime spots.
Amer Nikpour; Hamid Amoniya; Sahele Shokri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Sprawl is the process of rapid population growth and spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city with a direct impact on the spatial development which in recent years has become one of the major challenges of cities around the world. Growing population ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Sprawl is the process of rapid population growth and spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city with a direct impact on the spatial development which in recent years has become one of the major challenges of cities around the world. Growing population trend and substantial changes in land use have made scientific and accurate planning a vital requirement for the management of this phenomenon. Accurate planning can help managers and spatial planners achieve sustainable urban and rural development. The present study seeks to enhance understanding about spatio-temporal processes of urban growth and development in Babolsar, identify general factors affecting the formation and spatio-temporal changes of the city and also inform managers and decision makers of the trends and growth patterns to help them in accurate planning, designing and managing. In order to achieve these goals, detailed information about the physical structure of the region in different time periods are collected, changes and spatial dispersion of the study area are observed, and information about the physical growth of the city is also obtained.
Material and Methods
The present study applies descriptive-analytical method to examine population growth and physical expansion of the city. After selecting the geographical area, satellite images captured in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 were obtained from the US Geological Survey (USGS) web site. To calculate Shannon's entropy, the study area was divided into 25 regions based on the distance from central core of the city. Then, total area of each region and each zone (marked in each region for each period) were calculated. Thus, the necessary information was prepared to determine the trend of physical expansion and development of Babolsar city from 1990 to 2020. Shannon's entropy model not only has no limitation regarding the number of areas, but also has a high level of flexibility regarding the types of divisions used for the study area.
Results and discussion
These maps show that Babolsar has always grown both spatially and demographically from 1990 to 2020. The relative entropy of Shannon was calculated for each period and each region, and resulting coefficients show that not only is the rate of sprawl high in Babolsar, but it has always exhibited a sharply increasing trend during the last three decades especially from 2010 to 2020. Since examining expansion and dispersion require a careful consideration of population changes and trends, population of the study area was calculated for each year and its relationship with sprawl was examined. Findings indicate that sprawl has increased along with population increase. According to Holdern model and results obtained in the present study, population is the most important factor affecting physical growth of Babolsar city. It has played an especially powerful role from 1990 to 2000. Three main patterns of spatial development and sprawl can be identified in Babolsar: 1) strip or linear growth pattern spreading the city along the main transportation artery further away from the urban core. 2) Leapfrog development pattern which occurs when developers skip over land to obtain cheaper land further away from cities and thus create separately, singularly, discontinuously developed settlements. 3) Continuous low-density pattern developed due to excessive use of land for urban purposes along the outskirts surrounding the city. Gradual development in this pattern support infrastructure such as water, and energy and road network.
Conclusion
Studies indicate that sprawl in Babolsar city has had destructive effects on the environment and high quality agricultural lands around urban and rural settlements. Especial attention of Iranian society to its northern culture and the concept of "pleasure utopia" which has been assigned to the Southern Coast of the Caspian Sea are considered to be the most important reasons for urban sprawl in this city and other similar cities. Rapid increase in the number of villas built by indigenous and non-indigenous people has resulted in the destruction of high quality agricultural land and irreparable socio-economic damages. Currently, real estate trading, even in the villages of northern region, has not only intensified the sprawl, but also has changed and dissolved the traditional land use systems turning previous land owners into janitors. Other influential factors affecting sprawl in Babolsar and similar cities in the northern region of Iran include inefficient government policies in land and housing section, failure to meet the goals of urban and rural projects, population growth, real estate trade, development and construction codes incompatible with the realities of society, ambiguity in the laws and regulations governing construction within the legal limits of cities, lack of protection for government-owned land and properties, lack of proper supervision in construction projects.
Zeinab Zaheri Abdehvand; Marzieh Mokarram; Fatemeh Meskini Vishkaei
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Ecological agricultural zoning is a tool for proper assessment of land resources, better planning and management of cultivation in order to achieve sustainable agriculture. Due to the importance of Khuzestan province in the country's agriculture and the strategic ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Ecological agricultural zoning is a tool for proper assessment of land resources, better planning and management of cultivation in order to achieve sustainable agriculture. Due to the importance of Khuzestan province in the country's agriculture and the strategic nature of wheat production, in this study, the zoning of wheat production potential in the DashtBagheh region of Khuzestan was done. Modern GIS technology is widely used in such studies to prepare land suitability. Separated agro-climatic zones can provide the ground for optimizing and expanding the growth of agricultural products (Balgaku, 2016). Cultivation of land can be attributed to the potential of the region in terms of food distribution and the availability of climatic factors. In a study using GIS and RS, Beijing region of China was divided into four regions in terms of winter wheat cultivation based on the weight of variables: appropriate, relatively appropriate, inappropriate and very appropriate (Wang et al., 2011).In another study evaluating arable lands such as wheat, barley and sunflower in Spain, environmental factors, topography and soil including altitude, slope, soil texture, temperature, rainfall, day length and the impact of each on this The plants were studied and then combined with the above data by weighing each layer in the GIS environment and finally mapped the susceptible areas (Khan et al., 2010). Due to the importance of the subject, the aim of this study is to use fuzzy methods and multi-criteria decision models (Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)) in order to identify suitable areas for wheat cultivation in Bagheh plain of Shousha city in Khuzestan province. It is worth mentioning that in this study, the most important parameters affecting wheat cultivation before entering the model were selected using statistical methods, which distinguishes it from previous studies.
Materials and methods
Climatic characteristics included average, minimum and maximum temperatures as well as annual rainfall. Also, environmental factors including topographic characteristics (slope) and soil characteristics (chemical and physical) were considered. Soil characteristics were determined from the data of 96 soil profiles obtained from semi-detailed studies in the region. Zoning of different soil characteristics and climatic variables was done the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. Then, using membership functions, a fuzzy map of each of the effective parameters in determining the areas prone to wheat cultivation was prepared. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, the weight of each layer was determined and finally, in the GIS environment, a land suitability map was prepared for wheat cultivation. In this study, linear membership functions have been used. This function has four parameters that determine the shape of the function. Trapezoidal, triangular, S-shaped or L-shaped membership functions can be defined by selecting appropriate values for different states (Carter and Grime, 1994). Weighing to the layers was done to prepare the final map of land suitability. The weight parameter is an important parameter for relating the factors used in land suitability. Because each of the characteristics has a different effect on wheat cultivation, weighting was done using AHP method.the AHP is a method that makes it easy to weigh parameters. AHP relies On a pairwise comparison of each of the parameters. Each of the factors is in the range of 1 to 9 according to the importance of determining the suitable areas for wheat cultivation, according to Table 2.
Results
To prepare an interpolation map for each input data was used IDW method. The accuracy of the IDW method in mapping each of the variables showed that the climatic parameters have higher accuracy than the soil variables. Based on the evaluation statistics, the highest and lowest accuracy in climatic variables were obtained for the mean temperature (R2 = 0.99) and maximum temperature (R2 = 0.96), respectively. However, the highest interpolation accuracy in the studied soil properties was related to the percentage of exchangeable sodium (R2 = 0.81) and the lowest accuracy was observed in the interpolation and zoning of soil clay. The results of the AHP method showed that the greatest importance in preparing the land suitability map is related to rainfall with the highest weight and the least importance is related to the slope with the lowest weight. The results showed that the western part of the study area is suitable for wheat cultivation based on soil, climate and topographic characteristics of the area. It occupies about 46% of the total area of the study area (4220 hectares) and parts of the south and north of the study area have the most unsuitable conditions for wheat cultivation.
Conclusion
In this study, suitable areas for wheat cultivation were studied using the fuzzy AHP method in the GIS environment. For this purpose, the zoning map of each parameter was first determined using the IDW model method. Then, using membership functions, a fuzzy map of each of the effective parameters in determining the areas prone to wheat cultivation was prepared. Then, using the AHP model, the weight of each layer was determined and finally, in the GIS environment, a land suitability map was prepared for wheat cultivation. According to the results, it is clear that this method has high accuracy in determining areas prone to wheat cultivation.
Farzaneh Sasanpour; Fateme Mohebbi; َAmir hosein Kazem
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Floods are natural hazards that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year. Flood zoning plans contain basic and important information in the study of development projects in the world, sobefore any investment or implementation of development plans, they should ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Floods are natural hazards that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year. Flood zoning plans contain basic and important information in the study of development projects in the world, sobefore any investment or implementation of development plans, they should be reviewed by the relevant organizations. The Taleghan River has faced numerous floods over the years,however, no comprehensive studies have been conducted regarding the damage caused by the flood of Taleghan River and its zoning. Taleghan town, which is the main population settlement in the region, the river passes through and the construction of residential and commercial buildings along the river, is expanding. By Using the ARC GIS software,Taleghan most affected areas by flood risk have been determined in the form of a zoning map. Flood risk zoning map has been preparedby using FuzzyVIKOR method, determining the weight through the critic for 7 effective criteria in evaluating flood zones including: altitude, slope, slope directions, land use, geology, distance from waterway and average rainfall. The results of this study, which has been prepared in five categories, show that 83% of the total area of the basin includes safe or low-risk areas. However, 17% of its lands have moderate and high flood risk, which includes areas around the main waterway and sub-waterways with residential and agricultural uses in the basin. Therefore, in order to reduce floods,in low and medium slope lowlands of Taleghan River, in development of rural urban uses in the region, it should be implemented.
Materials and Methods
The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied research in terms of purpose. Many factors must be considered in flood zoning, with different degree of importance. In this study, based on previous experiences, the factors that had the greatest impact on flood occurrence in the Taleghan watershed were selected in the VIKOR Fuuzy model. The data used in this study include sea level elevation, slope, slope directions, average rainfall, distance from waterway lines, land use and formation, which were used to determine areas vulnerable to floods.Some part of the required data including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use map of the region and map of geological formations have been collected in raw form with a shape file format in the scale of 1: 250,000 from the rangeland and watershed management department of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Elevation, slope and geographical aspect, maps were extracted from DEM 10 m. The layer of waterways, including permanent canals and rivers, was provided by the National Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization. The map contains same rain line that is received from the Meteorological Organization. The raster map of the average precipitation of the basin that was prepared based on the information of the precipitation rain lines and the statistics of rainfall data related to 5 stations of Dizan, Ciancranchal, Gotehdeh, Jostan, Glird, Armut and Zidasht, using the Interpolation technique. The criteria were normalized after preparing the maps (GIS READY) and applying the required edits such as defining the unit coordinate system for the maps, eliminating the errors that occurred during digitization and reducing the descriptive data by adding a new column to the related descriptive information table.
In all of the maps thatwere converted from Vector format to Raster, after the normalization step, the layers were weighed through the Critic method. Using the VIKOR model and the weights obtained by the Critic method, which were calculated in Excel software, the value of the VIKOR index (Q) was obtained for every option (pixel). Finally, the ultimate map of flood risk zoning in Taleghan watershed resulted from assigning the values of VIKOR index (Q) obtained from the previous step for every relevant point (option), by ARC GIS software.
Results and discussion
The results of flood zoning map show that 83% of the total area of the basin includes safe or low risk areas. However, 17% of this area has a moderate and high flood risk, which mostly includes urban, rural settlements, orchards and agricultural lands, which shows the importance of paying attention to proper management in these areas. According to the results, it can be said thatthe distance from the waterway in Taleghan watershed has had a significant effect on the amount of flooding, so by moving away from the main waterway and sub-waterways of the basin, the risk of floods and flooding can be reduced. The results of the terming flood risk zoning, show that 27 villages and settlements out of 68 villages in the region are in high-risk areas, including the villages of Eskan, Gotehdeh, Narian, Prachan, Mehran, Joostan, Nisa Olga, Hasanjoon, Jazan, and Mochan are at the highest risk.
Conclusion
It has been proved that Multi-criteria decision analysis methods in GIS is a robust approach to generating risk maps with acceptable accuracy. The judgment about the acceptabilityof the model can be made byusing external information from real ground data. In this study, relatively high compliance with the final zoning map was obtained by checking the history of floods in the study area.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohamad Amin Daneshfar; Mehdi Ardjmand
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroductionSuitable sites for waste disposal must leave the least environmental effects while being executable in various aspects. Combination of AHP and GIS is a popular approach used for selecting suitable waste disposal sites, since AHP classifies and prioritizes selected sites ...
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Extended AbstractIntroductionSuitable sites for waste disposal must leave the least environmental effects while being executable in various aspects. Combination of AHP and GIS is a popular approach used for selecting suitable waste disposal sites, since AHP classifies and prioritizes selected sites based on different types of information layers and GIS provides an effective way for data management and display. Various studies have been recently conducted to select suitable sites for waste disposal using GIS and AHP. Rahimi et al. selected a sustainable site for urban solid waste disposal in Mahallat, Iran, using AHP and GIS. Fourteen environmental, economic and social parameters affecting sustainability of landfills were examined in this study and a site was selected in vicinity of this city as the most suitable landfill for solid waste disposal. Improper disposal of waste produced in oil-based drilling of oil and gas wells not only increases costs, but also cause the aforementioned problems. Thus to prevent these problems, it is necessary to select appropriate landfills for this kind of waste.Although, Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC) is responsible for most of oil and gas extraction from Iranian fields in the Persian Gulf, no specific solution has been provided for selection of suitable locations for drilling waste produced in these areas. The present study seeks to select suitable sites for disposal of drilling waste produced in east of the Persian Gulf Iranian oil and gas fields in Lavan Island using AHP method and GIS software. Material and methods Case study Oil and gas fields in Qeshm, Kish, Siri and Lavan operational areas are located in the eastern part of the Persian Gulf. Lavan is one of the islands of Hormozgan province in the Persian Gulf. It is about 2.5 kilometers long and 4.8 kilometers wide. Oil Based Drilling Fluid used in Iranian Oil and Gas Fields in the Persian GulfDue to the type and depth of formation (layers of shale and deep reservoirs), oil based drilling fluids are generally used in Iranian oil and gas fields in the eastern Persian Gulf (Qeshm, Kish, Siri and Lavan). The main component of oil based drilling fluid is petroleum hydrocarbons, especially those with high flashpoint. Usually diesel fuel is used as the main component, which may be added up to 90% to the fluid used in drilling operations. Drilling waste produced in Iranian oil and gas fields in the Persian GulfBased on the latest statistical information provided by IOOC, annually drilling waste is generated by this company in the Persian Gulf, which has declined in recent years due to a reduction in excavation activities. The volume fractions of humidity and oil in the drilling waste are 65% and 30%, which according to the standards of Iranian DOE and HSE unit of IOOC must be reduced to 15% and 1%, respectively after the recycling process. Analytic hierarchy processThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a logical framework that divides complex decisions into hierarchical structures and thus, simplifies their understanding and analysis. This process can be used when decision-making faces some alternatives. GIS Site selection in land-related sciences is an operation through which an expert presents needs, objectives, and information related to the current situation to find the best choice among available alternatives for the concerned land use. The main objective of site selection is to ensure that considering all limitations and available facilities, human activities in the selected site is consistent with the surrounding environment. Nowadays, GIS is used to reach a more scientific and realistic site selection. GIS is a coherent system of hardware, software, data, which allows the storage, analysis, transfer, and recovery of input data and makes it possible to publish the output data as maps, tables, and models of geographical zones. MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of its objectives and descriptive-analytical in terms of its methodology. The criteria and sub-criteria (layers) involved in site selection for drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island were chosen based on the specifications of the region, recommendations of experts, and related literature. Base data were collected from various sources such as IOOC, Iranian department of environment, and geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran. Accordingly, 15 information layers (sub-criterion) affecting waste disposal site selection in Lavan Island were introduced and classified into three indices. These information layers include industrial building, slope, elevation, gas lines, oil lines, oil storages, roads, population centres, industrial regions, land use, airport, fault line, vegetation, river, and geology which have been classified as technical-economic, social-cultural, and environmental indices (criteria). Figure 1 depicts the hierarchical tree of site selection for disposal of drilling waste produced in eastern Persian Gulf Iranian oil and gas fields in Lavan Island. Figure 1. The hierarchical tree of site selection for oil based drilling waste in Lavan Island Results and discussionProperties of each layer (layer values) were weighted in GIS environment based on al-saati method and experts’ opinions. Classification, weighting and normalization of effective layers used for selecting appropriate sites for oil drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island were performed and results were used to prepare a weighed map for each layer. These maps were combined in the final step to obtain the proposed map for waste disposal site. Figures 2 shows the weights assigned to information layers prepared for waste disposal in lavan Island. Figure 2. Weights assigned to information layers prepared for oil based waste disposal in lavan Island After the internal weighing of each layer, the AHP model was used to prepare the final map for the optimal site. Weighing each of these 15 layers is one of the most important stages of this model in which significance of each layer is expressed compared to other layers. The ultimate normalized weight of each layer was calculated by an AHP matrix with an inconsistency rate lower than 1.0. Chart 1 shows the ultimate normalized weight of each layer which will be used in overlapping operations to find appropriate sites for oil based drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island. Chart 1. Importance of weights assigned to layers in the selection of oil based waste disposal site in Lavan IslandResults indicate that distance from population centers, distance from roads, distance from rivers and distance from airport are the most important parameters used to select appropriate sites for oil based waste disposal in Lavan Island. Results confirm the sensitivity of environmental and socio-cultural criteria for oil based drilling waste disposal in Lavan Island.Then, information layers were integrated using weighted overlay method in AHP to obtain the final map of the appropriate region for waste disposal. In this stage, the layers were overlapped based on their level of effectiveness in GIS environment and the final site selection map was prepared for waste disposal in Lavan Island (see Figure 3). The appropriate sites for waste disposal were classified into 5 classes (from “very good” to “very poor”) and depicted in this map. Figure 3. Classification of selected sites for oil based waste disposal in Lavan Island Spatial analysis of final maps shows that some regions in the center of Lavan Island (sites number 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)are appropriate for drilling waste disposal due to their distance from population centers, roads, rivers, and the airport. These barren lands are the farthest sites from urban centers, roads, rivers, and the airport. Therefore, construction of waste disposal sites in these regions of Lavan Island is suggested in the final map to decision-makers. Figure 4 shows the prioritized waste disposal sites in Lavan Island. Figure 4. Prioritization of oil based waste disposal sites in Lavan Island ConclusionsThe present study was performed due to the lack of similar studies on waste disposal site selection in this region. GIS and AHP were used to select suitable sites for the disposal of drilling waste in Lavan Island. This drilling waste is produced in the Iranian oil and gas fields in the eastern parts of the Persian Gulf. Effective factors were weighted in different layers of GIS environment and weighted maps were prepared. Priorities were selected using the AHP, and site selection for drilling waste disposal was performed in GIS. Distance from rivers was recognized as the top priority parameter in environmental criteria due to the importance of environmental standards and avoiding surface water pollution. Moreover, distance from population centers, roads, and the airport were selected as top priorities in social-cultural sub-criteria due to the importance of the Island residents’ health and beauty of the landscape. Information layers were thus produced and combined using weighted overlay method in AHP to reach the final maps of suitable locations for oil based waste disposal in GIS. In accordance with effective criteria in the waste disposal site selection, suggested sites were classified into five classes ranging from “very good” to “very poor”. Accordingly, some sites located in the central part of Lavan Island were selected as appropriate sites for the disposal of drilling waste due to their distance from urban and population centers, roads, rivers, the airport, and so forth
Morteza Heidarimozaffar; Morteza Shahavand
Abstract
Introduction Iran is mostly located in arid and semi-arid regions, and groundwater is its only water resource. The present study introduces a method based on spatial zoning evaluation which takes advantage ofFuzzy Logic and Geospatial Information System to design possible sites for an underground dam, ...
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Introduction Iran is mostly located in arid and semi-arid regions, and groundwater is its only water resource. The present study introduces a method based on spatial zoning evaluation which takes advantage ofFuzzy Logic and Geospatial Information System to design possible sites for an underground dam, and ranks them according to their suitability. The usability of this method for the construction of an underground dam in Kabodarahang Plain in the north of Hamedan Provincewas evaluated in the present study. Materials & Methods Groundwater use is considered to be a solution of water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. Lack of sufficient financial resources and adequate technology as well as specific physical conditions make it difficult to provide clean water in arid areas of most developing countries. Over the past few years, underground dams has been considered as a way to overcome water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. The present study seeks to identify suitable locations for the construction of an underground dam in Kabodarahangplain in north of Hamadan province using fuzzy logic in GIS environment. As one of the case study areas of Qareh Chai River,KabodarahangPlain isthe largest plain of Hamedan province with an area of 3448 square kilometers and an average height of about 1789 meters above the sea level.It is located between 48°14ˊ 51 ̋ to 49° 5ˊ 11 ̋ eastern longitude and 34° 50ˊ 6 ̋ to36°14ˊ 31 ̋ Northern latitude. To reach the goal of the present study, effective parameters in the constructionof underground dam, such as land slope, positionof wells, springs and aqueducts, rivers channels, positionof faults, location of villages and cities, position of paths and the thickness of alluvium were collected from the study area. Based onthe possibility of performing different spatial analyses in geographic information system environment, zoning ofKaboodarahang plain was evaluated from the point of view of an underground dam construction usingfuzzy logic and GIS tools in the present study. Results & Discussion Similar to membership in classical series,“And” operatorin Fuzzy Logic is used when two or more different criteria can help in solving an issue. This operator extracts the minimum membership level of pixel units in a specified positionand use it in the final map.Fuzzy multiplication operator multiplies membership level of pixel units in specified positionsof different factors and use the result in the final map. This operator is used when mapsof different criteria have a subtractive effect on each other.Fuzzy gamma operator is the general form of algebraic multiplication of fuzzy multiplication and addition operators to the power of gamma. It is used when increasing and decreasing effects are present in the relations between different criteria. Following the preparation of layers in Arc Map software, Euclidean distance operator and interpolation based on triangulation method were used to convert parameters to raster layers. Based on the background research and standards used, the criteria maps were combined using fuzzy operators. Using Fuzzy membership operator, an area of 3342 hectares, using fuzzy multiplier operator an area of2393 hectare (around one percent of the study area) and using the fuzzy gamma operator, an area of 35574 hectares (10.32% of the study area) was selected as having a very good potential for underground dam construction.Slope Map is also one of the most important criteria in determining areas appropriate for underground dam construction. It is suggested to use a larger-scale topographic map to improve the accuracy and increase the possibility of errors. Intelligent algorithms can also be used to determine the threshold level for standardization of the criteria. Since different organizationswork in the field of data collection, it is also suggested to providea suitable mechanism to assess the potential of other plains through consultation and coordination with other relevant organizations. It is recommended to use other parameters and factors affecting the selection of suitable areas for the construction of underground dams, such as soil type or physical and chemical properties of soil in future studies. Conclusion Zoning maps prepared by fuzzy logic in GIS environment can be used to determine the appropriate location forthe constructionof underground dams. Fuzzy operators provide special conditions which make them more reliablecompared to traditional methods.Appropriate areas for construction of underground dam were identified in GIS environment. A decision making model can also be produced based on the input parameters.It is suggested to enter general information of the area to perform the initial investigation of potential areas and then add field study information to complete the model.
Esmaeil Aliakbari; Mostafa Taleshi; Mohammadreza Karami; Kioumars Maleki
Abstract
Introduction
On average, an earthquake with the force of 6 magnitude of the Richter scale hits Iran every year and a 7.0 earthquake strikes the country every ten years. The fact that urban areas face serious damages due to these natural disasters makes it clear ...
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Introduction
On average, an earthquake with the force of 6 magnitude of the Richter scale hits Iran every year and a 7.0 earthquake strikes the country every ten years. The fact that urban areas face serious damages due to these natural disasters makes it clear that a crisis plan is quite necessary. City is a multi-layered structure consisting of closely related physical and non-physical components (functional, spatial, and social) with two levels of interaction among them. Providing a clear understanding of the consequences of hazards and evaluating vulnerable urban areas seem to be a necessary step toward decreased vulnerability to natural hazards. This will be definitely reached through policy making, making the right decisions and taking the right actions. The present study seeks to analyze zoning and vulnerability of Kermanshah metropolis in regard to possible earthquakes. Findings of the present study can be used to prepare an appropriate plan for the future of this city. The present study also explains physical, social and natural components, and uses a combination of these components to prepare different quantitative models and the necessary indicators (basic studies). It also attempts to provide methods of implementing these models and indicators (operational methods). And finally it seeks to prepare a hazard map to facilitate the identification of critical areas and impenetrable residential zones in Kermanshah metropolis, while determining optimal directions for future physical-spatial development of Kermanshah based on seismic risk zone. This is achieved through a new approach using Analytic hierarchy process.
Methodology
GIS and multi-criteria decision making methods are used in the present study for seismic zoning of natural, physical, social, and economic dimensions of Kermanshah. To reach this end, statistical, non-statistical and online sources were used and necessary maps were collected from relevant organizations and departments. In general, 1, 25000 topographic maps (AutoCAD Versions), Parcel maps of the 2016 census, land use maps showing the present situation (AutoCAD Versions), and etc. were used in the present study. Except for parcel map which was prepared in Shapefile (a well-known format prepared in ARCGIS software) and thus ready for GIS analysis, other layers were prepared in CAD format and had to be edited, revised, and then converted to Coverage format and Shapefile for final editing in GIS models. It is noteworthy that many of these maps were completed and edited by the authors. Then, maps required for each cluster were standardized using the classification method. Related weights and pairwise comparison matrix were defined for each cluster using scientific resources.
Results and Discussion
Due to the large number of sub-indicators used in the present study, each indicator was rated and graded separately. Results indicate that Kermanshah metropolitan area enjoys a desirable status regarding the economic indicator since69.6% of the city lies in the low vulnerability range of this indicator. Regarding the social indicator, the city is in an unfavorable status since56.6% of its area lies in a very high vulnerability range and only a small percentage of the city area (1.5%) lies in the low vulnerability range. Regarding the physical indicator, 57% of the city lies in the medium vulnerability range and 33.2% in the low vulnerability range. Regarding the natural indicator, 55.4% of the city lies in the medium vulnerability range, 36.5% in the high vulnerability range, 1.8% in the very high vulnerability range, and 6.3% in the low vulnerability range. The unfavorable status of the social indicator is due to the presence of areas facing high or very high levels of vulnerability. Findings of the economic indicator imply the distribution of an economic class with an average income in the city. Regarding the physical indicator, about 30% of the city area is covered by old vulnerable settlements constructed with unsustainable materials in direct contrast with urban planning rules. These areas require improvement, reconstruction, and renovation. Regarding the natural indicator, Kermanshah and its neighboring cities are built on earthquake fault lines. Dealing with this situation requires strengthening and modernization of old urban contexts, increasing permeability of arterial roads, development of non-physical spaces, making a greater use of empty spaces, and building new residential spaces (brownfield lands). Findings indicate the significant role of natural factors (including proximity to earthquake fault lines), physical factors (old contexts, inefficient materials, and etc.), and above all, lack of engineering supervision in the present constructions of the city. Land uses facing earthquake hazards in Kermanshah include residential (about 16% located in the very high vulnerability range), road network (about 15% located in the very high vulnerability), and emergency operation, military and medical centers. This will definitely jeopardize any rescue operation in possible future earthquakes.
Conclusion
Earthquake and its related devastating mechanism constitute a very complex process in which various factors play a role. These factors can reduce destructive effects of earthquakes on urban settlements. High population density, patterns of spatial distribution, vast man-made environment and different characteristics and conditions of its constructions have made analyzing the situation if not impossible (without computer and advanced software), quite difficult. The present study has analyzed different indicators and sub-indicators, and introduced inappropriate status of physical elements, inefficient road network, overcrowded and worn-out urban fabric in the city center, high density, and inappropriate distribution of open and green spaces in the city as the key factors resulting in increased vulnerability of land uses in the current zoning of the city. Due to the close relationship between damages of an earthquake and proximity to earthquake fault lines, development of a physical-spatial model in Kermanshah metropolis before the occurrence of future earthquakes seems necessary. Results indicate that in case rules and principles of urban planning are followed, endogenous and horizontal development of the city toward southern and northwestern direction seem to be logical. Furthermore, considering factors such as slope, slope direction and the east-west direction of faults, development of the city toward west or east is not recommended unless principles of urban planning and reinforcing is completely followed. Rough and rugged topography of the northern and northeastern parts of the city is also another obstacle to the physical development of the city in these directions. Therefore, physical-spatial development in the southern and southwestern direction, along with infill and endogenous development according to the potential of the city are recommended
Moslem Darvishi; Abouzar Ramezani
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Due todecreased rainfall and increased groundwater harvesting, our country faces drought. With drastic decline of water levelin lakes and hydroelectric reservoirs, water scarcity is deeply felt. Thus, managers and officials shall find new ways of decreasing waterconsumption ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Due todecreased rainfall and increased groundwater harvesting, our country faces drought. With drastic decline of water levelin lakes and hydroelectric reservoirs, water scarcity is deeply felt. Thus, managers and officials shall find new ways of decreasing waterconsumption and overcome this crisis. Due to the rising global temperatures and reportsof the World Wildlife Fund, water scarcitycrisis will dominate most countries of the world, especially in Europe and Asia in the next ten years (Sengupta, 2018). Therefore, advanced water management principles shall be applied to decrease water consumption in the agricultural sector and maintain water security. Iran is among the top five countries of the world in terms of having vast irrigated land (Bruinsma, 2017), which shows that in many parts of the country agricultural lands are irrigated. Thus, the country’s water resources reach a critical stage, and because of limited resources, no more water can be provided for agriculture. The present study primarily seeks to optimize crop cultivation using two approaches: first, reduce water consumption and increase farmers’ income and second, reduce water consumption and meet domestic demand. In order to achieve this goal, first, the type of crops and area under cultivation were determined using remote sensing and satellite imagery. Then,spatial information system was used for data analysisand optimization of crop cultivation. Materials & Methods Remotely sensed images were used to collect data about the area under cultivationin agricultural patches and crop type. Those images were then analyzed using remote sensing techniques.According to pixel-based classification ofmultitemporal satellite images using training data, a croplabel is assigned to each pixelin this method. Moreover, borders of each agricultural land are extracted from pan-chromatic images of the region with higher spatial resolution. Finally, fitting the results of pixel-based classification with the extracted bordersof each agricultural land,a final croplabel is determinedfor the total area of the agricultural landbased on the majority labels. In order to optimize the problem, two objective functions (relationships 1 and 2) are defined in which income maximization and water consumption minimization are considered. Typically, location and allocation problems include objective and constraints functionswhich are maximized or minimized based on the goal of the problem. Linear programming is used to solve the problem. Linear programming is a classical optimization method whichdevelop a deterministic algorithm tosolve the problem. This method can only be used when the relationships between variables are linear. In other words, the relationship between variables shall be perfectly proportional and directin this method. (1) (1) (2) Result &Discussion The study area consists of 198 hectares of agricultural land in vicinity of GolangTapeh village of Asadabad city. The city covers an area of 1195 km2 and constitutes 6.1% of Hamadan province. It is located between 34° 37› to34°50 ‹northern latitude and 47°9› to 47°51›eastern latitude. Its average height is 1607 meters above sea level. The city is bounded in northwest with the province of Kordestan,in west with the province of Kermanshah, in southeast with Tuyserkancity and in the northeast withBaharcity. Assad Abad consists of three plains and a mountainside, but since it mostly consists of fertile plains, it can be considered as a flat area (Fig. 1). Fig1: Case study area Figure 2 shows the results of pixel-basedclassificationusing neural network method. In this method, network is trained using ground data. After training the network on the basis of ground truth estimator data, the estimation accuracy is about 88%. Fig. 2: The results ofclassification using neural network Following the calculation of the area under cultivation in agricultural lands and the type of crops, optimization is investigated using two scenarios (Figure 3). In the first scenario, reduction of water consumption and increased farmers’ income and in the second scenario,meeting domestic demandsto prevent capital outflow is considered. Fig3: Crop type and boundaries of agricultural lands In the first scenario, our priority is to reduce water consumption and increase farmers’ income. In this scenario, the goal is to select the type of crops according to the modeling constraints so that the crop type and water consumption are optimized. Figure 4 shows the proposed crop type. Fig4: The results of thefirst scenario Conclusion The present study used a combination of remote sensing and spatial information system to find a solution for optimization ofcultivation pattern through two different scenarios. First, land boundaries and types of crops were determinedusing pan-chromatic images and artificial intelligence. Then, two objective functions were developed to minimize water consumption and maximize income. Also, constraints such as crop type, periodicity constraints and domestic demand were modeled. Considering two objective functions, an algorithm was presented to optimize the cultivation pattern and the results were implemented in this algorithm. Results indicated that the difference between the first scenario which seeks to minimize water consumption and maximize farmers’ income and the second scenario which seeks tominimize water consumption and maximizedomestically demanded crops is relatively small. In both scenarios, the water use rate inAsadabad plain have decreased by about 1000 m3. In other words, in both scenarios there was a 50% reduction in water consumption. Moreover, if priority is given to meeting domestic demand, water consumption increase by about 3% and income decrease by about 3%. In future studies, owners of each agricultural land can be determined and each farmer’s incomecan be considered to further optimize crop cultivation.
Kazem Borhani; Ashraf Azimzadeh Irany; Amirhosein Elhami
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Emergency shelters built based on multifunctional spaces are one of the main components of crisis management, which is carried out for various purposes by transferring people from hazardous or damaged areas to safe areas. Providing suitable spaces for the accommodation ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Emergency shelters built based on multifunctional spaces are one of the main components of crisis management, which is carried out for various purposes by transferring people from hazardous or damaged areas to safe areas. Providing suitable spaces for the accommodation of refugees, establishing safe routes, warning and informing people about the possibility of danger, transfer and return planning and supporting are the main components of multi-purpose spaces. These components are defined according to the dimensions and scope of danger. Building multi-purpose land uses and paying special attention to them in urban development projects will help in optimization of crisis management processes, and create mechanisms to guarantee citizen security and achieve sustainable urban development. Paying attention to emergency shelters built based on multi-purpose land uses in military towns is of more importance and should be planned during peacetime. In fact, special attention should be paid to selecting and organizing multi-purpose spaces in these cities. Saravan, the center of Saravan city, is a town in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. It is a military town in southeastern Iran with a strategic importance from security and military point of view. Given its strategic location, the necessity of security and defense planning of the city based on the principles of passive defense is quite clear. Aspreviously mentioned,utilizing multi-purpose land uses as a strategy based on passive defensecan be considered an appropriate solution for defense planning of the city. Due to the spatial nature of data as well as multi-objective and multi-criteria nature of decision making, spatial analysis and site selection of multi-purpose land uses needs to be performed using a combination of geographic information system and multi-criteria decision making methods. Materials & Methods The presentapplied studyis performed using descriptive-analytical method. Data was collected from library and documentary sources and land use maps. Some information was also collected from the Statistical Center of Iran. ArcGISwas used to analyze collected data and produce relatedmaps including land use maps, mapsof sensitive urban centers such as military barracks, etc. According to the nature of the research and its field of study,geographical information system (GIS) was integrated with fuzzy multi-criteria decision making methods in the information analysis phase. Results & Discussion In order to analyze collected data, various criteria and indicators were first determined for selection of spaces and multi-purpose land uses based on studies conducted. Then, a special weight is allocated to each criterionusing verbally generated fuzzy methods andaccording to experts’ opinions and then SAW model was used to combine related GIS layers. Finally, the zoning map of Saravan city has been presented as an appropriate example for creating multi-purpose spaces and land uses. Indicators of site selection for multi-purpose land uses have been scored by experts to determine their effect and importance in spatial analysis of multi-purpose spaces in Saravan city. The opinions of 26 experts have been collected to determine this weight. The indicators were converted to GIS layers and presented after the integration of the final map. Conclusion Due to its strategic location and security-related issues, Saravan needs defense planning. Undoubtedly, shelters are needed to protect people againstthe enemy’s attacks in case of war. The necessity of paying attention to this issue has increased the importance of research on defense planning and passive defense in the field of urban planning. Passive defense in border towns focuses on defense planning and reduces the number of casualties. Shelters and multi-purpose spaces are also of this type. With the aim of spatial analysis and site selection for multi-purpose land uses, and in order toutilize existing land uses for urban defense planning, the present study has identified multi-purpose land uses in Saravan. Using geographic information system and multi-criteria decision making methods, these land uses have been located and appropriate situations have been identified for creation of multi-purpose spaces. Results indicated that usingexperts’ views, along with geographic information system, and multi-criteria decision making methods could be an appropriate way fordefense planning and site selecting for multi-purpose land uses. According to the final map which is produced using SAW model for locating and planning multi-purpose land uses, different appropriate areas exist for the location of multi-purpose uses. These areas are specified in the final map of Saravan. According to this map, northeastern areas of the city is considered to be suitablebased on all criteria. It can be concluded that the areas obtained fromGIS are scattered throughout the city and responsible organizations can use the final map for site selection. The largest area with the most suitable condition is located in the northeasternregion, and the southeastern, southern and southwestern regions seem appropriate. A vast region of the city (beginning in the northwestern region and reaching southeastern region) is in poor condition in terms of the criteria examined. Due to the 10 levels of classification used in the final map, the map shows different conditions even in this region, and more suitable situationscan be selected for multi-purpose land usescompared to other regions.
Mostafa Mohamadi dehcheshme; Fereshteh Shanbehpour
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction 21st century is the era of cities’vulnerability, since as urban life becomes more complex, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction 21st century is the era of cities’vulnerability, since as urban life becomes more complex, cities face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand and social-security crises on the other.Urban safety and security have long been a focus of urban planning, and planners have always been concerned about this important issue in the process of building and designing urban areas.Improving the security of critical infrastructures can play a key role in provision of better services and reduction of vulnerabilities, especially in times of crisis,Moreover, reducing the vulnerability of urban land uses by new crisis management approaches such as passive defense, which is one of the most important goals of urban managers can play a role in creation of a safe environment in cities and mitigationof damages. Materials & Methods The present research is theoretical-practical and descriptive-analytic in nature. For data analysis, the final weights of indices were determined using FAHP-GIS and then the neighborhood of each layer was identifiedusing the Distance tool. Afterwards, maps of the interval zoneswere overlapped usingFuzzy Overlay(gamma-0.9)of the Spatial Analyst Tools. Results & Discussion The findings of the present study on spatial analysis of critical infrastructure have indicated that: (A)The 2nd district of Yasujfaces the highest risk level, while the 3rd district faces the lowest level of risks. High concentration of critical infrastructures in the 2nd district and improper distribution of these infrastructures and organizations providing emergency servicesare the most important causes of risks in the city of Yasuj. B) None of the studied critical infrastructures and organizations providing emergency services in Yasuj are located in the very low risk zone. C) Only about 31% of the studied critical land uses are located in the low Risk zone. D) Spatial analysis of critical infrastructures in Yasuj has shown the lack of a logical balance in spatial distribution of these infrastructures. Therefore, ifa possible emergency situation damages a part of the city (the 2nd district as considered in the present study), the activities of many sectors will be challengeddue to the synergy and interoperability of the infrastructure. Conclusion The results show that 11 land uses or 45.83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.19-0.1 are located in the high risk zone; 6 land uses or 25% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.20-0.39 are located in the relatively dangerous zone; 5 land uses or 20.83% of infrastructures with percent value of 0.40-0.59 are located in the medium risk zone, and finally, 2 land uses or 8.33% of the infrastructures with percent value of 0.60-0.79 are located in the low risk zone. None of the land uses in Yasuj are located inthe very low risk zone.
Nemat Hosseinzadeh; Ali Reza Estelaji; Tahmineh Daniali
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction The growth and expansion of urbanization in the contemporary era and the emergence of metropolitan areas as places in which large number of people live together and capital and assets are accumulated have recently attracted the attention of many planners, governments and ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction The growth and expansion of urbanization in the contemporary era and the emergence of metropolitan areas as places in which large number of people live together and capital and assets are accumulated have recently attracted the attention of many planners, governments and nations topotential natural hazards and the importance of crisis management in these areas.In this regard, land use planning is considered to be critical due to its importance for sustainable development, optimal configuration, and crisis management. Materials & Methods The present study primarily seeks to design a spatial model for spatial evaluation of urban land use in district 19 of Tehran Municipalityusing a crisis management approach. In this descriptive-analytical study,necessary information were collected through library research methods and the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators.In quantitative index analysis, per capita land use of the district was compared to the country’s standard level, and in qualitative index analysis, three criteria of compatibility, capacity and desirability have been evaluated. One of the goals of urban land use planning is proper site selection for different land uses and separation of incompatible land uses from each other which is achieved through collection of necessary information about the current situation and evaluation of the collected information. For example, attempts are made to find a proper site forland uses producing pollutants such as smoke, odors, and noise away from residential, cultural, and social areas.In contrast, activities that complement each other are located in vicinity of each other. ArcGIS was used to evaluate and model the compatibility level of neighboring land uses. The proposed model inthe present study aims to evaluate the proximity of activities in order to determine their level of compatibility from the perspective of crisis management. Results of this model can be used for land use planning. This model is based on two principles: the logic behindland uses’ compatibility, and spatial neighborhood relationship and models of this relationship in GIS environment. Model Builder, a visual programming language at the Arc Info \ Editor Level which is undoubtedly one of the most important features offered in this program has been used to achieve the desired goal in this study. This modeler is actually an interface which forms the input-output parameters and processing functions in the processor. In this interface, the user can call several functions in a sequence and the processes will be performed one after the other. The input parameters includeeverysupported format in ArcGIS. Processing functions include all functionsused in the spatial analysis network. Outputs can be stored and used in later steps. Results & Discussion Qualitative analysis of land uses in District 19 of Tehran Municipality Evaluating the compatibility of land uses in District 19 In order to analyze the compatibility levelofneighboring land uses, the number of neighbors in each parcel is determined.Then,a binary compatibility relationship is stipulated for each pair and finally a fixed number is reached in the process of comparing land uses. As required by the land use compatibility matrix, urban uses are hypothetically classified into 5 groupsbased on their current situation: fully compatible, relatively compatible, indifferent, completely incompatible, and relatively incompatible. Following the production of compatibility matrix, details oflandusescollected during the field study have been analyzed and presented as maps. Then, the model is run in Arc GIS and the level of each land use’s compatibility is presented with anespecialcolor. Results indicate that except for Velayat park which is not compatible with the surrounding land uses, most of the incompatible land uses are located in the western and southwestern parts of the district. These incompatible land uses are presented with 5 different color ranges. Investigating the capacity of different land uses in district 19 of Tehran Municipality Qualitative analysis of accessibility zone in the capacity matrix In this matrix, the performance of each major land use in service provision and performance coverage is determined based on the urban population and its area of influence, and the results are presented in the relevant tables and on a map produced using Euclidean analysis in Arc GIS. The basic level of performance for each land use at the regional level and its area of direct influenceis identified based on the population required for standard performance of that specific land use in this area. This identified level of performance was used as the basis for further calculations. According to the proposed model and considering the accessibility zone, a special buffer zone is identified for each land use and its census blocks are determined. Finally,population within the blocks is determined separately for each land use (in this section, a few maps of buffer zones are provided for some land usesas an example). This model determines whether the rules of accessibility have been complied in different land uses. Based on the accessibility zone and censusblocks, decision making about the necessity of different land uses is made possible. Investigating the desirability of land uses in district 19 To reach the desired goal, a land use layerto which a new field of desirability has been added will be consideredaccording to the model (Figures 5 and 7) and the existing rules for specific land uses. Results are exhibited in two different classes (desirable, undesirable). According to the existing rules and maps, the desired parts of the area are marked in green and the undesirable parts of the area are marked in red. Conclusion As one of the most important tools and a major goal of urban planning,land use planning has a vital role in risk mitigation duringurban development. Thus, improving methods and processes of realizing this goal is of great importance and priority. Physical and functional characteristicsof land use have a significant effect on the number of casualties in different urban crisis. Therefore, land use planning is considered to be an important principle of urban planning and an urban planner is primarily expected to make the right decisions and to properly monitor land uses.On the other hand, crisis management and resilience approach have become a pervasive topic of debate in the present decade. Many researchers consider resilience to be the internal ability of a system, community or element to withstand the effects of a natural or social event. In order to determine the level of resilience, land uses in this area are investigated based on different aspects of crisis management. A major difference is observed between the findings of the present study and that of other researchers: most of dimensions, criteria or the main indicator in the present study are related to each other.The dimensions proposed in this model cover all physical and non-physical aspects and the proposed criteria or indicators also show important factors in each dimension. Moreover, the vulnerability of each dimension affects other dimensionsdirectly or indirectly. In fact, a district of Tehran municipality may be more resilient than other districts in some dimensions, but this does not suffice by its own and vulnerability in one dimension reduces the resilience of the whole district.Therefore, a resilient city or district needs to reduce its vulnerability in all dimensions and achieve resilience and crisis management in their real sense. One of the main concerns in the study of urban issues and urban planning is the issue of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the city and urban land uses. In the present study, an attempt has been made to perform quantitative index analysis of urban land uses under the topic of fair distribution of land uses per capita.And for the analysis of quality index, urban land uses were separately investigated based on their compatibility, capacity, and desirability level.This is another innovation of the present study which makes it different from other researches.In the discussion of compatibility,a model has been developed in ArcGIS environmentbased on the rules of urban planning to determine the compatibility of neighboring land uses. The highest level of incompatibility between neighboring land uses was observed in the western and southwestern part of the district. In terms of capacity, a model has been designed for existing uses in the area based on the standard accessibility zone. Regarding desirability, appropriateness of spatial conditions (slope, pollution, odor, location ...) and the land uses in a particular place have been considered as important criterion used to distinguish desirable and undesirable areas.The present studyinvestigates appropriateness of land uses based on standard slope. As previously mentioned, a model has been developed for each case in the GIS environment and the results are provided as a map at the end of each section. Following qualitative analysis, the most incompatible land uses were identified. Finally, the following solutions and suggestions are provided to improve and manage land use and for the managementof possible future crisis: Using empty spaces in the district and worthless lands in the southern and southwestern areas of the district to prevent the physical expansion and encroachment of the district on Tehran and Islamshahr. Considering a special zone around high-risk land uses such as gas stations and applying additional rules and regulations to prohibit increased density in these zones. Collecting physical and environmental data as much as possible, combining these data with each other, and using them statistically. Assessing earthquake risk and including the results in land use planning to mitigate risk and manage possiblecrisis. Distributingthe population in this districtbased on identified hazards in the area. Properly distributing parks and green spaces in the district, maintaining them for the times of possible crisis, ensuring easier access and equitable distribution among citizens. Increasing the quality of buildings in accordance with construction and urban planning standards, planning for the reconstruction and repairing of worn out buildings.
Yasser Ebrahimian Ghajari
Abstract
Introduction Natural hazards have always been a part of our surrounding environment and human life would be unimaginable without considering these hazards. With the development of social life, and particularly with urbanization and increasing expansion of cities, the dimensions of such incidents have ...
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Introduction Natural hazards have always been a part of our surrounding environment and human life would be unimaginable without considering these hazards. With the development of social life, and particularly with urbanization and increasing expansion of cities, the dimensions of such incidents have become more complicated. Earthquake is one of the most important natural hazards that takes the lives of many people every year. Although definite prediction of earthquake is not still possible, high-risk areas can be identified by zoning earthquake hazard using new technologies such as GIS, and measures can be taken to deal with the critical situation of identified regions during an earthquake. Planning of temporary accommodation with the aim of crisis management and reduction of secondary damages caused by the earthquake have always been amongmajor concerns of urban planners and managers. In the past, the policy of creating temporary accommodation centers and disaster relief sites lacked a specific program, so that locating a vacant land, with no owner was the most important principle for the creation of these centers in urban areas. It is now proved that these methods lack efficiency. However, recent advances in modern technologies such as GIS have improved planning process. This kind of planning procedure takes effective parameters and criteriainto account, many of which have spatial nature. Urban resiliency is one of the most important branches of urban crisis management, thus risk assessment and risk reduction planning, including site selection for temporary accommodation (as a principle of urban resiliency),are highly essential. Materials and methods The study area of the present research is Babol, one of the major and central cities of Mazandaran Province. Babol is located in BabolCounty, 14 km from the Caspian Sea and 10 km from the Alborz Mountains. With a total area of approximately 32 km2 and a population of250,217 (at the2016 census), it is the second most populous city in Mazandaran province.The 600 km long Caspian faults and 680 km long Alborz faults are among the effective faults of the study area. In the present study, effective measures for selectionof temporary accommodation siteswere extracted and weighted using expert opinions specialized in structural engineering, earthquake, urban planning, crisis management, passive defense, traffic and transportation. Identified criteria included distance from the river, distance from the fault, land use, distance from installations network, access to the transit network, distance from fire stations, population density, distance from tall buildings, distance from police stations and distance from health centers. Then, using GIS analytic functions, standard maps were produced and combined to identify the best areas for temporary accommodation (after a possible earthquake) in Babol. Criteria were weighted using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and weighted overlay method was also used to combine them. Results and discussion Analyzing the results indicated that only 7% of the total study area (Babol City) is appropriate for temporary accommodation. Identified areas were examined according to other temporary accommodation standards. Finally, six sites and a total of 107 hectares (less than 4% of the study area) were identified as suitable sitesfor temporary accommodation. With a very large area (37 hectares) and full access to water, electricity and gas facilities,the first site is locatednear eastern beltway of Baboland Lotus PondRecreational Complex. The second proposed site is a 11-hectarevacant arealocated in the northeastern part of Babol City, between Ramenet and Pari Kola Villages. With a total area of 22 hectares,the third proposed site is located in the south-east of Babol City and near Babol-Qa’emShahr Road. Unlike the previous three sites, the fourth proposed site is located almost inside the city. It is a vacant 5-hectarearea in the northern side of the Motamedi Martyrs’ Cemetery. The next site, also located inside the city, is Aminian Dormitory (Noushirovani University of Technology) with a total area of 4 hectares. Although the last proposed site was ranked lower than the other five sites in the final analysis, it has the highest score among available sites inwestern side of Babol river. With a total area of 28 hectares, this site is located within a short distance of Imam Khamenei Highway. Conclusion According to the international standards, per capita area for temporary accommodation is approximately 4 m2. Therefore,with a population of about 250,217,Babol needs an average space of 100 hectares for temporary accommodation. Although, the proposed space for temporary accommodation (107 hectares) in Babol almost equals the required space (100 hectares), with the present rate of population growth inBabol, increasedconstructions, and consequently, reduction of appropriate space for temporary accommodation, Babol will definitely face a shortage of suitable space for temporary accommodation of earthquake victimsin near future. Moreover, the spatial distribution of suitable sites for temporary accommodation is not reasonable, as most of the suitable sites are located in the eastern part and within the boundaries of the city. While, these sites are expected to be scattered throughout the city with an equal access for all residents.Finally, it can be concluded that temporary accommodation of earthquake victimswas not considered in urban planning of Babol, and as a result, the city does not have a suitable status regarding temporary accommodation of earthquake victims.
Reza Aminataei; Sahar Akhavan; Amirhooshang Nezamivand chegini
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially susceptibleof landslides, rock falls, and other events associated with seismichillsides. Landslide results in severe erosions and sometimes leads to financial losses or loss of lives. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causes behind this phenomenon and determinezones prone to land sliding. Materials and methods In this study, we tried to usea sample of trenches and boundaries offaultslocated inRoudbar sliding slopes in order to characterize the sliding soils. Following this field investigatation,soil samples were obtained from 10 landslide zones. Then, factors affecting the sliding slopes were identified and a digital map was produced for each factor. Nine data layers including direction and degree of slopes, geology, landuse, precipitation, relative changes in elevation, distance from roads, rivers and faults were used in GIS environment to prepare the weighted maps. Afterwards, LNSF statistical method was used for data analysis in GIS environment and the study area was divided into 5 zones with very low (1), low (2), moderate (3), high (4), and very high (5) sliding susceptibility. Following the integration and analysis of layers using LNSF model, 26 zonation mapswere calculated, and the best map was selected using success rate curves. Then, the zone with highest potentiality for landslide occurrence was selected for further studies from the five zones mentioned before. Hydrometry, Atterberg limits and direct shear tests were performedin the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Gilan University with the aim of identifying physical and mechanical properties of soil samples. Results and discussion Results indicate that with LNSF method, it is possible tozone a vast area (12814.2 hectaresin this research) based on landslide potentiality and then focus on the most critical area (very high landslide potentiality) toinvestigate factors and conditions resulting in the occurrence of landslides or prevention strategies. Success rate charts helps us to determine the most optimal landslide zoning map (i.e. a map inwhich the highest percentage of landslide pixels occur in the “very high potentiality” zone). Following the selection of final zonebased on success rate graphs, from the 26 zoning maps, it was concluded that the landslide zone with very high potentiality encompasses 282.6825 hectares or 2.2% of the total area under study.At the weighting stage, the highest weight was allocated to the seventh category of the land use layer, which at the final zoning stage covers nearly the whole area with very high potantiality of landslides. Therefore, there is a direct relation between the allocated weight in the subject categories and the percentage of its occupancy level in the final zoning.Zoning the results of granulation experiments by Thiessen Polygon, it was concluded that CL type soil coversnearly half of the area with very high landslide potentiality. Determining the static reliability coefficient of the area with very high landslide potentiality, we found that in case soil reaches saturation, unstability of hillsidesin a large part of the study areacanbe expected. Conclusion Dispersion of landslides in Iran is mainly concentrated in Southern Gilan Province. Based on the investigation of the situations in the study area,geology, landuse, distance from highway are identified as the most affective factors in theoccurance of landslides.Following the weighting stage with LNSF method, rated layers were prepared in GIS enviornment, final overlapping was performed, and landslide zoning map of the study area was produced. Based on the landslide risk zonning map, the study area was divided into 5 subsections: 2.21% of the study area had very high sensetivity, 26.43% high sensetivity, 42.28% avarage sensetivity, 25.25% low sensetivity, and 3.83% very low sensetivity. Considering the zonning map produced, it properly overlaps with identified landslides in the area, and help governmental policy makings. It specifically helps Organization of Roads in construction of new roads.
Hassan Emami; Hassan Shahriyari
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Forests play numerous critical roles in nature. They stabilize and fertilize soil, purify water and air, store carbon, and nurture environments abundant in biodiversity. Moreover, forests offer numerous job opportunities and hidden wealth toany economy. Unfortunately, wildfires ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Forests play numerous critical roles in nature. They stabilize and fertilize soil, purify water and air, store carbon, and nurture environments abundant in biodiversity. Moreover, forests offer numerous job opportunities and hidden wealth toany economy. Unfortunately, wildfires have turned into a serious natural risk nowadays. Wildfires are a natural disaster threatening forests and ecosystem, from local to global level. Evaluating the risk of wildfires is an important factor in fire management. This can be performed at different spatial and temporal scales: global and local; short term, and long-term. At global scales, it can contribute to the establishment of general guidelines for fire management at continental level, while at local scales,it is more suitable for resources focusing on preventing specific fires in small regions. Long-term estimation addresses general, more permanent planning of firefighting resources, which is related to the more structural factors affectingwildfires or their spread, such as topography or terrain characteristics, vegetation structure, human activities or weather patterns. Materials & Methods Wildfire risk has become a major concern in recent years, particularly in areas where human settlements are in close proximity to forests. Wildfire origin canbe determined largely by environmental factors. However, fire related data is either unavailable, or mostly incomplete. Thus, reaching an overall annual estimate of wildfires is difficult. Some common methods are used toestimate the risk ofwildfires, including qualitative methods, quantitative methods based on specialized knowledge (multi-criteria evaluation techniques), regression techniques (linear regression and logical regression), and artificial neural networks. Wildfire initiation and spread depend on several important factors, including precipitation, presence of ignition elements, factors like topography, temperature, thunder, spreading of fuel, relative humidity, wind speed, and etc. The present study integrates data produced by remote sensing with data received from geographic information system. It also takes advantage of LDCM satellite imagery, and digital elevation model, along with natural/human factors such as wind speed and direction, vegetation, land surface temperature, slope, proximity to roads and residential areas. The present study seeks to quantify environmental and human elements effective in occurrence and spread of wildfires in the protected jungles of Arasbaran. To this end, a risk zone map was produced for the area, along with a map for areas with 50% risk. In the present study, the final map of risk zone was produced using the Fire Risk Index (FRI) and spatial statistics method. Results & Discussion In the present study, factors such as land cover type, slope, distance from residential area, distance from the road, and elevation were taken into account. During the process, different indices were assigned to each class of these factorsbased on their sensitivity to fire or their flammability. Land cover was one of the most important factors affecting the occurrence of wildfires. Slope was another important factor with a significant influence on the spread of fire. This natural factor affects fire spread and fire intensity. Proximity of human settlements to jungles is another important factor which sometimes threatsjungles. Therefore, forests in proximity of human settlements face a higher risk of wildfires. Elevation is another important topographical factorclosely related to wind behaviour, with a significant role in fire spreading. In Arasbaran forest, northern, eastern, and north-easternareas are more elevatedand thus, more prone to wildfires. In this study, a combination of environmental and human factors was applied to produce fire hazard maps along with a map for areas with 50% risk of wildfire. Conclusion Occurrence and spread of wildfires depends on many factors, some of which are more important and play a more significant role in these fires. A risk zone map was produced for wildfiresusing an integrated method consisting ofremote sensing and GIS methods. Risk zone was divided into 5 areas, i.e. very low, low, average, high, very high.Results indicate that the methodology presented based on a combination of RS and GIS techniquesin this study, is a reliable approach and tool for the prevention and mitigation of forest fires. They are also useful for all active institutes working in crisis management and emergency services, while helping jungle protectingorganizations to prevent fires or manage them. In addition, quantitative results indicate that vegetation index with a correlation of 58.36%, and slope with a correlation of 38.38 are the most affective factors, and other parameters are in the next ranks.Moreover, land cover, land surface temperature, direction, and slope with 29.20%, 29.11%, 21.93% and 19.75% normalized correlation coefficient respectively, have the highest correlation with the map of fire risk zone. In addition, results of evaluating 50% risk zone map indicate that around 17% of the study area have a high fire risk and more than 50% of the area is located in a high fire risk zone. In addition to environmental elements, results indicate that proximity to the road was the most affective factor in the occurrence of fire. Quantitative results showed that roads and residential areas were at least 32% and at most 68% correlated with fire risk in the study area.
Mohammad Fallah Zazuli; Alireza Vafaei Nezhad; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Mahdi Modiri; Hossein Aghamohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most important types of natural disasters,which endangers lives and financial security of many people and destroys environment and natural resources.With the present population growth and expansion of urban areas towardsteep areas and hillsides, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most important types of natural disasters,which endangers lives and financial security of many people and destroys environment and natural resources.With the present population growth and expansion of urban areas towardsteep areas and hillsides, landslide-related losses can be catastrophic. For an instance, landslides in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan killed around 2,700 people in 2014, and a landslide in China (Shan’xiprovince)resulted in the disappearance of 64 people in 2015.Therefore, assessingthe possibility of landslides occurrence seems to becrucial. Providing zoning maps is one of the measures which makes identification of areas prone to future landslides possible. Inferences drawn from these maps can be used for land use planning, prevention of unauthorized construction activities, infrastructure development, refurbishment and restoration. Materials & Methods The present research selectsEast Rudbar-e Alamut (a district of Qazvin province), which is affected by landslides and instability of hillsides, as the study area. It takes advantage of Shannon entropy and information value models to develop landslide susceptibility map of the study areain GIS environment.Shannon entropy theory has been used in extensive researcheswith the aim of prioritizinginfluential factors in the probable occurrence of natural disasters such as landslide. Information value (IV) model is one of the statistical models drawn from information theory with a widespread application in the modeling of geological hazards and disaster risk assessment. Information value model aims to find a combination of significant factors anddeterminetheir impacton theoccurrence oflandslide in an area.To implement this model, relevant data and its related criteria maps were prepared. In this regard, the location of previous landslide events in the study area was determined based on the information received from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization. 49 landslides were identified in this way. Then, data was randomly divided into 2 categories: training data and validation data. Thus, 70% of data (35 landslides) were used to produce the models and the remaining 30% (14 landslides) were used for validation purposes. In addition to previous landslides, a collection of topographic, environmental and climatic characteristics of the study area including seven criteria of lithology, slope, distance from faults, land use, precipitation, slope-direction and elevation were selected as the most effective independent variablesto produce criteria maps with 30-meter spatial resolution. Basic information used to map these seven influential factors was obtained from Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, as well as the SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and used after some modifications. Considering the capability of ArcGIS in spatial data analysis, thissoftwarewas used to produce information layers and implement the models. Results & Discussion Prioritizing influential factors using Shannon entropy model introducesthree factors (i.e. land use, elevation and precipitation)as the most significant factorsin the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Factors of slope angle, distance from faults (almost equal to slope angle), lithology and slope-direction were in the next influential factors.Also, results of information value model indicate that looking from lithology perspective, the category of marl, calcareous sandstone, sandy limestone and minor conglomerate has an information value of 1 and thus, the highest probability of landslide occurrence. Category of basaltic volcanic rocks, along with category of well bedded green tuff and tuffaceous shale have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence with information values of -2.03 and -1.70, respectively.Only two categories of theslope angle criterionhave a positive-index. The highest information value (0. 93) in this category occurs in the class of 5-12 degrees, followed by the class of 12-20 degrees. The lowest information value occurs in slopes of more than 30 degrees. Based on this observation, it can be clearly concluded that the slope angles of 5 to 20 degrees are most prone to landslides. Distance to faults criterion indicate that the category of500 to 1000-meter distance to faultshave the highest information value (1.67). Regarding land use criterion, three land uses of garden, agriculture and garden-agriculture have the highest information values of 2.16 and 1.59 and 1.11, respectively. Regarding precipitation, average annual rainfall of less than 400 millimeters have the highest information value (1.50). Regardingslope-direction criterion, most landslides occur in southwest, south and eastdirections.Northeast, west, and northwest directions have the lowest probability of landslide occurrence, respectively. In terms of elevation, the information value is reduced as the height increases, and the maximum information value is related to the elevations of less than 1200 meters.After assigning a weight to each criterion and related classes, the landslide risk zone map was generated based on Shannon entropy and information valuemodels. The resulting zoning map produced based on natural breaks methods dividesthe area into five classeswith very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk. Resultsof Shannon entropy modelindicate that out of 14 landslides considered as the validation data, 3, 7, 2, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively. Resultsof the information value modelindicatethat 8, 4, 0, 1, 1 landslideshave occurred in very high, high, moderate, low and very low risk zones, respectively. Conclusion Evaluation of results using experimental probability index indicates that with 86% experimental probability,both models of Shannon entropy and information value are effective inidentification of landslide hazard in the East Rudbar-e Alamut region. Also, considering the number of landslides in very high and high risk zones, Shannon entropy and information value modelshave an experimental probability index of 72% and 86%, respectively, which prove higher efficiency of information value model. In Shannon entropy model, total area of very high, high and moderate risk zones covers 34% and 56% of the study area,respectively. In information value model,total area of very high and high risk zones covers 20% and 29% of the study area, respectively. Based on the landslide risk zone map, high and very high risk zones are mainly located in the west of the study area.
Abdolhossein ZarifianMehr; Laala Jahanshahloo; Hossein Zabihi; Bohloul Alijani
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Obtaining reliable environmental values in vast geographic areas is usually costly and difficult; therefore, the ability to predict unknown values or in other words, the use of better interpolation methods is very important. Interpolation methods utilize a set of different ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Obtaining reliable environmental values in vast geographic areas is usually costly and difficult; therefore, the ability to predict unknown values or in other words, the use of better interpolation methods is very important. Interpolation methods utilize a set of different mathematical and statistical models to predict the unknown values. The similarity of the unknown points to the nearest known points or the principle of the nearest neighbor is the basis of interpolation methods, and how this principle is used depends on the selected model. In a general classification, interpolation methods are divided into two large classes. The first method is deterministic, in which interpolation is carried out based on determining the level of sampled points and also based on the similarities such as Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method or Radial Basis Function (RBFs). In the second method, interpolation is probabilistic – geostatistical, that is done based on the statistical properties of the sampled points. On the other hand, due to the growing increase in the problems of urbanization and urban heat islands, current cities need to have a detailed planning for future developments and preserving the quality of urban environment. Also, the geometry of urban valleys, which is defined by changing the height, length and distance of buildings, has a significant impact on the energy exchange and thus, the temperature of urban areas. But, this temperature, in turn, depends on a number of geographical - geometric factors (such as SVF) and meteorological variables. The Sky View Factor (SVF), as one of the usual indicators of describing urban geometry that refers to the amount of sky observable from a point on the Earth, has become one of the most important predictors of UHI due to its applicability in the urban climate, its contribution to the spatial data, and the existence of available techniques. In the climatic studies, the SVF is also considered as an important geometric parameter due to its correlation with the local temperature performance and its potential importance in the urban design process.Although urban Climatologists know this indicator well, it is not that much known among the urban designers and planners. This issue has not progressed much in Iran and there are no reliable sources about it. Despite the fact that different methods and models have been introduced for interpolation of Point data, no specific method has been proposed for estimating this index. Hence, this study has empirically compared the interpolation models with an emphasis on the Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK). This comparison is important since EBK has automated the most difficult aspects of the construction of a kriging model. This is while in other Kriging methods, the parameters are adjusted manually to obtain accurate results. EBK automatically simulates and calculates these parameters through a setup process. In classical kriging, it is also assumed that the estimated semivariogram is a true semivariogram of the observed data. This means that the data are generated from Gaussian distribution with the correlation structure defined by the estimated semivariogram. This is a very strong assumption, and it rarely holds true in practice. Accordingly, measures should be taken to make the statistical model more realistic. Materials & Methods The present study is an applied research in terms of its objective and it is quantitative in terms of the data analysis method. The study area is district 6 of Shiraz Municipality (496 hectares). Due to the multiplicity of interpolation methods and techniques as well as kernel functions and model fit functions, about 138 interpolation scenarios arewereimplemented. Also, four indices of Root-Mean-Square (RMS), Mean Standardized (MS), Root-Mean-Square Standardized (RMSS) and Average Standard Error (ASE) have been used for evaluating the models. The input data (sample) contains 6157 points, measured at intervals of 30 m distances in the study area. These points are werecreated based on the SVF calculation software method and using the GIS base model in ArcGIS10.6. Results & Discussion Out of 138 scenarios, seven scenarios with the lowest RMS values arewereseparately examined in detail taking into account three other indicators. Another variable called “Neighborhood type” iswas added to the surveys in two standard and smooth modes. The results show that simple kriging and EBK have better results than the other models. Also, among the simple Kriging fitted models, the RQ model shows better results than other fitting models. Conclusion Based on the RMS index, EBK is one of the best reliable automatic interpolation models (ranked second) for estimating the SVF. In general, based on RMS, MS, RMSS, it is the best automatic interpolation model for estimating SVF.
Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei; Mohammad Rahmani Asl
Abstract
Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban ...
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Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban waste disposal, but their burial is more important and there has not been a perfect alternative to that so far. Choosing a suitable landfill site for waste is the most important step in waste management. It is a complicated matter that requires a vast evaluation process and the environmental, economic, social & tectonic standards should be taken into consideration. With regard to the fact that most of effective factors in determining the suitability of lands for special purposes such as waste burial, are not of the same significance, they must be weighed for more accurate evaluation. The analysis of the layers and numerous factors which are effective in the site location process will only be possible in the framework of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) systems and the use of GIS technology. Due to the importance of the subject matter, the present research has sought to locate the landfill site in the city of Ghaleh Ganj in order to take a step towards environmental protection and achieving sustainable development in this city. To achieve this goal, Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making systems have been used. Materials and methods The present research is an applied one in terms of the goal, and its approach dominating the research space is exploratory with regard to the nature of the subject. To develop the theoretical framework of the research and review the previous researches and extract the indices being used as well, the library method (documentary) was used. Field information was provided through questionnaire and field observations. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used for weighting the indices and its calculations were carried out in Excel software. The Fuzzy method was used for location and zonation that was implemented in GIS environment, which, according to many researchers, is the most accurate and the best method of site location. The study area of this research is the city of Ghaleh Ganj in the province of Kerman located at 440 km from the capital of the province with a population of 12663 in 3034 families according to the general census of population and housing in the year 1390 (2011). Results and discussion AHP model was used to weight the landfill site location indices in the city of Ghaleh Ganj. In this regard, a questionnaire was edited based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and pair-wise comparison matrix, which was completed by 10 experts. The experts ranked the indices from 1 to 9, whose weights were calculated after entering the weights of indexes in Excel software. Then, landfill site location in the city of Ghaleh Ganj was carried out using GIS-Fuzzy model. The stages are as the following: Preparing the shape files of the layers. Forming the spatial matrix of the layers (Rasterising the layers). Fuzzification of the layers by special methods of each layer. Multiplying fuzzy maps by the weights obtained from AHP model. Designing fuzzy inference network and integrating the layers to extract the final map. 15 layers were used to locate the landfills of the city of Ghaleh Ganj which are: Distance from agricultural lands and gardens, land cover, distance from flood zones, distance from floodways, distance from drinking water wells, wind direction, distance from the city of Ghaleh Ganj, distance from rural centers and residential areas, distance from communication lines, distance from industrial park, distance from facilities, distance from the fault, type of soil, slope and finally, the material of bedrock. After preparing the shape file related to each layer, the layers were grouped into 3 groups, each of which had its own method in rasterisation and fuzzification of the maps. The layers of the first and second groups were programmed using Python programming language and were modeled in GIS environment, and the layers of the third group were fuzzified by the “Raster Calculator” tool. In the next step, the fuzzy maps were multiplied by the weights obtained from the AHP model. Finally, in order to identify the appropriate zones for burying waste materials in the city of Galeh Ganj, the weighted fuzzy maps were combined with each other using “Fuzzy AND” operator, which is a subset of the Fuzzy Overlay tool operators, and the final map was obtained. The obtained map was reclassified and the lands of the city were classified into three classes of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Finally, the land capability map for waste burial in Ghaleh Ganj was presented. Conclusion Based on the results of the research, the lands of the city were classified into three groups of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Lands with very suitable capability are 1451.5 Hectares and lands with relatively suitable capability are2425.2 Hectares. The results also showed that the current location of the landfill in the city of Ghaleh Ganj is in the lands with unsuitable capability and it is imperative that the municipality abandon the current location as soon as possible and select a site from the lands with very suitable capability for waste disposal of the city, and if this is not possible, the lands with relatively suitable capability can be used. Finally, the results showed that the application of the AHP-FUZZY method in the GIS environment for locating the uses, including landfill sites, has a high efficiency and the method used in this research can be generalized to different cities of the country.
Sharareh Pourebrahim; Mehrdad Hadipour; Mehdi Mardian; Amir Ansari
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Strategic and important industries are established in areas with possible access to water. Industrial development requires abundant water. Analysis of environmental resources and their pollution is the first consequence of industrial and human activities. Therefore ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Strategic and important industries are established in areas with possible access to water. Industrial development requires abundant water. Analysis of environmental resources and their pollution is the first consequence of industrial and human activities. Therefore today, due to the large volume of discharge and pollution in the environment, direct use of water is neither reasonable nor possible. Discharging industrial wastewater in land could severely contaminate the groundwater. In oil pollution monitoring researches, it is noteworthy that pollution detection and renovation operations require time and economic costs. Contamination of Soil and groundwater with pollutants such as hydrocarbons and chemical solvents has various environmental impacts. In Iran, the concentration of pollutants in some groundwater resources has been reported to be up to three times more than the standard value. This indicates the effect of a large amount of waste in the area which decrease soil quality in a way that soil layers are not able to compensate for it. Therefore, wastewater changes the drainage of underground water resources. In Iran and many other countries, causes such as leakage from contaminated petroleum storage tanks, leakage from transferring lines due to worn pipes, transportation of oil products, etc. in oil extraction mines, and refineries results in groundwater and surrounding areas facing oil leakage. Materials & Methods The purpose of this research is to produce the water quality map of Shazand plain in Markazi province using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique and to investigate the effects of oil industries on the quality of underground waters. The first step is to identify areas affected by these oil industries and identified factors. Appropriate agricultural areas with water supply in the qualitative range were also identified. The location of existing wells in the plain, particularly wells located around the refinery and petrochemical complexes were investigated for the first time. Then, considering the direction of the water land in the plain and the paths of wells located at upstream mountains to downstream ordinary rivers, wells located in the refinery and petrochemical complexes were selected. Accordingly, 14 wells were sampled in the first stage and their coordinates were obtained using GPS. The samples were classified in the laboratory into four groups including physical parameters, chemical parameters, oil and water aromatic parameters and water volatile organic compounds parameters. In the next stage, the maps of water quality parameters zoning were prepared using the "Geostatistical Analyst" developer with the use of the interpolation method of "Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)". Finally, spatial variations and the groundwater quality changes were investigated. Results & Discussion Oil and aromatic parameters of water are presented along with the results of laboratory analysis in table 2. Results indicate that the numerical value of many parameters were less than 0.1 mg/L. Just two parameters (Anthracene and Pyrene) in well no.10 had a value of more than 0.1 mg/L. Yet, the total value of oil pollutant was quite different. In wells no. 3, 8, 9, and especially well no.10 the value was more than 0.1 mg/L. The zoning map and spatial variation trend, along with statistical-descriptive indexes of total petroleum hydrocarbon of wells were also produced. The spatial variation of oil pollutants in Dashte- Shazand wells in south-north direction showed an increasing trend, which gradually changed into a decreasing trend. A decreasing trend was also observed in west-east direction. Comparing descriptive-statistical indexes with the standard level, we concluded that the total oil pollutant parameter near well no.10, which is located in petrochemical complex faces contamination. Conclusion The present study sought to measure some important indexes of oil contamination in groundwater and surface water near Dasht-e Shazand refinery and petrochemical complex. Therefore, data were collected from 14 wells in the study area. Then, oil and aromatic products were analyzed in laboratory. Using geostatistical technique, spatial variations of quality parameters concentration were investigated and compared with the desired and standard level. Results indicate that most of the wells near Dashte- Shazand refinery and petrochemical complex do not show any sign of contamination. Yet, the concentration of Anthracene and Pyrene parameters in well no.10 is several times more than the standard level. This can increase the potential of contamination in Dashte- Shazand ground water resources. In wells no. 3, 8, 9, and especially in well no. 10, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was more than other wells. According to the TPH and PAH results, the contamination potential of well no.10 was quite large. Due to the development of Shazand refinery, ground water resources of the area face an increasing danger of contamination. Moreover, the area has a high potential of population increase in residential areas. Thus, water contamination can also endanger the local environment. This shows the necessity of an appropriate management plan and regular monitoring of ground water, surface water, soil and air in the area.
Mehrdad Bijandi; Ali Asghar Alesheikh; Abolghasem Sadeghi Niaraki
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important challenges of this era is the rapid growth of urbanization. According to the United Nations report, around 66% of the world’s population, equivalent to 6.4 billion will live in urban areas by the year 2050, while this number was only about ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important challenges of this era is the rapid growth of urbanization. According to the United Nations report, around 66% of the world’s population, equivalent to 6.4 billion will live in urban areas by the year 2050, while this number was only about 746 million people, equivalent to 30% of the world’s population in 1950. This increasing trend is followed by the issues such as providing citizens with proper housing, providing energy, health services, education, employment, transportation etc., which should be resolved by appropriate policies and solutions. In this regard, modeling urban growth might play a key role in guiding urban strategies. Planners have traditionally used various models to formulate urban growth. However, these models lack sufficient dynamism and mobility and do not take the social behaviors of individuals and their interactions into account. The shortcomings of the previous methods have led to an increase in the use of modern modeling methods like cellular automata and agent-based model, particularly when presenting a perspective of the future urban growth is expected. Although the use of agents is a common tool in the modeling of the earth systems, few studies have been carried out in this regard in Iran, and various existing foreign studies are not in full agreement with the existing situation yet, due to the complex nature of the land use change problem. Therefore, researchers are still trying to provide new models by focusing on available findings and different aspects of the problem. In this research, a multifunctional system has been developed for the simulation of the urban growth by integrating the irregular cellular automata and the agent.
Materials and Method
The study area in this research is NajiAbad in the city of Kashan that is one of the city’s new districts. The texture of this district has taken shape in a designed and regular manner. The average area of its parcels is 250 square meters whose formation is mainly towards the northwest-southeast direction. Land use map of the year 2006 (1385), slope map, soil type, access map, floodway and river map were used in this research. The data of the year 1385 are used for the simulation of urban growth in 1392 and the results are compared with real data of 1392 and thus the results resulted from the model are evaluated. We have presented forecast of urban growth for the year 1400 subsequently. In the presented model, cadastral polygons act as irregular automata which have their own status and properties. In this model, the changes are updated in each replication, and each time step is considered to be one year. The first step in the evaluation model is the overall proportion of the land parcels which is one of the effective parameters in the decision-making process of the agents.
The calculation of the spatial proportion of the parcels for development is carried out by irregular cellular automata and based on four criteria of neighborhood, physical proportion, accessibility and constraints. Twelve effective factors were classified in proportion with these criteria and were normalized before the combination. The overall proportion of each land parcel has been calculated based on weighted linear combination function. In the next steps, the activity of the agents starts in the model. Many actors play roles in the development of the urban environment.
In this research, the agents are classified into 3 general classes of urban planning agent, developing agents and family agents. The family agents were classified into 3 classes of families with high, medium and low income according to the income level of the families. The urban planning agent estimates land demands and issues the segmentation permits for a number of lands. The developing agent calculates the profitability of the parcels, and segments those having separation permits and high profitability. The family agents search the environment and choose suitable land for habitation based on their preferences. This process is followed up until all family agents are settled and the demands are achieved.
Results and Evaluation
In this research, the output of the model and urban growth map in the study area for the year 2013 (1392) is calculated based on the input data of 2006 (1385). In this research, each time step is considered to be one year. In order to evaluate the model results, real data of 1392 has been used. In this research, the error matrix was used to calculate the accuracy of the results and comparison criterion is Kappa index. The Kappa index is a value between 0 (nonconformance of the calculated and observed maps) and 1 (full match of calculated and observed maps). Although there is no global standard, the Kappa index greater than 0.80 is often considered as a criterion of the proper conformation of calculated and observed maps. The Kappa index in this research was calculated to be 71% based on the error matrix. In this calculation the area of the previous developed regions has been eliminated. Although the elimination of the area related to these regions relatively reduces the overall accuracy of the model, it leads to a more accurate evaluation of the results. The accuracies of the user and producer in the developed lands feature a higher overall accuracy of the model, which can be a reason for desirable design of the model and its adaptation to the reality.
Conclusion
In this research, cellular automata were used to simulate the variations in the status of each land parcel in comparison with different spatial factors. Although the conventional cellular environment in cellular automata methods facilitates the possibility of urban growth modeling, it was attempted in this research to conduct modeling on the scale of irregular polygons of lands and in the form of base parcel. Although the use of cellular automata on this scale makes calculations more complicated and difficult, the results of modeling can be evaluated more realistically. In this research, the agents were classified into 3 general classes of urban planning agent, developing agent and family agents. The family agents were classified into 3 classes of families with high, medium and low income according to the income level of the families. The evaluation of the results with real data showed that the accuracy of the model was 71%. This study has been conducted in a vector structure and local scale that can be extended to other areas. This modeling can be done on a regional scale in future works.