Hosein Sarami
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 60-64
Abstract
This research, as can be inferred from it, is a concise essay on the outlines of the broad rural issues of Iran which has considered the matter from a special point of view, and has emphasized on the unknown aspects of human qualities and the role of thoughts and ideology in rural growth and development.This ...
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This research, as can be inferred from it, is a concise essay on the outlines of the broad rural issues of Iran which has considered the matter from a special point of view, and has emphasized on the unknown aspects of human qualities and the role of thoughts and ideology in rural growth and development.This attitude, while facing the probability of superficiality, has the advantage of comprehensive view. This is the general quality of such topics in social sciences and geography that, contrary to many other sciences, especially pure ones, which practice a deep consideration of limited areas of studies, are superficial but comprehensive. This characteristic of social and human sciences is, in one sense, a great privilege that makes them always examine and plan for humans and their environment from a position of control and knowledge of all aspects and facts with a broad and comprehensive view, and in the other direction It seems to be negative and deterrent, because they have to refuse restricting themselves to a certain issue and thus avoid exploring the depths of any natural or human problem; instead of compensating for this defect, they utilize the results of research in other fields, especially geology, botany , ecology, oceanography, hydrology, soil science, astronomy, archeology, economics, statistics, mathematics, architecture, etc.
Mehran Maghsoudi; Bahram Nekouei Sadri
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
Geotourism, as a subcategory of ecotourism, has, along with other tourism areas such as rural, cultural, etc., a potential for employment of a great number of related professionals. This industry can have an effective role in the economic development of the country, which is why tourism industry is considered ...
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Geotourism, as a subcategory of ecotourism, has, along with other tourism areas such as rural, cultural, etc., a potential for employment of a great number of related professionals. This industry can have an effective role in the economic development of the country, which is why tourism industry is considered the most important industry in the world. Of course, the idea of a large number of experts and non-experts concerning tourism industry is merely recreational tourism, which is contrary to the new perspective of the subject in the world. In fact, today in many cases tourists from advanced societies are looking for science, culture, and ecological, geomorphologic and geologic attractions. It is worth noting that this industry is still not well known in Iran and potential capabilities of Iran have not yet been evaluated in this regard. With a variety of geomorphologic and geological structures, Iran has a wide variety in this regard and calls for new grounds in the field of tourism industry in the country. According to the abovementioned matters, the identification and marketing of geotourism and ecotourism phenomena in Iran in order to exploit this great potential is unavoidable. In this article, while studying concepts and dimensions of geotourism, it is tried to discuss some of the geotourist general qualities and attractions of Iran.
Mehran Rafi'ei
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
Today, the most important weaponry in developed countries are utilized based on information technology. Since the coming into existence of human beings, gaining information about the enemy's forces have played a very important role in achieving victory in wars. Furthermore, obtaining, interpreting and ...
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Today, the most important weaponry in developed countries are utilized based on information technology. Since the coming into existence of human beings, gaining information about the enemy's forces have played a very important role in achieving victory in wars. Furthermore, obtaining, interpreting and processing information is of special importance in systematic decision making. At this point in time, production, transformation, transmission and management of information is not only very sensitive and important, but also highly complex and difficult. The Persian Gulf War was in fact a war of the enemies’ technologies against each other. Sometimes there is no need to fight physically, but the fight is practiced by the use of technology, as in some cases the battle ends within a short time due to the availability of information technology. One of the most important tactics of combat is the intelligence (and counter-intelligence) operations of the forces which must be timely, prompt, accurate, interpretable and descriptive, because it plays a vital role in success in a battle. This has been proved in case of the coalition forces in the Iraq War. Modern weapon systems will be able to anticipate the time of attack and provide forces with details of highest accuracy. This results in a victory against the enemy with a lower cost, which indicates the importance of proper and correct spatial information and the extent to which they are used to plan and command combat operations.
Ali Baratian; Zohreh Merianji
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
Evaporation is the process of change of water into steam in which water molecules leave the surface of water by receiving 600 Calories. This process can be carried out either from the surface of open water or soil or by plants. The amount of water that plants release into the atmosphere is called transpiration.The ...
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Evaporation is the process of change of water into steam in which water molecules leave the surface of water by receiving 600 Calories. This process can be carried out either from the surface of open water or soil or by plants. The amount of water that plants release into the atmosphere is called transpiration.The amount of evaporation from soil and plant surfaces cannot be separated, so the sum of the two is called evapotranspiration. The significance of evapotranspiration can be witnessed by considering the fact that 57% of the water which falls on lands all over the world is directly evaporated.The factors affecting evaporation are many, including: solar radiation, moisture content in nature, wind and its speed. The sun's radiation provides the energy needed for evaporation; hence during the day and in the summer there is more energy for evaporation due to more radiation, and evaporation is at its peak at this time.
The same is true about northern latitudes. The humidity or degree of air saturation is also effective in evaporation, as evaporation in dry air is more than humid air; furthermore, wind intensifies evaporation by removing the saturation layer and replacing dry air. Measurement of evapotranspiration in different regions is important in several respects: First, it controls the humidity of the region through evaporation, and therefore its measurement can be effective in determining the type of the region’s climate. Secondly, evaporation from the surface of rivers, lakes and various reservoirs causes water losses that need to be calculated. Thirdly, evapotranspiration from the vegetation within the basin area, which is also considered as water loss, is regarded as an important component of water cycle.
Fourthly, the amount of water used in irrigation schemes for agriculture and trees is also based on evapotranspiration, and determination of dimensions of irrigation networks is directly related to the amount and time of the loss of water entered into atmosphere through evapotranspiration. Since the province of Hamedan is considered as one of the agricultural regions of the country, it is necessary to study evapotranspiration and its amount in this province in order to estimate the actual needs of plant to water and also further the economic development of the region. Measurement of evapotranspiration is carried out in two ways: the direct method, which is measured by the lysimeter and evaporation pan, etc., and the second method, which is an experimental measurement in which practical formulas and equations are used to estimate the evapotranspiration rate.
Shahram Bahrami (Translator)
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
We rarely think about the accuracy of the measurements we carry out. The present paper explains some of the benefits of thinking about errors as well as the many ways by which errors affect our measurements in natural geography in order to remove related uncertainties.Basically, natural geography is ...
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We rarely think about the accuracy of the measurements we carry out. The present paper explains some of the benefits of thinking about errors as well as the many ways by which errors affect our measurements in natural geography in order to remove related uncertainties.Basically, natural geography is still a science dependent on field studies, and for natural geographic examinations we need to measure the size of natural shapes and environmental processes. For example, in the 2010 AEB-A Curriculum, volunteers are expected to conduct field research in which it is necessary to collect, record and interpret raw field data accurately.The best example is calculation of river flow rate, which requires the measurement of the two parameters of river’s shape of passageway and velocity of the flow.
Susan Mesgari
Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2000, , Pages 61-64
Abstract
Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are considered as complementary technologies regarding increasing data’s level of quality and abilities of user systems. Application of GPS in transportation, especially those GPS tracers installed on cars, provides the possibility ...
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Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are considered as complementary technologies regarding increasing data’s level of quality and abilities of user systems. Application of GPS in transportation, especially those GPS tracers installed on cars, provides the possibility of instant positioning of vehicles such as ambulances, fire engines, police cars, etc. information presented by tracing system is specially of great importance when we deal with cases in which there is need for immediate respond considering the position of vehicle. Capabilities and usefulness of this system reach their peak if it is combined with geographic information through a GIS.
Puran Tahuni
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
The Earth's climate is not constant; the range of changes is vast and includes from warm and humid periods to the glacial. Rocks and sediments carry many signs of the past climatic changes with them. Salt deposits, red soils, kaolin, lime sediments and corals are evidences of hot climes, and glacial ...
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The Earth's climate is not constant; the range of changes is vast and includes from warm and humid periods to the glacial. Rocks and sediments carry many signs of the past climatic changes with them. Salt deposits, red soils, kaolin, lime sediments and corals are evidences of hot climes, and glacial sediments and deposits and river terraces are evidences of cold climates. The dating of such evidence suggests that some of these changes have occurred in long-term and some others in short-term. Mesozoic heat lasted for millions of years, while glacial and interglacial periods of the Pleistocene have lasted only thousands of years. Why and how do such vast changes occur? With a systematic approach to the Earth, it would be easier to answer this question. Earth is a system in which a set of interconnected processes act on a large spatial and temporal scale, so there is not a single cause, and necessarily a set of causes are effective. In general, climatic conditions are the result of a mutual and complex interaction of two important sources of energy, namely solar energy and the Earth’s energy. Radiation from the Sun is the first source of the Earth’s energy that drives the Earth's fluids (water and atmosphere). The internal energy of the Earth is the cause of movement of plates; this movement causes continental displacement, formation of volcanoes, rise of mountains, and large changes on the scale of the sea level. So far, several views have been laid down in explaining the causes of climate change, but none of them has definitely answered the questions; each has described a part of the phenomenon. With the emergence of the theory of tectonic plate, this theory found a special place in explaining the causes of long-term climate changes.
Majid Mokhtarani
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 62-64
Abstract
The spatial activities of India began in 1962 at the Atomic Energy Department of Indian Committees for Space Research at the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS).The first rocket was sent to space from TERLS in November 1963. Subsequently, the Indian Space Science Center was founded in ...
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The spatial activities of India began in 1962 at the Atomic Energy Department of Indian Committees for Space Research at the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS).The first rocket was sent to space from TERLS in November 1963. Subsequently, the Indian Space Science Center was founded in 1965 as ISRO in Thumba, and then the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) under the supervision of the Indian Department of Energy in 1969 and the DOS under the Prime Ministry's supervision in 1972. As late as 1967 the remote sensing experiments were carried out using airplanes, and after that this organization implemented experiments on the production and launching of missiles and telecommunication - television satellites and land remote sensing observations.At present, the Antrix company is in charge of coordination operation and implementation of all spatial operational stages, including production, launching, guidance, tracking, utilization and ....
Hossein Kalantari Khalilabad
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 63-70
Abstract
The main feature of crises is their worldwide and uncontrollable character. An important part of accidents and transportation crises are irreparable and unnatural. Nowadays, road accidents have found an unnatural as well as their natural aspect due to the high human control over the environment and the ...
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The main feature of crises is their worldwide and uncontrollable character. An important part of accidents and transportation crises are irreparable and unnatural. Nowadays, road accidents have found an unnatural as well as their natural aspect due to the high human control over the environment and the deterrence of nature’s violence on the one hand, and the expansion of the technological and man-made environment on the other. Iran is on the path to both natural and unnatural disasters. Firstly, due to its geographic-climatic position, it is one of the first disaster-prone countries in the world. Secondly, it is also in close contact with other countries of the world geographically, politically, economically and culturally. Iran is not separated from the international community, and any natural and unnatural event in the world and the region will directly or indirectly affect it. Therefore, in this article, road crises are classified with different approaches to fulfil their comprehensive recognition and to devise different courses of action to counteract it.
Mohammad Reza Asghari Moghaddam
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 63-64
Abstract
In the spring, when there is significant amount of snow accumulated at the Alborz heights, it is observed that the white color of surface of snow has been changed by a layer of particles of clay dust. Due to geographical conditions of Iran, the origin of these dusts can not be the holes and internal ...
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In the spring, when there is significant amount of snow accumulated at the Alborz heights, it is observed that the white color of surface of snow has been changed by a layer of particles of clay dust. Due to geographical conditions of Iran, the origin of these dusts can not be the holes and internal zones of the Iranian plateau, so the origin of these dusts should be pursued outside the Iranian plateau. On the other hand, these particles play an important role in the intense melting of the Alborz snow in the early spring. In this paper, the source and effects of the above-mentioned dusts are studied based on field observations.
Ali Vakhshouri
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 66-75
Ali Shamai; Mohammad Mahdi Abrari
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 67-73
Abstract
Integrated urban management is a modern theory proposed officially in Iran during the last one or two decades with the aim of reducing urban expenses especially in Tehran municipality. Inconsistencies among managing organizations result in confusion of urban organizations and wasting material and spiritual ...
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Integrated urban management is a modern theory proposed officially in Iran during the last one or two decades with the aim of reducing urban expenses especially in Tehran municipality. Inconsistencies among managing organizations result in confusion of urban organizations and wasting material and spiritual capital, in a way that sometimes decisions made by urban service organizations contrast with one another. Nowadays, lack of integrated urban management has imposed multiple costs to the urban economy and ultimately challenged urbanization culture.
The present article seeks to find a solution for integrated urban management and development of urbanization culture and exploiting capabilities and opportunities in all sections. Descriptive-analytic methods are used. In theoretical discussion, historical method are applied based on available data. Results indicate that in accordance with urbanization growths in Tehran and development of different organizations, disagreement between decisions and plans and disturbances in urban environment have intensified. Urban management is mutually related with the development of urbanization culture. Urbanization culture is shaped in accordance with urban management.
Investigations indicate that there is no mutual relationship between urban managers in building urban spaces. Organized and beautiful space results in cultural growth and development. According to the research findings, most of inconsistencies in Tehran are related to excavations performed by organizations working in water, power and telecommunication sectors which causes mental distress and social anomalies. These inconsistencies are more sensible in southern parts of the city and fewer inconsistencies are observable in northern parts.
Farhad Ja'fari
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 67-79
Abstract
Natural lakes and artificial reservoirs (dams) are considered as reservoirs for storing water in the watershed area, as well as for the accumulation of fine sediments derived from the atmosphere, and thus containing valuable information on the time variations in these entrances. While the use of sediments ...
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Natural lakes and artificial reservoirs (dams) are considered as reservoirs for storing water in the watershed area, as well as for the accumulation of fine sediments derived from the atmosphere, and thus containing valuable information on the time variations in these entrances. While the use of sediments of natural lakes as environmental documentation has been validated, the use of dam deposits (artificial lakes) as time records has been less frequent. But, apparently, for the purpose of examining the past pollution, artificial water resources are more attractive: these reserves are mostly located in proximity to cities and industrial pollutants, and sediments accumulate rapidly and simultaneously with the spread of contamination. The lack of interest in artificial reservoir sediments has been due to this view that the change in the level of water resources of these reservoirs is likely to cause considerable disturbance in reservoir sediments. This perception may be reinforced by the absence of research into sedimentary systems of artificial reservoirs. Therefore, there is a need for a revision of published research (relatively few studies that use sediments of artificial water reservoirs and studies on the literature of sediments of natural lakes) about the patterns and processes of artificial reservoirs, and thus, vitally assesses the potential and problems associated with the use of water deposits as time records of contamination. The current understanding of sedimentation processes and distribution of sediment resulting from those processes is revised. Some important differences between artificial and natural lakes are emphasized and the requirements for sampling and interpretation of sedimentary data are discussed. It is suggested that a valuable source is currently in use, and it is also shown that artificial reservoir sediment data can provide important data for understanding and reconstruction of atmospheric pollution and watershed of these resources.
Gholam Reza Latifi
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 67-77
Abstract
Developing a regional network strategy to build city-village interactions is a guide for further research on providing an appropriate policy with an emphasis on Indonesia. In this paper, we try to solve the problem of chronic non-communication between rural and urban development theories and plans by ...
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Developing a regional network strategy to build city-village interactions is a guide for further research on providing an appropriate policy with an emphasis on Indonesia. In this paper, we try to solve the problem of chronic non-communication between rural and urban development theories and plans by introducing a regional network strategy that considers the existing analyses of the issues of continuity and interdependence between villages and cities. To illustrate this strategy a number of examples concerning Indonesian regional conditions are presented.
Hossein HatamiNejad; Baber Mansoori; Mohammad Feli
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 68-76
Abstract
With the increasing urbanism in many regions of the world, the insufficiencies and problems of urban life have increased especially in developing countries. Increasing crime and insecurity in cities can be identified as one of these problems. Many sociologists and urban planners agree on the role of ...
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With the increasing urbanism in many regions of the world, the insufficiencies and problems of urban life have increased especially in developing countries. Increasing crime and insecurity in cities can be identified as one of these problems. Many sociologists and urban planners agree on the role of urban texture and urban environments in preventing and decreasing crimes and have proposed related designing principles and necessary guidelines. The present article clarifies the role of urban spaces in crime prevention and in creating a secure environment for citizens, using a descriptive-analytic method, secondary resources and different theories proposed by sociologists and urban planners.
Seyyed Eskandar Seidaiy; Hassan Gharah Nejad; Ayyub Firouzi
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 68-73
Abstract
Our country, Iran, as one of the areas in the world most prone to earthquakes, needs careful attention to housing construction and its technical requirements of safety. Meanwhile, considering rural dwellings in terms of the use of durable or non-durable materials is of paramount importance.Accordingly, ...
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Our country, Iran, as one of the areas in the world most prone to earthquakes, needs careful attention to housing construction and its technical requirements of safety. Meanwhile, considering rural dwellings in terms of the use of durable or non-durable materials is of paramount importance.Accordingly, this research investigates and analyzes the rural dwelling in the county of Baft.The purpose of this research is to identify the type of rural dwellings in the county with regard to the facilities and environmental potentials and the way the natural materials available in the region are used in the construction of rural housing, by which attempt to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of the resistance of rural dwellings to natural disasters, especially earthquakes. The research method is "descriptive, analytical and surveying" which has been carried out by studying a number of villages in the county and using secondary and documentary studies. The research findings show that in most of the villages of the county, indigenous materials, especially clay and mud, have been used regardless of technical points in the construction of housing, which makes the vulnerability of rural settlements more threatened by earthquake hazards.
Ashraf Azimzadeh Irani
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 68-70
Abstract
Geo-Info is an advanced drawing system that started operation in land organization in Poland and then developed. This system has now determined standards for preparing large-scale maps. In this paper, applications and capabilities of the Geo-Info system have been discussed. The Geo-Info system was designed ...
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Geo-Info is an advanced drawing system that started operation in land organization in Poland and then developed. This system has now determined standards for preparing large-scale maps. In this paper, applications and capabilities of the Geo-Info system have been discussed. The Geo-Info system was designed in 1992 for the Department of Geodesy and Poland Land Organization at Wielkopolska's local office and is currently utilized to prepare a map for 30 percent of the country's land, especially the western part of Poland. This system is designed for storing and providing data on the subject of land and on scales from 1: 10,000 to 1: 250. System inputs are supported by simple designs and maps, books about land and coordinate-based lists. By this system, each person can create a database for themselves by using batch files (1) and digital maps.
Peyman Mahmoudi
Volume 15, Issue 60 , February 2006, , Pages 70-75
Abstract
Accidents occurring on highways in dense fog condition are often multi-vehicle collisions involving a dozen or sometimes hundreds of vehicles, resulting in casualties and financial losses. The same reason has attracted the attention of the mass media that demand the authorities explain about these conditions, ...
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Accidents occurring on highways in dense fog condition are often multi-vehicle collisions involving a dozen or sometimes hundreds of vehicles, resulting in casualties and financial losses. The same reason has attracted the attention of the mass media that demand the authorities explain about these conditions, as well as about the measures taken to reduce the effects of fogs. In this study, we have investigated the crashes in dense fog condition over a ten-year period. We have also examined deterrent measures in the Canadian structure of intelligent transportation systems.
Mohammad Ghasemi Siani; Hossein Kalantari Khalil Abad
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 72-78
Abstract
Rural areas account for a large part of the population and natural and biological areas of the country and play a major role in the economic and social life of the country. In this regard, the rural environment needs a special attention in the process of planning sustainable rural development and improving ...
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Rural areas account for a large part of the population and natural and biological areas of the country and play a major role in the economic and social life of the country. In this regard, the rural environment needs a special attention in the process of planning sustainable rural development and improving the quality of the environment. Environment is one of the sensitive and vulnerable dimensions of villages that are less affected by pollutants than cities. However, the expansion of urban consumption patterns and the influx of some urban pollutants into rural areas and the change in the pattern of consumption in villagers have led to environmental and healthy life degradation in rural areas.
In this article, the aim is to provide strategies for improving the rural environment which has been studied through descriptive-analytical method of the subject. Also, considering the role of public participation in protecting the rural environment and achieving sustainable rural development, issues including rural waste management methods, rural green space management and rural wastewater disposal methods have been addressed as effective factors in protecting the rural environment and creating healthy life. Noting that many villages in the country have not properly implemented appropriate methods of environmental protection such as waste disposal, sewage disposal and green space management, and their poor performance in attracting public participation, the sustainable development of villages has not come to fruition. The results of this paper show that if the correct way of protecting the environment is applied in the villages, many diseases common in villages will be eradicated and the villages will become closer to sustainable development.
Kamal Omidvar; Maryam Beiranvandzadeh
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 72-76
Abstract
Despite the progress made in controlling air pollution in special places, urban areas are witnessing increasing environmental concerns for air pollution. Air quality is one of the major concerns in this area. The results of several studies in this regard indicate that the shape of the city and land use ...
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Despite the progress made in controlling air pollution in special places, urban areas are witnessing increasing environmental concerns for air pollution. Air quality is one of the major concerns in this area. The results of several studies in this regard indicate that the shape of the city and land use distribution determine the location of pollution sources and urban traffic patterns and affect the air quality of the city. In this paper, the potential effects of different land use patterns on the quality of the city's air are studied. Based on this, three hypothetical cities are considered based on each urban planning strategy, and with taking different land use patterns into account: from designing a large city, to a densely populated city with mixed land use. The MEMO / MARS average scale photochemical system has also been used to evaluate the air quality in each of the city's desirable structures. The results of this simulation show that densely populated cities with mixed land use have better air quality compared to distributed and networked cities.
Alireza Ma'man push; Reza Tofangsaaz
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 74-77
Abstract
The physical development of cities is a dynamic and continuous process that, if unplanned and rapid, will endanger urban systems. Undoubtedly, green space and urban environment are amongst the most important factors in the sustainability of natural and human life in modern urbanization. In addition to ...
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The physical development of cities is a dynamic and continuous process that, if unplanned and rapid, will endanger urban systems. Undoubtedly, green space and urban environment are amongst the most important factors in the sustainability of natural and human life in modern urbanization. In addition to the aesthetic role, the green space of the city will be of great help in moderating the air. Meanwhile, the issue of development combined with the need to expand the green space and its locating in the city is inevitable in the future of urban development. The city of Isfahan has been recognized as one of the most important and beautiful cities in Iran and a place to attract domestic and foreign tourists. One of the main reasons for this is the passage of Zayandeh Rood through the city, which has endowed the city with freshness and greenery. Regular urban greenery mapping, in addition to the huge cost involved, is also time consuming. Urban green space mapping by satellite imagery, being up-to-date and enjoying time series, is less costly and of higher speed, and can achieve the desired results by performing necessary processes on satellite images using related softwares. In this investigation, the city of Isfahan has been studied in terms of the urban area and the green space expansion, as well as the trend of population growth and per capita green space during the two years of 1923 and 2007 using existing maps and satellite imagery. Furthurmore, its adaptaion has been analyzed by the GIS analyst system, as well as the development of urban green space, the expansion of the city and its changes.
Ali Shamaei; Fatemeh Fadaei Dehkordi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 75-86
Abstract
Field studies and statistical investigation indicate that Shahr-e Kord (capital city of Chahar-Mahal va Bakhtiari province) has experienced a significant physical-special development. So that during the last 50 years, its annual population has increased 3.6 percent and the city area has enlarged about ...
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Field studies and statistical investigation indicate that Shahr-e Kord (capital city of Chahar-Mahal va Bakhtiari province) has experienced a significant physical-special development. So that during the last 50 years, its annual population has increased 3.6 percent and the city area has enlarged about 5 percent. This increase in area and population which is mostly due to immigration, has resulted in the emergence of self-growing urban neighborhoods, agricultural land use changing into residential ones, destruction of environment and increasing environmental pollutions, lack of infrastructure and inconsistence urban development, etc. The present article aims to perform spatial analyze on the quality and quantity of inconsistence physical development in Shahr-e Kord during1956-2006. Descriptive-analytic survey and Shannon and Holdern Anthropic models are applied. Results and findings indicate that the city had linear physical development during this time period. Before the revolution (1956-1976), this linear development had a slow trend. Yet, physical development of city have had a dramatic linear trend from 1981 onward due to irregular immigration of villagers to cities, settlement of nomads, refugees in Iran-Iraq war. Results of Shanon entropy model performed during 1996-2006 confirm the linear trend of city development and according to Holdren model around 82 percent of the city physical-spatial growth during 1956-2006 was due to the population increase and 18 percent is related to horizontal and spiral growth of the city. This happened due to lack of control and surveillance by urban managers and a codified program for the consistence development of the city.
Hamid Enayati; Shima Toori
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 75-80
Abstract
In recent years the use of aerial laser scanners for determining the topography of water beds has been introduced in the world and has found practical aspect. Depth measurement using laser scanners is a more precise, cost- efficient, and faster method than other depth-measuring methods, which is based ...
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In recent years the use of aerial laser scanners for determining the topography of water beds has been introduced in the world and has found practical aspect. Depth measurement using laser scanners is a more precise, cost- efficient, and faster method than other depth-measuring methods, which is based on accurate measurement of the travel time of two light signals transmitted to the surface and bed of water. Consequently, the use of appropriate hardware and software, in which the source of the major errors is detected and minimized, is very effective on the result of the flight. This paper presents a variety of depth-measuring laser scanners, various techniques used in each of them, and a description of how depth-measuring operations are performed. In addition to expressing the natural causes of error as well as noise causes in operational data, an algorithm for data correction and a method for noise cancellation is presented.
Faramarz Khosh Akhlagh; Gholamreza Rowshan; Reza Borna
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 75-80
Abstract
In this study, using 33-year statistics (1970 - 2003) concerning radiation, cloud density and wind parameters, the study of the feasibility of establishing solar power plants in arid regions of Iran has been conducted. Further, considering the station of Yazd as the most suitable geographic location ...
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In this study, using 33-year statistics (1970 - 2003) concerning radiation, cloud density and wind parameters, the study of the feasibility of establishing solar power plants in arid regions of Iran has been conducted. Further, considering the station of Yazd as the most suitable geographic location for the establishment of solar power plant, stations in its adjacent regions such as Isfahan, Kerman, and Zahedan have been compared in terms of radiation regime and other climatic elements effective in the establishment of solar power plant. After identifying the climatic variations of the stations, and next, the use of statistical methods of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, T-test and ..., Isfahan was introduced as the station most similar to that of Yazd for the establishment of solar power plant.
Maghsud Bayat; Robab Safari
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 77-81
Abstract
Ongoing population increase have resulted in an ever-increasing demand for food and agricultural products, and agricultural products do not satisfy national demands in the current situation. Despite the goal of realizing self-sufficiency, a large proportion of the demands of a population which is increasing ...
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Ongoing population increase have resulted in an ever-increasing demand for food and agricultural products, and agricultural products do not satisfy national demands in the current situation. Despite the goal of realizing self-sufficiency, a large proportion of the demands of a population which is increasing with such a trend will inevitably need to be supplied from foreign countries. However, agricultural products in global market are also limited and supplying national commands have faced some challenges. This situation requires paying more attention to agriculture, taking effective and quick steps toward increasing production and supplying required foodstuffs. The present study seeks to identify spatial inequities and determine the ranking of each cities of Fars province in agricultural section. Descriptive-analytic method inspired by composite statistical model of Human Development Index is used, which determines agricultural developmental level across the province. SPSS software is used for data analysis. Results indicate that different cities rank differently in indices, which is a result of unbalanced development of these cities in agricultural section and its indices.
Somayyeh Khosravi
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 79-84
Abstract
North Eastern hillside of Karkas Mountain is located in South Western region of Natanz County with a North West-South East direction. The area is located in 51° 30´ to 52° 4´ Eastern longitude and 33° 26´ to 33° 48 ´ ...
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North Eastern hillside of Karkas Mountain is located in South Western region of Natanz County with a North West-South East direction. The area is located in 51° 30´ to 52° 4´ Eastern longitude and 33° 26´ to 33° 48 ´ Northern latitude. The lowest altitude is about 970 meter which goes up to 3895 meter in Karkas arête. Study area borders with two basins named Natanz (Ure, Tame) and hanjan (Barzrud, Chime Rud), both of which are located in Ardestan basin.
Two major geomorphologic units of the area includes:
-High elevations of Karkas which are mainly more than 3000 meters high.
-A low area with 970 meters in the lowest points which is a part of subsided strip of Qom-Ardakan.
Geological structure, climatic diversity, lithological features, current topography and hydrology of the area and active morphodynamic factors have resulted in significant diversity of geomorphologic phenomena in North Eastern hillside of Karkas Mountain. So that glacial morphogenesis system dominates the higher elevations of Karkas Mountains while arid, erosive systems dominates the desert (Badrud Desert).
Seyyed Hosein Mir Moosavi; Shahab Shafiei; Zahra Taghizadeh
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 81-87
Abstract
Studying the influence of climatic elements on residential environments is an applied subject in meteorology, which has recently received a significant importance in synchronizing buildings and residential environments with dominant climatic situations due to the high costs of energy. The present study ...
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Studying the influence of climatic elements on residential environments is an applied subject in meteorology, which has recently received a significant importance in synchronizing buildings and residential environments with dominant climatic situations due to the high costs of energy. The present study use data collected from different climatic parameters (humidity, minimum temperature, maximum temperature) in an hourly basis. Data was analyzed using Ecotect and One Square software. Moreover, day degree, temperature adaptability index, climatic-environmental situations of the designed building in Mehr-Abad station were investigated. Results indicate that climatic comfort in winter (January, February, and March) and December equals zero. In other words, some of the necessary situations for climatic comfort inside buildings should be achieved using mechanical systems, while others must be achieved by appropriate climatic designing of buildings. Comparing comfort level in and outside of buildings indicates that some of necessary situations for climatic comfort were provided naturally in March. This shows the role of correct designing in reducing the need for mechanical systems. Moreover, temperature adaptability index in different points inside the building indicated 0.94 which shows a completely appropriate situation in the designed building. Finally, Tehran bioclimatic graph was extracted which shows that there is just a 7 percent climatic comfort around the year and Tehran climatic situation is out of comfort range for the other 93 percent of the year.
Parviz Ziaeian Firuzabadi; Alireza Matkan; Vahid Babazadeh
Volume 19, Issue 73 , May 2010, , Pages 86-93
Abstract
In this research, a method for extracting effective and interpretable fuzzy rules from GIS data using a neuro-fuzzy system is presented. The fuzzy model has passed through three stages to achieve high accuracy and interpretability. In the first stage, the primary weights of the neuro-fuzzy network were ...
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In this research, a method for extracting effective and interpretable fuzzy rules from GIS data using a neuro-fuzzy system is presented. The fuzzy model has passed through three stages to achieve high accuracy and interpretability. In the first stage, the primary weights of the neuro-fuzzy network were obtained using the FCM clustering algorithm. In order to categorize the educational data in the second phase, a neuro-fuzzy CANFIS system was used and genetic algorithms were utilized to overcome the fuzzy models loss of interpretability. The proposed method has been tested on the data of 5th and 11th districts of Tehran for the diagnosis of decayed tissues. The issue at hand is of the type of classification and the aim is to determine the degrees of membership of the textures in each of the classes. The decay of tissues has been examined in 4 categories including low, moderate, high and very high decay. A total of 300 educational samples were used, and after network training all data were categorized correctly and with RMS = 0.0045. The results show that the proposed method in this study has high accuracy and interpretability and is capable of generalization to issues in which sufficient knowledge of the target system is not available.
Mohammad Reza Servati; Fariba Azad; Reza Mansoori
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 94-105
Abstract
Geomorphological events with a direct effect on human are especially important for applied geomorphologists. Our discussion in this article is limited to geomorphological hazards. Hazards happen after passing a threshold. Some hazards like earthquake are completely natural, but some others are quite ...
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Geomorphological events with a direct effect on human are especially important for applied geomorphologists. Our discussion in this article is limited to geomorphological hazards. Hazards happen after passing a threshold. Some hazards like earthquake are completely natural, but some others are quite related to human activity. Here we describe the main geomorphological hazards and their influences. Unfortunately, the wide range of geomorphological hazards is not completely understood, therefore table 1 provides a list of geomorphological hazards. Moreover, their catastrophic results are not understood and table 2 provides a list of the world most important natural disasters caused by geomorphological events. Some parts of the world are unfortunate enough to experience a large number of geomorphological hazards. There are two main discussions regarding hazards. First, some hazards like volcano, earthquakes, corrosions fault are results of structural motions of the earth crust and actually they act in a very short time interval. Second and more interestingly, some hazards caused by geomorphological procedures happen in a short period of time-within days, or even hours. River floods, sea floods and land slide are examples of these procedures. Events are transient and odd and they can catastrophically be described in more than one way.
Behrouz Nasiri; zahra yarmoradi
Abstract
Abstract[1]
The increase in greenhouse gases in the last few decades has disrupted the climatic balance of the Earth which is called the phenomenon of climate change. The main consequences of climate change will be the increase in global average temperature, the increase of climatic extreme phenomena ...
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Abstract[1]
The increase in greenhouse gases in the last few decades has disrupted the climatic balance of the Earth which is called the phenomenon of climate change. The main consequences of climate change will be the increase in global average temperature, the increase of climatic extreme phenomena such as floods, storms, hail, thermal waves, sea level rise, melting of polar ice and untimely cold. The use of Statistical Downscaling Models for estimating climatic fluctuations allows weather data to be generated at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. Such capabilities have contributed greatly to studying local and regional climatic fluctuations. In this research, the efficiency of LARS-WG model was examined and evaluated for generating and simulating daily temperature, sunny hours and rainfall data in Lorestan province using MAE, T-STUDENT, MAE, R2 statistical parameters and their subsequent changes in the future became apparent too. The results showed that at 99% confidence level, there is no significant difference between actual data and data obtained from the model and the model has the necessary efficiency in generating daily data. After making sure of the model’s efficiency, the outputs of the HADCM3 model were used and the daily temperature, radiation and precipitation data for the base period (1961-2005) were simulated under three scenarios of A1B (mid-range scenario), A2 (maximum scenario) and B1 (scenario Minimum).Based on the HADCM3 model estimates for the scenarios under study in future periods, the average maximum temperature and precipitation of the province would increase about (0.9 to 1.3 degrees) and (12.04 percent), respectively, and average sunny hours would decrease by about 0.6.Also, despite lower changes in maximum temperature than the minimum temperature, the average temperature increase in this period is expected. According to these results, the climatic conditions of Lorestan province in the next 50 years will have a significant difference with the current situation and long-term strategic plans seem necessary to manage these conditions.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mohammad Rahim Rahnama; Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi; behnam ata
Abstract
Extended abstract Introduction Cities are always influenced by various forces and factors. They are transformed by social changes, demographic displacements, economic changes, and technological innovations. As the population grows, activities and investments are greatly expanded and the ...
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Extended abstract Introduction Cities are always influenced by various forces and factors. They are transformed by social changes, demographic displacements, economic changes, and technological innovations. As the population grows, activities and investments are greatly expanded and the physical system of the cities undergoes fundamental changes.Along with the rapid urbanization process, a large amount of natural lands, such as forests and wetlands, has turned into agricultural land and residential areas. Quick land use changes have had profound effects on natural and human environments. For example, agricultural developments and structures lead to deforestation, soil erosion, water basin degradation, and biodiversity loss and pollution. In addition, changes in the use of agricultural land and the acceleration of urbanization have led to an increase in impenetrable levels, which has led to the development of a transport network and the accumulation of non-disturbing contaminations associated with surface runoff. Due to these great effects, the detection and anticipation of land use changes has become an important topic in environmental management and land use planning. At their initial stagesof formation, most of the cities in Iran were established near or in the middle of thehigh-quality agricultural lands with the purpose of using high-quality soil foragriculture and then, these lands were gradually buried under the cities throughdevelopment of villages and changing into cities and then development of thecities. Accordingly agricultural activities were inevitably receded to the poorlands. Materials & Methods To access fundamental maps for analysis of data and use of different methods to achieve the goal of this study, satellite images related to the years 1987,2000 and 2010 are used. Topographic maps of 1:50000 scales obtained from the army geographical organization are used for geometric correction. At this stage, geometric correction was performed on the images using image sensor TM of the year 2010 image-vector, which were geo-referenced. To perform this task, 42ground control points with appropriate distribution in road junctions, water channels, etc. were used. In this research, to process data, make models, and analyze the output, land cover maps produced in the years 1987 and 2014 as inputs of the LCM model, were selected to analyze the changes in the region and predict land use changes in the year 1404. The LCM model requires two maps covering lands belonging to different times as inputs. In this study, Gains and losses, net changes, unchanged regions, transitions from each user to another in different classes of land cover, were mapped to the model analysis section of the model.ENVI, IDRISI Selva and ARCGIS10 were used to categorize the uses of most-probability-models and methods and finally Ca_Markov model was used to predict and calculate changes in 2025, 2035 and 2045. Results & Discussion Multi-temporal images used in this study were used in mapping land coverafter geometric corrections. With regard to existing images and maps and the condition of the area under investigation and field visit for mapping land cover, five types of applications are discovered for land namely, residential lands,irrigated lands, rain-fed lands, sterile lands, parks and gardens. Altogether, during this time (27years), agricultural and residential land cover has increased and sterile land and rain-fed land cover has decreased. Agricultural lands consume a huge amount of water due to exploiting water from deep holes and land overuse that has turned rain-fed lands and sterile lands into water-fed and residential lands. As the table of predicting areas indicates, the greatest increase of about 1744/74 hectares belongs to agricultural lands and 1741/79 hectares belong to the urban lands which includes: residential lands, trade centers, military areas, hospitals, higher education institutes, etc. The least change which is 274/18 hectares, belong to parks and gardens in and around the cities. The most decline of 2261/59 hectares, is observed in sterile lands. Of the total net changes, one can conclude that urban use has increased and all land cover has become largely urbanized, as well as water lands with the rise and development of deep wells. The need to preserve these lands from the physical development of the city in this direction is essential in order to develop the sustainable development of the city. There are many undeveloped lands in the old days due to the lack of water and the lack of facilities. The advancement of agriculture, turned these lands into agricultural lands. Today, landless areas are mostly on the suburbs or around the cities. This is mainly because of the farmers who leave their lands in a state of desert in hope of urban development to gain huge profits.This is the case where the city of Gonbad-e-Kavoos is not an exception to this rule. Parks and Gardens also have a rational increase in the city, therefore, in urban development projects, parks have been created but the size of the gardens is very low in the city of Gonbad-e-Kavoos. By predicting the changes in usages, it is concluded that the most changes will take place in urban usages and rain-fed and sterile lands with dramatic increase and decrease respectively.As the population of the city of Gonbad- e-Kavoosgrows, some steps should be taken to develop the spatial area of the city so as to prevent the destruction of fertile lands for the sake of human construction. Conclusion In this study, the effect of physical expansion of Gonbad-e-Kavoos city on agricultural lands is investigated. Findings indicate that during 45 years, around 1880 hectares of fertile farmlands surrounding the city are destroyed. The main reason behind this destruction is the horizontal expansion of the city. Hence, one of the fundamental bases of sustainable urban development is the increase of city density. It is concluded that horizontal expansion of the city is totally in contradiction to sustainable development and it leads to more instability of the city.
Parham Pahlavani; Mahdi Hasanlou
Abstract
Abstract
Nowadays, the combination of data and images obtained from different remote sensing sources is considered as an optimal solution for extracting more information, since these data, with their own wide vision, digital format, their periodically preparation, and high temporal resolution provide ...
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Abstract
Nowadays, the combination of data and images obtained from different remote sensing sources is considered as an optimal solution for extracting more information, since these data, with their own wide vision, digital format, their periodically preparation, and high temporal resolution provide researchers with a variety of information about the land surface. In this regard, the passive optical sensors are widely used in mapping horizontal structures. Given that, radar data can often be collected 24-hours a day and Independent of atmospheric conditions, and also some ground structures and artificial targets have a specific response in the radar frequency, they complete the capabilities of optical images. LiDAR airborne data can also provide sample measurements from vertical structures with very high accuracy. As a result, the simultaneous use of optical, radar and LiDAR data can provide more information in a variety of applications. In this research, by simultaneously applying these three categories of data, we tried to identify the urban specific features in an optimal way. In this regard, by utilizing and producing various descriptors (57 descriptors), and using the feature extraction methods (including PCA and ICA) and estimating the intrinsic dimensions of the data (including SML and NWHFC), an optimal space for the supervised classification was created. After classifying (K-NN method) using the obtained results, descriptors (information layers) produced to identify specific urban features including buildings, roads and vegetation were obtained and grouped according to the classification accuracy. The numerical results indicate the high efficiency of the proposed procedure as well as the applied methods of estimating intrinsic dimension and extracting the features.
Saharnaz Shekoohizadegan; Hassan Khosravi; Hossein Azarnivand; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Behzad Raygani
Abstract
Abstract
Desertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions in result of climate variability and human-activity. Desertification is the third major challenge for international community in twenty-first century after the two challenges of climate change and scarcity of ...
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Abstract
Desertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions in result of climate variability and human-activity. Desertification is the third major challenge for international community in twenty-first century after the two challenges of climate change and scarcity of fresh water.This phenomenon has been raised as one of the most striking aspect of environmental degradation and destruction of natural resources in the world.Desertification, byaffecting vegetation cover, water and soil, is a serious factor threatening national parks in arid and semi-arid regions including Iran.Executive actions related to desertification control must be based on the recognition of the current state of desertification and its intensity.The aim of this study was to evaluate and monitor desertification by usingvegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) extracted from MODIS satellite imagery and classification of desertification by using fuzzy logic.
Materials and Methods
The study area covers an area with about 47,244 hectares, which has been named as Bamou National Park.The height distribution of Bamou National Park shows that most of the area is locatedbetween 1700 and 1900 meters altitude and a maximum height of the study area is 2700 meters above the sea level.The average annual rainfall in the main station area representing the Shiraz station is 392.9 mm with a mean annual temperature of 17.9°C.Based on Domarten developed method, Bamou National Park has a semi-arid climate and is cold with winter rains.
In this research, to monitor and evaluate desertification in Shiraz Bamou national park, the annual changes in vegetation cover were studied during the period of 2000 - 2014. On the other hand, this paper tries to monitor desertification changes using long term-time series analysis of satellite data and vegetationcover indices (EVI & NDVI).Therefore, in this study, profile and map of annual changes were prepared on IDRISI Selva and then analyzed using the MOD13A1product, MODIS sensor, Terra satellite and Aqua system. Finally, using fuzzy logic, profile and desertification intensity map were prepared for 2000-2014. According to the climatic conditions of the region and based on expert opinion, the value of fuzzy classes index changes, the software IDRIDIselva and Arc GIS 10.2 severity of desertification on each indicator based on fuzzy logic was prepared.
Discussion and results
Based on the results of EVI & NDVI, vegetation destruction and desertification intensity have been more in the north west of the study area. The reason for this destruction and desertification is the construction of the new city of Sadra in part of the North West and the west of this park. It can be said that, this degradation is a new form of desertification entitled anthropogenic desertification.As a result of the construction of Sadra city in the western area of the park, it is practically impossible to protect this area.The results show that EVI is more sensitive than NDVI for monitoring parameters such as canopy cover, leaf area index, canopy structure, phenology, and stress plants. The EVI index due to greater sensitivity to changes in areas with high biomass (vegetation growth season) and mitigating the effects of atmospheric conditions on vegetation index values is more applicable to monitor vegetation changes than NDVI.This paper introduces fuzzy logicas one of the methods for classifying the severity of desertification. Fuzzy logic can be used to determine the boundaries of class and privilege of desertification indicators and explain the process. Fuzzy sets, or classes of fuzzy are no sharply defined boundaries and membership or non- membership of a place in particular.The severity of desertification in the form of fuzzy maps based on each available indicator provided the values between 0 and 1 as the classes of desertificationon the map.It can be concluded that for better management of desertification it is necessary to prioritize areas affected by desertification according to its severity.As a result, we can say that accurate desertification classification can be helped to manage this phenomenon. In fact, it is a set of unpleasant consequences that human environment brings. Hence, monitoring and evaluation of the severity of desertification and mapping always isone of the most important management andplanning tools to achieve sustainable development in the field of natural resources.
Hossein Hataminejad; Yaghob Abdali; Sara Allah Gholipour
Abstract
Abstract[1] Today, following the rapid changes in cities, part of urban texture has failed to establish a proper connection with its environment and servicing to the users due to deterioration and inefficiencies. The existence of a widespread worn texture is one of the most important challenges facing ...
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Abstract[1] Today, following the rapid changes in cities, part of urban texture has failed to establish a proper connection with its environment and servicing to the users due to deterioration and inefficiencies. The existence of a widespread worn texture is one of the most important challenges facing urban managers, urban planners and architects, because the lack of attention to these structures causes the decline of city and its heterogeneous development and the creation of new towns on the edge of the old city. Due to the fact that a significant part of the problems of Ahwaz city has appeared in district 1 of the city, it was considered as the study area, and the central part was studied due to the excessive wear of the texture and the severe deterioration process. The present research is an applied-developmental research in terms of objectives, and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of methodology based on library studies and field investigations. In order to achieve the research goals, the building Structure Indexes, material, number of floors and building age were extracted. Regression tools were used to explore pattern trends, and spatial autocorrelation method existing in Geoda software was used to weigh the layers in spatial data. To examine the vulnerability of worn out texture by using Anselin local Morans method, the cluster & outlier analysis tool from the tool set available in Spatial Statistics Tools relating to the ArcGIS Software was used. The results of this study indicate that 45.83 percent of the surface area is in the range of medium to high vulnerability, suggesting that a large part of the worn out texture in the central area of Ahwaz is somehow in need of passive defense planning. [1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب ترجمه (چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ دریافتی) نشریه، به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن مختصر چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Mohammad Jafari; Mohammad Salmani Moghadam
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today tourism industry comprises a large part of global economy and it is changing into the biggest and the most profitable industry through the world. Many countries have included it in their strategies and planning. Ardabil province is one of beautiful tourist destinations ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today tourism industry comprises a large part of global economy and it is changing into the biggest and the most profitable industry through the world. Many countries have included it in their strategies and planning. Ardabil province is one of beautiful tourist destinations in northwest of Iran which attracts many tourists during all seasons. This province possesses noteworthy capabilities and potentials to create and develop tourism. Climatic condition is vital information for tourists. It is crucial to pay attention to climate features of an area and the impact that these features have on tourism formation. Climate and tourism are highly dependent on one another in such a way that having favorable climatic conditions is considered as one of the advantages and potential for tourism and many travelers take the climate conditions in selecting the time and location of their journey into consideration. Understanding the climate-threatening constraints and risks and knowledge of the attractions and latent potential of the climate features for any planning at various national, provincial and urban level including tourism are of great importance. Tourism Comfort Index (TCI) is an index that specifies climate effect on tourism systematically. The index utilizes climate elements such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. In order to use the index, registered statistics in weather station is required.
Materials and methods
The present research is descriptive-analytical and aims to determine the most appropriate time for the presence of tourists in the region and the development of tourism plans. In this research, the tourism climate index (TCI) has been used to assess the climate of tourism and climatic attractions of Ardabil province from the tourism point of view. To this end, the statistics of required climatic parameters were extracted from the climatic data of 4 synoptic stations of the province during a period of 15 years (1996-2010). After calculating the TCI index for each month of the year, The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was used to zone the comfort conditions of tourism climate of the province and to convert point data of the stations to surface data, and finally, the TCI map was obtained for the entire province.
Results and discussion
The tourism climatic condition of Ardabil province was evaluated on a monthly basis using the tourism climate index (TCI), and the results of the surveys were presented in the form of a zoned map for each month separately. The findings of the research indicated that the months of April, May, June, July, August, September, October and November with good, very good, excellent and ideal ratings have the best conditions for the presence of tourists in the region and the of December, January, February and March as the cold months of the year, have unfavorable climatic comfort conditions in the region and the province, does not have an appropriate condition for the presence of tourists.
Conclusion
Ardabil province is distinguished from other regions due to the diversity of its climate and its unique natural, historical and cultural attractions, and may be considered as the country’s tourism hub. Due to the numerous capabilities of the province in attracting tourists, it is necessary to recognize and evaluate the climate of comfort through acceptable scientific methods in order to systematically determine the impact of climatic factors on tourists' activities. The results indicate that the comfort climate of the province is very diverse in different seasons of the year, so that in the warm seasons, the southern regions of the province have a favorable situation and in the cold seasons of the year this trend changes and the northern areas of the province have favorable situation.
AhmadReza Ghasemi; Morteza Moogooei
Abstract
Introduction
Climate change will affect the availability of water resources and the sustainability of their management. The impact of climate change on water resources has caused concerns and serious challenges around the world. Global climate change has decreased water resources in many regions ...
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Introduction
Climate change will affect the availability of water resources and the sustainability of their management. The impact of climate change on water resources has caused concerns and serious challenges around the world. Global climate change has decreased water resources in many regions and especially in arid and semiarid regions such as Iran. Water shortages decrease both agricultural production and food security and can also limit the economic development and ecosystem health. There is also growing evidence that climate change is changing the hydrological cycle.
The province of Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiariis the main supplier of water for Khuzestan and Isfahan provinces and inter-basin water transfer talks have always been going on for these two provinces. However, there has not been a comprehensive study on the discharge changes in the rivers of this province, nevertheless, we cannot judge the future of water transfer. In Iran, there have been several studies on the seasonal changes in precipitation and other climatic variables, but assessments of river flows are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to document statistically significant trends in seasonal and annual changes in stream flow in the main rivers in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari.
Materialsand Methods
The total monthly and seasonal streamflow time series for the period of 1358–1389 (32 years) corresponding to 12 hydrometric stations across the Chaharmahal-o- Bakhtiari province were obtained from the Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari Regional Water Organization. This study is done with the latest data (1389) published by Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari Regional Water Organization. At first, the linear trends are determined on annual and seasonal timescales using Mann–Kendall (MK) non-parametric trend tests.The non-parametric Mann-Kendall tests are based on the calculation of Kendall's tau between two samples which is itself based on the ranks with the samples. This test has been widely used to detect trends in series of environmental data, climatic data or hydrological data, because it is less sensitive to the non-normality of the distribution and less affected by extreme values or outliers in the series.Also, the magnitude of trend- if a linear trend is present in a time series- is estimated by using the non-parametric Sen’ estimator test. The Sen’ estimator method is commonly used for calculating the trend slope. Thus, in this study this method is also used to calculate the trend slopes to obtain the extent of trend changes.
A number of methods can be applied to determine change points of a time series. In this study, the change point in the stream flow time series in 12 studied hydrometric stations is identified by Pettitt’s test. This test is a non-parametric approach for detecting change points based on the mann-whitney test. It has been demonstrated that the Pettitt’s test is a useful technique for examining the occurrence of abrupt changes in climatic records.
Results andDiscussion
The results of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall tests (MK) for all studied rivers through the Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari province showed a decreasing trend in the stream flow in all 12 hydrometric stations for both seasonal and annual scale. The amount of reduction based on the Sen’ estimator method, varies at different stations and seasons, from 0.8 m3/s to 17 m3/s in Gordbisheh and Beheshtabad, respectively. On seasonal scale, the results indicate a significant reduction in stream flow of all stations in summer, while in winter-except at two stations (Deh- Cheshmh and Soulegan) significant trend was not observed. The results of Pettitt's test also suggest that, the abrupt downward change (statistically significant) in most studied stations occured in the early 1370s. On the other words, in two recent decades a significant decreasing trend in stream flow has occurred in Karoon and Zayandeh Rood Basin. The results also showed that, in addition to the mean of stream flow, the extreme values of stream flow in these rivers also experience a very sharp decrease during the studied period.
Conclusion
Decreasing trend in all studied hydrometric stations through the Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari province clearly shows the reduction of water resources in this province and also the reduction of the role of the province in water supply to the country. The abrupt downward change that occurred in the early 1370s in most studied hydrometric stations also shows that the reduction of water production in the province has started from about 20 years ago. Therefore, for any water transfer plan from this province to other regions, the practical principles should be considered. Another important issue that must be considered is that, the water resources in Chaharmahal-o- Bakhtiari province are sharply decreasing and the water plants should not be based on the old information.
Fatemeh Firouzi; Taghi Tavosi; Peyman Mahmoudi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction With recent advances in satellite remote sensing productions in past few decades, several indices have been provided for the study of vegetation dynamics, and especially for the assessment of drought impacts. Among these, two vegetation indices -Normalized Difference Vegetation ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction With recent advances in satellite remote sensing productions in past few decades, several indices have been provided for the study of vegetation dynamics, and especially for the assessment of drought impacts. Among these, two vegetation indices -Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) - have gained the attention of various researchers. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the reaction of these two vegetation indices (i.e. NDVI and EVI) to dry and wet years in a dry plain in Iran (i.e. Sistan plain in eastern Iran). Materials & Methods To assess the sensitivity of these indices to dry and wet years, two different databases were required. First, NDVI and EVI image base received from Terra satellite (MODIS sensor) for April, May and June 2000-2014, and downloaded from EOS website. Second, daily data base of Zabol synoptic meteorological station (for a statistical period of 30-years 1985-2014) received from Iran Meteorological Organization. After data acquisition, separate vegetation dynamics maps (for April, May and June) were produced for the study area based on the information derived through processing of MODIS sensor images (Terra satellite) using NDVI and EVI. Effective drought index (EDI) was used to determine the frequency of dry and wet years in Sistan plain. Results & Discussion Mapping of vegetation dynamics based on images received from MODIS sensor (Terra satellite) for a 15-year statistical period (2000 to 2014: April, May, and June) indicated that NDVI and EVI had significant differences in exhibiting the dynamics of vegetation in the study area. These differences were obvious in areas with average amount of vegetation (0.4-0.5 in both NDVI and EVI) and also in areas with sparse dispersed vegetation (0.3-0.4 in both NDVI and EVI). In average levels of vegetation, total area of vegetation calculated by EVI is much higher than what is calculated by NDVI, while in sparse and dispersed vegetation, total area of vegetation calculated by NDVI is almost higher than EVI. Subsequently by selection of a dry (2010-2011) and a wet year (2005-2006), we compared changes in total area of vegetation (average and sparse) calculated by NDVI and EVI. Regarding the response of these two indices to dry and wet years, it was concluded that NDVI shows a better and more logical response during droughts, while EVI provides better results in wet years. However, it should be noted that the mean annual precipitation of Sistan plain is so low (59 mm per year) and its evapotranspiration is so high (4800 mm per year) that precipitation does not play a significant role in vegetation dynamics of this plain. Therefore, water flow in Helmand River, which is the lifeblood of this desert, is much more important than this limited precipitation in Sistan plain; hence, we can conclude that meteorological drought monitoring indices cannot reflect the relationship between drought and vegetation dynamics in Sistan plain, and this makes it difficult to compare NDVI and EVI in the region. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that NDVI is a more suitable index for dynamics of vegetation in plains such as Sistan, whose life depends not on precipitation but on water running in the river. Because of the computational nature of EVI, it responds better in areas with dense vegetation. According to the vegetation type obtained from MODIS sensor images and field visits, NDVI is a better index for these types of plains.
Hossein Nazmfar; Saiedeh Alavi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The rapidity of urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to the fact that half of the world’s population is currently settled in urban areas. Most of these areas with high population density are vulnerable to crises (Shelter Center, 2010: xiv). ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The rapidity of urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to the fact that half of the world’s population is currently settled in urban areas. Most of these areas with high population density are vulnerable to crises (Shelter Center, 2010: xiv). The fact is that the increase in the concentration of physical capital, infrastructure and economic activities in the cities has led to the increase in adverse effects of natural disasters (Tangri et al., 2008: 30; Lall and Deichmann, 2012). Meanwhile, it has long been argued that the earthquake, as one of the most catastrophic and devastating types of natural hazards, especially in developing countries (Dong & Shan, 2013: 85)has caused lots of damages to the properties and assets in urban areas and around them, through the destruction of urban buildings and infrastructure, (Min et al, 2010). Like other developing countries, Iran has experienced a high level of urbanization that has completely changed the physical structure of urban areas (Soltani et al., 2011: 6644), so that by 2015, the urban population of the country has been 74.3 percent, which is estimated to reach 91.5 in 2050 (Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, 2015). Increasing urbanization in the cities of the country along with unplanned development is one of the factors that boost the possibility of increasing casualties and damagesdue to the occurrence of natural disasters in the cities of the country (Pourmusavi, 1391: 40) and leads to the loss of resources and achievements whose reestablishment will take many years (Patterson et al, 2010: 128).
Materials&Methods
The present research is of applied type with descriptive-analytical method. Thestatistical population is the buildings of district 9 of Tehran municipality. Tocomplete the library informationin order to understand the status quo, the studies and deductions of the Information Technology and Communication Organization of Tehran Municipality updated in 2015 were used. The indices used in the research have been weighted based on the experts’ opinions using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), and the obtained results have been applied on the layers under study in the GIS environment and the map of each layer has been prepared in the Geographic Information System.Finally, the general vulnerability map of the region was extracted through the integration of the layers under study (overlay). The opinions of the experts are determinant in evaluating thevulnerability of the city, butin this research, in order to reach a precise evaluation, along with the preparation of the map based on the experts’ opinions, the vulnerability scenario has been developed at different intensities, thereby to standardize the data, and to analyze the layers and criteria, the fuzzy model andthe linear threshold function have been used, respectively. The results have been categorized into 5 vulnerability groups of very low, low, medium, high and very high, and the percentage of each group has been calculated. Tools used in the research are SUPER DECISION and GIS.
Results&Discussion
The present research was carried out aiming at vulnerability evaluation of urban buildings in district 9 of Tehran municipality to various intensities of earthquake, thus, in this research, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings to various earthquake intensities was measured using ten indices (type of material, type of view, building density, age of the building, number of floors, ground area of buildings, compatibility of neighboring uses, distance from fault, geological formations and the width of passages)along with the required sub criteria. To design the earthquake scenarios at different intensities, the first step was to accomplish stratification for each of the main criteria and sub criteria using the weights obtained from the ANP in the Arc GIS environment, then, the general vulnerability map of the region was prepared by overlaying the layers. Finally, the earthquake scenarios at different intensities were designed by fuzzification of the map.
Conclusion
In order to determine the seismicity potential of the study area which is part of the primary and very important stepsin the process of the determination of vulnerability levels of various regions to earthquake, the preparation of the major faults’ map of the region, the preparation of the earthquakes epicenter map, the determination of the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes, the estimation of the features of earthquakes that are likely to occur by the significant faults of the study area were placed on the agenda. For this purpose, in order to evaluate the vulnerability of earthquake hazard, 10 indices were investigated as the effective factors on the vulnerability of urban buildings which have been selected based on the indices of previous studies. These indices (type of material, type of view, building density, age of the building, number of floors, ground area of buildings, compatibility of neighboring uses, distance from fault, geological formations and the width of passages) were analyzed using the ANP calculation method whichhad beenscored by the experts, and the weight of criteriawas applied to the effective layers of the vulnerability, and finally, the general vulnerability map was extracted by integrating the layers in the GIS environment. In order to evaluate the vulnerability rate of urban buildings, the data obtained from the ANP model was fuzzified, and the earthquake scenarios were ultimately designed based on the seismicity potential of Tehran faults and were applied on the general vulnerability map of the study area. The results of the research indicate that in an earthquake with a modified intensity of 6 mercalli, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings in the vulnerability ranges of very low, low, medium, high and very high are 26%, 56%, 17%, 1% and 0%, respectively and the damaged buildings in the districts 1 and 2 are in the vulnerability ranges of very low (28% & 24%), low (53% & 59%), medium (18% & 16%), high (1% & 1%) and very high (0%). In an earthquake with a modified intensity of 7mercalli, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings in the vulnerability ranges of very low, low, medium, high and very high are 21%, 10%, 52%, 16% and 1%, respectively, and the damaged buildings in the districts 1 and 2 are in the vulnerability ranges of very low (23% & 18%), low (11% & 9%), medium (48% & 56%), high (17% & 16%) and very high (1% & 1%). In an earthquake with modified intensity of 8mercalli, the vulnerability rate of urban buildings in the vulnerability ranges of very low, low, medium, high and very high are 7%, 4%, 10%, 61% and 18%, respectively.
Ali Akbar Rasuli; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Mojtaba Fakhari Vahed
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Lightning is one of the most fascinating climatic phenomena, which has not yet been fully understood. This phenomenon usually occurs during thunderstorms and at the times of electrical field failure in a variety of cloud-to-ground, cloud-to-cloud, and in-cloud or intra-cloud. ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Lightning is one of the most fascinating climatic phenomena, which has not yet been fully understood. This phenomenon usually occurs during thunderstorms and at the times of electrical field failure in a variety of cloud-to-ground, cloud-to-cloud, and in-cloud or intra-cloud. The cloud-to-ground lightning which strikes the ground is one of the most important causes of mortality due to weather conditions. Lightning can also cause many financial losses such as damaging power lines and causing fire. Therefore, spatial distribution of lightning is essential in terms of energy and safety management. Furthermore, our community, which increasingly relies on information networks, helps to identify the areas prone to lightning in order to protect the information systems. Lightning activities vary widely on the spatial and temporal scales, and depend on local convectional activities to some extent. The knowledge of lightening activities was usually based on surface measurements over time, prior to the arrival of the satellites. But, the activity of these storms is not measured in places where there are no synoptic stations. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the exact location and the severity of convective storms based on the development and monitoring of the route for timely notification. This is because all measurements related to thunderstorms in Iran are recorded with a three hour interval in various codes and only at synoptic stations. Materials and Methods This study was carried out using lightning data recorded in space by LIS sensor in a period from January 1998 to December 2013 (16 years). Lightning imaging sensor (LIS) is installed on the TRMM satellite. The LIS sensor is an optical detector that measures light-induced and light-intensity variations in clouds in the range of 777 nm/s and is capable of observing thunderstorms with a scale of 3 to 6 km on a 600x600-km while the effective LIS efficiency is 90% at night and 70% at local noon time. At the first stage of data analysis, it should be determined that the data are randomly distributed or have a certain spatial trend. Some of geographic processing functions were applied to data in the GIS software to compute the statistical values and to determine the locations having significant lightning levels. These calculations are done based on the Euclidean distance between the points (thunder and lightning) and the spatial concept of that weighting method based on the inverse distance. Other indices also compute the spatial distribution of the data. The nearest neighbor index (NNI) and the Kernel density function are among these indices. The NNI is expressed as a proportion of the observed distance to the expected distance, assuming the random distribution of the images. To generalize the geographic location of a phenomenon (lightning occurrence) to the whole area, the Kernel density interpolation estimator has been used throughout the region. In fact, the Kernel density function in the GIS software calculates the density of the features in their neighborhood and can be used for linear and point features (lightning). Results and Discussion The results of this research showed that the maximum frequency of lightning occurs in the southeast of Iran in the months of March to August (warm period of the year). Its highest frequency is in August and its lowest frequency is in December. In the study of daily changes it was also found that from the early afternoon until late afternoon (from 1300 to 1600 hours local time), the lightning activities significantly increase, which seems to be related to local convectional activities which are along with the surface heat created by daily radiation of the sun. The nearest neighbor index results showed that the data distribution follows the cluster pattern. In other words, some regions have more favorable conditions for lightning. The results of the Kernel density index indicated that these areas are in the southern slopes of the region and its maximum is located before the main peak. The maximum frequency of lightning lies between 26° and 27° N, and is on the same orbital direction. Given the maximum lightning occurrence time which is during the warm period of the year, it seems that the southern currents created by the monsoons of the Southeast Asia along with local topography, is the exacerbating factor for the lightning activities in the southeast of Iran, and in particular, the region with a maximum lightning activities. Conclusion The use of satellite data to illustrate the distribution of some climatic phenomena can be very useful, since the frequency of some phenomena (especially lightning) is not recorded on ground stations. On the other hand, the distribution and density of ground stations are not appropriate, because the density of synoptic stations is particularly in low mountainous regions and the shape of the land in these areas is complex, and the distribution of thunderstorms is affected by this form of land. As it was observed in the results, one of the most important factors of the frequency distribution of lightning is the roughness, and these results indicate that remote sensing technology can be used to calculate the distribution of the phenomena of interest with high precision.
Bakhtiar Feizizadeh; Khalil Didehban; Khalil Gholamnia
Abstract
Abstract
Land Surface Temperature (LST) is one of important criteria in regional planning and management. LST can be used in many practical programs of environment, agriculture, meteorology and relevant surveys. Due to the limitations of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be used as the basis ...
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Abstract
Land Surface Temperature (LST) is one of important criteria in regional planning and management. LST can be used in many practical programs of environment, agriculture, meteorology and relevant surveys. Due to the limitations of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be used as the basis of many meteorological data. One of the most important practical aspects of remote sensing in climate studies is the estimation of surface temperature. In this regard, the split window algorithm is considered as an effective method for extracting surface temperature, which provides the highest accuracy based on scientific resources. In this research, Landsat 8 satellite’s multi-spectral and thermal images have been used to estimate the land temperature in Mahabad catchment. To accomplish the goal, modeling and analyzing of the images were performed after radiometric corrections. The vegetation index, the vegetation shortage, the temperature of the satellite illumination, the emissivity of the land surface, the column water vapor (CWV) are of effective criteria for estimating the land surface temperature by the method of split window algorithm. The values necessary to calculate the land surface temperature were obtained by performing mathematical relation computation. Eventually, the land surface temperature was accurately estimated with an error of 1.4 degrees Centigrade. Areas with high vegetation cover and covered with water show low temperatures and, areas with low vegetation cover and bare soil show a high temperature, all of which are effective in temperature variations in the studied area. The results of the research indicate that the method of split window algorithm provides exact and reliable results in the estimation of land surface temperature, which can be used in environmental studies and geosciences.
Naser Shafiei Sabet; Alireza Shakiba; Ashkan Mohammadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays,satellite imagery is used as a suitable toolforproduction of land use maps. It is also considered to be an important resource used for urban and rural land use planning. Due to the general coverage of different phenomena and natural resources, satellite imageriesplay ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays,satellite imagery is used as a suitable toolforproduction of land use maps. It is also considered to be an important resource used for urban and rural land use planning. Due to the general coverage of different phenomena and natural resources, satellite imageriesplay a major role in spatial and temporal analysis. Using these images in various fields can show us their capabilities and limitations. The important point is to consider increasing advances in their spectral and spatial capabilities. Systematicexploitation of natural resources requires patterns and models of the region, so that related regulations are observedand sustainable utilization is also considered.Obviously,exact, accurate, fast and economic estimate of these changes is impossible without modern technologiesused for regional and environmental studies.Land use change modelingis an indispensable tool for environmental analysis, planning and management. Eastern parts of Tehran metropolis are among regions facing unstructuredand unscheduled constructions in Iran. Urban development and population growth have led to rapid changes in spatial patterns and have severely affected land use and natural resources. Materials and methods In order to investigate land use changes, the present study takes advantage of satellite imageries, remote sensing techniques and spatial information systems.The trend of land use changeswas separately extracted from satellite imageries received in1986, 2002, and 2018.After visual interpretation and error correction,four categories were selected (residential and non-residential construction, vegetation, mountain and grassland) based on which changes were investigated. After data collection (including imageries received from Landsat satellite and TM, ETM and OLI sensors) classification and detection commenced.Then, suitable band was selected for classification, spectral reflectance curves of each land use class were evaluated and bands correlation histograms were compared.since changing bandsgives a comprehensive understanding of the classes, their relations and resolution, two-band diagram of pixels’ distribution in two different bands was used.Properties of the texture were extracted using GLCM matrix and principal component analysis was performed. Support Vector Machine was selected as an optimal classification method. Feature vectors and the training rangeweregiven to this algorithm as its input.Markov chain works well in predicting probability of change, and especiallyland use changes. Cellular automaton is also a powerful method used for detecting changes in spatial component. Thus,Markov chain and automated cells model were both used in order to predict changes in quantity and space, and land use map was predicted and simulated for 2050.Results indicate that Markov models provide useful information which can be beneficial for future land use planning. Results and discussion Calculations indicate thatdue to creeping discrete growth and in some areas continuous growth, most changes in Damavand (in Tehran)have happened in the category of residential construction (9.06%) and road (1%).This increasing trend has reduced two classes of mountain/grassland and vegetation cover by 9.07% and 0.1%, respectively. After field operations and sampling with dual-frequency GPS receivers, data was introduced to software and classification was performed using support vector machines with an average overall accuracy of 96.62% and a mean kappa coefficient of 85.33%. Change detection studiesindicate that in time period of 1986 to 2002,most changes have occurred in residential and non-residential construction category. In fact, residential and non-residential construction has reached from 3.1% in 1986 to 6.1% in 2002 year, while mountain and grassland category has faced 2.96% decrease. Also, vegetation cover has decreased by 0.76%.Likewise, we also saw a 6.15% increase in residential and non-residential construction, a 6.11% decrease in mountain and grassland and a 0.22% decrease in vegetation cover of the study area in the time period of 2002 to 2018.Road category had an 81% increase in the first time period and an 18% increase in the second time period. Overall, residential/non-residential construction and roads have increased, while mountains/grassland and vegetation cover have decreasedin the time period of 1986 to 2018. Due to population overflow in recent decades, and unplanned construction, land uses like vegetation cover and grassland have changed into residential construction, and especially industrial land use in the area under study (Jajrood, Kamard, KhorramDasht, Shamsabad, Mehrabad, Pardis and Siasang). Conclusion While investigating spatial evolution and agricultural land use changes, it is important to distinguish betweenrapidly changing phenomenon, and slowly changing one.Results of the present study indicate that compared to other land uses,vegetation cove has changed more severely. Therefore, without necessary policies and actions to prevent this process,pressure on naturalresources, land use changes, and consequently destruction of valuable resourceswill result in harmful environmental impacts. This will also change the economic performance of the villages, and have many negative spatial, socio-economic consequences.
Yaghoub Niazi; Ali Talebi; Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari; Majid Vazifedoust
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Droughts are long-term phenomena that affect vast areas, causing significant economic damages andlosses in human lives. Droughts are the most costly natural disaster in the world, and affect more people than any other natural disaster. Therefore, it is important to develop ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Droughts are long-term phenomena that affect vast areas, causing significant economic damages andlosses in human lives. Droughts are the most costly natural disaster in the world, and affect more people than any other natural disaster. Therefore, it is important to develop early warning systems to mitigate the effects of drought. The easiest way to monitor drought is to use drought indices that calculate drought severity, duration and actual range for each drought type. Several drought indices have been developed based on different variables and parametersto assess drought types. Soil moisture is a significant hydrological variable related to flood and drought and plays an important role in the process of converting precipitation into runoff andstorage of groundwater. Due to the difficulty, cost and time required for the field measurements of soil moisture, this parameter has not been widely used in drought indexes. Recent developments of global databases, based on satellite estimates, as well as rapid progress in hardware and software for modeling complex processes governing the water balance at the ground surface, have led to many efforts to deploy this new tool to reduce the limitations in this field. In this research, a new drought index based on soil moisture, derived from the land surface models of Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS-SMDI) has been provided to monitor the evolution of drought severity.Thisindex is based on the fact that soil moisture is a determinant factor in most of complex environmental processes and has an important role in the occurrence of drought.
Materials and Methods
The central Iran is located between 27N-37N latitudes and 48E-61E longitudes with an area of about 837,184 km2. There are 50 synoptic stations within the area. In the present study, soil moisture derived from Global Land Data Assimilation System using the GLDAS-SMDI index was used to prepare the spatial distribution map of drought in central Iran over the period of 2001-2004. The accuracy of the GLDAS-SMDI index based on satellite data was carried out using the evaluation criteria of R and RMSE compared with drought spatial distribution map derived from the SPI index based on monthly precipitationdata of 50 synoptic stations.
Results and Discussion
In this study, the drought spatial distribution index of Soil Moisture based on the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS-SMDI) and SPI was obtained based on the monthly precipitation data from 50 synoptic stations over the period of 2001-2004. The results of the statistical criteria of the moisture drought spatial distribution mapcompatibility assessment based on GLDAS data with corresponding pixels on the drought spatial distribution map based on the precipitation data of thesynoptic stations showed that the drought severity map has had a high precision and good conformity with the land data (R=0.65, RMSE=0.22) based on GLDAS data.The highest correlation coefficient (0.74) was in 2004 and the lowest (0.45) in 2003.
The lowest and the highest mean errors in 2004 and 2001were 0.19 and 0.26, respectively,.The highest droughtseverity based on the GLDAS-SMDI index occurred in the Central Iran region at Iranshahr, Kahnuj, Bam, Baft and Birjandstationsduring the studied period.
Conclusion
Droughts are hydro-meteorological anomalies characterized by prolonged shortage in regional water supply and can cause temporary difficulties (even failures) in water reservoirs. Today, most of the severe droughts are breaking out in terms of frequency, magnitude and duration due to constantly increasing water consumption, causing serious social, economic and environmental problems worldwide. Therefore, in order to deal with frequent droughts, great efforts have been made to estimate a more accurate assessment for better decision-making in order to prevent and mitigate drought losses. The most successful efforts among these methods might be the development and the use of various objective indices. In this research, the monthlymoisture data of the Global Land Data Assimilation System was evaluated to estimate the drought severity index based on soil moisture. The evaluation was performed using the coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). This analysis has demonstrated that the GLDAS products have very good compatibility with the land data over the selected area of Central Iran on monthly timescales and a 0.25° spatial scale. As a result, it can be said that the GLDAS data has a good potential for useful application of hydrological simulation and the calculation of water balance sheet, in the regions with low observations and low quality station. Therefore, it can be concluded that the soil moisture output of Global Land Data Assimilation System can be used for rapid and low cost estimation of drought severity based on soil moisture, which is a major factor in many complex environmental processes and has an important role in the occurrence ofdrought. In order to increase the spatial accuracy of drought intensity maps, it is recommended that the satellite data be combined with the values of ground stations.
Mohammad Mahdi Khoshgoftar; Mehdi Akhoondzadeh Hanzaei; Iman Khosravi
Abstract
Introduction
Drought is a critical climate condition affecting many places on Earth. Drought severity is often measured using a combination of different variables including rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind, soil moisture, and steam flow. During the last decades, Iran has suffered from drought conditions ...
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Introduction
Drought is a critical climate condition affecting many places on Earth. Drought severity is often measured using a combination of different variables including rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind, soil moisture, and steam flow. During the last decades, Iran has suffered from drought conditions and it may suffer more in future. The frequent occurrence of drought in Iran is mainly due to lack of sufficient precipitation and improper water management system. Drought is often categorized into three types: meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. There are various methods for measuring and quantifying drought severity. The most commonly used ones are Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Remotely sensed data can also be used for monitoring drought condition. The most widely used ones are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Vegetation Index (TVX) and NDVI deviation Index (DEV). Neural Network (NN) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) are two of the most widely applied methods for modeling and monitoring drought severity indices.
In this paper, monthly time series data (2000 to 2014) of three remotely sensed indices (i.e., NDVI, VCI, and TVX) and one meteorological index (i.e., SPI) were applied for modeling drought severity. In addition, the NN and ARIMA were developed for modeling these indices.
Materials & Methods
Data used in this paper were the time series of NDVI, VCI, TVX, and SPI. The study area in this paper was Arak, center of Markazi province. It has cold and wet winters with warm and dry summers. ARIMA and NN were employed for modeling indices.
ARIMA model is generally derived from three basic time series models: Autoregressive (AR), Moving Average (MA), and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA). These basic models are used with static time series, i.e., they have constant mean and covariance in relation to time.
Usually, NN method has three layers. The first layer or the input layer introduces data to network. Input data is processed in the second layer or the hidden layer. Finally, the output layer produces the results of the input data. In this paper, single hidden layer feed forward network, which is the most widely utilized NN form, was employed for modeling indices.
Results & Discussion
After implementing NN and ARIMA models on the time series data, the performance of the models was evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The RMSE obtained by NN and used for modeling NDVI, VCI, TVX, and SPI indices of Arak were 0.1944, 0.2191, 0.1295, and 0.2990, respectively. In addition, RMSE obtained from ARMIA, and used for modeling these indices were 0.0770, 37.2318, 0.2658, and 1.3370. In another experiment, the correlation between remotely sensed indices and SPI was studied. Among the remotely sensed indices, TVX shows the most powerful correlation with SPI.
Conclusion
In the present study, drought condition in the central region of Markazi province was studied during the 2000 to 2014 period. We used the time series of remotely sensed data (such as LST and NDVI) and meteorological data (such as SPI). Then TVX, VCI, and DEV indices were extracted from NDVI and LST data. NN and ARIMA were applied for modeling time series data. Based on the findings, it is concluded that NN is more successful and efficient than ARIMA for this study area. In addition, TVX, which is built based on NDVI and LST, had the most powerful correlation with SPI. This issue implies that both vegetation index and temperature index had an important role in modeling and monitoring drought condition.
Javad Javdan; Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam; Yousef Ebadi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in environmental studies on local to global scales. Considering the limitations of local meteorological stations, remote sensing has opened a new horizon in collection of suchinformation. Recently, successful ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in environmental studies on local to global scales. Considering the limitations of local meteorological stations, remote sensing has opened a new horizon in collection of suchinformation. Recently, successful launch of Landsat 8 with two thermal bands has provided a good opportunity for retrieving land surface temperature usingthermal remote sensing technology. Many studies had been performedwith the aim of retrieving land surface temperature, but available evidencesshow a significant calibration uncertainty inThermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) of Landsat 8 band 11 and thus development of new studies based on onethermal band seems to be necessary. However, calibration documents issued by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) indicated uncertainty ofdata received from Band 11 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) of Landsat 8 and suggested using Band 10 data as a single spectral band for LST estimation.
Materials & Methods
In this study, mono-window algorithm with its three essential parameters (ground emissivity, atmospheric transmittance and effective mean atmospheric temperature)has been developedunderan automated algorithmin MATLABand was used for Landsat 8 data.Thermal band 10 was used to estimate brightness temperature. Bands 4 and 5 were also used to calculate the NDVI. Retrieval of LST from Landsat 8 TIRS data is performed based on the premise that brightness temperature (Ti)can be computed for any pixel of Band 10 using the mono-window algorithm.Since the observed thermal radiance for Band 10 of Landsat 8 TIRS is stored and transferredasa digital number (DNs) with 16 digits between 0 and 65,535, it is possible toconvertthe DN value into thermal radiance and then convert radiance into brightness temperature.Ground emissivity is calculatedusing land cover patterns received from other bands of Landsat 8, and the other two parameters are estimated based on the local meteorologicaldata. Usually, obtaining an accurate estimate of ground emissivity is very difficult, and the atmospheric water vapor content is considered to be a sensitive parameter in traditional LST retrieval methods.
Results & Discussion
The algorithm has been successfully applied to Tabriz city in north west of Iran with the aim of analyzing spatial distribution of LST. After running the algorithm on the satellite images of the study area on July 18,2016, a lower land surface temperature was observed in green spaces with 1.2°C accuracy as compared to urban areas and wastelands. The lowest temperature in the study area was 20°C and the highest temperature was 53°C and mean temperature was 38.78°C.Results indicate that the algorithm candiscover natural urban heat islands accurately. Moreover, spatial distribution of LST in the region is quite well matched with the land covers. Successful application of the algorithm proves the efficiency of improved mono-window algorithm as a method used for retrieving LST from Landsat 8 data.
Conclusion
Compared to common methods,the proposed algorithm estimates land surface temperature with minimum requirement for user intervention, least possible time and an acceptable accuracy. Itgives researches an opportunity to easily compute LST and apply it in other studies, and thus it is a significant tool.
Geographic Data
Nargas Shokohi; Reza Zakerinejad
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income for developed countries and some developing countries and the countries of the world, especially the developing ones, are seeking to advance and develop their tourism industry with well-codified plans. One of the ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income for developed countries and some developing countries and the countries of the world, especially the developing ones, are seeking to advance and develop their tourism industry with well-codified plans. One of the types of tourism that has received more attention in recent decades is ecotourism or nature tourism. Iran has a very high potential in attracting tourists in terms of various ecological conditions and characteristics. The northern regions leading to the Caspian Sea are among the regions of Iran that at the same time, it has three important ecological zones (foothills, plains and coasts). Namka Abroud tourist town is one of the areas that has improved in recent years in attracting tourists and ecotourism. Studies on ecotourism and its development have been conducted. These studies can be divided into three main categories. Studies have identified ecological factors that determine ecotourism areas, most of which have focused on factors such as land slope, slope direction, altitude, water resources, access to roads, rainfall, and annual temperature. Other studies emphasize the methodological identification of ecotourism areas. The main methods emphasized are hierarchical analysis methods and geographical systems. The third group of studies focused on how regions were developed. Among the points emphasized by these studies measured to attract ecotourism to preserve its resources and its sustainability, and finally to develop the economic situation of the region.Materials and Methods Data and research method: The study data were collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran, the National Mapping Organization and the Road Engineering Company. Point temperature and precipitation data were obtained using the Kriging spatial interpolation method for the town surface. In this study, the ecological capabilities of Namak Abroud tourist town have been tried by AHP hierarchical analysis method and GIS geographical analysis system of eight layers of ecological slope and slope direction, altitude, annual rainfall, distance from road network, annual temperature, Land use and catchments should be investigated. The hierarchical analysis process is a flexible, simple, and robust method used to make decisions in situations where conflicting decision criteria make it difficult to select options. This method was developed in 1980 by El Thomas Saati. It has been proposed and has had several applications in various sciences. A basic method for testing the AHP method is the pairwise comparison method. This method significantly reduces the conceptual complexity of decision making. Because only two components are examined at a time.Results and discussion he results showed that the importance of land slope compared to the slope direction layer is quadruple, furthermore the importance of land slope compared to altitude is sextuple, the average annual rainfall triple, the distance from the road network five times, Moderate annual temperature Eight times, land use is sextuple, and the catchments of the region are double. In other words, the slope is the most influential factor in choosing the Eco-tourism locations of Namkabroud town. After that, three-factor of slope direction, altitude, and annual rainfall is influential in selecting and finding Ecotourism places in Namkabroud town, respectively. Then, using overlapping layers, the important Eco-tourism places of the town were identified, in which four places of Ecotourism importance could be trusted and studied. Two of these four places are parts of the coastal forests of violet and boxwood. Areas that remain almost intact. Therefore, codified management plans can be designed and implemented based on the preservation of Ecotourism attractions on them. But the important point is in a part of the important southern place of Banafsheh Park. Contradictory constructions have been carried out in this area while preserving Ecotourism areas. Most of these constructions are places of entertainment and tourism, including a flight site, restaurant, coffee shop, karting, and shooting club, each of which can cause damage to its Ecotourism features. Government places such as the municipality and the fire brigade are also located in this area, which has no justification for maintaining strategic Ecotourism sites. Important Ecotourism sites located in the east and southeast of the town have become inefficient with unprofessional and irresponsible constructions and have been turned into residential neighborhoods. The last important Ecotourism place in the town is Madoban base mountain, which is known as the cable car area. This place, which is located in the 5th residential neighborhood of town, has created several tourist entertainments sites, such as lines one and two, cable cars, sleds, a cinema, and a smashing machine. In addition, the construction of commercial and residential sites has caused irreparable damage to its Ecotourism importance.Conclusion The following results were obtained in the study of important places in Namakabroud town. Only the places located in the two coastal forests of Banafsheh and Shamshad are almost safe from the bite of unprofessional constructions, while other places have either been inhabited or government and recreational places have been created in them. It is not in line with the goals of preserving sustainable Ecotourism places. Therefore, the proper management of ecotourism areas was evaluated. To be able to properly manage the preservation and sustainability of Namak Abroud Ecotourism vulnerable places are to be proposed. The results of the studies in this section showed that the coastal and foothill areas of the town have the potential for extensive recreation and other important places can develop central recreation, which planners and investors in the tourism sector should implement and Consider constructing tourist sites.
Ma'sumeh Rajabi
Volume 11, Issue 44 , February 2002, , Pages 50-52
Abstract
Topographic maps are important tools for analyzing landforms. Using maps with contour lines, various types of landforms related to morphogenetic systems can be examined. Topographic maps and their contour lines are two-dimensional pictures of land terrains which are essentially three-dimensional. To ...
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Topographic maps are important tools for analyzing landforms. Using maps with contour lines, various types of landforms related to morphogenetic systems can be examined. Topographic maps and their contour lines are two-dimensional pictures of land terrains which are essentially three-dimensional. To carry out a three-dimensional investigation of forms of terrains on topographic maps, topographic stereoscopic maps (stereograms) should be provided so that three-dimensional view of contour lines become possible just as aerial photos. In this text, we have tried to introduce several examples of these maps for displaying different types of landforms related to different morphogenetic systems.
Rostam Saberifar
Volume 11, Issue 41 , May 2002, , Pages 51-64
Abstract
Examination of different aspects of rural planning and decision making requires information about historical backgrounds and current situation as well as prediction of future conditions of rural environments. In this paper, technology has been investigated from three points of view. One of the most important ...
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Examination of different aspects of rural planning and decision making requires information about historical backgrounds and current situation as well as prediction of future conditions of rural environments. In this paper, technology has been investigated from three points of view. One of the most important challenges we face in rural planning is that access, evaluation, combination and processing of a wide range of visual information are very difficult and their understanding and analysis is enervating. With increase of applications of digital technology in rural planning, demand for analyzing, storing and displaying complex environmental bases has increased, and has created more trust in the computer. In general, it is vital to make a decision about the application of a strategic system in areas related to processing or utilization of a particular software for obtainment of information, because in special applications a wide range of computer tools is needed to answer specific questions. The purpose of such supportive systems is to provide the necessary background for planning on the one hand and present sufficient information for effective management and utilization of all available sources on the other.
Volume 13, Issue 51 , November 2004, , Pages 52-53
Abstract
Introduction of the book "Application of Remote Sensing in Geo-Sciences".
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Introduction of the book "Application of Remote Sensing in Geo-Sciences".
Musa Malekipour
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 54-58
Abstract
Human societies in different geographic ranges have changed their environment to different degrees depending on the techniques, culture and natural gifts they enjoy. Ultimately, their dominance and supremacy on the environment has resulted in the creation of landscapes. Settlements are organized within ...
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Human societies in different geographic ranges have changed their environment to different degrees depending on the techniques, culture and natural gifts they enjoy. Ultimately, their dominance and supremacy on the environment has resulted in the creation of landscapes. Settlements are organized within the framework of human-environment interactions and based on the conditions of natural, economic, social, cultural, political-administrative environment.
This study seeks to analyze the settlement system in Eastern and Western villages of Dehloran city and the interaction between district center and its surrounding villages. In this regard, Eastern and Western villages and their relations with Dehloran city, as the district center, are investigated using natural, economic and humanistic data. Due to this geographical links between city and district, any construction plan in city influence district, and social economic development of the district is also reflected in geographic appearance of the city. These link and relations can be evaluated in different ways. Scientific clarification of spatial distribution and dispersion of rural settlements in the past, present and future conditions are important, since they provide a precise and principled understanding of geographic settlements dispersion and factors influencing population consolidation or immigration in a 10-year period. Dehloran city, as one of rural spaces in the country, face problems and issues like shrinking of rural settlements, villages abandonment, rural population decreasing in Western villages, while rural settlements in eastern parts have developed in size and population and these parts face consolidated and productive villages.
As a step toward strengthening the relations between city and village, the present study has been performed based on the foundations of regional studies approach to identify causes of instability in settlements of Eastern and Western Dehloran and understand their strategic relation considering global tendencies toward dynamic regional management in developed countries.
Teymur Amar (Translator)
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 55-59
Abstract
Nowadays new (alternative) energies are paid significant attention by most countries of the world in the pursuit of goals such as environmental protection, sustainability of energy resources and continuous use of permanent energies. Due to the huge technical differences among the countries of the world, ...
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Nowadays new (alternative) energies are paid significant attention by most countries of the world in the pursuit of goals such as environmental protection, sustainability of energy resources and continuous use of permanent energies. Due to the huge technical differences among the countries of the world, much of the production and use of this kind of energy is also available to advanced countries. Nevertheless, the Third World countries also try to gain the right status in production of alternative energies by relying more or less on energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear, and electrical energies.
