Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 6-11
Abstract
This paper presents a new view on fully-automatic aerial triangulation. The concept of automatic extraction system connects nodal points with automatic matching of the branches of nodal points. The matching part is determined by multi-image matching techniques, and each image is achieved through a hierarchical ...
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This paper presents a new view on fully-automatic aerial triangulation. The concept of automatic extraction system connects nodal points with automatic matching of the branches of nodal points. The matching part is determined by multi-image matching techniques, and each image is achieved through a hierarchical manner. Justification of images and terrestrial coordinates of nodal points are calculated simultaneously. Primary results have been reported which show practical aspects of this view.
Hosein Asakareh; Saeed Movahedi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 6-10
Abstract
The effective temperature is the temperature of calm and saturated air that can have, in absence of radiation, the same effect that the air in question has. This standard combines the effects of temperature and humidity. The modified effective temperature, besides the two factors of temperature and humidity, ...
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The effective temperature is the temperature of calm and saturated air that can have, in absence of radiation, the same effect that the air in question has. This standard combines the effects of temperature and humidity. The modified effective temperature, besides the two factors of temperature and humidity, involves the effect of radiation and cooling quality of wind as well. Therefore, it is the most accurate standard recommended for study of air conditions in terms of human comfort.
Effective temperatures between 22o to 27o and wind flows with speeds between 0.15 to 1.5 m/s have been suggested as the area of comfort for human being in hot regions. The following issues are considered for determination of thermal comfort area in Abadan and Dezful:
Need for mechanical cooling and provision of shade, need for decreasing the speed of wind, need for mechanical heat in early hours of the day (during winter).
It should be noted that the maximum effective temperature of Abadan in absence of wind occurs during April to June as well as August and October. In Dezful, maximum effective temperature takes place with one month of delay compared to Abadan, namely from May until June and then in September and October.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 6-10
Abstract
Automatic or semi-automatic short-range digital photogrammetric systems are among the most accurate and efficient instruments for most measurements in industrial production. This paper examines and illustrates the experiences and results of strategic studies on a short-range digital photogrammetric project ...
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Automatic or semi-automatic short-range digital photogrammetric systems are among the most accurate and efficient instruments for most measurements in industrial production. This paper examines and illustrates the experiences and results of strategic studies on a short-range digital photogrammetric project concerning the process of production. These results are related to the application of this technique in the production and quality control carried out in a North American shipyard.
The present article is the result of one of the five strategic research studies conducted by the ETH Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry of Zurich, at a shipyard workshop called (BIW) in Mainc, USA.
The purpose of these studies is, in fact, an accurate assessment of the implementation of modern digital photogrammetric systems in the measurement of events occurring during the production stages and their quality control in a shipyard workshop.
The project presented here is the dimensional control of various parts of the body of a ship before it is installed and finalized. In the BIW workshop, the various parts of a body with a nominal dimension of 12 x 25 x 25 meters and weighing several hundred tons are placed on each other and then they are individually prepared and then assembled, and eventually set in a part of the full body of the ship, which is placed in the shipyard.
This method of installing and fitting parts in the construction of ships usually results in an increase in financial costs due to freedom of action.
Mohammad Mosayyebi; Saeed Movahedi
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 6-11
Abstract
Nature is extremely complicated, and often this complexity is such that we feel dreadfully ignorant of them. Consequently, when we consciously or often unknowingly and accidentally cause major changes in the world, we transform the ultra-complex mechanisms in a way that we cannot predict the consequences ...
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Nature is extremely complicated, and often this complexity is such that we feel dreadfully ignorant of them. Consequently, when we consciously or often unknowingly and accidentally cause major changes in the world, we transform the ultra-complex mechanisms in a way that we cannot predict the consequences of them. That's why there are some weird things happening.
One of the most fundamental factors in the structure of the Planet is the climate, and undoubtedly nature, man and all manifestations of life are at a broad level affected by climatic conditions. Climate scientists have come to the conclusion that climate can be changed in all aspects of time. Climate change is the result of interaction of complex and less-known factors. Some of these factors act outside the Earth's atmosphere, and some of them are ground-based systems, some of which are in human control, and human actions change their process. The transformation of these factors will lead to countless environmental issues, all of which arise from the fact that space, time, diversity of matter and energy are not considered as resources, and due to the increasing trend of the variety of pollutants in nature, the instability of global ecosystem will be inevitable. In this paper, the impact of human activities is analyzed with an emphasis on the impact of carbon dioxide.
Fatemeh Behforuz
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 6-16
Abstract
Turkmenistan had been part of Muslim Turkestan before it became one of the Soviet republics in 1925 (Dublitch and Muller 1990, p. 9). The republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan were also parts of the former Turkestan (Rawa, Olivier, Translation of Mansouri, p. 53). It is a multinational ...
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Turkmenistan had been part of Muslim Turkestan before it became one of the Soviet republics in 1925 (Dublitch and Muller 1990, p. 9). The republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan were also parts of the former Turkestan (Rawa, Olivier, Translation of Mansouri, p. 53). It is a multinational republic, and Turkmens form the dominant nationality. Other national-ethnic groups such as the Russians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and a small number of Tartars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Karakalpak live in the Republic as minorities. The majority of Soviet Turkmens reside in this Republic, and few Turkmens live in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and the North Caucasus, and the Astrakhan Oblast (belonging to the Russian Federation). (Britannica, 1990, p. 1100) Turkmens belong to the European group, which are accompanied by a small Mongolian racial mixing (Turkmens, P.484). Thus, they can be classified mainly as Caucasian or White race, which at the same time is more or less mixed with the yellow race.
The religion of the Sunni Turkmens is Hanafi and their language is Turkmen (one of the branches of the Altai-Turkish language). Dublitch and Mueller write about Turkmenistan that, when the Soviet government began to modernize the area, the Turkmen were nomadic (1990, p. 9). Nearly half of the people in the republic now live in villages and half of the people in the cities. The Turkmen manpower has been discussed here in terms of quantitative and qualitative aspects and demographic, social, cultural and economic issues in relation to this newly independent republic. Turkmenistan is currently a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, which has recently joined the ECO Economic Cooperation Organization.
Dorreh Mirheidar
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 6-11
Abstract
Northern Caucasus: A Historical Geographic Survey
Geographically, the Caucasus region consists of two separate Northern and Southern parts, divided by the line formed by the Great Caucasus Mountains. From the northern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains stretched in the northwest-southeast direction, ...
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Northern Caucasus: A Historical Geographic Survey
Geographically, the Caucasus region consists of two separate Northern and Southern parts, divided by the line formed by the Great Caucasus Mountains. From the northern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains stretched in the northwest-southeast direction, to the Manych depression close to the Azov Sea where the surface of the land is gradually flattened, is considered the northern Caucasus, while the Southern Caucasus includes southern domains of the Great Caucasus Mountains, the deep and vast syncline of the Kura-Royoni, the Small Caucasian Mountains and the Armenian plateau (see Map No. 1).
Here it is worth recalling that the term Transcaucasia, when used by Russian and Western writers, is meant to refer to the Caucasian republics, and when used by geographers in the Middle East, to the Northern Caucasus.
Alireza Azmoudeh Ardalan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 6-8
Abstract
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the world's leading position-determining means around the world at all the hours of the day, in different atmospheric, space, sea and land conditions. Currently, there are 10 satellites of the GPS’s block 1 in the orbit for testing the system and land receivers. ...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the world's leading position-determining means around the world at all the hours of the day, in different atmospheric, space, sea and land conditions. Currently, there are 10 satellites of the GPS’s block 1 in the orbit for testing the system and land receivers. Many of these receivers are operating beyond their predicted lifetime. Two satellites from this group are out of activity and one is about ending its mission. The Challenger Spaceship Crash postponed the full deployment of the satellites of Block 2 for nearly two years. According to the latest decision, the first launch of block 2 satellites was carried out in the fourth quarter of 1988 (Jewkes, 1987), and, according to a predetermined schedule, complete deployment of the block 2 satellites was completed by the end of 1991.
The initial design of the system was based on a 24-satellite system, which was later reduced to 18 active and 3 reserve satellites due to financial issues. The calculations show that the recent system (18 satellites), despite all the efforts made to give it the best geometric status, leads at each moment to the creation of four areas on the ground in which the act of position determining takes place with poor quality. These areas are called “Outage”. The extent, location and time of this state vary as a function of time, but can be precisely predicted. In areas where this situation is created, temporary use of other navigation devices is recommended.
Akbar Torkan
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 6-10
Abstract
The following is the first part of an excerpt from the speeches by the Minister of Defense and Support of the Armed Forces, which was addressed during the year 1990 as a comprehensive overview of the world’s developments of the past two-hundred years. The second part will be presented in the next ...
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The following is the first part of an excerpt from the speeches by the Minister of Defense and Support of the Armed Forces, which was addressed during the year 1990 as a comprehensive overview of the world’s developments of the past two-hundred years. The second part will be presented in the next issue of the journal.
Samaneh Mosayyebi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 7-11
Abstract
The main features of river ecosystem are that they are dynamic, consistent, organized from the river source to the estuary. This integrated system changes river into a varied, complex and unique system. Critical river ecosystems create a dynamic balance between variables like material, energy, space, ...
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The main features of river ecosystem are that they are dynamic, consistent, organized from the river source to the estuary. This integrated system changes river into a varied, complex and unique system. Critical river ecosystems create a dynamic balance between variables like material, energy, space, time and variability in accordance with their environment.
Extracting too much alluvial materials (more than what can be renewed) results in destruction and collapse of river systems. It destroy their ecological unity in different ways and ultimately transfer its negative effects to the surrounding ecosystems.
Golpaygan River has been the most important resource providing sand for its surroundings for about half a century. Because of many different reasons such as limited flood current, small basin, construction of a dam, the river cannot restore even a small portion of its despoiled resources of sand and gravel.
Therefore, the river is facing irrecoverable morphologic, hydrologic and geomorphologic changes in a vast part of its central basin. This can have negative influence on groundwater resources, vegetation, soil resources, erosion and other environmental elements.
The present article endeavors to study and investigate the effects of mismanagement in the area, hoping that perhaps this results in paying more attention to the environment. To do so, it applies field study, hydrological and geomorphodynamic studies and calculates the volume of erosional sources in the river.
Hossein Hataminejad; Fariad Parhiz; Mehrdad Karami
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 7-13
Abstract
It is possible to call tourism as the “White Industry” because in contrast to most manufacturing industries it provide the necessary prerequisites for friendship and mutual understanding between different nations and bring peace for people without polluting the environment. Industry is a ...
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It is possible to call tourism as the “White Industry” because in contrast to most manufacturing industries it provide the necessary prerequisites for friendship and mutual understanding between different nations and bring peace for people without polluting the environment. Industry is a revenue and a source of employment in national level. Tourism is an appropriate alternative and a development strategy, especially when other economic sections are making less profit. Thus, coping with low levels of income and providing new opportunities for employment and social changes are the principle reasons for the development of tourism which can provide new hopes for decreasing poverty especially in areas facing economic depression. Some advantages of this industry includes employment, bringing cash to the country, regional interaction, aiding global peace, helping investment in cultural heritage, improving the environment, improving wild life habitat, developing rural regions with tourism attractions and preventing emigration. The present article explains obstacles and negative effects of tourism and then applies descriptive-analytic method to explain society-based tourism as a solution.
Ahmad Taghdisi; Zahra Hedayatimoghaddam
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
In the theory of functionalism, society is considered an organized system, and as each system consists of distinct components and elements, society is also formed as a system of separate groups and organizations. These components are combined in a special way and together constitute a whole. The survival ...
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In the theory of functionalism, society is considered an organized system, and as each system consists of distinct components and elements, society is also formed as a system of separate groups and organizations. These components are combined in a special way and together constitute a whole. The survival of a system requires constructive interaction of its components and elements and that the system be integrated in a framework of environmental factors such as geography, values and social systems. This interaction and cooperation conforms to a series of principles and rules will lead to maintaining the balance and survival of the system, and even if parts and components of it are subject to change, this cooperation will contribute to maintaining overall stability. In this theory, each component of the system has a specific function and its survival depends on its interaction with the rest of the system's components and the degree to which it functions. A component can be operating in a period of time and be without any functions in another period, which, if not functioning, is deleted from the system. In this theory, the survival and continuance of all traditions, social relationships and institutions depend on the work or task they occupy in the social system as a whole, and continue to exist in their own way as long as they have a useful function. The theory of functionalism considers any kind of partial change and transformation due to the functional need of society; in other words, in this theory, society acts in a way so as to be responsive to its functional needs, and mechanisms are in a way that preserve unity , coherence, balance and survival. In this paper, while reviewing the functionalism school in geography, comparative parallel of this school with other geographical schools are carried out. (Azadeh Amaraki, 1994; Adibi, Ansari, 2004).
Hossein Asakereh; Soheila Maleki
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
Temperature and precipitation are two important climatic variables that have a significant effect on life and activities of individuals. These two elements are generally dependent on each other. In this research, the correlation between temperature and precipitation is determined using Pearson correlation ...
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Temperature and precipitation are two important climatic variables that have a significant effect on life and activities of individuals. These two elements are generally dependent on each other. In this research, the correlation between temperature and precipitation is determined using Pearson correlation coefficient. The existence or absence of a linear relationship between temperature and precipitation was also examined. Furthermore, the simultaneous effect of temperature and relative humidity on rainfall was calculated and the significance of regression was investigated. In this study, SPSS software was used for drawing graphs and multivariate regression analysis. Using the findings of this research, it was shown that there is a weak inverse relation between temperature and precipitation. The actual contribution of temperature changes in precipitation is 3.61% which is very low, and there is no linear relationship between temperature and precipitation. In the two-variable regression, the temperature had again no significant effect on rainfall, but relative humidity was an effective variable in precipitation of this station. In this study, the mean annual temperature and precipitation of Zanjan station, extracted from the meteorological website, have been used during the statistical period of 1956-2005. Zanjan is located on the northern 36o41’ and eastern 29o48’ in the northwest of Iran. The city’s altitude at the station is 1620 meters.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 7-8
Abstract
All the universe apart from the objects and phenomena within it is called Space. The Earth, atmosphere, celestial bodies, the Milky Way and other galaxies are within space. Many physicists have divided space into two parts:(A) The near space that lies within a distance of eighty kilometers from the Earth ...
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All the universe apart from the objects and phenomena within it is called Space. The Earth, atmosphere, celestial bodies, the Milky Way and other galaxies are within space. Many physicists have divided space into two parts:(A) The near space that lies within a distance of eighty kilometers from the Earth and stretches to areas near the moon's surface. The space around the Earth is called the inner space, which is a complex region, and the physical characteristics, effective geographic factors and points of interest in the space military planning were presented through the last three papers (parts nineteen, twenty and twenty one) under the following three categories:- Intermediate levels of air – space;- Near space or environmental space of the earth;- The moon and the space around it.(B) The outer space or the distant space which is extremely vast and in which planets and moons move, and which the Earth has no effects on. The outer space sometimes extends to the space between galaxies.In this paper, the outer (distant) space has been of interest, which is very distinct from the near space. Coverage of outer (distant) space is very wide and there are vast opportunities for maneuvering. Here, some discussions on how to select the orbit and the position in space as well as the performance of different weapons are presented.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 7-8
Abstract
Military forces are now limiting their activities to near-space, and they carry out their missions within this section of the space. Therefore, familiarity with new concepts of spatial geographic factors is necessary for maneuvering in a modeling environment. In the study of spatial geographic factors, ...
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Military forces are now limiting their activities to near-space, and they carry out their missions within this section of the space. Therefore, familiarity with new concepts of spatial geographic factors is necessary for maneuvering in a modeling environment. In the study of spatial geographic factors, through the nineteenth and twentieth parts of this series of papers under the title “an introduction to military geography”, the first two of the four following regions were discussed. A) Intermediate section of aerospace; B) Near- space (close to the environment of the Earth); C) Moon and its surroundings; D) The outer space without a definite or fixed shape beyond it; This paper deals with "the Moon and its surroundings".
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 7-9
Abstract
Urban warspopular uprisings, resistance movements as well as terrorists grow in urban environment, and their potentials and talent are strengthened in streets and alleys, and superior technology fails to counteract them because the forces who seek to combat such irregular and guerrilla wars in cities ...
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Urban warspopular uprisings, resistance movements as well as terrorists grow in urban environment, and their potentials and talent are strengthened in streets and alleys, and superior technology fails to counteract them because the forces who seek to combat such irregular and guerrilla wars in cities find that timely access to accurate information is difficult and that conventional military tactics are ineffective in chasing games in the heart of cities.Revolutionary uprisingsPeople's wars, as described by Mao, Che Guevara and General Giap, are mass rebellions that start in rural areas and ultimately find their way into the city. Urban rebellions that have a different style start in cities where most people live, and if successful, they will come to a faster conclusion.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 7-9
Abstract
Political geography is one of the branches of geographical sciences that examines all natural, cultural (human) and environmental effects on policies, military plans and combative / supportive operations at global, regional and local levels.Political geography is a science that expresses the effects ...
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Political geography is one of the branches of geographical sciences that examines all natural, cultural (human) and environmental effects on policies, military plans and combative / supportive operations at global, regional and local levels.Political geography is a science that expresses the effects of geographic factors of a country or area on military movements.Political geography is a part of military sciences that concerns environmental characteristics of the area of operation.Political geography includes application of geographic analysis method. It is worth noting that various definitions have been presented for political geography, but two major points are necessary to be considered in order to reach a comprehensive definition.
A. Scale and application of military geographyThe application of military geography for political leaders, national security planners, commanders and military hierarchies that play major roles in formulation of military strategies, which has specific definition and a certain scope.B-The military geography has its own value against internal and external threats and various geopolitical conditions of any region. In fact, military geography faces threats by presenting their direction and exploitation of geographic factors against these threats.Military geography is an effective guide in national and macro planning in a country including land preparation and allocation, so that appropriate locating of development plans and constructive measures of the country such as infrastructure and industrial establishments take defense-security considerations into account in all circumstances.
Ma'soumeh Rajabi
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
Generally speaking, one of the definitions presented for maps is: drawing images of a part or whole of the surface of the earth at a given scale on a flat and horizontal plane. On the other hand, geomorphology is a science that is related to the study of landforms or forms of terrains especially in terms ...
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Generally speaking, one of the definitions presented for maps is: drawing images of a part or whole of the surface of the earth at a given scale on a flat and horizontal plane. On the other hand, geomorphology is a science that is related to the study of landforms or forms of terrains especially in terms of their origin and the various processes that create them. Geomorphology studies, based on their nature, are in four topics of studying the materials on which landforms are taken shape, studying the processes that shape the material, and studying the evolution and history of landscapes.Thus, the purpose of geomorphologic mapping is to record information about the surface shape, material (soil and stone), surface processes and, in some cases, age of terrains. The maps thus prepared contain basic information on land systems and can be used in most environmental issues such as land use studies, natural resources and agriculture, surface and underground water, civil engineering, exploration and extraction of mineral resources and so on.
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 7-13
Abstract
Instantaneous application of distance corrections in the DGPS relative positioning method has led to increase of precision and validity of this method. While great errors such as atmospheric delays and unusual fluctuations in satellite clocks’ behavior and orbital information can affect relative ...
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Instantaneous application of distance corrections in the DGPS relative positioning method has led to increase of precision and validity of this method. While great errors such as atmospheric delays and unusual fluctuations in satellite clocks’ behavior and orbital information can affect relative and movable positioning by GPS, application of DGPS method and its instantaneous corrections brings about precisions of the order of one meter and less for dynamic aims. In this method, instantaneous relative positioning of still receiver with known coordinates is like a pseudo-satellite that can send waves and encoded messages similar to codes sent from satellites to moving receivers. The major advantage of this encoding is prevention of measuring a broad spectrum of waves in a distance from pseudo-satellite in frequency band of GPS wavelengths, namely around 1 to 2 GHz, which propagate in a direct line in atmosphere. Therefore, pseudo-satellite concepts can be used in applications such as aerial surveying and photogrammetry.
Majid Mokhtarani (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 7-19
Abstract
Today, despite the emergence of precise surveying devices for ranging, including its more advanced type, namely GPS, the question still remains about the accuracy of such machines. Possibly accurate measurement is not necessary in many ordinary surveying works, but in fine works it is necessary that ...
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Today, despite the emergence of precise surveying devices for ranging, including its more advanced type, namely GPS, the question still remains about the accuracy of such machines. Possibly accurate measurement is not necessary in many ordinary surveying works, but in fine works it is necessary that the accuracy of spacer be controlled and determined. One of the most important surveying operations which needs great precision is microgeodesy. This operation has applications in measuring dams’ displacement, earth’s tectonic movements, landslides and even predicting earthquake and rise or fall of sea levels, installing an important piece in giant factories and measuring its movements, etc. In such operations, the spacer is used after determining its precision. Despite rapid advancement of GPS receivers in surveying operations, they are still not used singly in microgeodetic works, because their relative precision is not suitable for such operations, especially in short distances. Consequently it is used merely as a complementary. Electronic spacers have the highest precision in short and long distances. If we take a look at the precision of spacers in various distances, we notice that up to five kilometers the electronic spacers, especially those working based on two-color method are of high accuracy. From eight to thirty kilometers the single-frequency GPS systems, from thirty to eighty up to a hundred kilometers the two-frequency GPS systems, and in higher distances ranging by the SLR and V.L.B.I methods are of great precision.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 7-9
Abstract
On May 10, 1994, the occurrence of a partial or ring eclipse of the sun in North America for more than six minutes fascinated millions of people in these areas. Unlike a general eclipse, a ring eclipse occurs when the moon is at the place on its orbit around the Earth farthest from that planet. In this ...
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On May 10, 1994, the occurrence of a partial or ring eclipse of the sun in North America for more than six minutes fascinated millions of people in these areas. Unlike a general eclipse, a ring eclipse occurs when the moon is at the place on its orbit around the Earth farthest from that planet. In this situation, the diameter of the moon appears slightly smaller than the Sun’s diameter. Thus, the fully-dark image of the moon is visible in the very thin halo of the Sun from above a place in the shadow of the Moon. Observers look at this rare event through special solar filters to see how the Moon's image is embedded in the shining view of the Sun. The occurrence of this phenomenon can be thought of as creating a white hot cavity in the heart of the blue sky. The dark space behind the hot solar ring makes the imagination more powerful. This phenomenon is among the second ring eclipse that has been visible in North America over the last two half-years. But unlike the January 1992 event, which was only visible from southern California, the arctic route on May 10th was eastward along the northwest of Mexico, and so covered most of the United States and the easternmost part of Canada, and was visible in these areas. This event ended at the sunset in the Morocco region.
Dorreh Mirhaidar
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 7-17
Abstract
The current political map of Central Asia, with borders separating five independent states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, has gradually formed in three stages in the first half of the 20th century.
The first political unit with today's borders was created on August ...
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The current political map of Central Asia, with borders separating five independent states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, has gradually formed in three stages in the first half of the 20th century.
The first political unit with today's borders was created on August 26, 1920 under the name of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic as part of internal divisions of the Russian Federation. This political unit embraced the territory of the Kazakhs, and the use of the name Kyrgyz was due to the fact that the Russians used to call the Kazakhs as Kyrgyz so that they would not be confused with the Cossack people around the territory of the Kazakhs, and the true Kyrgyz who lived in the northern mountains of Tian Shan were called Qara-Kyrgyz.
Seyyedeh Shahla Hosseyni-e Asl; Hasan Beykmohammadi
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 8-10
Abstract
Kazerun is located in southern Fars province. It covers an area of about 2174 hectares. Due to inappropriate features (such as unemployment, shortage in services, narrow passages, population density, insufficiency in infrastructure, economic, social and legal problems), 10 percent of this area (about ...
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Kazerun is located in southern Fars province. It covers an area of about 2174 hectares. Due to inappropriate features (such as unemployment, shortage in services, narrow passages, population density, insufficiency in infrastructure, economic, social and legal problems), 10 percent of this area (about 210 hectares) are worn out urban texture with a direct influence on economic depression, worn out texture and its residents. These elements collectively reveals the significance of this study.
The present article seeks to recognize problems of worn out texture and the economic, social and cultural structure of the study area, while providing some suggestions to solve the problems in this texture. The study is performed using descriptive-analytic method and field study in Kazerun city. Required information and statistics are provided by authentic resources and reliable organizations and offices (municipality- governorate-cultural heritage organization- statistical yearbooks- 2006 and 1996 population and housing census). Results indicate that social-economic situation, inappropriate infrastructure facilities and management factor influence texture and cause texture underdevelopment. Moreover, many economic problems and social damages can be prevented by developing economic-social activities, creating job opportunities, correcting system of passages and improving service centers in the area.
Bahman Kaargar
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 8-10
Abstract
Today, the unruly spread of marginal settlement is one of the major problems in urban management that can not be overlooked. Since the margin directly affects the center, the events of recent years have shown that people who have settled on the margins of metropolitan areas, in most cases migrants from ...
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Today, the unruly spread of marginal settlement is one of the major problems in urban management that can not be overlooked. Since the margin directly affects the center, the events of recent years have shown that people who have settled on the margins of metropolitan areas, in most cases migrants from smaller cities and even the neighboring countries (1), bring by their entrance into metropolises problems such as unemployment, social, cultural and other problems. On the other hand, marginal settlement is a problem that must be solved urgently, because the problems of these types affect the city's metropolitan part as well, and significantly reduce its growth and development.
Maryam Bayati Khatibi
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 8-12
Abstract
River terraces are important components of natural landscape, and among the key elements in the study of geomorphic features of river phenomena in regional and local scale as well as trend of river power changes in relation to different factors in the course of time. These phenomena, as river forms, ...
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River terraces are important components of natural landscape, and among the key elements in the study of geomorphic features of river phenomena in regional and local scale as well as trend of river power changes in relation to different factors in the course of time. These phenomena, as river forms, represent the level of flowing waters in the past and river performance in response to changes in the characteristics of several factors. Regarding the activity of processes. and influenced by changes and disturbances in conditions, the river sometimes has to cut its bed and create benches parallel with its longitudinal profile.The river terraces, which provide successive changes in beds of river flows, are in fact considered the best means for surveying the past history of regions in terms of the type of changes and rivers’ reaction to such changes in different times. Considering such an important feature, these phenomena are among the topics discussed in different sciences of the earth, especially geomorphology and soil science. For soil sciences, the terraces are: smooth surfaces with mild slopes formed by heterogeneous pebbles whose presence along the rivers provides a relatively stable place for soil formation.
For geomorphology, river terraces, as the most important geomorphologic forms, are results of the operation of water flows which have been formed by fluctuations and changes in various factors, such as changes in the energy of morphodynamic factors.River terraces formed and developed by alternation of the processes of destruction and sequestration in the rivers are usually seen as slope cuts on either side of the rivers’ banks or only on one side of them.Generally, it can be said that the formation of terraces around the bed of rivers suggests adjustments and changes in longitudinal profile of rivers in response to changes in the type and amount of exchanges related to the location, special time and evolution of longitudinal profile of river in order to adapt to the new conditions.Despite the importance and major influence of tectonic activities on river alluvia and formation of terraces, research in this area has been very trivial. The difference in the shape of channels and variation in the response of rivers to such activities (due to difference in flow rate, type and amount of bed load) have possibly been the main reasons for complexity of the subject and, as a result, a decrease in the number of studies in this field.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 8-12
Abstract
The surface and in-depth marine topography of each ocean include continental shelf, continental slope, and deep islands and areas. Amphibious forces deal with marginal areas, especially coasts, approaches to the coasts and straits, while mariners are associated with mountain ranges, deep pits and vast ...
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The surface and in-depth marine topography of each ocean include continental shelf, continental slope, and deep islands and areas. Amphibious forces deal with marginal areas, especially coasts, approaches to the coasts and straits, while mariners are associated with mountain ranges, deep pits and vast plains hidden in the seabed.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 10, Issue 38 , August 2001, , Pages 8-10
Abstract
Ground offensive forces, though with high mobility potential, if lacking air support facilities, will have to pass wide rivers by swimming or boat, and in some cases by building a bridge over the river, without decreasing their advancing speed; and this is so while the enemy's defense forces have been ...
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Ground offensive forces, though with high mobility potential, if lacking air support facilities, will have to pass wide rivers by swimming or boat, and in some cases by building a bridge over the river, without decreasing their advancing speed; and this is so while the enemy's defense forces have been deployed on the other shore of the river. The passage of the Islamic Revolutionary Forces over the Arvand Roud during the Valfajr 8 Operation (Faw - Feb. 09, 1985) was an example of courageous operation and excellent military design.
Hosein Hataminejad (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 8-18
Abstract
We are accustomed to looking at maps as political or certain units (for example states, countries, census districts) are plotted according to their relative size. So, for example, in the U.S. map the state of Texas appears larger than Rhode Island, Colorado larger than Massachusetts, and so on. The areas ...
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We are accustomed to looking at maps as political or certain units (for example states, countries, census districts) are plotted according to their relative size. So, for example, in the U.S. map the state of Texas appears larger than Rhode Island, Colorado larger than Massachusetts, and so on. The areas on the map are based on the geographical spaces of political units (it is only in non-equivalent area images where these relations are intensified), but it is quite possible that maps be produced on which the spaces of the political units are plotted according to parameters other than geographic space. For example, map areas that represent states may be plotted in proportion to their population, their income, or the number of their retailers, rather than being proportionate to their geographical size.
Maps that are presented in this way according to different quantities are referred to as Cartogram or "levels of value" or "spatial shape deformation " maps.
Ahmad Pourahmad; Hossein Najafi; Roghayyeh Shamsi; Mohammad Fe'li
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
Land and its usage have always been the main theme and context in urban planning and actually it is the land which ultimately determine the destiny of urban development plan, mediating and supervising land use. This has always been one of social, economic and physical issues in recent urbanization. The ...
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Land and its usage have always been the main theme and context in urban planning and actually it is the land which ultimately determine the destiny of urban development plan, mediating and supervising land use. This has always been one of social, economic and physical issues in recent urbanization. The present article considers land use in Sa’d Abad city. First, present situation of the land uses are investigated, then future plans are mentioned. Descriptive-analytic method is used. Theoretical framework is prepared using secondary research and other information are collected in a field study. To perform qualitative analysis, SWOT method is applied. GIS and AUTO CAD are used for drawing and analyzing information. Results indicate that we face shortage of most present land uses and surplus of some others which signifies lack of balance in land use which should be directed towards balance with concise planning.
Hassan Beik Mohammadi; Yunos Azadi
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 9-16
Seyyed Yahya Rahim Safavi
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 9-19
Abstract
The achievement of desirable focal points in convergence among Islamic countries makes outlining the desired perspective for such convergence inevitable. The prospect is a real, respectable and attractive future for the countries. Unity is an interdisciplinary process that requires the consideration ...
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The achievement of desirable focal points in convergence among Islamic countries makes outlining the desired perspective for such convergence inevitable. The prospect is a real, respectable and attractive future for the countries. Unity is an interdisciplinary process that requires the consideration of economic, technological, social, political, security, geopolitical and cultural layers, as well as different governmental and non-governmental actors. One of the characteristic features of the unity and convergence of Islamic countries is the tangled and invisible thematic boundaries. In this paper, the perspectives of convergence of the Islamic world in different dimensions are examined and strategies for Islamic countries along with their challenges and opportunities are presented.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
The issue of convergence in the Islamic world and the need for consensus among Muslims is one of the most important requirements of Islamic societies in the present era. Unity of Muslims is at the moment, that the Islamic world is in the most critical stages of its life, is one of the main ideas and ...
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The issue of convergence in the Islamic world and the need for consensus among Muslims is one of the most important requirements of Islamic societies in the present era. Unity of Muslims is at the moment, that the Islamic world is in the most critical stages of its life, is one of the main ideas and solutions suggested to confront the challenges ahead. Islamic unity is a matter which has always been discussed in the history of political and social thought of Muslim nations as a theory with a fundamental and vital strategy against the extensive and all-out invasion of colonialism. One of the ways to realize the material and non-material goals and interests of the states in the field of international relations is convergence. Each government, on the basis of the values it considers, costs a portion of its interests for achieving the goals and perspectives sought in the process of convergence. In this part of the article, the bases and factors in the Islamic world that are prior to convergence are identified and studied.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 9-19
Abstract
The durability, stability and dynamism of each school of thought depend on various factors. One of the most important of these factors is the behavior of followers and believers of that school. In a more clear sense, the actions of followers of a school have a great influence on the dynamism and stability ...
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The durability, stability and dynamism of each school of thought depend on various factors. One of the most important of these factors is the behavior of followers and believers of that school. In a more clear sense, the actions of followers of a school have a great influence on the dynamism and stability of that school. From the very beginning, the school of Islam has brought light to its followers, and with the emphasis on elements such as reflection and contemplation on the universe and the search for knowledge and research in their characteristics, leads Muslims in particular and the world generally to the creation of utopia. Hence, the role of believers in Islam in the spreading of the teachings and patterns of this religion is crucial for establishing peace and tranquility and in desire for knowledge and research. The Islamic Republic of Iran, thanks to the achievements and blessings of its idealistic and Islamic revolution and gaining political, epistemological and cultural independence, has taken steps as the pioneer in the revival of the unity and convergence between the Muslim nations, and, in this way, has not avoided great efforts and sacrifices. Based on the contemplation concerning the grounds of unity,
convergence and alignment is one of the most important perspectives of the country. Based on the doctrines of politics and international relations, the most important professional concern of statesmen and policymakers is how to provide the ground for increasing power and wealth. From the perspective of realistic methodology, today, the increase in the wealth and power of the state-nations is influenced by many independent variables. The most important of these variables in the field of foreign affairs of governments is to create convergence and unity among countries with common goals and values.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Seyyed Yahya Saffavi
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Mas'oud Taghvaii; Golshan Moradi
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
The suitability of physical framework to achieve equal opportunities for all individuals and sectors of the population in order to move around the city and have access to all urban spaces is one of the essential elements of a community’s growth and development. It is now fifteen years since the ...
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The suitability of physical framework to achieve equal opportunities for all individuals and sectors of the population in order to move around the city and have access to all urban spaces is one of the essential elements of a community’s growth and development. It is now fifteen years since the first set of rules and regulations for urban development and architecture concerning disabled people were prepared in Iran, but the current status of passages indicates the failure of these regulations in practice. The number of disabled people is increasing day by day due to the problems and obstacles in the city and the increase in accidents and other incidents in the country. But unfortunately, proper and adequate measures have not been taken to suit the urban environment, including passages that are among the most important urban areas for disabled people. The purpose of this study is to examine the passages of Isfahan city using regulations and criteria collected from different sources in order to improve the well-being of the disabled people in Isfahan city. In order to achieve this goal, using a secondary method as well as a combination of analytical methods, field surveys, questionnaires and interviews with the disabled and the visually impaired, the 78 main and secondary passages of Isfahan city have been examined and the results have been presented through tables, charts and maps. At the end, suggestions have been made to remove existing obstacles and problems and to organize the status of the passages.
Paridokht Fesharaki
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 9-16
Abstract
This paper has two basic objectives:1- Reviewing and evaluating major rural development strategies that have been used in the developing world.2- Providing a successful rural development model in China (studied in this paper). Major types of rural development and rural development courses of action are ...
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This paper has two basic objectives:1- Reviewing and evaluating major rural development strategies that have been used in the developing world.2- Providing a successful rural development model in China (studied in this paper). Major types of rural development and rural development courses of action are presented in Figures 1 and 5, respectively.The significance of the increase of efficiency in rise in agricultural productivity of the Third World is shown in Fig. 2. The increase in fertility in Asian agriculture is often referred to as the "Green Revolution". The meanings associated with the phrase Green Revolution, the strategy of this revolution and its positive and negative aspects have been discussed and, in necessary cases, the relevant developments have been traced until the 1950s-60s.China has been especially at the center of attention, where many different methods have been tested for rural development (Fig. 5).This country has undergone various stages of rural development that can be summarized as follows:1. Land reform2. Collective agricultural system3. The dissolution of the collective agricultural system4. A New Peasant Economy
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 12, Issue 45 , May 2003, , Pages 9-11
Abstract
Places and StructuresUrban spots or areas refer to parts of the earth with a population density equal to or more than 300 inhabitants per square kilometer and the average number of buildings of at least one per hectare. This definition covers all small towns and suburbs as well as small and large cities ...
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Places and StructuresUrban spots or areas refer to parts of the earth with a population density equal to or more than 300 inhabitants per square kilometer and the average number of buildings of at least one per hectare. This definition covers all small towns and suburbs as well as small and large cities with different shapes, whether adjacent to each other or at distances from one another, which are based on smooth or rough ground.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena ...
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Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 9-18
Abstract
The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic ...
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The progress made over the past three decades in cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems is due to the necessity of establishing new connections among currently specified technical regulations. Great efforts have been made to realize desirable collection of various cartographic data and more successful utilization of remote sensing data of regional and international data banks.
The importance of remote sensing as an environmental information sub-system has significantly increased by launch of a number of new satellites equipped with electronic sensors and images able to present data and pictures from physical and human elements of earth’s atmosphere.
Cartographic display of spatial and temporal changes of the earth’s elements is the most important goal of thematic cartography. This goal has been confirmed by many cases of planning for map preparation on global, regional and local scales. Thematic map production has been recognized by many associations as a vital task in exploration of underground resources and environmental management and planning. The rapid progress of satellite systems has led to expansion of remote sensing and its applications in cartographic and map-completion activities.
The connection between cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems can be indicated in various ways. It seems that the Fig.1-1 reflects the connection among the three systems without presence of special governing regulations.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 10-14
Abstract
Politically, the Islamic world can define for itself the role of a global power and thus provide a ground through which the interests of all Islamic member states are derived from the definition and establishment of the "Union of Islamic Countries." The validity and continuance of such a role are due ...
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Politically, the Islamic world can define for itself the role of a global power and thus provide a ground through which the interests of all Islamic member states are derived from the definition and establishment of the "Union of Islamic Countries." The validity and continuance of such a role are due to the following reasons:The enjoyment by the Islamic world of creditable focuses for the creation of power;Having an extrovert ideology that has the ability to plan on a global scale and at least has social acceptability in the realm of the Islamic world;A significant contribution to the global communications network due to the ability to generate meaning;The possibility of upgrading its military organization and turning it into an effective power at the regional level;Having a large geographical area with high population density;Possessing sensitive and influential geopolitics in the global system.The establishment of the "Union of Islamic Countries" is judged as a major objective at the level of regional systems, and is considered by many to be the most effective structural alternative to the modern world order in the present century.
Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Iraj Ghasemi
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 10-16
Abstract
Urban planning research, like most behavioral sciences and human research, should be supported by a proper theoretical framework or conceptual model. In this theoretical framework and conceptual model, the variables and factors affecting the subject matter are identified and their relationships are determined. ...
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Urban planning research, like most behavioral sciences and human research, should be supported by a proper theoretical framework or conceptual model. In this theoretical framework and conceptual model, the variables and factors affecting the subject matter are identified and their relationships are determined. To assess the validity and correctness of these models, there are different qualitative and quantitative techniques and tools. Structural equation modeling is one of these quantitative and multivariate tools that examines and evaluates the fitting of the model and allows for some modifications in the model. In this paper, along with introducing the technique of modeling structural equations and Lisrel software, its application in urban planning research is described.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 10-14
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 10-14
Abstract
The Persian Gulf has a prominent geographic position. Natural conditions such as little depth, water salinity and high evaporation on the one hand, and limited communication with open lands of the world on the other, have created a special ecosystem within the Persian Gulf and its coasts. The Persian ...
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The Persian Gulf has a prominent geographic position. Natural conditions such as little depth, water salinity and high evaporation on the one hand, and limited communication with open lands of the world on the other, have created a special ecosystem within the Persian Gulf and its coasts. The Persian Gulf has long been regarded as one of the most important strategic regions of the world. The Persian Gulf region is a geopolitical unit located in the wider geostrategic basins of the Indian Ocean. The geographic region of the Persian Gulf acts as one of the most active economic centers in the world. It’s major exports are oil and gas and it’s imports mainly consist of industrial and food products. Natural potential and vast oil and gas resources have contributed to the establishment of a single-product economic system in coastal countries.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 10-13
Abstract
In ancient times, for the inhabitants of a city defeat and victory in a war was a matter of life and death. No one knew what fate awaited after surrender, because the conquerors were free to do whatever they desired. Throughout history, conquerors can be seen who sieged cities and deceived defenders ...
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In ancient times, for the inhabitants of a city defeat and victory in a war was a matter of life and death. No one knew what fate awaited after surrender, because the conquerors were free to do whatever they desired. Throughout history, conquerors can be seen who sieged cities and deceived defenders from defiance and resistance, or defenders slowly gave up because of starvation and famine, and then major massacres were committed following the entrance of troops into the city, and the city was fully devastated. For a city to survive wartime casualties, certain areas of city are deliberately declared to be defenseless for political, economic, military, cultural, esthetic or humanitarian reasons. The number of such declarations is small and the success rate of such proposals varies from one case to the other.
Sayyed Yahya Rahim Safavi
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 11-13
Abstract
The Islamic World covers a wide range, extending from western Atlantic coast in South America to the western coasts of the Pacific Ocean on the Asian continent. An area that accounts for more than 22 percent of the world's drylands and includes vast sections of two continents, Asia and Africa, and small ...
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The Islamic World covers a wide range, extending from western Atlantic coast in South America to the western coasts of the Pacific Ocean on the Asian continent. An area that accounts for more than 22 percent of the world's drylands and includes vast sections of two continents, Asia and Africa, and small parts of the continents of Europe and America. The latent capacities of the value-centered environment of the Islamic religion provide the context for connecting the fate of each Islamic country to other nations. The connection of the destiny of Islamic countries to each other creates relative advantages, opportunities and clear horizons for the growth, development and authority of each Islamic country. The demographic characteristics of the Islamic world are one of the most important factors enabling the achievement of unity. The population of Islamic countries is 725,015,426.1. The average relative density of population in Islamic countries is about 114 people per square kilometer. Due to climatic conditions and geographical position, the concentration of the population is almost homogenous, and most people are concentrated in wet coastal areas and fertile lands.
Bahman Kargar
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 11-19
Abstract
If tourism development policy is well planned and organized, it can be a way for the people of each country to become familiar with the way of life of other nations, as well as beliefs, customs, habits, traditions and summarily cultures and subcultures in other countries. By creating opportunities for ...
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If tourism development policy is well planned and organized, it can be a way for the people of each country to become familiar with the way of life of other nations, as well as beliefs, customs, habits, traditions and summarily cultures and subcultures in other countries. By creating opportunities for cultural exchanges and social interactions, this process provides the ground for expanding the field of view of people and enriching their cultural experiences. In this way, the people of our country will also be able to pass on the positive cultural values of them and of the Islamic revolution to the world; albeit, along with the positive cultural, social, economic and ... effects, tourism industry development can also have countless destructive and negative effects.
Bahman Kaargar
Volume 16, Issue 63 , November 2007, , Pages 11-21
Abstract
Urbanization is considered as one of the main causes of formation of tourism. The evolution and concentration of cities has created certain predicaments and constraints for its inhabitants, and continuation of such a process makes people look for an escape to free themselves for some time from the troubles ...
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Urbanization is considered as one of the main causes of formation of tourism. The evolution and concentration of cities has created certain predicaments and constraints for its inhabitants, and continuation of such a process makes people look for an escape to free themselves for some time from the troubles of urban life, and spend some time on entertainment and recreation and renew their exhausted energy. Residents of cities have been forced to make decisions on spending their free time for various reasons, including physical and spatial uniformity of cities, their heterogeneous and unnatural texture, as well as various types of mental disturbances and stresses and environmental and noise pollution.
After the eighteenth century and the Industrial Revolution, a great transformation in the growth, development and emergence of cities arose and various factors such as the transformation of transportation and the speed of exchanges, the emergence of specialization and division of labor, progress in medical sciences and hygiene, and as a result the increase of the population combined with decrease in mortality, expanding immigration, development and concentration of industry and commerce, as well as rising level of income, diversity of businesses, emergence and expansion of mass communication and ... led to the expansion of urban settlement. Subsequently, huge changes occurred in social, economic, environmental and occupational systems, mental stresses increased, noise contamination, neurological disturbances, unruly behaviors and conditions and … appeared. Following the disclosure of the negative aspects of urban life, leisure planning was at the forefront of urban priorities, which led to the birth of tourism and globe-trotting. Tourism (or globe-trotting) is a phenomenon that has existed with its particular forms in human societies from time immemorial, and has gradually evolved along with historical developments to the present age. This phenomenon is generally based on travel and displacement, which is itself the result of various mental, cultural, social and economic needs of mankind.
Subsequently, huge changes occurred in social, economic, environmental and occupational systems, mental stresses increased, noise contamination, neurological disturbances, unruly behaviors and conditions and … appeared. Following the disclosure of the negative aspects of urban life, leisure planning was at the forefront of urban priorities, which led to the birth of tourism and globe-trotting. Tourism (or globe-trotting) is a phenomenon that has existed with its particular forms in human societies from time immemorial, and has gradually evolved along with historical developments to the present age. This phenomenon is generally based on travel and displacement, which is itself the result of various mental, cultural, social and economic needs of mankind.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 11-13
Abstract
The space that lies beyond the blue sky is completely dark, because light can not travel as fast as usual through diluted air or vacuum. There is total silence in the space, and however the spaceship moves fast, no sound is produced by it in the space. Sound echo, shock waves and speaking have no effect ...
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The space that lies beyond the blue sky is completely dark, because light can not travel as fast as usual through diluted air or vacuum. There is total silence in the space, and however the spaceship moves fast, no sound is produced by it in the space. Sound echo, shock waves and speaking have no effect in space. Geographic factors take different meanings in space. Thus, any space activities require familiarity with necessary concepts for maneuvering in modelling environment.
Tahereh Karimi
Volume 14, Issue 54 , August 2005, , Pages 12-19
Abstract
The Operational System of Linear Scan (OLS) of the Defense Meteorology Satellite Program (DMSP) has a unique ability in discovering visible and near-infrared (VNIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum at night. With visible band data of OLS, it is possible to find clouds that are illuminated by the ...
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The Operational System of Linear Scan (OLS) of the Defense Meteorology Satellite Program (DMSP) has a unique ability in discovering visible and near-infrared (VNIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum at night. With visible band data of OLS, it is possible to find clouds that are illuminated by the moonlight, as well as light of cities, towns, industrial spots, gas burners and temporary events such as fires and clouds that have become bright by lightning. This paper describes the methods that have been developed to discover and determine the location of VNIR release sources; of course, it is carried out to detect fixed spatial propagation centers by cities, towns and industrial areas using DMSP-OLS overnight data and analysis of multi-time image series.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 12-14
Abstract
Military forces currently limit their activities to near-space, and it is in this very near-space that critical missions such as identification, precautionary missions, target achievement, tracking, telecommunications, navigation, meteorology, medical activities and investigation and research missions ...
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Military forces currently limit their activities to near-space, and it is in this very near-space that critical missions such as identification, precautionary missions, target achievement, tracking, telecommunications, navigation, meteorology, medical activities and investigation and research missions are conducted in an environment completely different from land, sea or air. Different geographic factors assume different meanings in space. Therefore, any space activity requires familiarity with concepts required for maneuvering in the modeling environment.
